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Huong TN, Lee ZQ, Lai SK, Lee HY, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Evidence that an interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus F and G proteins at the distal ends of virus filaments mediates efficient multiple cycle infection. Virology 2024; 591:109985. [PMID: 38227992 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Evidence for a stable interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F and G proteins on the surface of virus filaments was provided using antibody immunoprecipitation studies on purified RSV particles, and by the in situ analysis on the surface of RSV-infected cells using the proximity ligation assay. Imaging of the F and G protein distribution on virus filaments suggested that this protein complex was localised at the distal ends of the virus filaments, and suggested that this protein complex played a direct role in mediating efficient localised cell-to-cell virus transmission. G protein expression was required for efficient localised cell-to-cell transmission of RSV in cell monolayers which provided evidence that this protein complex mediates efficient multiple cycle infection. Collectively, these data provide evidence that F and G proteins form a complex on the surface of RSV particles, and that a role for this protein complex in promoting virus transmission is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhi Qi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Soak Kuan Lai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hsin Yee Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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2
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Yang X, Liu X, Nie Y, Zhan F, Zhu B. Oxidative stress and ROS-mediated cellular events in RSV infection: potential protective roles of antioxidants. Virol J 2023; 20:224. [PMID: 37798799 PMCID: PMC10557227 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02194-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a member of the Pneumoviridae family, can cause severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, young children, immunocompromised individuals and elderly people. RSV is associated with an augmented innate immune response, enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and necrosis of infected cells. Oxidative stress, which is mainly characterized as an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant responses, interacts with all the pathophysiologic processes above and is receiving increasing attention in RSV infection. A gradual accumulation of evidence indicates that ROS overproduction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of severe RSV infection and serves as a major factor in pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage. Thus, antioxidants seem to be an effective treatment for severe RSV infection. This article mainly reviews the information on oxidative stress and ROS-mediated cellular events during RSV infection for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Yujun Nie
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China.
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3
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Derderian C, Canales GI, Reiter JF. Seriously cilia: A tiny organelle illuminates evolution, disease, and intercellular communication. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1333-1349. [PMID: 37490910 PMCID: PMC10880727 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The borders between cell and developmental biology, which have always been permeable, have largely dissolved. One manifestation is the blossoming of cilia biology, with cell and developmental approaches (increasingly complemented by human genetics, structural insights, and computational analysis) fruitfully advancing understanding of this fascinating, multifunctional organelle. The last eukaryotic common ancestor probably possessed a motile cilium, providing evolution with ample opportunity to adapt cilia to many jobs. Over the last decades, we have learned how non-motile, primary cilia play important roles in intercellular communication. Reflecting their diverse motility and signaling functions, compromised cilia cause a diverse range of diseases collectively called "ciliopathies." In this review, we highlight how cilia signal, focusing on how second messengers generated in cilia convey distinct information; how cilia are a potential source of signals to other cells; how evolution may have shaped ciliary function; and how cilia research may address thorny outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Derderian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela I Canales
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Salve BG, Kurian AM, Vijay N. Concurrent loss of ciliary genes WDR93 and CFAP46 in phylogenetically distant birds. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230801. [PMID: 37621660 PMCID: PMC10445033 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system is the primary route of infection for many contagious pathogens. Mucociliary clearance of inhaled pathogens is an important innate defence mechanism sustained by the rhythmic movement of epithelial cilia. To counter host defences, viral pathogens target epithelial cells and cilia. For instance, the avian influenza virus that targets ciliated cells modulates the expression of WDR93, a central ciliary apparatus C1d projection component. Lineage-specific prevalence of such host defence genes results in differential susceptibility. In this study, the comparative analysis of approximately 500 vertebrate genomes from seven taxonomic classes spanning 73 orders confirms the widespread conservation of WDR93 across these different vertebrate groups. However, we established loss of the WDR93 in landfowl, geese and other phylogenetically independent bird species due to gene-disrupting changes. The lack of WDR93 transcripts in species with gene loss in contrast to its expression in species with an intact gene confirms gene loss. Notably, species with WDR93 loss have concurrently lost another C1d component, CFAP46, through large segmental deletions. Understanding the consequences of such gene loss may provide insight into their role in host-pathogen interactions and benefit global pathogen surveillance efforts by prioritizing species missing host defence genes and identifying putative zoonotic reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhabhushan Girish Salve
