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Bargues MD, Artigas P, Varghese GM, John TJ, Ajjampur SSR, Ahasan SA, Chowdhury EH, Gabrielli AF, Mas-Coma S. Human fascioliasis emergence in southern Asia: Complete nuclear rDNA spacer and mtDNA gene sequences prove Indian patient infection related to fluke hybridization in northeastern India and Bangladesh. One Health 2024; 18:100675. [PMID: 39010966 PMCID: PMC11247271 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a snail-borne zoonotic disease with impact on the development of human subjects and communities. It is caused by two liver-infecting fasciolid trematode species, the globally-distributed Fasciola hepatica and the Africa/Asia-restricted but more pathogenic, larger F. gigantica. Fasciola gigantica is the cause of endemicity in livestock throughout the warm lowlands from Pakistan to southeastern Asia since old times. Human fascioliasis is emerging in this region at present, with an increase of patient reports. Complete sequences of rDNA ITS-1 and ITS-2 spacers and mtDNA nad1 and cox1 genes were obtained from fasciolid eggs found in the endoscopic bile aspirate from a patient of Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Egg measurements, pronounced ITS heterozygosity, and pure F. gigantica mtDNA haplotypes demonstrate an infection by a recent F. gigantica-like hybrid. Sequence identities and similarities with the same DNA markers found in livestock from Bangladesh prove the human-infecting fasciolid to present identical ITSs and nad1 haplotypes and only one silent transversion in cox1 when compared to a widely-spread combined haplotype in animals. In northeastern India and Bangladesh, human fascioliasis emergence appears linked to increasing livestock prevalences due to: ruminant importation from other countries because of the increasing demand of rapidly growing human populations; numerous livestock movements, including transborder corridors, due to the uncontrolled small-scale household farming practices; and man-made introduction of F. hepatica with imported livestock into an area originally endemic for F. gigantica leading to frequent hybridization. Sequences, phylogenetic trees, and networks indicate that the origins of intermediate/hybrid fasciolids and factors underlying human infection risk differ in eastern and western South Asia. The emergence scenario in southern China and Vietnam resembles the aforementioned of northeastern India and Bangladesh, whereas in Pakistan it is linked to increasing monsoon rainfall within climate change combined with an impact of an extensive irrigation system. Past human-guided movements of pack animals along the western Grand Trunk Road and the eastern Tea-Horse Road explain the F. gigantica mtDNA results obtained. Physicians should be aware about these emerging scenarios, clinical pictures, diagnostic techniques and treatment. Government authorities must appropriately warn health professionals, ensure drug availability and improve livestock control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - George M Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - T Jacob John
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - Sitara S R Ajjampur
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - Syed Ali Ahasan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh and Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh and Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Albis Francesco Gabrielli
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme (NTD), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Lyngdoh D, Sharma S, Roy B, Tandon V, Zas P. Secondary Structure Analysis of Fasciola from Semi-wild Ruminants of Northeast India. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:599-608. [PMID: 38261242 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to study the secondary structure analysis of Fasciola flukes from a rare mithun host from Manipur. Fascioliasis, a neglected tropical trematodiasis, is poorly studied in India and is widely believed to be predominantly caused by F. gigantica. Through this study, we want to assess the flukes from the rare semi-wild ruminants of Northeast India. This study is important as the mithun population is semi-wild and its population is declining in Manipur. METHODS Sample collected from the difficult and challenging terrain of Northeast India. The sample was collected from mithun and observed under the microscope. DNA was isolated, sequenced, and analyzed using various bioinformatics tools. The secondary structure analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region was also performed. RESULTS The secondary structure species tree corroborated the Bayesian inference and, hence, strengthened the phylogeny reconstructed. The annotated ITS2 sequence and RNA secondary of the Manipur isolate displayed the typical four-helix or four-domain model. Helix III reveals the presence of the UGGU motif with other deviations like UGG and GGU. CONCLUSION This is an in-depth analysis of the secondary structure of Fasciola species. The present study has demonstrated the usefulness of ITS2 and its secondary structures for characterizing parasites. The information on fascioliasis in the mithun's population presents itself useful with regards to their conservation strategy as their populations in both Manipur and Nagaland are dwindling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damanbha Lyngdoh
- Department of Zoology, St. Anthony's College, Shillong, 793001, Meghalaya, India.
