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Salant H, Nachum-Biala Y, Zivotofsky D, Tzur TE, Baneth G. Babesia negevi infection in dogs and response to treatment. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102282. [PMID: 37989015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is an important protozoan tick-borne disease associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia and caused by several different Babesia spp. Babesia negevi was first reported to infect dogs in the Middle East in 2020. This study describes the presentation, clinical signs, parasitemia levels quantified by molecular techniques, laboratory findings and treatment of dogs infected with B. negevi following the first description of this species. Clinical findings in the infected dogs, a 3-year old female and two 8-week old male and female pups, included extreme lethargy and pale mucous membranes, anemia and thrombocytopenia found in all three animals. Fever was present in the older female and icterus in the female pup. Babesia parasites resembling B. negevi were detected by microscopy of blood smears from the dogs. PCR of blood targeting the 18S rRNA and cox1 genes confirmed that babesiosis was caused by B. negevi and PCR targeting the Borrelia flagellin gene indicated co-infection with Borrelia persica in two dogs. Treatment of the dogs with imidocarb dipropionate resulted in clinical improvement and initial decrease in the B. negevi parasite load as detected by quantitative PCR in two dogs, however the female pup continued to deteriorate and died. The parasite load in the 3-year old female decreased from 43,451 parasites/µl blood pre-imidocarb dipropionate treatment to 803 parasites/µl within two weeks. In the surviving pup, it decreased from 3,293,538 parasites/µl pre-treatment to 20,092 parasites/µl after two weeks. Babesia negevi DNA was still recovered from blood samples by PCR despite repeated treatment with imidocarb dipropionate one-month post-treatment in the surviving pup and up to seven months post-treatment in the 3-year old female. Only treatment with atovaquone and azithromycin for ten days eliminated B. negevi in both dogs as confirmed by negative PCR two weeks later. In conclusion, treatment with imidocarb dipropionate was helpful for recovery from clinical disease but did not facilitate parasite elimination, and it is therefore recommended to treat canine B. negevi infection with the combination of atovaquone and azithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Salant
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Tsachi Even Tzur
- American Medical Laboratories, 37 Havazelet Hasharon Street, Herzlia, Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Leisewitz AL, Mrljak V, Dear JD, Birkenheuer A. The Diverse Pathogenicity of Various Babesia Parasite Species That Infect Dogs. Pathogens 2023; 12:1437. [PMID: 38133320 PMCID: PMC10746086 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesia species infect a very wide range of mammal hosts across the globe, and zoonotic infections are of growing concern. Several species of the Babesia genus infect dogs, and some of these cause significant morbidity and mortality. The Apicomplexan parasite resides within the red cell and infections result in direct damage to the host through intra- and extravascular hemolysis. An exuberant inflammatory response by the host to some species of Babesia parasites also results in significant collateral damage to the host. Canine infections have been the subject of many studies as the well-being of these companion animals is increasingly threatened by the spread of tick vectors and an increasingly mobile dog population. There are currently no widely available and effective vaccines, and effective treatment can be challenging. Understanding disease pathogenesis underlies the development of new treatments. The varying pathogenicity of the various Babesia parasite species that infect dogs offers an opportunity to explore the molecular basis for the wide range of diseases caused by infection with this parasite genus. In this review, we focus on what has been reported about the clinical presentation of Babesia-infected dogs in an attempt to compare the severity of disease caused by different Babesia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Leisewitz
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jonathan D. Dear
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Adam Birkenheuer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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3
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Azhar M, Gadahi JA, Bhutto B, Tunio S, Vistro WA, Tunio H, Bhutto S, Ram T. Babesiosis: Current status and future perspectives in Pakistan and chemotherapy used in livestock and pet animals. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17172. [PMID: 37441378 PMCID: PMC10333442 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a protozoal disease affect livestock and pet animals such as cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs, and cats. It causes severe economic losses in livestock as well as in pet animals. A large number of dairy animals are imported in order to fulfill the demands of milk, milk, meat and its products. In addition, different pet animals are transported from Pakistan to various parts of the world, therefore, it is important to identify the current status and distribution of babesiosis throughout Pakistan in order to control the disease and draw attention for future research, diagnosis, treatment and control of this diseases. No work has been done on a complete review on up-to-date on blood protozoal disease burden in Pakistan. This article will provide about the complete background of babesiosis in ruminants, equines and pet animals, its current status, distribution, vectors in Pakistan and allopathic and ethnoveterinary treatments used against babesiosis. Babesiosis may be subclinical (apparently normal) and may be clinical with acute to chronic disease and sometimes fatal. Babesia is found and develops inside the erythrocytes (red blood cells). Clinically, it causes fever, fatigue, lethargy, pallor mucus membranes, malaise, cachexia, respiratory distress, jaundice, icterus, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, lymphadenopathy, chollangocytitis, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Chemotherapy for babesiosis includes Imidocarb dipropionate, Diaminazine aceturate Atovaquone and Bupravaquone, Azithromycin, Quinuronium sulfate and Amicarbalidesio-thionate are most widely used. Supportive therapy includes multivitamins, fluid therapy, antipyretics intravenous fluids, and blood transfusions are used if necessary. In addition, there are certain ethnoveterinary (homeopathic) ingredients which having anti-babesial activity. As the resistance against these drugs is developing every day. New more specific long-lasting drugs should be developed for the treatment of Babesiosis. Further studies should be done on disease genome of different species of Babesia for vaccine development like malarial parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azhar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Ali Gadahi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Bachal Bhutto
