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Shi D, Yang Z, Cai Y, Li H, Lin L, Wu D, Zhang S, Guo Q. Research advances in the molecular classification of gastric cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00951-9. [PMID: 38717722 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumor with one of the lowest five-year survival rates. Traditional first-line treatment regimens, such as platinum drugs, have limited therapeutic efficacy in treating advanced GC and significant side effects, greatly reducing patient quality of life. In contrast, trastuzumab and other immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, have demonstrated consistent and reliable efficacy in treating GC. Here, we discuss the intrinsic characteristics of GC from a molecular perspective and provide a comprehensive review of classification and treatment advances in the disease. Finally, we suggest several strategies based on the intrinsic molecular characteristics of GC to aid in overcoming clinical challenges in the development of precision medicine and improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dike Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yanna Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lele Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Qingqu Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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2
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Shi D, Liu W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Luo B. MiR-BART1-3p and BART18-5p inhibit cell migration, proliferation and activate autophagy in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer by targeting erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular 2. Virus Genes 2023; 59:703-715. [PMID: 37535140 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor-associated virus that encodes various microRNAs. EBV infection causes a variety of malignant tumors, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer, etc. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) has unique molecular characteristics from other gastric cancers, but its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. In recent years, erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular 2 (EphA2) has been reported to be highly expressed in various cancers and promote tumor growth and metastasis. As an important cancer oncogene, EphA2 is a potential therapeutic target. However, whether EBV is involved in the regulation of EphA2 and thus affects the progression of EBVaGC remains unclear. In this study, we found that the expression of EphA2 in EBVaGC cells was significantly lower than that in EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC) cells. Additionally, overexpression of EphA2 in EBVaGC cells promoted migration and proliferation, and inhibited autophagy. EBV-miR-BART1-3p and BART18-5p were found to target the 3'-UTR of EphA2 and down-regulate its expression. Our results suggest that EBV may be involved in gastric cancer progression by targeting EphA2 through BART1-3p and BART18-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, ZiBo, 255036, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Kim B, Kim KM. Role of Exosomes and Their Potential as Biomarkers in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020469. [PMID: 36672418 PMCID: PMC9856651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm and comprising many cellular components, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites, encapsulated in a lipid bilayer. Exosomes are secreted by many cell types and play important roles in intercellular communication in cancer. Viruses can hijack the exosomal pathway to regulate viral propagation, cellular immunity, and the microenvironment. Cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common oncogenic viruses, have also been found to actively secrete exosomes, and studies on their roles in EBV-related malignancies are ongoing. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes in EBV-associated gastric cancer and their clinical applicability in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnari Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Center of Companion Diagnostics, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3410-2807; Fax: +82-2-3410-6396
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The Impact of Deleting Stem-Loop 1 of Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded RNA 1 on Cell Proliferation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112538. [PMID: 36423146 PMCID: PMC9696203 DOI: 10.3390/v14112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBERs) are two small, noncoding, structurally conserved transcripts, constitutively expressed at >106 copies per EBV-infected cell. They have been shown to drive cell growth. However, the mechanism(s) involved in EBER-induced proliferation is not clear. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and structural impact of EBER1. Sequences of EBER1 stem-loops (SL) 1, 3, and 4 were deleted, creating three mutants: ∆SL1, ∆SL3, and ∆SL4. These mutants were cloned into pHebo plasmids and expressed in Jurkat cell lines. Cells transfected with wildtype EBER1 and pHebo were used as controls. Cell proliferation was monitored by microscopy and flow cytometry. Microarray, qPCR, and Western blotting were used to investigate the cell cycle markers. We found significantly higher cell proliferation in wildtype EBER1 cells compared to pHebo, ∆SL1, and ∆SL3, but not ∆SL4 mutants. There was also significant upregulation of S-phase and G2/M phase markers in wildtype EBER1 and ∆SL4 mutant. Furthermore, CDT1, a factor for DNA replication, was upregulated in wildtype EBER1 and ∆SL4 mutant. However, in ∆SL1 mutant, CDT1 was significantly downregulated and translocated to the cytoplasm. These data indicate that the structure of EBER1 is important in cell proliferation.
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Ivey A, Pratt H, Boone BA. Molecular pathogenesis and emerging targets of gastric adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2022; 125:1079-1095. [PMID: 35481910 PMCID: PMC9069999 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is a devastating disease and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. This heterogeneous disease has several different classification systems that consider histological appearance and genomic alterations. Understanding the etiology of GC, including infection, hereditary conditions, and environmental factors, is of particular importance and is discussed in this review. To improve survival in GC, we also must improve our therapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss new targets that warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Ivey
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Hillary Pratt
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brian A Boone
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer [EBV (+) GC] is associated with EBV infection and is one of the GC subtypes defined by the Cancer Genome Atlas. EBV (+) GC has several distinct genomic or epigenomic features and clinicopathological characteristics compared with other molecular subtypes of GC. Here, we summarize the unique features of EBV (+) GC including the clinical and histopathological features, and discuss associated genetic and epigenetic aberrations. We also discuss noncoding RNAs [EBV-encoded RNAs and EBV-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs)] derived from EBV-infected cells, which have not been described in detail previously. These noncoding RNAs are defined by their roles; for example, EBV-encoded miRNAs play pivotal roles in oncogenesis and tumor progression in EBV (+) GC. We also discuss recent advances in therapeutic modalities for EBV (+) GC, as well as the potential of EBV infection as a predictive biomarker of the response to anti-PD-1 therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We introduce our recent studies focusing on AT-rich interactive domain 1A gene mutations and programmed death ligand-1 overexpression/CD274 copy-number amplification, which are recurrently identified in EBV (+) GC. Finally, based on those findings, we propose potential therapeutic options using candidate-targeted therapies against EBV (+) GC.