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Biotech Hub, St. Edmund's College, Shillong, 793003, Meghalaya, India
| | - Bishnupada Roy
- Department of Zoology, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Veena Tandon
- NASI Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellow, Mahanagar, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226006, India
| | - Philayung Zas
- Department of Zoology, William Carey University, Shillong, 793019, Meghalaya, India
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Lyngdoh D, Warjri CD, ZAS P, Shabong GC. Morphological and molecular analysis of Isoparorchis trisimilibutis from catfish in Northeast India on the basis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:671-676. [PMID: 37520205 PMCID: PMC10382427 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoparorchis is an endoparasite of fish that is found in the swim bladder of Wallago attu. Isoparorchis is predominant in Asian countries, Russia and also Australia. Four species of Isoparorchis have been found to be taxonomically valid. In India, I. hypselobagri and I. trisimilibutis have been morphologically described. The sample collected from Northeast India is subjected to both morphological and molecular analysis. Molecular markers like mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene and the ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 gene markers have aided the identification and characterization of parasites particularly flatworms. The morphological and the molecular assessment indicate the presence of I. trisimilibutis in Northeast India. This report is the first locality and regional report from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damanbha Lyngdoh
- Department of Zoology, St. Anthony’s College, Shillong, Meghalaya India
| | - Calvin D. Warjri
- Department of Zoology, William Carey University, Shillong, Meghalaya India
| | - Philayung ZAS
- Department of Zoology, William Carey University, Shillong, Meghalaya India
| | - George C. Shabong
- Department of Zoology, St. Anthony’s College, Shillong, Meghalaya India
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Garcia-Corredor D, Alvarado M, Pulido-Medellín M, Muñoz M, Cruz-Saavedra L, Hernández C, Giraldo JC, Vásquez-Arteaga LR, Morillo Coronado AC, Ramírez JD. Molecular characterization of Fasciola hepatica in endemic regions of Colombia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1171147. [PMID: 37360412 PMCID: PMC10288157 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1171147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a zoonotic trematode that affects a wide range of hosts, including cattle, sheep, and goats. The economic impact of the parasite on the cattle industry is significant, with high losses reported worldwide. While its impact on human health was previously underestimated, recent years have seen a rise in fascioliasis cases, leading to increased interest among researchers globally. To characterize the genetic diversity and intraspecific variation of this parasite in South America, specifically in Colombia, we collected 105 adult parasites from cattle bile ducts in seven Colombian departments (Antioquia, Boyacá, Santander, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Norte de Santander, and Santander) to assess the parasite's phenotypic analyses, genetic diversity, and population structure. A computer image analysis system (CIAS) was applied based on standardized morphological measurements. Liver-fluke size was studied by principal component analysis (PCA). DNA sequences were obtained for nuclear markers such as the 28S, β-tubulin 3, ITS1, ITS2, and the mitochondrial marker Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI). Multiple statistical tests were performed, and the parasite's population structure was analyzed. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic reconstructions were carried out using the sequences obtained herein and sequences available in GenBank. Morphological results revealed that all the obtained individuals matched F. hepatica's morphology. There was no evidence of high genetic diversity, and the absence of genetic structure at the country-level was notable, possibly caused by a demographic expansion of this trematode in Colombia or the low resolution of the molecular markers employed. Future studies are still needed to unveil the genetic population structure of F. hepatica across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Garcia-Corredor
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mateo Alvarado
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martín Pulido-Medellín
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Centro de Tecnología en Salud (CETESA), Innovaseq SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julio Cesar Giraldo
- Grupo de Investigación en Parasitología y Microbiología Tropical, Programa de Biología, Universidad INCCA de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis R. Vásquez-Arteaga
- Centro de Estudios en Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Ana Cruz Morillo Coronado
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Tookhy NA, Isa NMM, Mansor R, Rahaman YA, Ahmad NI, Bui DT, Idris LH, Hamzah NH, Zulkifli N. Morphological and molecular identification of lymnaeid snail and trematodes cercariae in different water bodies in Perak, Malaysia. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07845-z. [PMID: 37145225 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymnaeid snails play a crucial role in the transmission of trematode cercariae as an intermediate host that can infect humans, ruminants like buffalo, and other animals, resulting in serious economic losses. The purpose of the study was to identify the morphological and molecular characteristics of snails and cercariae collected from water bodies near buffalo farms that were integrated with palm oil in Perak, Malaysia. The presence or absence of snails in 35 water bodies was examined via cross-sectional study. From three marsh wetlands, 836 lymnaeid snails were gathered in total. Each snail's shell was morphologically identified to determine its family and species. The cercarial stage inside each snail's body was observed using the crushing method and trematode cercariae types were determined. In addition, the target gene Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region were used to identify the snail species and cercarial types according to the species level. The findings indicated that the collected snails belong to the family lymnaeidae and Radix rubiginosa species. In snails, the cercarial emergence infection rate was 8.7%. Echinostome, xiphidiocercariae, gymnocephalous, brevifurcate-apharyngeate distome cercariae (BADC), and longifurcate-pharyngeal monostome cercariae (LPMC) are the five morphological cercarial types that were observed. The cercariae were identified using morphological and molecular techniques, and they are members of the four families which are Echinostomatidae, Plagiorchiidae, Fasciolidae, and Schistosomatidae. Interestingly, this is the first study on R. rubiginosa and several trematode cercariae in Perak water bodies near buffalo farms that are integrated with palm oil. In conclusion, our research shown that a variety of parasitic trematodes in Perak use R. rubiginosa as an intermediate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmad Tookhy
