1
|
Gutiérrez-Wong JR, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI. First report of acaricidal efficacy from plumbagin on larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus resistant to conventional acaricides. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108632. [PMID: 37832775 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The problem of resistance to acaricides in ticks such as Rhipicephalus microplus and R. sanguineus has motivated the search for control alternatives, such as the use of extracts and secondary metabolites from plants. Plumbagin is a natural product present in plants such as Plumbago zeylanica L., Diospyros kaki, and D. anisandra, of which acaricidal activity has been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the acaricidal efficacy of plumbagin on larvae of R. microplus and R. sanguineus resistant to conventional acaricides. Larvae from engorged female ticks, collected from naturally infested dairy cattle and domiciled dogs, in Yucatan, Mexico, were used. The larval packet test and the larval immersion test were performed to detect acaricide susceptibility. Both tick populations were detected as resistant to cypermethrin and amitraz. Then, the modified larval immersion test was used and plumbagin was evaluated at concentrations of 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, and 0.125% (%w/v), obtaining a mortality of 100% in the four concentrations for both tick species. Subsequently, lower doses of plumbagin were evaluated at concentrations of 0.0625%, 0.03125%, 0.015625% and 0.0078125%, obtaining mortalities of 100 to 36.26% for R. microplus and 100%-5.33% for R. sanguineus. Using Probit analysis, lethal concentrations at 50% (LC50), 99% (LC99) and confidence intervals at 95% (CI95%) were calculated. R. microplus showed a LC50 of 0.011% (CI95%: 0.010-0.011) and LC99 of 0.019% (CI95%: 0.018-0.022). R. sanguineus presented a LC50 of 0.017% (CI95%: 0.015-0.018) and CL99 of 0.031% (CI95%: 0.027-0.036). It was concluded that plumbagin has high acaricidal efficacy against larvae of R. microplus and R. sanguineus resistant to amitraz and cypermethrin. R. microplus larvae were significantly more susceptible to LC50 and LC99 compared to R. sanguineus. This is the first report on the acaricidal efficacy of plumbagin on larvae of R. microplus and R. sanguineus resistant to conventional acaricides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Gutiérrez-Wong
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J A Rosado-Aguilar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - R I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shakya M, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Upadhaya D, Nagar G, Singh K, M S, Ghosh S. Acaricides resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus and expression profile of ABC-transporter genes in the sampled populations. Exp Parasitol 2023; 252:108584. [PMID: 37468088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, livestock owners manage tick infestations using chemicals, but the method is increasingly losing effectiveness as resistant tick populations have established in the field conditions. Thus, to develop effective tick management strategies, monitoring of resistance in most predominant tick species, Rhipicephalus microplus was targeted. The ticks were collected from eleven districts of Madhya Pradesh and one district of Punjab and tested against deltamethrin (DLM), cypermethrin (CYP), coumaphos (CMP), ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil (FIP), through adult immersion and larval packet tests. The field isolates were highly resistant to DLM [Resistance factor (RF) = 3.98-38.84]. Against CYP, resistance was observed in BWN (Barwani; RF = 2.81) and MND (Mandsaur; RF = 3.23) isolates. Surprisingly, most of the isolates were susceptible to CMP (0.34-1.58). Emerging level of resistance against IVM (1.05-4.98) and FIP (0.40-2.18) was also observed in all the isolates. Significantly elevated production of esterases (p < 0.01) was 90% correlated with RF of DLM while no positive correlation between production of monooxygenase and Glutathione S-transferase with RF to DLM was noted. Multiple sequence analysis of S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene of all the isolates revealed a point mutation at 190th position (C190A) which is associated with DLM resistance. Treatment of resistant LDH (Ludhiana) isolate with IVM resulted in upregulation of RmABCC2 gene and insignificant upregulation of RmABCC1 and RmABCB10 genes indicating the probability of linking IVM resistance with over-expression of RmABCC2 gene. The possible tick management strategies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaushlendra Singh
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankar M
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Juache-Villagrana AE, Ponce-Garcia G, Gonzalez-Escandon MDJ, Vazquez-Dominguez IF, Castro-Bautista AG, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Ojeda MGA, Flores AE. Status of Acaricide Resistance and Detecting the Knockdown Resistance Mutation T2134A in the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) from Northeastern Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2023; 39:122-128. [PMID: 37364181 DOI: 10.2987/23-7113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is the most important tick in veterinary medicine, given its repercussions on animal production. The principal strategy to avoid adverse effects associated with R. microplus is the chemical control of tick populations through organosynthetic acaricides. Therefore, monitoring susceptibility to acaricides is paramount in any control program. This study aimed to analyze the resistance status of 2 populations of R. microplus from northeastern Mexico to the organochlorine (OC) lindane, organophosphates (OP) coumaphos, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos, and the synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) flumethrin, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin. Discriminating doses (DD) of each acaricide were used in the larval packet bioassay (LPT). Additionally, the presence of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation T2134A associated with pyrethroid resistance was evaluated using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The populations of R. microplus showed a high frequency of resistance to SP, with mortality rates of less than 5%; they also showed resistance to the OPs (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) with mortality rates ranging from 1.29% to 34.62%; meanwhile, they were susceptible to coumaphos and chlorfenvinphos. Mortality rates higher than 66% were observed for lindane, indicating susceptibility. The mutant allele of the kdr mutation T2134A was detected in 75% and 100% of the pools analyzed. The populations studied presented a highly resistant profile to pyrethroids, with the presence of the kdr mutant allele A2134. The susceptibility to the organophosphates such as coumaphos and chlorfenvinphos of R. microplus from northeastern Mexico should be noted.