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8
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Ahmed W, Hassan Z, Abdelmowla YAA, Philip PS, Shmygol A, Khan G. Epstein-Barr virus noncoding small RNA (EBER1) induces cell proliferation by up-regulating cellular mitochondrial activity and calcium influx. Virus Res 2021; 305:198550. [PMID: 34454973 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNAs (EBER1 and EBER2) are two non-polyadenylated, non-protein coding small RNAs expressed at high levels in all forms of EBV latent infections. Although not directly involved in cell transformation, a number of studies have reported that these RNAs may be involved in cell proliferation. However, which of the two EBERs play a major role in this process and the mechanisms involved remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of EBER1-induced cell proliferation. Using stably transfected EBER1 cell lines, and multiple methodologies, we show that EBER1 transfected epithelial, B and T cell lines proliferate at a higher rate, have higher metabolic activity and increased DNA synthesis. The mitochondrial number and activity was also observed to be higher in the EBER1 transfected cells. Moreover, cytochrome c activity and store operated calcium entry (SOCE) were potentiated in the EBER1 expressing cells. Finally, the genes associated with cell proliferation were also observed to be up-regulated in the EBER1 transfected cells. Taken together, our data has unravelled the role of mitochondria and cellular calcium pathway that appear to be involved in EBER1 induced cell proliferation of EBV infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubaida Hassan
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasmeen A A Abdelmowla
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pretty S Philip
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anatoliy Shmygol
- Departments of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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EBV downregulates the m 6A "writer" WTAP in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. Virus Res 2021; 304:198510. [PMID: 34329695 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is characterized by the clonal growth of EBV-infected stomach epithelial cells. It has been reported that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation can regulate the splicing, expression, decay and translation of mRNAs. Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) is an m6A "writer" with methyltransferase activity. An m6A RNA methylation quantification kit and immunofluorescence (IF) showed that the m6A total RNA methylation level of the Epstein-Barr virus-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) cell line (SGC7901) was higher than that in the EBVaGC cell line (GT38). To investigate the underlying mechanism of the downregulated expression of m6A RNA methylation, we analyzed the expression of WTAP. The results showed that the expression of WTAP protein in EBVaGC cell lines was significantly lower than that in EBVnGC cell lines according to western blotting and IF. Through plasmid overexpression and RNA interference technology, we further found that EBV-encoded small RNA1 (EBER1) could downregulate WTAP expression by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, WTAP could increase proliferation and inhibit migration in gastric carcinoma cell lines. In summary, EBER1 of EBV potentially regulated WTAP by affecting the NF-κB signaling pathway and WTAP further affected cell proliferation and migration.
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10
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Hatta MNA, Mohamad Hanif EA, Chin SF, Neoh HM. Pathogens and Carcinogenesis: A Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:533. [PMID: 34203649 PMCID: PMC8232153 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a global health problem associated with genetics and unhealthy lifestyles. Increasingly, pathogenic infections have also been identified as contributors to human cancer initiation and progression. Most pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) associated with human cancers are categorized as Group I human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC. These pathogens cause carcinogenesis via three known mechanisms: persistent infection that cause inflammation and DNA damage, initiation of oncogene expression, and immunosuppression activity of the host. In this review, we discuss the carcinogenesis mechanism of ten pathogens, their implications, and some future considerations for better management of the disease. The pathogens and cancers described are Helicobacter pylori (gastric cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (gastric cancer and lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C viruses (liver cancer), Aspergillus spp. (liver cancer), Opisthorchis viverrine (bile duct cancer), Clonorchis sinensis (bile duct cancer), Fusobacterium nucleatum (colorectal cancer), Schistosoma haematobium (bladder cancer); Human Papillomavirus (cervical cancer), and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes Virus (Kaposi's sarcoma).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui-min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.N.A.H.); (E.A.M.H.); (S.-F.C.)
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11
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Sadri Nahand J, Rabiei N, Fathazam R, Taghizadieh M, Ebrahimi MS, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Bannazadeh Baghi H, Khatami A, Abbasi-Kolli M, Mirzaei HR, Rahimian N, Darvish M, Mirzaei H. Oncogenic viruses and chemoresistance: What do we know? Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105730. [PMID: 34119621 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is often referred to as a major leading reason for cancer therapy failure, causing cancer relapse and further metastasis. As a result, an urgent need has been raised to reach a full comprehension of chemoresistance-associated molecular pathways, thereby designing new therapy methods. Many of metastatic tumor masses are found to be related with a viral cause. Although combined therapy is perceived as the model role therapy in such cases, chemoresistant features, which is more common in viral carcinogenesis, often get into way of this kind of therapy, minimizing the chance of survival. Some investigations indicate that the infecting virus dominates other leading factors, i.e., genetic alternations and tumor microenvironment, in development of cancer cell chemoresistance. Herein, we have gathered the available evidence on the mechanisms under which oncogenic viruses cause drug-resistance in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikta Rabiei
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Fathazam
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Center for Women's Health Research Zahra, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - AliReza Khatami
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi-Kolli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Neda Rahimian
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Darvish
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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12
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Zheng ZY, Yang PL, Luo W, Yu SX, Xu HY, Huang Y, Li RY, Chen Y, Xu XE, Liao LD, Wang SH, Huang HC, Li EM, Xu LY. STAT3β Enhances Sensitivity to Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy by Inducing Cellular Necroptosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040901. [PMID: 33670049 PMCID: PMC7926856 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), especially platinum plus radiotherapy, is considered to be one of the most promising treatment modalities for patients with advanced esophageal cancer. STAT3β regulates specific target genes and inhibits the process of tumorigenesis and development. It is also a good prognostic marker and a potential marker for response to adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (ACRT). We aimed to investigate the relationship between STAT3β and CCRT. We examined the expression of STAT3α and STAT3β in pretreatment tumor biopsies of 105 ESCC patients who received CCRT by immunohistochemistry. The data showed that ESCC patients who demonstrate both high STAT3α expression and high STAT3β expression in the cytoplasm have a significantly better survival rate, and STAT3β expression is an independent protective factor (HR = 0.424, p = 0.003). Meanwhile, ESCC patients with high STAT3β expression demonstrated a complete response to CCRT in 65 patients who received platinum plus radiation therapy (p = 0.014). In ESCC cells, high STAT3β expression significantly inhibits the ability of colony formation and cell proliferation, suggesting that STAT3β enhances sensitivity to CCRT (platinum plus radiation therapy). Mechanistically, through RNA-seq analysis, we found that the TNF signaling pathway and necrotic cell death pathway were significantly upregulated in highly expressed STAT3β cells after CCRT treatment. Overall, our study highlights that STAT3β could potentially be used to predict the response to platinum plus radiation therapy, which may provide an important insight into the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yuan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (P.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (S.-X.Y.); (R.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ping-Lian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (P.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (S.-X.Y.); (R.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (X.-E.X.); (L.-D.L.)