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Sambreena Tunio
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ali Vistro
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Tunio
- Department of Poultry Husbandry, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Sahar Bhutto
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Teerath Ram
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
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Furman H, Scimeca RC. Detection of Babesia conradae in Coyotes (Canis latrans) and Coyote-Hunting Greyhound Dogs (Canis familiaris). Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040528. [PMID: 37111414 PMCID: PMC10143829 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesia conradae is a small piroplasm previously detected in coyote-hunting Greyhound dogs in California and Oklahoma. In dogs, B. conradae causes clinical signs similar to other tick-borne illnesses, and if not treated it can lead to acute kidney injury and other life-threating complications. To date, the life cycle of this apicomplexan parasite has not been fully described, but suggestions of direct contact or tick transmission have been proposed. The purpose of this study was to test coyote tissue samples from coyotes hunted by Greyhound dogs with a history of B. conradae infection to determine if this parasite is present in the coyote population in Northwestern Oklahoma. The analyzed tissue samples included liver, lung and tongue samples collected by hunters. DNA was isolated from these tissues and assessed by RT-PCR of the 18S rRNA and PCR of the COX1 genes for B. conradae. A total of 66 dogs and 38 coyotes were tested, and the results demonstrated the presence of B. conradae DNA in 21 dogs (31.8%) and 4 coyotes (10.5%). These results indicate that B. conradae is present in the dog and coyote population from the same area and that direct contact with coyotes may increase the risk of infection in dogs. Further studies are required to test possible modes of transmission, including direct bite, tick or vertical transmission.
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Javeed NN, Shultz L, Barnum S, Foley JE, Hodzic E, Pascoe EL, Martínez-López B, Quinn N, Bucklin D, Dear JD. Prevalence and geographic distribution of Babesia conradae and detection of Babesia vogeli in free-ranging California coyotes ( Canis latrans). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 19:294-300. [PMID: 36425769 PMCID: PMC9679446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Babesia species are intraerythrocytic piroplasms that can result in disease characterized by hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Of the 5 species that are known to infect canids in the United States, Babesia conradae is most frequently diagnosed in California, and Babesia vogeli is prevalent in the US. Despite the recent re-emergence of B. conradae, the mechanism of transmission is not known. Coyotes (Canis latrans) have been a proposed reservoir of disease, and previous work has shown that dogs with known aggressive interactions with coyotes are at greater risk for infection. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of B. conradae in wild coyote populations in California to assess the viability of coyotes as a potential source of infection for domestic dogs. Four hundred and sixty-one splenic samples were obtained during post-mortem examination of coyote carcasses from Southern California, Fresno, and Hopland. Demographic data including age, sex, cause of death, and urbanity were collected for each coyote. DNA was extracted from samples and amplified using real-time PCR with primers specific for the B. conradae ITS-2 gene. The 18S gene was amplified and sequenced using conventional PCR primers specific to the Babesia genus from any coyotes positive for B. conradae. In total, 22 coyotes tested positive for B. conradae in Fresno (n = 15), Orange (n = 4), San Bernardino (n = 1), and Los Angeles counties (n = 1) with an overall prevalence of 4.8%. Coyotes from Fresno (P<.01) and rural coyotes (P<.01) were significantly more likely to be infected with B. conradae. Ten of 14 samples sequenced were 99-100% homologous to B. conradae, and 4 samples were 100% homologous with B. vogeli DNA indicating co-infection with both pathogens. This study demonstrates that coyotes can become infected and harbor B. conradae and B. vogeli and should be investigated as a possible source of infection in domestic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia N. Javeed
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Laura Shultz
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Real-Time PCR Research and Diagnostics Core Facility, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Janet E. Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Emir Hodzic
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
- Real-Time PCR Research and Diagnostics Core Facility, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Emily L. Pascoe
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Beatríz Martínez-López
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Niamh Quinn
- South Coast Research and Extension Center, University of California, 1706 Irvine Blvd, Irvine CA, 92618, USA
| | - Danielle Bucklin
- South Coast Research and Extension Center, University of California, 1706 Irvine Blvd, Irvine CA, 92618, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Dear