Collapse
|
4
|
Combination of cypermethrin and thymol for control of Rhipicephalus microplus: Efficacy evaluation and description of an action mechanism. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101874. [PMID: 34839252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most important ectoparasites in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used to control this tick, and the selection of resistant populations is a huge problem worldwide. The activity of thymol, a natural monoterpene, free or in combination with other compounds, has been demonstrated against different species of ticks. However, the mode of action is not fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the potential mode of action of the combination of cypermethrin and thymol on ticks from two populations with different levels of susceptibility to cypermethrin (low and high susceptibility). The isolated acaricidal activity of cypermethrin and thymol on larvae was carried out in different concentrations. The combination with different concentrations of cypermethrin and fixed concentrations of thymol (1300 µg/mL for the low susceptibility population; 690 µg/mL for the high susceptibility population) were performed. Adult engorged females were divided into five experimental groups (n = 20): 1) Control group untreated; 2) Control group: 2.0% (v/v) DMSO; 3) Thymol group: 1300 µg/mL thymol; 4) Cypermethrin group: 3700 µg/mL cypermethrin; 5) Association of cypermethrin (3700 µg/mL) + thymol (1300 µg/mL). A subgroup was used to study the efficacy of the reproductive parameters and another subgroup, with ten adults from each treatment, was used to quantify thymol and cypermethrin by HPLC chromatographic analysis. All compounds tested were effective on larvae from both populations, and the combination with thymol decreased the LC50 of cypermethrin (232.4 to 52.7 µg/mL) on the low-susceptibility population. The combination of thymol and cypermethrin was effective in both populations of R. microplus (reproductive performance of engorged females) when compared to the untreated control group, even with higher percent control values (pop. 1: 93.5 ± 5.6% and pop. 2: 92.7 ± 1.1%) than the group treated only with cypermethrin (pop. 1: 87.3 ± 7.3% and pop. 2: 83.5 ± 1.2%). From the HPLC analyzes, a higher concentration of cypermethrin (pop. 1: 30.3 ± 6.9 and pop. 2: 45.4 ± 17.7 ng/mg) was detected in the tissues of engorged females treated with the combination compared to analyte concentrations in groups treated with cypermethrin only (pop. 1: 12.4 ± 4.4 pop. 2: 25.5 ± 9.4 ng/mg). This was the first study to investigate the acaricidal efficacy of the combination of thymol + cypermethrin on R. microplus and demonstrate that the presence of thymol increases the concentration of cypermethrin in the internal tissues of engorged females through a possible mechanism for increasing the penetration of cypermethrin at the cuticular level.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) at a conservation center: infestation and Rickettsia parkeri infection dynamics along nine years. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101826. [PMID: 34592675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between the populations of the ticks Amblyomma triste Koch, 1844, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888), Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888, the pathogenic bacteria Rickettsia parkeri and a marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) population after its removal from a pristine environment. For this purpose, ticks were collected from the cervical region of deer at the Marsh Deer Conservation Center in Promissão, São Paulo State, Brazil for nine consecutive years (2000 - 2008). Deer in captivity at the Center were kept in 2,000 m² paddocks surrounded by two-meter-high fences in the Tiete-river marsh. In total, 1,012 ticks of 26 deer were collected. Prevalence of the species A. triste among tick-infested hosts was the highest in the first triennium but decreased to the second and further to the third triennium. In contrast, the R. microplus prevalence amidst infested host population, increased from the first to the third triennium and was the species that attained the highest infestation intensity. Amblyomma sculptum was the tick with the lowest infestation prevalence and intensity throughout the period. The change in the proportion between the two most prevalent species was attributed to the new environment, specifically its restricted size and within it a dry area more suitable for R. microplus. DNA of 424 ticks processed in 276 pools was tested for Rickettsia genetic material by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Twenty samples of the study were positive for the rickettsial gltA gene. Of these, 18 were from A. triste ticks and revealed the presence of the ompA spotted fever group gene as well. Eleven samples were sequenced and showed 100% identity with R. parkeri sensu stricto. Two samples from R. microplus did not amplify ompA gene neither yielded product in a PCR specific for Rickettsia bellii. Sequencing of the gltA gene in the DNA of these two ticks was also 100% identical with R. parkeri s.s. In conclusion, the changes in the deer environment modified the tick populations but maintained, at least temporary, R. parkeri bacteria in A. triste ticks. Rhipicephalus microplus was refractory to the R. parkeri infection and bacterial DNA in this tick species indicated DNA spill over from other tick species. It was demonstrated that captive marsh deer may sustain cattle tick populations on its own. This would hardly occur under pristine conditions because of the inadequacy the marsh deer´s naturally humid habitat for the cattle tick. However, deer transportations of R. microplus ticks from one farm to another may occur whenever habitat loss pushes this wild animal towards farms.
Collapse
|
6
|
Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A. Entomopathogenic Fungi for Tick Control in Cattle Livestock From Mexico. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:657694. [PMID: 37744087 PMCID: PMC10512273 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.657694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are one of the main economic threats to the cattle industry worldwide affecting productivity, health and welfare. The need for alternative methods to control tick populations is prompted by the high prevalence of multiresistant tick strains to the main chemical acaricides and their ecological consequences. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) is one of the most promising alternative options. The objective of this paper is to review the use of EPF as an alternative control method against cattle ticks in Mexico. Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. are the most studied EPF for the biological control of ticks in the laboratory and in the field, mainly against Rhipicephalus microplus; however, evaluations against other important cattle ticks such as Amblyomma mixtum and R. annulatus, are needed. A transdisciplinary approach is required to incorporate different types of tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in order to better understand the pathogenicity/virulence mechanism in EPF against ticks. Laboratory tests have demonstrated the EPF efficacy to control susceptible and resistant/multiresistant tick populations; whereas, field tests have shown satisfactory control efficiency of M. anisopliae s.l. against different stages of R. microplus when applied both on pasture and on cattle. Epidemiological aspects of ticks and environmental factors are considered as components that influence the acaricidal behavior of the EPF. Finally, considering all these aspects, some recommendations are proposed for the use of EPF in integrated control schemes for livestock ticks.