| | - Wei Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (P.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (S.-X.Y.); (R.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (X.-E.X.); (L.-D.L.)
| | - Shuai-Xia Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (P.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (S.-X.Y.); (R.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (X.-E.X.); (L.-D.L.)
| | - Hong-Yao Xu
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou 515041, China; (H.-Y.X.); (H.-C.H.)
| | - Ying Huang
- Departments of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou 515041, China; (Y.H.); (S.-H.W.)
| | - Rong-Yao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (P.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (S.-X.Y.); (R.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (P.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (S.-X.Y.); (R.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (X.-E.X.); (L.-D.L.)
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (X.-E.X.); (L.-D.L.)
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (X.-E.X.); (L.-D.L.)
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou 515041, China; (Y.H.); (S.-H.W.)
| | - He-Cheng Huang
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou 515041, China; (H.-Y.X.); (H.-C.H.)
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (P.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (S.-X.Y.); (R.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Correspondence: (E.-M.L.); (L.-Y.X.)
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (P.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (S.-X.Y.); (R.-Y.L.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (X.-E.X.); (L.-D.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.-M.L.); (L.-Y.X.)
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13
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Peng WX, Liu X, Wang QF, Zhou XY, Luo ZG, Hu XC. Heterochronic triple primary malignancies with Epstein-Barr virus infection and tumor protein 53 gene mutation: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:1184-1195. [PMID: 33644183 PMCID: PMC7896647 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i5.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis and etiology of multiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPMNs) are difficult to establish. Here, we report a case of heterochronic triple primary malignancies with gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal squamous cell cancer, and then rectal cancer.
CASE SUMMARY The patient was first diagnosed with gastric cancer at the age of 33 in 2014 and underwent distal gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy and six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. Three years later, he was diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer and treated with radical chemoradiotherapy in 2017. Recently, a mass in the middle of the rectum was resected and reported as ulcerative, moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Research on the etiology of MPMNs showed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may be the cause of gastric cancer and nasopharyngeal squamous cell cancer since these two primary lesions were positive for transcripts of EBV-encoded ribonucleic acid using an in situ hybridization EBV-encoded ribonucleic acid probe in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. The cause of rectal cancer may be due to a somatic mutation of tumor protein 53 gene in exon 8 (c.844C>T, p.Arg282Trp) through high-throughput sequencing for the rectal cancer. Appropriate standard therapy for each primary cancer was administered, and the patient has no evidence of cancer disease to date.
CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report on heterochronic triple primary malignancies whose cause may be associated with EBV infection and tumor protein 53 genetic mutations. The etiological research may not only elucidate the cause of MPMN but also has implications in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xia Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi-Feng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi-Chun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Tolomeo M, Cascio A. The Multifaced Role of STAT3 in Cancer and Its Implication for Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020603. [PMID: 33435349 PMCID: PMC7826746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is one of the most complex regulators of transcription. Constitutive activation of STAT3 has been reported in many types of tumors and depends on mechanisms such as hyperactivation of receptors for pro-oncogenic cytokines and growth factors, loss of negative regulation, and excessive cytokine stimulation. In contrast, somatic STAT3 mutations are less frequent in cancer. Several oncogenic targets of STAT3 have been recently identified such as c-myc, c-Jun, PLK-1, Pim1/2, Bcl-2, VEGF, bFGF, and Cten, and inhibitors of STAT3 have been developed for cancer prevention and treatment. However, despite the oncogenic role of STAT3 having been widely demonstrated, an increasing amount of data indicate that STAT3 functions are multifaced and not easy to classify. In fact, the specific cellular role of STAT3 seems to be determined by the integration of multiple signals, by the oncogenic environment, and by the alternative splicing into two distinct isoforms, STAT3α and STAT3β. On the basis of these different conditions, STAT3 can act both as a potent tumor promoter or tumor suppressor factor. This implies that the therapies based on STAT3 modulators should be performed considering the pleiotropic functions of this transcription factor and tailored to the specific tumor type.
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15
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Sun K, Jia K, Lv H, Wang SQ, Wu Y, Lei H, Chen X. EBV-Positive Gastric Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2020; 10:583463. [PMID: 33381453 PMCID: PMC7769310 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.583463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignant tumor and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. With the improved understanding of gastric cancer, a subset of gastric cancer patients infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been identified. EBV-positive gastric cancer is a type of tumor with unique genomic aberrations, significant clinicopathological features, and a good prognosis. After EBV infects the human body, it first enters an incubation period in which the virus integrates its DNA into the host and expresses the latent protein and then affects DNA methylation through miRNA under the action of the latent protein, which leads to the occurrence of EBV-positive gastric cancer. With recent developments in immunotherapy, better treatment of EBV-positive gastric cancer patients appears achievable. Moreover, studies show that treatment with immunotherapy has a high effective rate in patients with EBV-positive gastric cancer. This review summarizes the research status of EBV-positive gastric cancer in recent years and indicates areas for improvement of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Keqi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijun Lei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer: A distinct subtype. Cancer Lett 2020; 495:191-199. [PMID: 32979463 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a common malignant tumor associated with EBV infection. The molecular classification of gastric carcinoma indicates that EBVaGC is a distinct subtype in terms of oncogenesis and molecular features. Viral proteins, Bam-HI-A rightward transcripts (BART) miRNAs, and Bam-HI A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) promote oncogenesis after EBV infection via the induction of methylation, regulation of host gene expression, and malignant transformation. Together with abnormal mutations and amplification of the host genome as driving factors, interactions between the EBV genome and host genome accelerate carcinogenesis. The molecular profile of EBVaGC is that of EBV driving DNA hypermethylation, frequent phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations, and the overexpression of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and PD-L2. Clinically, the frequency of lymph node metastasis is lower, and the prognosis is better for EBVaGC than EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC). Pathologically, EBVaGC is a gastric adenocarcinoma with lymphoid stroma. This review interprets how the EBV genome is involved in the oncogenesis of gastric cancer and describes the molecular and clinicopathological features of EBVaGC.