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
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6
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Kidd L. How Changing Tick-Borne Disease Prevalence in Dogs Affects Diagnostic Testing. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:1153-1161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Dear JD, Birkenheuer A. Babesia in North America. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:1193-1209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kidd L, Hamilton H, Stine L, Qurollo B, Breitschwerdt EB. Vector-borne disease and its relationship to hematologic abnormalities and microalbuminuria in retired racing and show-bred greyhounds. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1287-1294. [PMID: 35816034 PMCID: PMC9308419 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Reference intervals for platelets and white blood cell (WBCs) counts are lower in greyhounds than other breeds. Proteinuria is common. Vector‐borne diseases (VBD) cause thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and proteinuria. Racing greyhounds are commonly exposed to vectors that carry multiple organisms capable of chronically infecting clinically healthy dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives Vector‐borne disease prevalence is higher in retired racing greyhounds than in show‐bred greyhounds. Occult infection contributes to breed‐related laboratory abnormalities. Animals Thirty National Greyhound Association (NGA) retired racing and 28 American Kennel Club (AKC) show‐bred greyhounds. Methods Peripheral blood was tested for Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia species using PCR. Antibodies to Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia species and Borrelia burgdorferi were detected using immunofluorescence and ELISA assays. Complete blood counts, semiquantitative platelet estimates, and microalbuminuria concentration were determined. Results Seven of 30 NGA and 1/28 AKC greyhounds tested positive for ≥1 VBD (P = .05). More positive tests were documented in NGA (10/630) than in AKC dogs (1/588; P = .02). Exposure to Bartonella species (3/30), Babesia vogeli (2/30), Ehrlichia canis (1/30), and infection with Mycoplasma hemocanis (3/30) occurred in NGA dogs. Platelet counts or estimates were >170 000/μL. White blood cell counts <4000/μL (4/28 AKC; 5/30 NGA, P > .99; 1/8 VBD positive; 8/51 VBD negative, P = .99) and microalbuminuria (10/21 AKC; 5/26 NGA, P = .06; 1/8 VBD positive; 14/25 VBD negative, P = .41) were not associated with VBD. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The prevalence of thrombocytopenia and B. vogeli exposure was lower than previously documented. Larger studies investigating the health impact of multiple VBD organisms are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kidd
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California, USA
| | | | - Lisa Stine
- Independent Contractor, Scio, Oregon, USA
| | - Barbara Qurollo
- Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Karasová M, Tóthová C, Grelová S, Fialkovičová M. The Etiology, Incidence, Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Treatment of Canine Babesiosis Caused by Babesia gibsoni Infection. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060739. [PMID: 35327136 PMCID: PMC8944684 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Babesia gibsoni is a parasite that causes the rupture of red blood cells in dogs. Although there is no natural, tick-borne transmission of this disease in Europe, it has become more common in European countries in recent years. Dogfighting breeds are predisposed to disease and they are a potential source of infection. Given the high popularity of these dog breeds in Europe and the participation of many dogs at sports competitions and shows, it is likely that the incidence of the disease in Europe may be higher than expected. The fact that the disease is mostly manifested as asymptomatic infection and that dogs of predisposed breeds are often imported from endemic areas, or they travel due to mating or competitions around the world, also contributes to this hypothesis. Abstract Babesia gibsoni is one of the small Babesia species and the infection this pathogen causes is usually asymptomatic, which complicates the capture of potential parasite carriers. In endemic areas, especially in Asia, B. gibsoni occurs quite often due to direct transmission by way of a tick vector. Due to the absence of vectors, its occurrence is described only sporadically in Europe; but, it is increasingly occurring in predisposed, so-called fighting breeds, especially the American pit bull terrier. This review describes the etiology, incidence, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment of B. gibsoni infection, with an emphasis on the clinical and laboratory peculiarities of the disease. As the treated dogs do not eliminate the parasite from the body—only reducing parasitemia and improving clinical signs—the treatment of B. gibsoni infection is a challenge in many cases, and its study therefore deserves great attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Karasová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (S.G.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Csilla Tóthová
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Simona Grelová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (S.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Mária Fialkovičová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (S.G.); (M.F.)