Collapse
|
7
|
Agwunobi DO, Yu Z, Liu J. A retrospective review on ixodid tick resistance against synthetic acaricides: implications and perspectives for future resistance prevention and mitigation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104776. [PMID: 33771255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ending of the nineteenth-century was characterized by an escalation of ticks and tick-borne diseases that resulted in the death of many cattle. This necessitated the search for an effective means of tick control. Arsenicals were introduced in Australia in 1895, and arsenic-based dipping vats went on to be used for about 40 years until resistance was found in ticks and more effective alternatives - chemical acaricides - were developed after World War II. However, the development of resistance by ticks, environmental persistence, and mammalian toxicity militated against the sustained use of subsequent chemical acaricides. Furthermore, the development of resistance is a phenomenon that would always evolve, and the multiple mechanisms underlying the synthetic acaricides resistance are of great importance for future integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Hence, this study retrospectively reviewed the development of synthetic acaricides and the underlying mechanisms of tick resistance against synthetic acaricides in the hope of providing the implications and perspectives for resistance prevention and mitigation for future tick control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desmond O Agwunobi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arafa WM, Aboelhadid SM, Moawad A, Shokeir KM, Ahmed O, Pérez de León AA. Control of Rhipicephalus annulatus resistant to deltamethrin by spraying infested cattle with synergistic eucalyptus essential oil-thymol-deltamethrin combination. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109346. [PMID: 33418076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the synergistic effect of combinations containing deltamethrin (D), Eucalyptus essential oil (E), and the thyme essential oil component thymol (T), against a field population of Rhipicephalus annulatus in Egypt that was characterized to be resistant to D. Solutions of T, E, or TE at concentrations of 1.25-5% were combined with 5% deltamethrin at different dilutions (0.25-2 mL/L). Results of the adult immersion test used to estimate the in vitro acaricidal activity of these combinations at 5% yielded LC50 values for D, E-D, T-D, and TE-D of 3.87 mL/L, 3.89 mL/L, 0.14 mL/L, and 0.05 mL/L, respectively. Biochemical analyses using whole-body homogenate of ticks from the in vitro tests revealed that the lowest acetylcholinesterase and glutathione peroxidase activity, and the maximum lipid peroxidation were recorded in ticks treated with 5% TE-D. Glutathione content significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in all treated ticks. Three groups, each containing five cross breed cattle naturally infested with R. annulatus from the same area where resistance to D was detected, were sprayed twice at two-week intervals using 1 mL/L of 5% solutions of D, T-D, or TE-D. Overall efficacy of the D, T-D, and TE-D sprays by day 30 post-treatment was 21.6, 88.3, and 95 %, respectively. Ticks collected from infested cattle three days after treatment with the D spray deposited egg masses that were able to hatch, deposited small masses of eggs unable to hatch when exposed to the T-D spray, and laid few eggs that didn't hatch when sprayed with the TE-D combination. Values for liver and kidney function parameters were comparable in cattle before and after treatment with the combination sprays tested. The TE-D spray overcame the insensitivity to D of this R. annulatus population in Egypt, which also highlighted the significant synergistic effect of thymol on the acaricidal activity of deltamethrin observed in vitro. Acaricidal activity of the TE-D combination apparently has deleterious effects on multiple tick systems involving inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, increased lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress. These findings document that combinations of natural and synthetic products can be part of integrated management solutions to the problem with widespread resistance to pyrethroids like deltamethrin in populations of cattle ticks, including R. annulatus, around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Moawad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | | | - Osama Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62521, Egypt
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, Texas, 78028, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Esteve-Gasent MD, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Medina RF, Ellis D, Schwartz A, Cortés Garcia B, Hunt C, Tietjen M, Bonilla D, Thomas D, Logan LL, Hasel H, Alvarez Martínez JA, Hernández-Escareño JJ, Mosqueda Gualito J, Alonso Díaz MA, Rosario-Cruz R, Soberanes Céspedes N, Merino Charrez O, Howard T, Chávez Niño VM, Pérez de León AA. Research on Integrated Management for Cattle Fever Ticks and Bovine Babesiosis in the United States and Mexico: Current Status and Opportunities for Binational Coordination. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110871. [PMID: 33114005 PMCID: PMC7690670 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is a reportable transboundary animal disease caused by Babesia bovis and Babesiabigemina in the Americas where these apicomplexan protozoa are transmitted by the invasive cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) annulatus. In countries like Mexico where cattle fever ticks remain endemic, bovine babesiosis is detrimental to cattle health and results in a significant economic cost to the livestock industry. These cattle disease vectors continue to threaten the U.S. cattle industry despite their elimination through efforts of the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program. Mexico and the U.S. share a common interest in managing cattle fever ticks through their economically important binational cattle trade. Here, we report the outcomes of a meeting where stakeholders from Mexico and the U.S. representing the livestock and pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies, and research institutions gathered to discuss research and knowledge gaps requiring attention to advance progressive management strategies for bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks. Research recommendations and other actionable activities reflect commitment among meeting participants to seize opportunities for collaborative efforts. Addressing these research gaps is expected to yield scientific knowledge benefitting the interdependent livestock industries of Mexico and the U.S. through its translation into enhanced biosecurity against the economic and animal health impacts of bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Esteve-Gasent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Roger I. Rodríguez-Vivas
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Raúl F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Dee Ellis
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Andy Schwartz
- Texas Animal Health Commission, Austin, TX 78758, USA;
| | - Baltazar Cortés Garcia
- Departamento de Rabia Paralítica y Garrapata, Dirección de Campañas Zoosanitarias, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Avenida Insurgentes Sur N° 489 Piso 9, Colonia Hipódromo, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06100, Mexico;
| | - Carrie Hunt
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Mackenzie Tietjen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Knipling–Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA; (M.T.); (A.A.P.d.L.)