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17
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Yang PL, Liu LX, Li EM, Xu LY. STAT3, the Challenge for Chemotherapeutic and Radiotherapeutic Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092459. [PMID: 32872659 PMCID: PMC7564975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy is one of the most effective and extensively used strategies for cancer treatment. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates vital biological processes, such as cell proliferation and cell growth. It is constitutively activated in various cancers and limits the application of chemoradiotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that STAT3 regulates resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and thereby impairs therapeutic efficacy by mediating its feedback loop and several target genes. The alternative splicing product STAT3β is often identified as a dominant-negative regulator, but it enhances sensitivity to chemotherapy and offers a new and challenging approach to reverse therapeutic resistance. We focus here on exploring the role of STAT3 in resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors and radiotherapy, outlining the potential of targeting STAT3 to overcome chemo(radio)resistance for improving clinical outcomes, and evaluating the importance of STAT3β as a potential therapeutic approach to overcomes chemo(radio)resistance. In this review, we discuss some new insights into the effect of STAT3 and its subtype STAT3β on chemoradiotherapy sensitivity, and we explore how these insights influence clinical treatment and drug development for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Lian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (P.-L.Y.); (L.-X.L.)
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu-Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (P.-L.Y.); (L.-X.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (P.-L.Y.); (L.-X.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: (E.-M.L.); (L.-Y.X.); Tel.: +86-754-88900460 (L.-Y.X.); Fax: +86-754-88900847 (L.-Y.X.)
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (P.-L.Y.); (L.-X.L.)
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: (E.-M.L.); (L.-Y.X.); Tel.: +86-754-88900460 (L.-Y.X.); Fax: +86-754-88900847 (L.-Y.X.)
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18
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Gastric cancer: genome damaged by bugs. Oncogene 2020; 39:3427-3442. [PMID: 32123313 PMCID: PMC7176583 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The role of the microorganisms in gastric tumorigenesis attracts much attention in recent years. These microorganisms include bacteria, virus, and fungi. Among them, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is by far the most important risk factor for GC development, with special reference to the early-onset cases. H. pylori targets multiple cellular components by utilizing various virulence factors to modulate the host proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and inflammatory response. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) serves as another major risk factor in gastric carcinogenesis. The virus protein, EBER noncoding RNA, and EBV miRNAs contribute to the tumorigenesis by modulating host genome methylation and gene expression. In this review, we summarized the related reports about the colonized microorganism in the stomach and discussed their specific roles in gastric tumorigenesis. Meanwhile, we highlighted the therapeutic significance of eradicating the microorganisms in GC treatment.
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19
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Liu W, Luo B. The impact of EBV on the epigenetics of gastric carcinoma. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EBV is an important human tumor virus and is closely related to the occurrence of a variety of tumors, involving 10% of gastric cancer. In EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC), EBV expresses restrict viral genes including EBV nuclear antigen 1, EBV encoded small RNAs, Bam HI-A rightward transcripts, latent membrane protein 2A and miRNAs. The role of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis has received increasing attention and is considered to be another pathogenic factor in addition to Helicobacter pylori. A typical characteristic of EBVaGC is the extensive methylation of viral and host genome. Combined with other epigenetic mechanisms, EBV infection acts as an epigenetic driver of EBVaGC oncogenesis. In this review we discuss recent findings of EBV effect on host epigenetic alterations in EBVaGC and its role in oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
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20
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Mechanistic Insights into Chemoresistance Mediated by Oncogenic Viruses in Lymphomas. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121161. [PMID: 31888174 PMCID: PMC6950054 DOI: 10.3390/v11121161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral lymphomagenesis induced by infection with oncogenic viruses, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1), represents a group of aggressive malignancies with a diverse range of pathological features. Combined chemotherapy remains the standard of care for these virus-associated lymphomas; however, frequent chemoresistance is a barrier to achieving successful long-term disease-free survival. There is increasing evidence that indicates virus-associated lymphomas display more resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents than that observed in solid tumors. Although the tumor microenvironment and genetic changes, such as key oncogene mutations, are closely related to chemoresistance, some studies demonstrate that the components of oncogenic viruses themselves play pivotal roles in the multidrug chemoresistance of lymphoma cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms through which oncogenic viruses mediate lymphoma cell chemoresistance, with a particular focus on KSHV and EBV, two major oncogenic viruses. We also discuss the current challenges to overcome these obstacles in the treatment of virus-associated lymphomas.
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21
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Danilova NV, Malkov PG, Oleynikova NA, Mikhailov IA. [Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric adenocarcinoma]. Arkh Patol 2019; 81:74-83. [PMID: 31317934 DOI: 10.17116/patol20198103174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
EBV-associated gastric adenocarcinoma accounts for 10% of all gastric adenocarcinomas. The main known facts about the pathogenesis of EBV-associated gastric adenocarcinoma are presented. There are two main morphological types: gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma - GCLS (including lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma; carcinoma with Crohn's disease-like lymphoid reaction; EBV-associated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells) and conventional type adenocarcinoma. EBV-associated gastric adenocarcinomas predominantly express markers of gastric differentiation (MUC5AC, MUC6, CLDN-18) and a number of viral markers (EBER-1, EBNA-1 and BART mRNA). Three types of EBV latent cycle depending on the set of expressed viral transcripts are distinguished. It is believed that EBV-associated gastric adenocarcinoma is characterized by an intermediate position between latent cycles of types 1 and 2. The main method of virus identification is in situ hybridization with the detection of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs (EBER-ISH).