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Liu PC, Lin CN, Su BL. Clinical characteristics of naturally Babesia gibsoni infected dogs: A study of 60 dogs. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 28:100675. [PMID: 35115116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is increasingly recognized globally as a cause of canine tick-borne anemic disease; however, only a few clinical reports of naturally acquired infection are available. In this systematic study of dogs presenting with B. gibsoni infection, clinical and laboratory data were collected for dogs with PCR-confirmed B. gibsoni infection admitted to the National Taiwan University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (NTUVH) from January 2014 through December 2015. Of the 60 dogs recruited, 20 (33.3%) had concurrent disease and 40 (66.7%) had only B. gibsoni infection. The severity of anemia in B. gibsoni infected dogs with concurrent or without concurrent infection was not significantly different. The most commonly observed hematological abnormalities were anemia (49/60, 81.7%) and thrombocytopenia (37/60, 61.7%). Of 49 dogs, 24 (49%) had severe to very severe anemia (PCV < 20%). The main biochemical abnormalities included hyperglobulinemia (28/53, 52.8%), hyperbilirubinemia (10/28, 35.7%) and elevated hepatic enzyme activity (7/48, 14.6%). In addition, 2 of the 60 the client-owned dogs and 5 of the 33 B. gibsoni-positive stray dogs were detected as having a naturally atovaquone-resistant strain, using the SimpleProbe® assay. The study results provide a useful clinical presentation of B. gibsoni infection and raise the issue of the naturally atovaquone-resistant strain currently existing in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Ling Su
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Stayton E, Lineberry M, Thomas J, Bass T, Allen K, Chandrashekar R, Yost G, Reichard M, Miller C. Emergence of Babesia conradae infection in coyote-hunting Greyhounds in Oklahoma, USA. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:402. [PMID: 34391445 PMCID: PMC8364010 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesia species are intraerythrocytic Apicomplexan parasites that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts. These pathogens are typically transmitted either by tick vectors or by direct blood-to-blood contact, and may cause life-threatening clinical disease, such as thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and acute renal failure, in canine hosts. While Babesia vogeli and Babesia gibsoni infections have both been reported in Oklahoma, reports of Babesia conradae infections have been limited to California. METHODS Four separate kennels of coyote-hunting dogs were identified in Oklahoma after the kennels had consulted with Oklahoma State University Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (antemortem cases) or the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab (postmortem cases). Upon owner consent, every accessible dog from each of the four kennels was briefly examined for ectoparasites, particularly ticks, and whole blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes. Clinically ill dogs were examined by a practicing veterinarian, and clinical signs included anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, fever and anemia. DNA was extracted from each blood sample, and a nested PCR was performed using general apicomplexan primers for the partial 18S rRNA gene. PCR products were electrophoresed in agarose matrix, and appropriately sized amplicons were sequenced. Sequences were compared to reference 18S rRNA gene sequences available in GenBank, and samples with > 98% homology to B. conradae (GenBank: AF158702) were considered positive. Babesia conradae-positive dogs were then treated with atovaquone (13.5 mg/kg three times per day) and azithromycin (10 mg/kg once daily) for 10 days and retested at 30 and 60 days post-treatment by PCR. RESULTS Of 40 dogs tested, 15 (37.5%) were positive for B. conradae with 98-99% sequence homology to B. conradae from California. All positive cases were coyote-hunting Greyhounds. Ectoparasites were not identified on any of the dogs at the time of blood collection. Treatment of clinically ill dogs with atovaquone and azithromycin resulted in complete clinical recovery in all treated dogs with negative follow-up PCR at 30 and 60 days post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study (i) documents the occurrence of B. conradae in Oklahoma, (ii) highlights this pathogen as a differential to be considered when clinical signs are present, (iii) supports the use of atovaquone and azithromycin as effective treatment in these cases and (iv) demonstrates chronic subclinical carrier dogs serving as potential reservoirs of B. conradae infection to naïve dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Stayton
- Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Megan Lineberry
- Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer Thomas
- Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Tina Bass
- Vinita Veterinary Center, Vinita, OK, USA
| | - Kelly Allen
- Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Gene Yost
- Crescent Veterinary Hospital, Crescent, OK, USA
| | - Mason Reichard
- Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Craig Miller
- Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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12
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TickPath Layerplex: adaptation of a real-time PCR methodology for the simultaneous detection and molecular surveillance of tick-borne pathogens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6950. [PMID: 31061487 PMCID: PMC6502835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBD) are common across the United States and can result in critical and chronic diseases in a variety of veterinary patients. Moreover, borreliosis, anaplasmosis, rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis are zoonotic and have been cited as the most common TBDs. Molecular diagnostic methodologies utilized for screening domestic dogs for these causative agents include real-time PCR (qPCR) assays in both singleplex and multiplex formats. However, current limitations of qPCR instruments restrict the number of fluorogenic labels that can be differentiated by the instrument for a given reaction. This study describes the development of the TickPath Layerplex, a diagnostic assay based on qPCR methodology that was adapted for the simultaneous detection and characterization of 11 pathogens responsible for causing 5 common TBDs in domestic dogs. The analytical and diagnostic performance of the layerplex assay was evaluated and shown to be compatible with common instruments utilized in molecular diagnostic laboratories. Test results revealed no inhibition or reduction in sensitivity during validation of the layerplex assay, and the limit of detection was determined to be near 16 genome copy equivalents per microliter. Overall, the high sensitivity, specificity, and screening capability of the assay demonstrate its utility for broadly screening dogs for common TBDs.