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amia Miriam Kurian
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nagarjun Vijay
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Talukdar SN, Osan J, Ryan K, Grove B, Perley D, Kumar BD, Yang S, Dallman S, Hollingsworth L, Bailey KL, Mehedi M. RSV-induced expanded ciliated cells contribute to bronchial wall thickening. Virus Res 2023; 327:199060. [PMID: 36746339 PMCID: PMC10007709 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), causes inflammation in the bronchiolar airways (bronchial wall thickening, also known as bronchiolitis). This bronchial wall thickening is a common pathophysiological feature in RSV infection, but it causes more fatalities in infants than in children and adults. However, the molecular mechanism of RSV-induced bronchial wall thickening remains unknown, particularly in healthy adults. Using highly differentiated pseudostratified airway epithelium generated from primary human bronchial epithelial cells, we revealed RSV-infects primarily ciliated cells. The infected ciliated cells expanded substantially without compromising epithelial membrane integrity and ciliary functions and contributed to the increased height of the airway epithelium. Furthermore, we identified multiple factors, e.g., cytoskeletal (ARP2/3-complex-driven actin polymerization), immunological (IP10/CXCL10), and viral (NS2), contributing to RSV-induced uneven epithelium height increase in vitro. Thus, RSV-infected expanded cells contribute to a noncanonical inflammatory phenotype, which contributes to bronchial wall thickening in the airway, and is termed cytoskeletal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattya N Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Jaspreet Osan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Ken Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Bryon Grove
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Danielle Perley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Bony D Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Shirley Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Sydney Dallman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Lauren Hollingsworth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Kristina L Bailey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Masfique Mehedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States.
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Huong TN, Ravi Iyer L, Lui J, Wang DY, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. The respiratory syncytial virus SH protein is incorporated into infectious virus particles that form on virus-infected cells. Virology 2023; 580:28-40. [PMID: 36746062 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The association of the SH protein with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) particles was examined in HEp2 cells and human ciliated nasal epithelial cells. Imaging of infected cells demonstrated the presence of the SH protein in virus filaments, and analysis of purified RSV particles revealed a SH protein species whose size was consistent with the glycosylated SH protein. Although the SH protein was detected in virus filaments it was not required for virus filament formation. Analysis of RSV-infected ciliated cells also revealed that the SH protein was trafficked into the cilia, and this correlated with reduced cilia density on these cells. Reduced cilia loss was not observed on ciliated cells infected with a RSV isolate that failed to express the SH protein. These data provide direct evidence that the SH protein is trafficked into virus particles, and suggests that the SH protein may also promote cilia dysfunction on nasal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Laxmi Ravi Iyer
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Lui
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Biological Defence Program, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Republic of Singapore; LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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Sugrue RJ, Tan BH. Defining the Assembleome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:227-249. [PMID: 38159230 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
During respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) particle assembly, the mature RSV particles form as filamentous projections on the surface of RSV-infected cells. The RSV assembly process occurs at the / on the cell surface that is modified by a virus infection, involving a combination of several different host cell factors and cellular processes. This induces changes in the lipid composition and properties of these lipid microdomains, and the virus-induced activation of associated Rho GTPase signaling networks drives the remodeling of the underlying filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton network. The modified sites that form on the surface of the infected cells form the nexus point for RSV assembly, and in this review chapter, they are referred to as the RSV assembleome. This is to distinguish these unique membrane microdomains that are formed during virus infection from the corresponding membrane microdomains that are present at the cell surface prior to infection. In this article, an overview of the current understanding of the processes that drive the formation of the assembleome during RSV particle assembly is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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8