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Danilova
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - P G Malkov
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Oleynikova
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Mikhailov
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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22
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STAT3 isoforms: Alternative fates in cancer? Cytokine 2019; 118:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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23
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Dugan JP, Coleman CB, Haverkos B. Opportunities to Target the Life Cycle of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in EBV-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Front Oncol 2019; 9:127. [PMID: 30931253 PMCID: PMC6428703 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are considered “EBV associated” based on detection of the virus in tumor tissue. EBV drives proliferation of LPDs via expression of the viral latent genes and many pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown EBV-associated LPDs can be treated by exploiting the viral life cycle. After a brief review of EBV virology and the natural life cycle within a host we will discuss the importance of the viral gene programs expressed during specific viral phases, as well as within immunocompetent vs. immunocompromised hosts and corresponding EBV-associated LPDs. We will then review established and emerging treatment approaches for EBV-associated LPDs based on EBV gene expression programs. Patients with EBV-associated LPDs can have a poor performance status, multiple comorbidities, and/or are immunocompromised from organ transplantation, autoimmune disease, or other congenital or acquired immunodeficiency making them poor candidates to receive intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. With the emergence of EBV-directed therapy there is hope that we can devise more effective therapies that confer milder toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Dugan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Carrie B Coleman
- Division of Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bradley Haverkos
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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24
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Park JK, Seo JS, Lee SK, Chan KK, Kuh HJ. Combinatorial Antitumor Activity of Oxaliplatin with Epigenetic Modifying Agents, 5-Aza-CdR and FK228, in Human Gastric Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:591-598. [PMID: 30173503 PMCID: PMC6254647 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing is considered to be a major mechanism for loss of activity in tumor suppressors. Reversal of epigenetic silencing by using inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or histone deacetylases (HDACs) such as 5-Aza-CdR and FK228 has shown to enhance cytotoxic activities of several anticancer agents. This study aims to assess the combinatorial effects of gene-silencing reversal agents (5-Aza-CdR and FK228) and oxaliplatin in gastric cancer cells, i.e., Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative SNU-638 and EBV-positive SNU-719 cells. The doublet combinatorial treatment of 5-Aza-CdR and FK228 exhibited synergistic effects in both cell lines, and this was further corroborated by Zta expression induction in SNU-719 cells. Three drug combinations as 5-Aza-CdR/FK228 followed by oxaliplatin, however, resulted in antagonistic effects in both cell lines. Simultaneous treatment with FK228 and oxaliplatin induced synergistic and additive effects in SNU-638 and SNU-719 cells, respectively. Three drug combinations as 5-Aza-CdR prior to FK228/oxaliplatin, however, again resulted in antagonistic effects in both cell lines. This work demonstrated that efficacy of doublet synergistic combination using DNMT or HDACs inhibitors can be compromised by adding the third drug in pre- or post-treatment approach in gastric cancer cells. This implies that the development of clinical trial protocols for triplet combinations using gene-silencing reversal agents should be carefully evaluated in light of their potential antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seon Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenneth K Chan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kuh
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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25
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Yin H, Qu J, Peng Q, Gan R. Molecular mechanisms of EBV-driven cell cycle progression and oncogenesis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:573-583. [PMID: 30386928 PMCID: PMC6746687 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The early stage of oncogenesis is linked to the disorder of the cell cycle. Abnormal gene expression often leads to cell cycle disorders, resulting in malignant transformation of human cells. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a diverse range of human neoplasms, such as malignant lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer. EBV mainly infects human lymphocytes and oropharyngeal epithelial cells. EBV is latent in lymphocytes for a long period of time, is detached from the cytoplasm by circular DNA, and can integrate into the chromosome of cells. EBV expresses a variety of latent genes during latent infection. The interaction between EBV latent genes and oncogenes leads to host cell cycle disturbances, including the promotion of G1/S phase transition and inhibition of cell apoptosis, thereby promoting the development of EBV-associated neoplasms. Molecular mechanisms of EBV-driven cell cycle progression and oncogenesis involve diverse genes and signal pathways. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of EBV-driven cell cycle progression and promoting oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Yin
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiani Qu
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Peng
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Runliang Gan
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Jeong I, Kang SK, Kwon WS, Kim HJ, Kim KH, Kim HM, Lee A, Lee SK, Bogenrieder T, Chung HC, Rha SY. Regulation of proliferation and invasion by the IGF signalling pathway in Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5899-5908. [PMID: 30247804 PMCID: PMC6237558 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several carcinomas including gastric cancer have been reported to contain Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is classified as one of four molecular subtypes of gastric cancer by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) group with increased immune-related signatures. Identification of EBV-dependent pathways with significant biological roles is needed for EBVaGC. To compare the biological changes between AGS gastric epithelial cells and EBV-infected AGS (AGS-EBV) cells, proliferation assay, CCK-8 assay, invasion assay, cell cycle analysis, RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA were performed. BI836845, a humanized insulin-like growth factor (IGF) ligand-neutralizing antibody, was used for IGF-related signalling pathway inhibition. AGS-EBV cells showed slower proliferating rate and higher sensitivity to BI836845 compared to AGS cells. Moreover, invasiveness of AGS-EBV was increased than that of AGS, and BI836845 treatment significantly decreased the invasiveness of AGS-EBV. Although no apoptosis was detected, entry into the S phase of the cell cycle was delayed in BI836845-treated AGS-EBV cells. In conclusion, AGS-EBV cells seem to modulate their proliferation and invasion through the IGF signalling pathway. Inhibition of the IGF signalling pathway therefore could be a potential therapeutic strategy for EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhye Jeong
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Kyoung Kang
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Sun Kwon
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoo Hyun Kim
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Myong Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Andre Lee
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Suk Kyeong Lee
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hyun Cheol Chung