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13
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Kidd L. Optimal Vector-borne Disease Screening in Dogs Using Both Serology-based and Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Diagnostic Panels. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:703-718. [PMID: 30975506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne disease and idiopathic immune-mediated disease present similarly. Diagnostic panels that include multiple organisms help detect infection and identify coinfections. Comprehensive diagnostic panels that combine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology should be used in initial screening to maximize sensitivity and identify infection. Repeat testing using PCR is warranted in dogs at high risk of infection with organisms that circulate in blood in low numbers or intermittently. Convalescent serologic testing can help diagnose acute infection. This article discusses the pathophysiology and epidemiology of the organisms, panel selection, and how to recognize when more aggressive testing for an organism is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kidd
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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Modarelli JJ, Tomeček JM, Piccione J, Ferro PJ, Esteve‐Gasent MD. Molecular prevalence and ecoregion distribution of select tick‐borne pathogens in Texas dogs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1291-1300. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Modarelli
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - John M. Tomeček
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries SciencesTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Julie Piccione
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic LaboratoryTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Pamela J. Ferro
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic LaboratoryTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Maria D. Esteve‐Gasent
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M University College Station Texas
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Garden OA, Kidd L, Mexas AM, Chang YM, Jeffery U, Blois SL, Fogle JE, MacNeill AL, Lubas G, Birkenheuer A, Buoncompagni S, Dandrieux JRS, Di Loria A, Fellman CL, Glanemann B, Goggs R, Granick JL, LeVine DN, Sharp CR, Smith-Carr S, Swann JW, Szladovits B. ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:313-334. [PMID: 30806491 PMCID: PMC6430921 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs. IMHA also occurs in cats, although less commonly. IMHA is considered secondary when it can be attributed to an underlying disease, and as primary (idiopathic) if no cause is found. Eliminating diseases that cause IMHA may attenuate or stop immune-mediated erythrocyte destruction, and adverse consequences of long-term immunosuppressive treatment can be avoided. Infections, cancer, drugs, vaccines, and inflammatory processes may be underlying causes of IMHA. Evidence for these comorbidities has not been systematically evaluated, rendering evidence-based decisions difficult. We identified and extracted data from studies published in the veterinary literature and developed a novel tool for evaluation of evidence quality, using it to assess study design, diagnostic criteria for IMHA, comorbidities, and causality. Succinct evidence summary statements were written, along with screening recommendations. Statements were refined by conducting 3 iterations of Delphi review with panel and task force members. Commentary was solicited from several professional bodies to maximize clinical applicability before the recommendations were submitted. The resulting document is intended to provide clinical guidelines for diagnosis of, and underlying disease screening for, IMHA in dogs and cats. These should be implemented with consideration of animal, owner, and geographical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver A Garden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Linda Kidd
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Angela M Mexas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Unity Jeffery
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Shauna L Blois
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Fogle
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Amy L MacNeill
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - George Lubas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Adam Birkenheuer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Simona Buoncompagni
- Internal Medicine Service, Central Oklahoma Veterinary Specialists, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Julien R S Dandrieux
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Antonio Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claire L Fellman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Glanemann
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Goggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jennifer L Granick
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Dana N LeVine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Claire R Sharp
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - James W Swann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Balazs Szladovits
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Nayyar Ghauri H, Ijaz M, Farooqi SH, Ali A, Ghaffar A, Saleem S, Iqbal MK, Aziz MU, Ghani U, Ullah MR, Ahmad HM. A comprehensive review on past, present and future aspects of canine theileriosis. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:116-122. [PMID: 30385396 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine theileriosis is a notorious tick borne piroplasmid infection of wild and domestic canines. The causative agent has not yet been accurately classified. PCR studies revealed that causative agent resembles to Theileria genus and thus provisionally named as Theileria annae. The other Theileria species reported in canines is Theileria annulata, Theileria equi and unnamed Theileria specie. This emergent canine infection is considered to be endemic in most of the European countries. However in Asia this disease has not been reported till date. The vectors responsible for transmission of this disease have not been determined. It has been suggested that DNA of Theileria annae has been detected in hard tick Ixodes hexagonus in Northwestern Spain and several other tick species. Clinically canine theileriosis is characterized by severe weakness, fever, hemoglobinuria and anemia. Recently atovaquone or buparvaquone plus azithromycin therapy showed better clinical efficacy. This comprehensive review is intended to summarize the current knowledge on prevalence and epidemiology of canine theileriosis in different countries of the world and associated tick vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Nayyar Ghauri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Hussain Farooqi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ghaffar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Saleem
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Aziz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ghani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafi Ullah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Manzoor Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