| | - Denise Bonilla
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service International Services, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Don Thomas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Cattel Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Moore Air Base, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA;
| | - Linda L. Logan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Hallie Hasel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, (USDA-APHIS-VS), Austin, TX 78701, USA;
| | - Jesús A. Alvarez Martínez
- CENID-SAI, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso. Jiutepec, Morelos 62390, Mexico;
| | - Jesús J. Hernández-Escareño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Francisco Villa S/N, Hacienda del Canada, Ciudad General Escobedo, Nuevo León 66054, Mexico;
| | - Juan Mosqueda Gualito
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bolaños, Queretaro Queretaro 76140, Mexico;
| | - Miguel A. Alonso Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz 93600, Mexico;
| | - Rodrigo Rosario-Cruz
- BioSA Research Lab., Natural Sciences College, Campus el ‘Shalako’ Las Petaquillas, Autonomous Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 62105, Mexico;
| | - Noé Soberanes Céspedes
- Lapisa S.A. de C.V. Carretera La Piedad-Guadalajara Km 5.5, Col. Camelinas, La Piedad, Michoacán 59375, Mexico;
| | - Octavio Merino Charrez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Km. 5 Carretera Victoria-Mante, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87000, Mexico;
| | - Tami Howard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, (USDA-APHIS-VS), Field Operations, Southern Border Ports, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA;
| | - Victoria M. Chávez Niño
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, International Services, (USDA-APHIS-IS), Mexico, Sierra Nevada 115, Col. Lomas de Chapultepec, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
| | - Adalberto A. Pérez de León
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Knipling–Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA; (M.T.); (A.A.P.d.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dadé MM, Daniele MR, Machicote M, Errecalde JO, Rodriguez-Vivas RI. First report of the lethal activity and synergism between deltamethrin, amitraz and piperonyl butoxide against susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant nymphs of Triatoma infestans. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:107986. [PMID: 32882206 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In South America, Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is the main vector of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas disease. The main strategy for vector control is to spray domestic structures with pyrethroids. Reports of populations of T. infestans with varying degrees of resistance to pyrethroids have made the search for alternative molecules for vector control necessary. In the first stage of this work we investigated the lethal activity of amitraz and deltamethrin against susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant nymphs of Triatoma infestans. Lethal dose at 50% (LD50) of susceptible nymphs were compared with those recorded in pyrethroid-resistant nymphs and the resistance ratio (RR50) was obtained. The RR50 of deltamethrin was approximately 300. In the case of amitraz, we observed similar triatomicidal activity in the two nymph populations (RR50: 0.7). In a second stage of the work, we determined the synergistic effect of amitraz and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the lethal activity of deltamethrin. The strong synergistic effect of PBO on the lethal activity of deltamethrin in resistant nymphs produced a decrease in RR50 to almost one third of the RR50 reported in absence of the synergist. Amitraz plus PBO lethal activity was similarly increased in pyrethroid susceptible and resistant nymphs. Our data indicate that deltamethrin synergism by amitraz was higher against resistant than to susceptible nymphs (Synergist ratio (SR50) of: 7.2- and 4.1-fold, respectively). In pyrethroid resistant nymphs, the highest level of synergism was obtained combining deltamethrin with amitraz and PBO (SR50: 26.7-fold). These results indicate that this combination could be considered an effective alternative for the control of T. infestans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Dadé
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Alto Valle y Valle Medio, Escuela de Veterinaria y Producción Agroindustrial, Choele Choel, Rio Negro, 8360, Argentina; Cátedra de Farmacología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Laboratorio de Artrópodos y Vectores (LabArVec), 60 y 120 S/n, La Plata, 1900, Argentina; Cátedra de Farmacología Especial y Toxicología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118s/n, CC 296, La Plata, 1900, Argentina.
| | - M R Daniele
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Sede Alto Valle y Valle Medio, Escuela de Veterinaria y Producción Agroindustrial, Choele Choel, Rio Negro, 8360, Argentina; Cátedra de Farmacología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Laboratorio de Artrópodos y Vectores (LabArVec), 60 y 120 S/n, La Plata, 1900, Argentina; Cátedra de Farmacología Especial y Toxicología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118s/n, CC 296, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - M Machicote
- Cátedra de Farmacología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Laboratorio de Artrópodos y Vectores (LabArVec), 60 y 120 S/n, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - J O Errecalde
- Cátedra de Farmacología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Laboratorio de Artrópodos y Vectores (LabArVec), 60 y 120 S/n, La Plata, 1900, Argentina; Cátedra de Farmacología Especial y Toxicología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118s/n, CC 296, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - R I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria and Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ahmed MAI, Vogel CFA. Hazardous effects of octopamine receptor agonists on altering metabolism-related genes and behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126629. [PMID: 32283422 PMCID: PMC9888421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports demonstrate that octopamine receptor (OR) agonists such as formamidine pesticides cause reproductive and developmental toxicity through endocrine disrupting effects in both humans and animals. Herein, we studied the effects of different sublethal concentrations of OR agonists, Amitraz and Chlordimeform, on growth, development, and reproduction of D. melanogaster from a genotype perspective view. As a result, the sublethal concentrations for both OR agonists delayed the developmental time including pupation and eclosion. It significantly reduced the lifespan, eclosion rate, and production of eggs. The mRNA expression of genes relevant for development and metabolism was significantly changed after exposure to sublethal concentrations of both OR agonists. Octopamine receptor in mushroom bodies (Oamb), trehalase enzyme (Treh), hemocyte proliferation (RyR), and immune response (IM4) genes were upregulated whereas, trehalose sugar (Tret1-1), mixed function oxidase enzyme (Cyp9f2), lifespan (Atg7), male mating behavior (Ple), female fertility (Ddc), and lipid metabolism (Sxe2) genes were downregulated. These results support the conclusion that OR agonists activate the octopamine receptor in D. melanogaster leading to an increase of trehalase enzyme activity and degradation of trehalose sugar into free glucose which results in rapid energy exhaustion, hyperexcitation, and disturbing of the octopaminergic system in D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt; Center for Health and the Environment, USA
| | - Christoph Franz Adam Vogel
- Center for Health and the Environment, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vilela VLR, Feitosa TF, Bezerra RA, Klafke GM, Riet-Correa F. Multiple acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus in the semi-arid region of Paraíba State, Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
13
|