- Department of Paraclinic, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Mahiza Md Isa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Rozaihan Mansor
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animals Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Abd Rahaman
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Indah Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dung Thi Bui
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Lokman Hakim Idris
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hazfalinda Hamzah
- Forensic Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Norhadila Zulkifli
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ahmad AA, Ramadan HKA, Hassan WA, Hakami MA, Huseein EAM, Mohamed SAA, Mohamed AA, Elossily NA. New perspectives for fascioliasis in Upper Egypt's new endemic region: Sociodemographic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola in humans, animals, and lymnaeid vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0011000. [PMID: 36576925 PMCID: PMC9797099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascioliasis is a significant vector-borne disease that has emerged in numerous tropical and subtropical countries causing severe health problems. Egypt is one of the fascioliasis endemic regions; however, the current situation in Upper Egypt is understudied, with only sporadic human cases or outbreaks. This study aims to highlight the sociodemographic characteristics of human fascioliasis in a newly emerged endemic area in Upper Egypt, along with risk factors analysis and the molecular characteristics of the fasciolid population in humans, animals, and lymnaeid snails. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study reported Fasciola infection in patients and their close relatives by analyzing the risk of human infection. Morphological and molecular characterization was performed on lymnaeid snails. Multigene sequencing was also used to characterize fasciolids from human cases, cattle, and pooled snail samples. The study identified asymptomatic Fasciola infection among family members and identified the presence of peridomestic animals as a significant risk factor for infection. This is the first genetic evidence that Radix auricularia exists as the snail intermediate host in Egypt. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed that Assiut Governorate in Upper Egypt is a high-risk area for human fascioliasis that requires additional control measures. Fasciola hepatica was the main causative agent infecting humans and snail vectors in this newly emerged endemic area. In addition, this is the first report of R. auricularia as the snail intermediate host transmitting fascioliasis in Upper Egypt. Further research is required to clarify the widespread distribution of Fasciola in Egypt's various animal hosts. This provides insight into the mode of transmission, epidemiological criteria, and genetic diversity of fasciolid populations in Upper Egypt.\.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Waleed Attia Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sara Abdel-Aal Mohamed
- Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Department of Parasitology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Adnan Ahmed Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Nahed Ahmed Elossily
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Parasitology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Li K, Shahzad M, Zhang H, Jiang X, Mehmood K, Zhao X, Li J. Socio-economic burden of parasitic infections in yaks from 1984 to 2017 on Qinghai Tibetan Plateau of China-A review. Acta Trop 2018; 183:103-109. [PMID: 29626434 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Yak is an important animal for the Tibetans at Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China. The burden of parasitic diseases has been a major threat to the health of yaks at this region presenting a considerable socio-economic losses and impact to yak production and local nomads. Keeping in view, we collected the published papers from 1984 to 2017 on major parasitic infections in yaks by electronic literature search from five databases including CNKI, Google, PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science. The prevalence of Eimeria, Babesia, Theileria, Hypodermosis, Cystic echinococcosis, Alveolar echinococcosis, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Cryptosporidium, Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Toxocara vitulorum, and Fascioliasis infection in yaks was found to be 48.02%, 13.06%, 36.11%, 59.85%, 16.93%, 0.99%, 20.50%, 5.14%, 10.00%, 3.68%, 4.07%, 22.23% and 28.7% respectively. Data presented are contemplated to enhance our current understanding on the major parasitic diseases of yaks at Qinghai Tibetan plateau, China. The main aim of this effort is to ameliorate the effects of the parasitic burden in this specie; so that, the attempts are made to minimize the incidence of these infections in future to raise the socio-economic levels of local community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; College of Agriculture, Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, 443000 Yichang, People's Republic of China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Longri original breeding farm of Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Detection and Monitoring of Highland Animal Disease, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, Tibet, People's Republic of China.
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