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Dear JD, Owens SD, Lindsay LL, Biondo AW, Chomel BB, Marcondes M, Sykes JE. Babesia conradae infection in coyote hunting dogs infected with multiple blood-borne pathogens. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1609-1617. [PMID: 30307638 PMCID: PMC6189381 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesia conradae is an intraerythrocytic piroplasm infecting dogs in the southern United States. Ticks have been suspected, but unproven, as vectors. We identified B. conradae and other blood-borne pathogens in 2 kennels of sighthounds with a history of coyote fighting. OBJECTIVES To examine clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with B. conradae infection, risk factors for infection, and the prevalence of coinfections with other blood-borne pathogens. ANIMALS Fifty-five Greyhounds and Greyhound mixes METHODS: Blood samples were collected from each dog for CBC, serum biochemistry panel, conventional and real-time PCR assays (Babesia spp., hemoplasmas, Ehrlichia canis, Bartonella spp., Anaplasma spp., and Rickettsia spp.), vector-borne pathogen ELISA, and immunofluorescent serology and culture for Bartonella spp and Francisella tularensis sero-agglutination test. Associations between B. conradae infection and coyote fighting, age and laboratory abnormalities were investigated. RESULTS Twenty-nine dogs were PCR-positive for B. conradae. Of these, 16 were PCR-positive for other vector-borne organisms including Mycoplasma haemocanis, "Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum," E. canis, and a Hepatozoon felis-like organism. Twelve of the 20 dogs tested for seroreactivity to Bartonella spp. antigens were positive, but none were seropositive for tularemia. Infection with B. conradae was associated with a history of aggressive interactions with coyotes; lower hematocrit, leukocyte count, MCHC, platelet count and serum albumin concentration; and higher MCV, MPV, and serum globulin concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Babesia conradae infection should be considered in dogs with anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia. As with B. gibsoni, aggressive interactions with other canids may play a role in B. conradae transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Dear
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - Sean D. Owens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - LeAnn L. Lindsay
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - Alex W. Biondo
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversidade Federal do ParanaCuritiba, ParanáBrazil
| | - Bruno B. Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - Mary Marcondes
- School of Veterinary MedicineSão Paulo State UniversityAraçatubaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Jane E. Sykes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
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Meier A, Erler H, Beitz E. Targeting Channels and Transporters in Protozoan Parasite Infections. Front Chem 2018; 6:88. [PMID: 29637069 PMCID: PMC5881087 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic protozoa are among the most significant causes of death in humans. Therapeutic options are scarce and massively challenged by the emergence of resistant parasite strains. Many of the current anti-parasite drugs target soluble enzymes, generate unspecific oxidative stress, or act by an unresolved mechanism within the parasite. In recent years, collections of drug-like compounds derived from large-scale phenotypic screenings, such as the malaria or pathogen box, have been made available to researchers free of charge boosting the identification of novel promising targets. Remarkably, several of the compound hits have been found to inhibit membrane proteins at the periphery of the parasites, i.e., channels and transporters for ions and metabolites. In this review, we will focus on the progress made on targeting channels and transporters at different levels and the potential for use against infections with apicomplexan parasites mainly Plasmodium spp. (malaria) and Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis), with kinetoplastids Trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness), Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), and Leishmania ssp. (leishmaniasis), and the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meier
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Erler
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric Beitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by several Babesia spp. which have different susceptebility to anti-protozoal drugs. A few drugs and drug combinations are used in the treatment of canine babesiosis often without complete parasite elimination leaving treated dogs as carriers which could relapse with clinical disease and also transmit infection further. Although the large form canine babesial species Babesia canis, Babesia vogeli and Babesia rossi are sensitive to the aromatic diamidines imidocarb dipropionate and diminazene aceturate, small form species such as Babesia gibsoni, Babesia conradae and Babesia vulpes (Theileria annae) are relatively resistant to these drugs and are treated with the combination of the hydroxynaphthoquinone atovaquone and the antibiotic azithromycin. Azithromycin and other antibiotics that have anti-protozoal properties target the apicoplast, a relict plastid found in protozoa, and exert a delayed death effect. The triple combination of clindamycin, diminazene aceturate and imidocarb dipropionate is also effective against B. gibsoni and used to treat atovaquone-resistant strains of this species. Novel drugs and the synergistic effects of drug combinations against Babesia infection should be explored further to find new treatments for canine babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Šlapeta J, Saverimuttu S, Vogelnest L, Sangster C, Hulst F, Rose K, Thompson P, Whittington R. Deep-sequencing to resolve complex diversity of apicomplexan parasites in platypuses and echidnas: Proof of principle for wildlife disease investigation. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:218-227. [PMID: 28919547 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) are iconic egg-laying monotremes (Mammalia: Monotremata) from Australasia. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of diversity profiles in disease investigations of monotremes. Using small subunit (18S) rDNA amplicon deep-sequencing we demonstrated the presence of apicomplexan parasites and confirmed by direct and cloned amplicon gene sequencing Theileria ornithorhynchi, Theileria tachyglossi, Eimeria echidnae and Cryptosporidium fayeri. Using a combination of samples from healthy and diseased animals, we show a close evolutionary relationship between species of coccidia (Eimeria) and piroplasms (Theileria) from the echidna and platypus. The presence of E. echidnae was demonstrated in faeces and tissues affected by disseminated coccidiosis. Moreover, the presence of E. echidnae DNA in the blood of echidnas was associated with atoxoplasma-like stages in white blood cells, suggesting Hepatozoon tachyglossi blood stages are disseminated E. echidnae stages. These next-generation DNA sequencing technologies are suited to material and organisms that have not been previously characterised and for which the material is scarce. The deep sequencing approach supports traditional diagnostic methods, including microscopy, clinical pathology and histopathology, to better define the status quo. This approach is particularly suitable for wildlife disease investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Stefan Saverimuttu
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Larry Vogelnest