Ahmed MAI, Vogel CFA. The synergistic effect of octopamine receptor agonists on selected insect growth regulators on Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. One Health 2020; 10:100138. [PMID: 32426446 PMCID: PMC7226865 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergistic effects of octopamine receptor agonists (OR agonists) have attracted many scientists based on their potent effects on mosquitoes. Herein, we determined the toxicity of selected insect growth regulators (IGRs) on fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. We evaluated the synergistic action of OR agonists on the toxicity of IGR insecticides to achieve a better understanding of their mode of action. As a result, pyriproxyfen was the most potent IGR insecticide (EC50 = 0.049 ng/ml) followed by lufenuron, novaluron, and diflubenzuron according to the IGR bioassay. Further, based on the acute bioassay, lufenuron was the most toxic IGR insecticide (LC50 = 44 ng/ml) after 24-h post treatment followed by pyriproxyfen, novaluron, and diflubenzuron (LC50 = 137, 263, and 1127 ng/ml, respectively). Similar tendency was observed after 48 and 72-h post treatment. Furthermore, OR agonists that combined with pyriproxyfen was the most significant effects after 48 and 72-h of exposure. The synergism with amitraz (AMZ) was more significant when co-treated with IGR insecticides compared to chlordimeform (CDM). These findings suggest that OR agonists are promising tools and are important alternative strategies as synergistic compounds in preventing and controlling Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Pyriproxyfen was the most potent IGR insecticide based on IGR bioassay. Lufenuron was the most toxic IGR insecticide according to acute bioassay. OR agonists that combined with pyriproxyfen was the most significant effects. The synergism of AMZ was more significant than CDM on selected IGRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.,Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christoph Franz Adam Vogel
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pellizzon MA, Ricci MR. Choice of Laboratory Rodent Diet May Confound Data Interpretation and Reproducibility. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa031. [PMID: 32258990 PMCID: PMC7103427 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproducibility of experimental data is challenged by many factors in both clinical and preclinical research. In preclinical studies, several factors may be responsible, and diet is one variable that is commonly overlooked, especially by those not trained in nutrition. In particular, grain-based diets contain complex ingredients, each of which can provide multiple nutrients, non-nutrients, and contaminants, which may vary from batch to batch. Thus, even when choosing the same grain-based diet used in the past by others, its composition will likely differ. In contrast, purified diets contain refined ingredients that offer the ability to control the composition much more closely and maintain consistency from one batch to the next, while minimizing the presence of non-nutrients and contaminants. In this article, we provide several different examples or scenarios showing how the diet choice can alter data interpretation, potentially affecting reproducibility and knowledge gained within any given field of study.
Collapse
|
15
|
Higa LDOS, Barradas Piña FT, Rodrigues VDS, Garcia MV, Salas DR, Miller RJ, de Leon AP, Barros JC, Andreotti R. Evidence of acaricide resistance in different life stages of Amblyomma mixtum and Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from the same farm in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104837. [PMID: 31756672 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the resistance of Amblyomma mixtum and Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from co-infested bovines from the Veracruz region in Mexico to different acaricide families and to demonstrate the viability of the packet test on different A. mixtum instars. The following acaricide families were used: a combination (cypermethrin 15 g + chlorpyrifos 25 g + citronella 1 g + butoxide piperonyl 15 g), amidine (formamidine 12.5 g), pyrethroid (cypermethrin 15 g), and organophosphate (dichlorvos 60 g + chlorpyrifos 20 g). Regarding the packet test in both species, resistance was found for the pyrethroid and amidine families in A. mixtum and R. microplus, as efficacy did not surpass 40 %, including in immature instars; regarding the adult immersion test in R. microplus, the efficacy was 93.3 % for the amidine family and 26.2 % for the pyrethroid family. The proposed methodology is an alternative technique to optimize resistance detection in immature ticks with a heteroxenous life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro de Oliveira Souza Higa
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMS -Universidade Federal Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius da Silva Rodrigues
- Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Valério Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia do Carrapato, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Dora Romero Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinária y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Robert John Miller
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerville, TX, USA
| | - Adalberto Perez de Leon
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerville, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lazcano Díaz E, Padilla Camberos E, Castillo Herrera GA, Estarrón Espinosa M, Espinosa Andrews H, Paniagua Buelnas NA, Gutiérrez Ortega A, Martínez Velázquez M. Development of essential oil-based phyto-formulations to control the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus using a mixture design approach. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:26-33. [PMID: 31029699 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most important ectoparasites for livestock in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. This tick economically impacts cattle production by reducing weight gain and milk production. Moreover, it is a vector of pathogens causing diseases such as babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Conventional tick control relies mainly on the use of chemical acaricides; however, their intensive use has led to the rapid appearance of resistant tick populations. It is therefore necessary to look for alternative tick control products. In that sense, plant extracts might represent a promising source of new acaricides. Previously, we reported a significant acaricide effect of essential oils from selected plant species. In the present study, we used a mixture design approach to develop phyto-formulations by combining individual essential oils. We produced several mixtures at 10% containing different proportions of individual essential oils (ranging from 0 to 1) from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and allspice (Pimenta dioica) and tested their acaricidal activity against R. microplus ticks by means of larval packet test (LPT) and adult immersion test (AIT) assays. The optimal mixture predicted against R. microplus was composed of 66%, 17% and 17% of essential oils from C. zeylanicum, C. cyminum and P. dioica, respectively. We generated an estimated response surface contour plot that estimates 80%-100% acaricidal efficacy. In the optimal mixture 34 compounds were identified, which represent 98.65% of the total composition, with cinnamaldehyde (37.77%), β-caryophyllene (13.92%), methyl eugenol (12.27%) and cuminaldehyde (8.99%) being the major components. Next, we developed emulsions by combining the optimal mixture with several surfactants and determined particle size, Zeta potential, stability and bioactivity. Emulsions containing 2% and 5% Tween 20 or Tween 80 remain stable after 14 days at 54 °C. Finally, optimized emulsion retained a high acaricidal activity against larval and adult R. microplus ticks. Taken together, our findings showed the usefulness of mixture design method for the development of essential oil mixtures with potent acaricidal activity. These formulations have the potential to successfully control tick infestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Lazcano Díaz
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC. Avenida Normalistas 800, Colonia Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Padilla Camberos