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Talukdar SN, Osan J, Ryan K, Grove B, Perley D, Kumar BD, Yang S, Dallman S, Hollingsworth L, Bailey KL, Mehedi M. RSV-induced Expanded Ciliated Cells Contribute to Bronchial Wall Thickening.. [DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.31.514471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractViral infection, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), causes inflammation in the bronchiolar airways (bronchial wall thickening, also known as bronchiolitis), reducing airflow through the bronchioles. This bronchial wall thickening is a common pathophysiological feature in RSV infection, but it causes more fatalities in infants than in children and adults. However, the molecular mechanism of RSV-induced bronchial wall thickening remains unknown, particularly in healthy adults. RSV infection in the airway epithelium of healthy adult bronchial cells reveals RSV-infects primarily ciliated cells. RSV infection expands the cell cytoskeleton substantially without compromising epithelial membrane integrity and ciliary functions. The RSV-induced actin cytoskeleton expansion increases ununiformly epithelial height, and cytoskeletal (actin polymerization), immunological (INF-L1, TNF-α, IP10/CXCL10), and viral (NS2) factors are probably responsible. Interestingly, RSV-infected cell cytoskeleton’s expansion resembles a noncanonical inflammatory phenotype, which contributes to bronchial wall thickening, and is termed cytoskeletal inflammation.Author SummaryRSV infects everyone. Although RSV-induced fatal pathophysiology (e.g., bronchiolitis) is more common in infants than adults, this bronchiolitis (or bronchial wall thickening) is common in the lower respiratory tract due to RSV infection in all ages. To determine the molecular mechanism of RSV-induced bronchial wall thickening, we infectedin vitroadult airway epithelium with RSV. We found that RSV-infection induced a substantial actin-cytoskeleton expansion, consequently increased the height of the epithelium. We identified actin polymerization, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and viral proteins contribute to the RSV-induced cytoskeletal expansion. Our results suggest that RSV-induces a novel noncanonical epithelial host response termed cytoskeletal inflammation, which may contribute to bronchial wall thickening.
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Mori E, Ueha R, Kondo K, Funada S, Shimmura H, Kanemoto K, Tanaka H, Nishijima H, Otori N, Yamasoba T, Kojima H. Squamous and Respiratory Metaplasia After Olfactory Mucosal Resection. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:695653. [PMID: 34354563 PMCID: PMC8329582 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.695653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resection of the olfactory mucosa (OM) is sometimes unavoidable during surgery; however, it is not known whether the OM can completely recover thereafter. The aim of this study was to uncover whether the OM fully recovers after mucosal resection and describe the process of OM regeneration. 8-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 18) were subjected to OM resection at the nasal septum; six rats were euthanized for histological examination 0, 30, and 90 days after surgery. Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) lineage cells [mature and immature ORNs and ORN progenitors, and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs)], as well as dividing and apoptotic cells. Squamous and respiratory metaplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration were also assessed. On day 30 after resection, the mucosa had regenerated, and mainly contained thin nerve bundles, basal cells, and immature ORNs, with a few mature ORNs and OECs. On day 90, the repaired nasal mucosa had degenerated into stratified squamous or ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia, with reducing ORNs. The lamina propria contained numerous macrophages. Partial regeneration was observed within 1 month after OM resection, whereas subsequent degeneration into squamous and respiratory epithelia occurred within 3 months. Given the poor persistence of ORNs and OECs, OM resection is likely to result in olfactory impairment. Overall, surgeons should be cautious not to injure the OM during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Mori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Ueha
- Swallowing Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Funada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Shimmura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kai Kanemoto
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tanaka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nishijima
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Otori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Hong H, Tan KS, Yan Y, Chen F, Ong HH, Oo Y, Liu J, Ong YK, Thong M, Sugrue R, Chow VT, Wang DY. Induction of IL-25 Expression in Human Nasal Polyp Epithelium by Influenza Virus Infection is Abated by Interferon-Alpha Pretreatment. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2769-2780. [PMID: 34234504 PMCID: PMC8254189 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s304320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial cytokines including IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TLSP) are recently established as drivers of type 2 chronic inflammatory diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Here, we further confirmed the increased expression of IL-25 in CRSwNP and investigated potential contributors of IL-25 in CRSwNP epithelium. Methods Sixty CRSwNP, 25 CRSsNP and 15 healthy control tissues were examined for IL-25 expression and for the accompanying type 2 inflammatory cytokines. We then tested different respiratory virus infections on human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) for their ability to trigger IL-25 expression. In addition, we subjected hNECs generated from CRSwNP tissues to pretreatment with recombinant interferon-alpha (IFN-α) prior to viral infection to evaluate IFN effects on IL-25 induction. Results We confirmed that significantly enhanced levels of IL-25 were observed in CRSwNP tissues, and that IL-25 expression correlated with type 2 inflammatory cytokine expression. In vitro, we observed significantly elevated IL-25 in hNECs infected with influenza A virus as early as 24 hours post-infection (hpi), regardless of tissue origin, and IL-25 correlated positively with viral load. While other respiratory viruses exhibited increasing trends of IL-25, these were not significant at the time-points tested. IFN-α treatment of CRSwNP epithelium was found to exert bimodal effects, ie IFN-α treatment alone induced moderate IL-25 expression, whereas IFN-α pretreatment of hNECs before influenza infection significantly diminished IL-25 induction by active influenza virus infection. Conclusion We have authenticated the observation of elevated IL-25 in CRSwNP, which is correlated with type 2 inflammatory cytokines. Notably, we identified influenza virus infection as a potential contributor of IL-25 in both control and CRSwNP epithelium during active infection. This IL-25 induction can be abated by IFN-α pretreatment which ameliorated active influenza infection. Trial Registration Chictr.org.cn ChiCTR-BON-16010179, Registered 18 December 2016, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=17331. The authors agree on the sharing of deidentified participant data where it pertains to request directly related to the data in this article when contacted (Haiyu Hong; honghy@mail.sysu.edu.cn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Hong
- Allergy Center, Department of Otolaryngology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China.,Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.,NUHS Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Biosafety level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical and Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghong Chen
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hsiao Hui Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.,NUHS Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yukei Oo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.,NUHS Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yew Kwang Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mark Thong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Richard Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Vincent T Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.,NUHS Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.,NUHS Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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CX3CR1 Engagement by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Leads to Induction of Nucleolin and Dysregulation of Cilia-related Genes. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00095-21. [PMID: 33731455 PMCID: PMC8139714 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00095-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) contains a conserved CX3C motif on the ectodomain of the G-protein. The motif has been indicated as facilitating attachment of the virus to the host initiating infection via the human CX3CR1 receptor. The natural CX3CR1 ligand, CX3CL1, has been shown to induce signaling pathways resulting in transcriptional changes in the host cells. We hypothesize that binding of RSV to CX3CR1 via CX3C leads to transcriptional changes in host epithelial cells. Using transcriptomic analysis, the effect of CX3CR1 engagement by RSV was investigated. Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were infected with RSV virus containing either wildtype G-protein, or a mutant virus containing a CX4C mutation in the G-protein. RNA sequencing was performed on mock and 4-days-post-infected cultures. NHBE cultures were also treated with purified recombinant wild-type A2 G-protein. Here we report that RSV infection resulted in significant changes in the levels 766 transcripts. Many nuclear associated proteins were upregulated in the WT group, including nucleolin. Alternatively, cilia-associated genes, including CC2D2A and CFAP221 (PCDP1), were downregulated. The addition of recombinant G-protein to the culture lead to the suppression of cilia-related genes while also inducing nucleolin. Mutation of the CX3C motif (CX4C) reversed these effects on transcription decreasing nucleolin induction and lessening the suppression of cilia-related transcripts in culture. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated decreases in in ciliated cells and altered morphology. Therefore, it appears that engagement of CX3CR1 leads to induction of genes necessary for RSV entry as well as dysregulation of genes associated with cilia function.ImportanceRespiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has an enormous impact on infants and the elderly including increased fatality rates and potential for causing lifelong lung problems. Humans become infected with RSV through the inhalation of viral particles exhaled from an infected individual. These virus particles contain specific proteins that the virus uses to attach to human ciliated lung epithelial cells, initiating infection. Two viral proteins, G-protein and F-protein, have been shown to bind to human CX3CR1and nucleolin, respectively. Here we show that the G-protein induces nucleolin and suppresses gene transcripts specific to ciliated cells. Furthermore, we show that mutation of the CX3C-motif on the G-protein, CX4C, reverses these transcriptional changes.