- Taronga Zoo, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
| | - Cheryl Sangster
- Taronga Zoo, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
| | - Frances Hulst
- Taronga Zoo, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
| | - Paul Thompson
- Taronga Zoo, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
| | - Richard Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Kidd L, Qurollo B, Lappin M, Richter K, Hart JR, Hill S, Osmond C, Breitschwerdt EB. Prevalence of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Southern California Dogs With Clinical and Laboratory Abnormalities Consistent With Immune-Mediated Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1081-1090. [PMID: 28558145 PMCID: PMC5508353 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in southern California dogs are limited. Occult infections might be misdiagnosed as idiopathic immune-mediated disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES (1) To determine the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in southern California dogs with compatible clinical findings using PCR and serologic panels and (2) to determine whether testing convalescent samples and repeating PCR on acute samples using the same and different gene targets enhance detection. ANIMALS Forty-two client-owned dogs with clinical signs of vector-borne disease presenting to specialty practices in San Diego County. METHODS Combined prospective and retrospective observational study. Forty-two acute and 27 convalescent samples were collected. Acute samples were prospectively tested for antibodies to Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Babesia, Borrelia, and Anaplasma species. PCR targeting Ehrlichia, Babesia, Anaplasma, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Bartonella species was also performed. Retrospectively, convalescent samples were tested for the same organisms using serology, and for Ehrlichia, Babesia, Anaplasma, and Bartonella species using PCR. Acute samples were retested using PCR targeting Ehrlichia and Babesia species. RESULTS Evidence of exposure to or infection with a vector-borne pathogen was detected in 33% (14/42) of dogs. Ehrlichia and Babesia species were most common; each was identified in 5 dogs. Convalescent serologic testing, repeating PCR, and using novel PCR gene targets increased detection by 30%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Repeated testing using serology and PCR enhances detection of infection by vector-borne pathogens in dogs with clinical signs of immune-mediated disease. Larger prevalence studies of emerging vector-borne pathogens in southern California dogs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kidd
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, CA
| | - B Qurollo
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - M Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO
| | - K Richter
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - J R Hart
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - S Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - C Osmond
- California Veterinary Specialists, Carlsbad, CA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Checa R, Montoya A, Ortega N, González-Fraga JL, Bartolomé A, Gálvez R, Marino V, Miró G. Efficacy, safety and tolerance of imidocarb dipropionate versus atovaquone or buparvaquone plus azithromycin used to treat sick dogs naturally infected with the Babesia microti-like piroplasm. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:145. [PMID: 28292316 PMCID: PMC5404670 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piroplasmosis caused by the Babesia microti-like piroplasm (Bml) is increasingly being detected in dogs in Europe. Sick dogs show acute disease with severe anaemia associated with thrombocytopenia with a poor response to current available drugs. This study assesses the safety and tolerance of three treatments and compares their efficacy over a full year of follow up in dogs naturally infected with Bml. METHODS Fifty-nine dogs naturally infected with Bml were randomly assigned to a treatment group: imidocarb dipropionate (5 mg/kg SC, 2 doses 14 d apart) (IMI); atovaquone (13.3 mg/kg PO q 8 h, 10 d)/azithromycin (10 mg/kg PO q 24 h, 10 d) (ATO); or buparvaquone (5 mg/kg IM, 2 d apart)/azithromycin (same dosage) (BUP). Before and after treatment (days 15, 45, 90 and 360), all dogs underwent a physical exam, blood tests and parasite detection (blood cytology and PCR). Clinical efficacy was assessed by grading 24 clinical and 8 clinicopathological signs from low to high severity. RESULTS Before treatment, most dogs had severe regenerative anaemia (88.13%) and thrombocytopenia (71.4%). On treatment Day 45, clinical signs were mostly reduced in all dogs, and by Day 90, practically all dogs under the ATO or BUP regimen were clinically healthy (76.4 and 88%, respectively). Highest percentage reductions in laboratory abnormalities (82.04%) were detected in animals treated with ATO. Over the year, clinical relapse of Bml was observed in 8 dogs (8/17) treated with IMI. However, on Day 360, these animals had recovered clinically, though clinicopathological abnormalities were still present in some of them. Parasitaemia was PCR-confirmed on Days 90 and 360 in 47.05 and 50% of dogs treated with ATO, 68 and 60.08% with BUP, and 94.1 and 73.3% with IMI, respectively. Even after 360 days, 13.3% of the dogs treated with IMI returned a positive blood cytology result. CONCLUSIONS IMI showed the worse clinical and parasitological, efficacy such that its use to treat Bml infection in dogs is not recommended. The treatments ATO and BUP showed better efficacy, though they were still incapable to completely eliminate PCR-proven infection at the recommended dose. All three treatments showed good tolerance and safety with scarce adverse events observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Checa
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Ortega
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Adrián Bartolomé
- Gran Vía Veterinary Centre, C/Gran Vía 194, 15102, Carballo, Coruña, Spain
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Marino
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Qurollo BA, Archer NR, Schreeg ME, Marr HS, Birkenheuer AJ, Haney KN, Thomas BS, Breitschwerdt EB. Improved molecular detection of Babesia infections in animals using a novel quantitative real-time PCR diagnostic assay targeting mitochondrial DNA. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:128. [PMID: 28264705 PMCID: PMC5339974 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesiosis is a protozoal, tick transmitted disease found worldwide in humans, wildlife and domesticated animals. Commonly used approaches to diagnose babesiosis include microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears, detection of circulating antibodies and PCR. To screen and differentiate canine Babesia infections many PCR assays amplify the 18S rRNA gene. These sequences contain hypervariable regions flanked by highly conserved regions allowing for amplification of a broad-range of Babesia spp. However, differences in the 18S rRNA gene sequence of distantly related clades can make it difficult to design assays that will amplify all Babesia species while excluding the amplification of other eukaryotes. By targeting Babesia mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), we designed a novel three primer qPCR with greater sensitivity and broader screening capabilities to diagnose and differentiate Babesia spp. METHODS Using 13 Babesia mtDNA sequences, a region spanning two large subunit rRNA gene fragments (lsu5-lsu4) was aligned to design three primers for use in a qPCR assay (LSU qPCR) capable of amplifying a wide range of Babesia spp. Plasmid clones were generated and used as standards to determine efficiency, linear dynamic range and analytical sensitivity. Animals naturally infected with vector-borne pathogens were tested retrospectively and prospectively to determine relative clinical sensitivity and specificity by comparing the LSU qPCR to an established 18S rDNA qPCR. RESULTS The LSU qPCR efficiencies ranged between 92 and 100% with the limit of detection at five copies/reaction. The assay did not amplify mammalian host or other vector-borne pathogen gDNA except Cytauxzoon felis (a feline protozoal pathogen). The LSU qPCR assay amplified 12 different Babesia. sp. and C. felis from 31/31 (100%) archived samples, whereas the 18S qPCR amplified only 26/31 (83.9%). By prospective analysis, 19/394 diagnostic accessions (4.8%) were LSU qPCR positive, compared to 11/394 (2.8%) 18S rDNA qPCR positive. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a more sensitive qPCR assay with a more expansive range of Babesia spp. detection by targeting a highly conserved region of mtDNA, when compared to an established 18S qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Qurollo
- Vector-borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Nikole R Archer
- Vector-borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Megan E Schreeg
- Vector-borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Henry S Marr
- Vector-borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Adam J Birkenheuer
- Vector-borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Haney
- Vector-borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Brittany S Thomas
- Vector-borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Vector-borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Solano-Gallego L, Sainz Á, Roura X, Estrada-Peña A, Miró G. A review of canine babesiosis: the European perspective. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:336. [PMID: 27289223 PMCID: PMC4902949 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a significant tick-borne disease caused by various species of the protozoan genus Babesia. Although it occurs worldwide, data relating to European infections have now been collected for many years. These data have boosted the publication record and increased our working knowledge of these protozoan parasites. Both the large and small forms of Babesia species (B. canis, B. vogeli, B. gibsoni, and B. microti-like isolates also referred to as "B. vulpes" and "Theileria annae") infect dogs in Europe, and their geographical distribution, transmission, clinical signs, treatment, and prognosis vary widely for each species. The goal of this review is to provide veterinary practitioners with practical guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of babesiosis in European dogs. Our hope is that these guidelines will answer the most frequently asked questions posed by veterinary practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Solano-Gallego
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Estrada-Peña
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Cantadori DT, Osório ALR, Babo-Terra VJ. Azitromicina no tratamento da erlichiose monocítica em cães naturalmente infectados. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v15i45553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficácia do tratamento com azitromicina em cães naturalmente infectados por E. canis e acompanhar a evolução clínico-hematológica dos animais. Dez cães, com diagnóstico positivo para E. canis por meio do teste de Elisa Snap 4Dx, foram distribuídos em dois grupos, sem tratamento e tratados com azitromicina, 20 mg/kg, via oral, uma vez ao dia, durante sete dias. Além do exame físico diário foram realizados hemogramas, esfregaços de ponta de orelha para a pesquisa de mórulas e nested PCR antes do tratamento e pós-tratamento. Verificou-se que o tratamento não foi eficiente, uma vez que não desapareceram os sinais clínicos, assim como não houve retorno à normalidade dos valores do hemograma nos cães, assim como ausência de eliminação de E. canis.
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26
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Kidd L, Rasmussen R, Chaplow E, Richter K, Hill S, Slusser PG. Seasonality of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs from southern California. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:311-5. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kidd
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona; CA
| | - Rachel Rasmussen
- University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine; Madison WI
| | | | | | - Steve Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital; San Diego CA
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27
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Schnittger L, Rodriguez AE, Florin-Christensen M, Morrison DA. Babesia: a world emerging. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1788-809. [PMID: 22871652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Babesia are tick-transmitted hemoprotozooans that infect mammals and birds, and which are acknowledged for their major impact on farm and pet animal health and associated economic costs worldwide. Additionally, Babesia infections of wildlife can be fatal if associated with stressful management practices; and human babesiosis, also transmitted by blood transfusion, is an increasing public-health concern. Due to the huge diversity of species reported to serve as Babesia hosts, all vertebrates might be potential carriers, as long as they are adequate hosts for Babesia-vector ticks. We here provide a comprehensive overview of the most relevant Babesia species, and a discussion of the classical taxonomic criteria. Babesia, Cytauxzoon and Theileria parasites are closely related and collectively referred to as piroplasmids. A possible scenario for the history of piroplasmids is presented in the context of recent findings, and its implications for future research avenues are outlined. Phylogenetic trees of all available 18S rRNA and hsp70 genes were generated, based on which we present a thoroughly revised molecular classification, comprising five monophyletic Babesia lineages, one Cytauxzoon clade, and one Theileria clade. Updated 18S rRNA and beta-tubulin gene trees of the B. microti isolates agree with those previously reported. To reconcile estimates of the origin of piroplasmids and ticks (~300 Ma, respectively), and mammalian radiation (60 Ma), we hypothesize that the dixenous piroplasmid life cycle evolved with the origin of ticks. Thus, the observed time gap between tick origin and mammalian radiation indicates the existence of hitherto unknown piroplasmid lineages and/or species in extant vertebrate taxa, including reptiles and possibly amphibians. The development and current status of the molecular taxonomy of Babesia, with emphasis on human-infecting species, is discussed. Finally, recent results from population genetic studies of Babesia parasites, and their implications for the development of pathogenicity, drug resistance and vaccines, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Schnittger
- Institute of Pathobiology, Center of Research in Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, INTA-Castelar, Argentina.
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