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC. Avenida Normalistas 800, Colonia Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Castillo Herrera
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC. Avenida Normalistas 800, Colonia Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| | - Mirna Estarrón Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC. Avenida Normalistas 800, Colonia Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Espinosa Andrews
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC. Avenida Normalistas 800, Colonia Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| | - Norma Angélica Paniagua Buelnas
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC. Avenida Normalistas 800, Colonia Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| | - Abel Gutiérrez Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC. Avenida Normalistas 800, Colonia Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| | - Moisés Martínez Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC. Avenida Normalistas 800, Colonia Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Arafa WM, Mohammed AN, Abo El-Ela FI. Acaricidal efficacy of deltamethrin-zinc oxide nanocomposite on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus tick. Vet Parasitol 2019; 268:36-45. [PMID: 30981304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the veterinary field, there is a great concern about the issue of acaricides resistance in cattle ticks. A comparative study was designed to evaluate the in vitro acaricidal efficacy of imidacloprid nano-emulsion, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), deltamethrin, deltamethrin-ZnO NPs, and deltamethrin-Ag NPs. In addition, the novel formulations of deltamethrin (deltamethrin-ZnO NPs and deltamethrin-Ag NPs) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus were also evaluated by in vivo animal efficacy trials. Nanoparticles and their loaded forms, deltamethrin-Ag NPs and deltamethrin-ZnO NPs, were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR). The adulticidal activity of deltamethrin-ZnO NPs at different concentrations; 2 mL/L, 1 mL/L, 0.5 mL/L and 0.25 mL/L induced a significant (P ≤ 0.05) lethal effect on adult ticks compared to deltamethrin-Ag NPs at the same concentrations. The larvicidal efficacy of deltamethrin-ZnO NPs resulted in a complete larval mortality within 24 h of exposure, while deltamethrin and deltamethrin-Ag NPs exhibited 100% immobility of larvae 48 h post-exposure. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments showed a considerable reduction in the tick's survival after using deltamethrin-ZnO NPs. There was no significant effect of different treatments on liver or kidney function tests at pre- and post-treatment of animals. In conclusion, deltamethrin-ZnO nanocomposite was the most effective adulticide and larvicide against R. (B.) annulatus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for using deltamethrin-ZnO NPs as an acaricide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa N Mohammed
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Fatma I Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Jonsson NN, Bhushan C. Strategies for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in a world of conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3-29. [PMID: 29152691 PMCID: PMC5748392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infestations with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, constitute the most important ectoparasite problem for cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, resulting in major economic losses. The control of R. microplus is mostly based on the use of conventional acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. However, the intensive use of such compounds has resulted in tick populations that exhibit resistance to all major acaricide chemical classes. Consequently, there is a need for the development of alternative approaches, possibly including the use of animal husbandry practices, synergized pesticides, rotation of acaricides, pesticide mixture formulations, manual removal of ticks, selection for host resistance, nutritional management, release of sterile male hybrids, environmental management, plant species that are unfavourable to ticks, pasture management, plant extracts, essential oils and vaccination. Integrated tick management consists of the systematic combination of at least two control technologies aiming to reduce selection pressure in favour of acaricide-resistant individuals, while maintaining adequate levels of animal production. The purpose of this paper is to present a current review on conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance for better understanding and control of resistant ticks with particular emphasis on R. microplus on cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chandra Bhushan
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Alee 10, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Bolio-González ME. First report of amitraz and cypermethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato infesting dogs in Mexico. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:72-77. [PMID: 27859488 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Engorged female Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Ixodida: Ixodidae) were collected from dogs in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. Fourteen tick populations were collected from dogs at seven veterinary clinics, four residential homes and three cattle farms. The larval immersion test was used in the progeny of collected adult females to test susceptibility to amitraz and cypermethrin. Dose-mortality regressions, 50% lethal concentrations (LC50 ), confidence intervals and slope were estimated by probit analysis. For amitraz, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and low inter-population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident [resistance ratios (RRs) at LC50 : 1.0-13.0]. For cypermethrin, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and substantial inter-population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident (RRs at LC50 : 1.0-104.0). Thus, amitraz resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. is common, but generally occurs at low levels; however, alarmingly high levels of cypermethrin resistance are present in R. sanguineus s.l. populations in dogs in Yucatán, Mexico. The intensive use of both acaricides to control ectoparasites on dogs is likely to lead to more serious resistance problems that may cause high levels of control failure in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M M Ojeda-Chi
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - I Trinidad-Martinez
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M E Bolio-González
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Arceo-Medina GN, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Borges-Argaez R. Synergistic action of fatty acids, sulphides and stilbene against acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:121-125. [PMID: 27692312 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Six compounds in a methanolic extract of Petiveria alliacea stem (cis-stilbene; benzyl disulphide; benzyl trisulphide; and methyl esters of hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid and octadecenoic acid) are known to exercise acaricide activity against cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus larvae and adults. The synergistic effect of 57 combinations of these six compounds on acaricide activity against R. microplus was evaluated. Larvae immersion tests produced the lethal concentrations needed to kill 50% (LC50) and 99% (LC99) of the population. Adult immersion tests produced rates (%) for mortality, oviposition inhibition and eclosion inhibition. Individually, none of the compounds (1% concentration) exhibited acaricide activity (mortality ≤2.3%). When combined, however, nine mixtures exhibited a synergistic increase in activity, with high mortality rates (≥92%) in larvae. Values for LC50 ranged from 0.07 to 0.51% and those for LC99 from 0.66 to 5.16%. Thirty six compound mixtures had no significant activity (mortality ≤30%) against larvae. Two mixtures exhibited synergism against adults, with high rates (≥92%) of oviposition inhibition. The mixtures based on the benzyl disulphide+benzyl trisulphide pairing produced a synergistic effect against acaricide-resistant R. microplus larva and adults, and are therefore the most promising combination for controlling this ubiquitous ectoparasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G N Arceo-Medina