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Costa NR, Gil da Costa RM, Medeiros R. A viral map of gastrointestinal cancers. Life Sci 2018; 199:188-200. [PMID: 29476768 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are expected to account for approximately 20% of all cancers in 2017. Apart from their high incidence, GIT cancers show high mortality rates, placing these malignancies among the most prominent public health issues of our time. Cancers of the GIT are the result of a complex interplay between host genetic factors and environmental factors and frequently arise in the context of a continued active inflammatory response. Several tumor viruses are able to elicit such chronic inflammatory responses. In fact, several viruses have an impact on GIT tumor initiation and progression, as well as on patients' response to therapy and prognosis, through direct and indirect mechanisms. In this review, we have gathered information on different viruses' rates of infection, viral-driven specific carcinogenesis mechanisms and viral-related impact on the prognosis of cancers of the GIT (specifically in organs that have an interface with the environment - esophagus, stomach, intestines and anus). Overall, while some viral infections show a strong causal relation with specific gastrointestinal cancers, these represent a relatively small fraction of GIT malignancies. Other types of cancer, like Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, require further studies to confirm the carcinogenic role of some viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália R Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal; CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), Porto, Portugal
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28
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Viral Oncology: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6120111. [PMID: 29186062 PMCID: PMC5742800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses are implicated in approximately 12% of all human cancers. A large number of the world's population harbors at least one of these oncoviruses, but only a small proportion of these individuals go on to develop cancer. The interplay between host and viral factors is a complex process that works together to create a microenvironment conducive to oncogenesis. In this review, the molecular biology and oncogenic pathways of established human oncoviruses will be discussed. Currently, there are seven recognized human oncoviruses, which include Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV). Available and emerging therapies for these oncoviruses will be mentioned.
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29
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Pai T, Gupta S, Gurav M, Nag S, Shet T, Patil A, Desai S. Evidence for the association of Epstein-Barr Virus in breast cancer in Indian patients using in-situ hybridization technique. Breast J 2017; 24:16-22. [PMID: 28557251 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is etiologically linked to Burkitt lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, post-transplant lymphomas, Hodgkin disease, and possibly other tumors. However, the association of oncogenic EBV with breast carcinoma (BC) is still controversial and a matter of debate. We aimed to study the presence of EBV genome in BC cases in Indian patients and its association with the clinicopathological features. The formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues from 83 women with primary invasive BC were studied for the presence of EBV by in-situ hybridization (ISH) technique for Epstein-Barr Virus Encoded RNA (EBER) with appropriate controls. Correlation of EBER-ISH positivity with clinicopathological features was performed using Fisher exact test and P<.05 was considered as significant. Eighty-three BC cases were comprised of 47 (56.5%) triple negative breast cancers (TNBC), 17 (20.5%) hormone positive and 19 (22.9%) HER2 positive cases. Of 83 cases, 25 cases (30.1%) were positive for EBER-ISH test. The positivity was restricted to the tumor cells and not seen in the surrounding breast lobules. EBER-ISH positivity was statistically associated with larger tumor size (52.6% in >5 cm tumors vs 19.3% in ≤5 cm; P=.014) and with TNBCs (21/47 [44.7%] in TNBCs vs 4/36 [11.1%] in non-TNBCs; P=.001). A possible causal association of EBV in BC cases in Indian patients is suggested by high frequency of EBER-ISH positivity noted in our study. This might have therapeutic significance because of the possible role of EBV specific cytotoxic T cells in targeting EBV associated tumor cells and can be considered as a potential targeted therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study from India to address this issue using EBER-ISH technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Pai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital - Advanced Centre for Therapy and Research in Cancer (ACTREC), Mumbai, India
| | - Mamta Gurav
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Tanuja Shet
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Asawari Patil
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sangeeta Desai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
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30
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Huang D, Song SJ, Wu ZZ, Wu W, Cui XY, Chen JN, Zeng MS, Su SC. Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced VEGF and GM-CSF Drive Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Metastasis via Recruitment and Activation of Macrophages. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3591-3604. [PMID: 28484077 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation induced by persistent microbial infection plays an essential role in tumor progression. Although it is well documented that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), how EBV-induced inflammation promotes NPC progression remains largely unknown. Here, we report that tumor infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and expression of CCL18, the cytokine preferentially secreted by TAM, closely correlate with serum EBV infection titers and tumor progression in two cohorts of NPC patients. In vitro, compared with EBV- NPC cell lines, EBV+ NPC cell lines exhibited superior capacity to attract monocytes and skew them to differentiate to a TAM-like phenotype. Cytokine profiling analysis revealed that NPC cells with active EBV replications recruited monocytes by VEGF and induced TAM by GM-CSF in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Reciprocally, TAM induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and furthered NF-κB activation of tumor cells by CCL18. In humanized mice, NPC cells with active EBV replications exhibited increased metastasis, and neutralization of CCL18, GM-CSF, and VEGF significantly reduced metastasis. Collectively, our work defines a feed-forward loop between tumor cells and macrophages in NPC, which shows how metastatic potential can evolve concurrently with virus-induced chronic inflammation. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3591-604. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Jian Song
- Guangdong Experimental High School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Zhao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ning Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Role of Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α regulation in cell migration. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:183-189. [PMID: 28187905 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is a vital process for many physiological and pathological events, and Rho GTPases have been confirmed as key factors in its regulation. The most studied negative regulator of Rho GTPases, Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα), mediates cell migration through altering the overall expression and spatiotemporal activation of Rho GTPases. The RhoGDIα-Rho GTPases dissociation can be mediated by signal pathways targeting RhoGDIα directly. This review summarizes the research about the regulation of RhoGDIα during cell migration, which can be in a Rho GTPases association independent manner. Non-kinase proteins regulation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation and extracellular environmental factors are classified to discuss their direct signal regulations on RhoGDIα, which provide varied signal pathways for selective activation of Rho GTPases in cell migration.