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J A Rosado-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - R I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - R Borges-Argaez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma M, Chen Z, Liu A, Ren Q, Liu J, Liu Z, Li Y, Yin H, Guan G, Luo J. Biological Parameters of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) Fed on Rabbits, Sheep, and Cattle. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:301-5. [PMID: 27417084 PMCID: PMC4977778 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the effect of various hosts on feeding performance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, we used 3 mammalian species as hosts, cattle (Qinchuan), sheep (T an), and rabbits (Japanese white rabbit) for infest-ing ticks. Five hundreds of R. microplus larvae were exposed to each animal (3 animals/host species). Tick recoveries were 11.0%, 0.47%, and 5.5% from cattle, sheep, and rabbits, respectively. The averages of tick feeding periods were not significantly different on cattle, sheep, and rabbits, 28.8, 25.3, and 26.7 days, respectively. The average weights of individual engorged female from cattle, sheep, and rabbits were 312.5, 219.1, and 130.2 mg, respectively and those of egg mass weights each to 85.0, 96.6, and 17.8 mg. The highest egg hatching rate was in the ticks from cattle (96.0%), fol-lowed by those from rabbits (83.0%) and sheep (19.2%). These data suggest that rabbits could be as an alternative host to cultivate R. microplus for evaluating vaccines and chemical and biological medicines against the tick in the laboratory, although the biological parameters of ticks were less than those from cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Esteve-Gassent MD, Castro-Arellano I, Feria-Arroyo TP, Patino R, Li AY, Medina RF, Pérez de León AA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI. TRANSLATING ECOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND POPULATION GENETICS RESEARCH TO MEET THE CHALLENGE OF TICK AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN NORTH AMERICA. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:38-64. [PMID: 27062414 PMCID: PMC4844827 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging tick-borne diseases threaten public health and the wellbeing of domestic animals and wildlife globally. The adoption of an evolutionary ecology framework aimed to diminish the impact of tick-borne diseases needs to be part of strategies to protect human and animal populations. We present a review of current knowledge on the adaptation of ticks to their environment, and the impact that global change could have on their geographic distribution in North America. Environmental pressures will affect tick population genetics by selecting genotypes able to withstand new and changing environments and by altering the connectivity and isolation of several tick populations. Research in these areas is particularly lacking in the southern United States and most of Mexico with knowledge gaps on the ecology of these diseases, including a void in the identity of reservoir hosts for several tick-borne pathogens. Additionally, the way in which anthropogenic changes to landscapes may influence tick-borne disease ecology remains to be fully understood. Enhanced knowledge in these areas is needed in order to implement effective and sustainable integrated tick management strategies. We propose to refocus ecology studies with emphasis on metacommunity-based approaches to enable a holistic perspective addressing whole pathogen and host assemblages. Network analyses could be used to develop mechanistic models involving multihost-pathogen communities. An increase in our understanding of the ecology of tick-borne diseases across their geographic distribution will aid in the design of effective area-wide tick control strategies aimed to diminish the burden of pathogens transmitted by ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Esteve-Gassent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Ivan Castro-Arellano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX-78666, USA
| | - Teresa P. Feria-Arroyo
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX-78539, USA
| | - Ramiro Patino
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX-78539, USA
| | - Andrew Y. Li
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Raul F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Adalberto A. Pérez de León
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX-78028, USA
| | - Roger Iván Rodríguez-Vivas
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil. Yucatán, México
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Puerta JM, Chaparro JJ, Lopez-Arias A, Arroyave SA, Villar D. Loss of in vitro Efficacy of Topical Commercial Acaricides on Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) From Antioquian Farms, Colombia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1309-1314. [PMID: 26336268 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In Antioquia, the problems to control Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) tick infestations have spread and ranchers claim conventional treatments are no longer effective. In this study, the in vitro efficacy of commercial topical products was tested with ticks obtained from two dairy farms in Antioquia with severe repeated infestations. About 800 engorged ticks were collected directly from animals in two separate visits at the beginning and end of the same month. The adult immersion test was used, which exposed groups of 40 ticks from each collection at the recommended concentration for five commercial products and combinations for 5 min. Efficacy was determined by comparing the reproductive index (fecundity × fertility) of each treated group to that of the control group. The values of all reproductive parameters obtained with ticks from the two collection dates were very similar. Cypermethrin (150 ppm) and amitraz (208 ppm) separately showed very low efficacies of only 10-20% at one farm, and zero at the other. The combination of chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin was the only product with an efficacy >50% at both farms and field observations corroborated to be still capable of eliminating infestations. Exposure to fluazuron at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 500 ppm for 1 min reduced fertility in all groups by ≥99%, as would be expected for very susceptible strains. However, reduction of oviposition only occurred at the 500 ppm concentration. In conclusion, there is a high degree of resistance to all products tested except for fluazuron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Puerta
- Grupo CIBAV, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Jenny J Chaparro
- Grupo CIBAV, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Anderson Lopez-Arias
- Grupo CIBAV, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara Arias Arroyave
- Grupo CIBAV, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David Villar
- Grupo CIBAV, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mesnage R, Defarge N, Rocque LM, Spiroux de Vendômois J, Séralini GE. Laboratory Rodent Diets Contain Toxic Levels of Environmental Contaminants: Implications for Regulatory Tests. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128429. [PMID: 26133768 PMCID: PMC4489719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of diets in rodent feeding trials is crucial. We describe the contamination with environmental pollutants of 13 laboratory rodent diets from 5 continents. Measurements were performed using accredited methodologies. All diets were contaminated with pesticides (1-6 out of 262 measured), heavy metals (2-3 out of 4, mostly lead and cadmium), PCDD/Fs (1-13 out of 17) and PCBs (5-15 out of 18). Out of 22 GMOs tested for, Roundup-tolerant GMOs were the most frequently detected, constituting up to 48% of the diet. The main pesticide detected was Roundup, with residues of glyphosate and AMPA in 9 of the 13 diets, up to 370 ppb. The levels correlated with the amount of Roundup-tolerant GMOs. Toxic effects of these pollutants on liver, neurodevelopment, and reproduction are documented. The sum of the hazard quotients of the pollutants in the diets (an estimator of risk with a threshold of 1) varied from 15.8 to 40.5. Thus the chronic consumption of these diets can be considered at risk. Efforts toward safer diets will improve the reliability of toxicity tests in biomedical research and regulatory toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mesnage