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32
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Zhang C, Powell SE, Betel D, Shah MA. The Gastric Microbiome and Its Influence on Gastric Carcinogenesis: Current Knowledge and Ongoing Research. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:389-408. [PMID: 28501083 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric malignancies are a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. At least 2 microbial species are currently linked to carcinogenesis and the development of cancer within the human stomach. These include the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and the Epstein-Barr virus. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that within the human gastrointestinal tract it is not only pathogenic microbes that impact human health but also the corresponding autochthonous microbial communities. This article reviews the gastrointestinal microbiome as it relates primarily to mechanisms of disease and carcinogenesis within the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sarah Ellen Powell
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Doron Betel
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Manish A Shah
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Center for Advanced Digestive Care, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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33
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Li Z, Duan Y, Cheng S, Chen Y, Hu Y, Zhang L, He J, Liao Q, Yang L, Sun LQ. EBV-encoded RNA via TLR3 induces inflammation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24291-303. [PMID: 26172457 PMCID: PMC4695186 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-induced inflammation has been one of the intensive research areas in carcinogenesis. EBV encoded RNAs (EBERs) have been suggested to play roles in anti-apoptosis and growth-promotion in lymphoid and immune disorders. However, pathological roles of EBERs in solid tumors of epithelia origin remain to be elucidated. Given their characteristic dsRNA structures, recent studies provided evidences for the activation of some pattern recognition receptors (PRR) by EBERs, which is fundamental in the process of pathogenesis. Here, we show that EBERs induce inflammatory response in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells through Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), mainly featured by high level of TNFα production. Interestingly, EBERs and EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) form a positive regulatory loop with NF-κB as a key node that amplifies the inflammatory signals in EBV infected epithelial cells. We demonstrate in vivo that EBERs can interact with TLR3 and induce tumor cells to produce cytokines in B16 synergetic tumor and human NPC xenograft models, in which macrophages are recruited and activated, leading to a favorable microenvironment for solid tumor growth. Lastly, we verify a positive association between EBER and TNFα levels in NPC clinical samples and the combination of EBER and TNFα expressions provides a predictor of poor survival of NPC patients. In conclusion, EBERs play a pivotal role in inflammation-to-oncogenesis transition in NPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
| | - Yumei Duan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
| | - Shiyue Cheng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
| | - Yanxin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
| | - Jiang He
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
| | - Qiong Liao
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
| | - Lifang Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410008
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34
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Elgui de Oliveira D, Müller-Coan BG, Pagano JS. Viral Carcinogenesis Beyond Malignant Transformation: EBV in the Progression of Human Cancers. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:649-664. [PMID: 27068530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancer progression begins when malignant cells colonize adjacent sites, and it is characterized by increasing tumor heterogeneity, invasion and dissemination of cancer cells. Clinically, progression is the most relevant stage in the natural history of cancers. A given virus is usually regarded as oncogenic because of its ability to induce malignant transformation of cells. Nonetheless, oncogenic viruses may also be important for the progression of infection-associated cancers. Recently this hypothesis has been addressed because of studies on the contribution of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to the aggressiveness of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Several EBV products modulate cancer progression phenomena, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell motility, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In this regard, there are compelling data about the effects of EBV latent membrane proteins (LMPs) and EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs), as well as nontranslated viral RNAs, such as the EBV-encoded small nonpolyadenylated RNAs (EBERs) and viral microRNAs, notably EBV miR-BARTs. The available data on the mechanisms and players involved in the contribution of EBV infection to the aggressiveness of NPC are discussed in this review. Overall, this conceptual framework may be valuable for the understanding of the contribution of some infectious agents in the progression of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deilson Elgui de Oliveira
- Viral Carcinogenesis and Cancer Biology Research Group (ViriCan) at Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil; Pathology Department at Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil.
| | - Bárbara G Müller-Coan
- Viral Carcinogenesis and Cancer Biology Research Group (ViriCan) at Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Joseph S Pagano
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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35
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Role of Viral miRNAs and Epigenetic Modifications in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6021934. [PMID: 26977250 PMCID: PMC4764750 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6021934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short (21–23 nucleotides), noncoding RNAs that typically silence posttranscriptional gene expression through interaction with target messenger RNAs. Currently, miRNAs have been identified in almost all studied multicellular eukaryotes in the plant and animal kingdoms. Additionally, recent studies reported that miRNAs can also be encoded by certain single-cell eukaryotes and by viruses. The vast majority of viral miRNAs are encoded by the herpesviruses family. These DNA viruses including Epstein-Barr virus encode their own miRNAs and/or manipulate the expression of cellular miRNAs to facilitate respective infection cycles. Modulation of the control pathways of miRNAs expression is often involved in the promotion of tumorigenesis through a specific cascade of transduction signals. Notably, latent infection with Epstein-Barr virus is considered liable of causing several types of malignancies, including the majority of gastric carcinoma cases detected worldwide. In this review, we describe the role of the Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinogenesis, summarizing the functions of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded viral proteins and related epigenetic alterations as well as the roles of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded and virally modulated cellular miRNAs.
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36
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Tripathi S, Belkacemi L, Cheung MS, Bose RN. Correlation between Gene Variants, Signaling Pathways, and Efficacy of Chemotherapy Drugs against Colon Cancers. Cancer Inform 2016; 15:1-13. [PMID: 26819545 PMCID: PMC4721683 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s34506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacies, toxicities, and resistance mechanisms of chemotherapy drugs, such as oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), vary widely among various categories and subcategories of colon cancers. By understanding the differences in the drug efficacy and resistance at the level of protein–protein networks, we identified the correlation between the drug activity of oxaliplatin/5-FU and gene variations from the US National Cancer Institute-60 human cancer cell lines. The activity of either of these drugs is correlated with specific amino acid variant(s) of KRAS and other genes from the signaling pathways of colon cancer progression. We also discovered that the activity of a non-DNA-binding novel platinum drug, phosphaplatin, is comparable with oxaliplatin and 5-FU when it was tested against colon cancer cell lines. Our strategy that combines the knowledge from pharmacogenomics across cell lines with the molecular information from specific cancer cells is beneficial for predicting the outcome of a possible combination therapy for personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Tripathi
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louiza Belkacemi
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Margaret S Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rathindra N Bose
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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37
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Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A mediated activation of Sonic Hedgehog pathway induces HLA class Ia downregulation in gastric cancer cells. Virology 2015; 484:22-32. [PMID: 26057149 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the immune evasion strategies manifested by malignant cells is the downregulation of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA). HLA Class I (HLA- A, -B, -C) present endogenous peptides including viral and tumor antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes for immune mediated destruction. We have found the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A) to be responsible for this HLA downregulation in gastric cancer cells. Our results further indicate the Sonic Hedgehog pathway; primarily Gli1 to bring about the LMP2A mediated decrease in HLA expression.