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
- CRIIGEN, 40 rue Monceau, 75008, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Defarge
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
- CRIIGEN, 40 rue Monceau, 75008, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Gilles-Eric Séralini
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
- CRIIGEN, 40 rue Monceau, 75008, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu H, Ren Q, Li Y, Liu J, Niu Q, Yin H, Meng Q, Guan G, Luo J. The efficacies of 5 insecticides against hard ticks Hyalomma asiaticum, Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:44-7. [PMID: 26115939 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
At present, chemical-based tick control strategies are still the most efficient and widely used methods in control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. In this study, the efficacies of lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate, spirotetramat and hexaflumuron in vitro were evaluated against Hyalomma asiaticum, Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus that are widespread and able to transmit a variety of human and animal diseases in China. The results showed that the LC (lethal concentration) 50 of lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate, spirotetramat and hexaflumuron were 22.05, 107.35, 287.62, 432.25 and over 6250 mg/L to Hy. asiaticum engorged nymphs, respectively. The LC50 of lambda-cyhalothrin and beta-cypermethrin were each to 100.69 mg/L and 340.05 mg/L against Hy. asiaticum unfed adults. In addition, 50 mg/L of lambda-cyhalothrin could completely inhibit engorged females of the 3 tick species to lay eggs. These results indicate that lambda-cyhalothrin has the highest efficacy and broadest spectrum for against the 3 tick species. The present study provides some information for selecting chemical acaricides in control ticks and tick-borne-diseases, as well for preparing acaricide mixtures to improve killing efficacy, and retard the advent of tick-resistance of acaricides in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, PR China
| | - Qiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Qingli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, PR China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Pérez-Cogollo LC, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Miller RJ, Li AY, de León AP, Guerrero F, Klafke G. Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus resistant to acaricides and ivermectin in cattle farms of Mexico. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:113-22. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and the diseases they transmit cause great economic losses to livestock in tropical countries. Non-chemical control alternatives include the use of resistant cattle breeds, biological control and vaccines. However, the most widely used method is the application of different chemical classes of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. Populations of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, resistant to organophosphates (OP), synthetic pyrethroids (SP), amitraz and fipronil have been reported in Mexico. Macrocyclic lactones are the most sold antiparasitic drug in the Mexican veterinary market. Ivermectin-resistant populations of R. (B.) microplus have been reported in Brazil, Uruguay and especially in Mexico (Veracruz and Yucatan). Although ivermectin resistance levels in R. (B.) microplus from Mexico were generally low in most cases, some field populations of R. (B.) microplus exhibited high levels of ivermectin resistance. The CHPAT population showed a resistance ratio of 10.23 and 79.6 at lethal concentration of 50% and 99%, respectively. Many field populations of R. (B.) microplus are resistant to multiple classes of antiparasitic drugs, including organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, coumaphos and diazinon), pyrethroids (flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin), amitraz and ivermectin. This paper reports the current status of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus to acaricides, especially ivermectin, in Mexican cattle.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lopez-Arias A, Villar-Argaiz D, Chaparro-Gutierrez JJ, Miller RJ, Perez de Leon AA. Reduced Efficacy of Commercial Acaricides Against Populations of Resistant Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus from Two Municipalities of Antioquia, Colombia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:71-80. [PMID: 25987840 PMCID: PMC4421976 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Two distant Antioquian cattle farms where systemic and topical acaricides had previously failed to control infestations by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were studied. An initial in vivo study was conducted using single subcutaneous injections with a long-acting formulation of ivermectin (630 μg/kg). Injections were made at 3-month intervals on animals at each farm to evaluate the therapeutic and persistent efficacy of ivermectin against R. microplus. Body tick counts and reproductive parameters of semi- or fully engorged females (≥5 mm) were assessed at 10-day intervals, and since no negative control group could be included, values were compared against those for day 0. Although there was an overall reduction of 50%-75% in tick numbers that persisted for 30-40 days, it was not significantly different at one of the farms and not enough to afford protection from severe infestations. The engorgement weight and egg mass weight of ticks from treated animals were significantly lower throughout the 50-day posttreatment period. Egg hatch was not significantly reduced posttreatment and remained at levels of 80%-90%. A random selection of 9 out of 28 commercial formulations of ivermectin sold in Colombia were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All were within the expected labeled concentration (±15% deviation) of 1% and 3.15% ivermectin except for one. A popular unregistered injectable widely used in both farms and labeled as "natural pyrethrin", was found to contain 10.5% ivermectin. An adult immersion test was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of topical acaricides to recommended concentrations of five commercial products and/or their combinations. Efficacy was determined by comparing the reproductive index of each treated group to that of the control group. Cypermethrin (150 ppm) was completely ineffective at both farms. Amitraz (208 ppm) exhibited low and intermediate efficacies of 14% and 56%. The combination of amitraz (100 ppm) and cypermethrin (150 ppm) was less efficacious than the amitraz alone. A generic product based on amitraz + citronella (208 ppm + 10 ppm, respectively) was shown to be less efficacious than the name-brand amitraz product. Products containing the organophosphate chlorpyrifos or trichlorfon exhibited intermediate efficacies of approximately 60% at the Tarso farm. We conclude that at these two locations, there is a high degree of resistance to many of the acaricides available in Colombia and confirm suspicions that ivermectin is no longer able to eliminate tick infestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Lopez-Arias
- Grupo Vericel, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antoquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David Villar-Argaiz
- Grupo Vericel, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antoquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jenny J Chaparro-Gutierrez
- Grupo Vericel, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antoquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Robert J Miller
- USDA ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Edinburg, TX, USA
- CORRESPONDENCE:
| | | |
Collapse
|