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38
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Duan Y, Li Z, Cheng S, Chen Y, Zhang L, He J, Liao Q, Yang L, Gong Z, Sun LQ. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression is mediated by EBER-triggered inflammation via the RIG-I pathway. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:67-74. [PMID: 25721089 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
EBERs (EBER1 and EBER2) are suggested to be involved in cellular transformation and tumor growth. Cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor-RIG-I, which is characterized by the recognition of viral dsRNAs, could efficiently trigger the downstream pathways of innate immunity. Although some previous reports have shown that EBERs and RIG-I associate with hematological malignancies, the role of EBERs-RIG-I signaling in solid tumors remains to be clarified. Here we demonstrate that EBER mediation of the inflammatory response via RIG-I contributes to NPC development in vitro and in vivo. We first verified that the expression level of RIG-I was associated with EBER transcription in a dose-dependent manner in NPC cells and specimens from NPC patients. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription and release were sharply reduced after RIG-I knockdown compared with the control shRNA group in the presence of EBERs, accompanied by an attenuation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Consequently, the tumor burden was greatly alleviated in the RIG-I knockdown group in a xenograft model. In addition, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), which promote the maturation and attraction of tumor-associated macrophages, were stimulated upon the introduction of EBERs, and this upregulation conceivably led to the tumor-promoting subset transition of the macrophages. Taken together, our results reveal that EBERs could promote NPC progression through RIG-I-mediated cancer-related inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma
- Cell Differentiation
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoprecipitation
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/analysis
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Duan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; The department of pathology of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Shiyue Cheng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jiang He
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qiong Liao
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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39
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Genitsch V, Novotny A, Seiler CA, Kröll D, Walch A, Langer R. Epstein-barr virus in gastro-esophageal adenocarcinomas - single center experiences in the context of current literature. Front Oncol 2015; 5:73. [PMID: 25859432 PMCID: PMC4374449 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinomas (GC) represent a distinct and well-recognized subtype of gastric cancer with a prevalence of around 10% of all GC. In contrast, EBV has not been reported to play a major role in esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) and adenocarcinomas of the gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ). We report our experiences on EBV in collections of gastro-esophageal adenocarcinomas from two surgical centers and discuss the current state of research in this field. Tumor samples from 465 primary resected gastro-esophageal adenocarcinomas (118 EAC, 73 GEJ, and 274 GC) were investigated. Presence of EBV was determined by EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBER) in situ hybridization. Results were correlated with pathologic parameters (UICC pTNM category, Her2 status, tumor grading) and survival. EBER positivity was observed in 14 cases. None of the EAC were positive for EBER. In contrast, we observed EBER positivity in 2/73 adenocarcinomas of the GEJ (2.7%) and 12/274 GC (4.4%). These were of intestinal type (seven cases) or unclassifiable (six cases), while only one case was of diffuse type according to the Lauren classification. No association between EBV and pT, pN, or tumor grading was found, neither was there a correlation with clinical outcome. None of the EBER positive cases were Her2 positive. In conclusion, EBV does not seem to play a role in the carcinogenesis of EAC. Moreover, adenocarcinomas of the GEJ show lower rates of EBV positivity compared to GC. Our data only partially correlate with previous reports from the literature. This highlights the need for further research on this distinct entity. Recent reports, however, have identified specific epigenetic and genetic alterations in EBV-associated GC, which might lead to a distinct treatment approach for this specific subtype of GC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Genitsch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Alexander Novotny
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , München , Germany
| | - Christian A Seiler
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Dino Kröll
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Axel Walch
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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Shinozaki-Ushiku A, Kunita A, Fukayama M. Update on Epstein-Barr virus and gastric cancer (review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1421-34. [PMID: 25633561 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is a distinct subtype that accounts for nearly 10% of gastric carcinomas. EBVaGC is defined by monoclonal proliferation of carcinoma cells with latent EBV infection, as demonstrated by EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization. EBVaGC has characteristic clinicopathological features, including predominance among males, a proximal location in the stomach, lymphoepithelioma-like histology and a favorable prognosis. EBVaGC belongs to latency type I or II, in which EBERs, EBNA-1, BARTs, LMP-2A and BART miRNAs are expressed. Previous studies have shown that some EBV latent genes have oncogenic properties. Recent advances in genome-wide and comprehensive molecular analyses have demonstrated that both genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to EBVaGC carcinogenesis. Genetic changes that are characteristic of EBVaGC include frequent mutations in PIK3CA and ARID1A and amplification of JAK2 and PD-L1/L2. Global CpG island hypermethylation, which induces epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes, is also a unique feature of EBVaGC and is considered to be crucial for its carcinogenesis. Furthermore, post-transcriptional gene expression regulation by cellular and/or EBV-derived microRNAs has attracted considerable attention. These abnormalities result in significant alterations in gene expression related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and immune signaling pathways. In the present review we highlight the latest findings on EBVaGC from clinicopathological and molecular perspectives to provide a better understanding of EBV involvement in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shinozaki-Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein-2A alters mitochondrial dynamics promoting cellular migration mediated by Notch signaling pathway. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1592-601. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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