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12
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Kuek LE, Lee RJ. First contact: the role of respiratory cilia in host-pathogen interactions in the airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L603-L619. [PMID: 32783615 PMCID: PMC7516383 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory cilia are the driving force of the mucociliary escalator, working in conjunction with secreted airway mucus to clear inhaled debris and pathogens from the conducting airways. Respiratory cilia are also one of the first contact points between host and inhaled pathogens. Impaired ciliary function is a common pathological feature in patients with chronic airway diseases, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections. Common respiratory pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, have been shown to target cilia and/or ciliated airway epithelial cells, resulting in a disruption of mucociliary clearance that may facilitate host infection. Despite being an integral component of airway innate immunity, the role of respiratory cilia and their clinical significance during airway infections are still poorly understood. This review examines the expression, structure, and function of respiratory cilia during pathogenic infection of the airways. This review also discusses specific known points of interaction of bacteria, fungi, and viruses with respiratory cilia function. The emerging biological functions of motile cilia relating to intracellular signaling and their potential immunoregulatory roles during infection will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Eon Kuek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Touzelet O, Broadbent L, Armstrong SD, Aljabr W, Cloutman-Green E, Power UF, Hiscox JA. The Secretome Profiling of a Pediatric Airway Epithelium Infected with hRSV Identified Aberrant Apical/Basolateral Trafficking and Novel Immune Modulating (CXCL6, CXCL16, CSF3) and Antiviral (CEACAM1) Proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:793-807. [PMID: 32075873 PMCID: PMC7196588 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium comprises polarized cells at the interface between the environment and airway tissues. Polarized apical and basolateral protein secretions are a feature of airway epithelium homeostasis. Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major human pathogen that primarily targets the respiratory epithelium. However, the consequences of hRSV infection on epithelium secretome polarity and content remain poorly understood. To investigate the hRSV-associated apical and basolateral secretomes, a proteomics approach was combined with an ex vivo pediatric human airway epithelial (HAE) model of hRSV infection (data are available via ProteomeXchange and can be accessed at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/ with identifier PXD013661). Following infection, a skewing of apical/basolateral abundance ratios was identified for several individual proteins. Novel modulators of neutrophil and lymphocyte activation (CXCL6, CSF3, SECTM1 or CXCL16), and antiviral proteins (BST2 or CEACAM1) were detected in infected, but not in uninfected cultures. Importantly, CXCL6, CXCL16, CSF3 were also detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) from hRSV-infected infants but not healthy controls. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of CEACAM1 against RSV was confirmed in vitro using BEAS-2B cells. hRSV infection disrupted the polarity of the pediatric respiratory epithelial secretome and was associated with immune modulating proteins (CXCL6, CXCL16, CSF3) never linked with this virus before. In addition, the antiviral activity of CEACAM1 against hRSV had also never been previously characterized. This study, therefore, provides novel insights into RSV pathogenesis and endogenous antiviral responses in pediatric airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Touzelet
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lindsay Broadbent
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Waleed Aljabr
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Biomedical Research Administration, Research Centre, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box 59046 Riyadh 11252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elaine Cloutman-Green
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Level 4 Camelia Botnar Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ultan F Power
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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14
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Tan KS, Lim RL, Liu J, Ong HH, Tan VJ, Lim HF, Chung KF, Adcock IM, Chow VT, Wang DY. Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:99. [PMID: 32161756 PMCID: PMC7052386 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggravates disease symptoms. Recent advances in in vitro air-liquid interface 3D cultures, organoid cultures and the use of novel human and animal challenge models have evoked new understandings as to the mechanisms of viral exacerbations. In this review, we will focus on recent novel findings that elucidate how respiratory viral infections alter the epithelial barrier in the airways, the upper airway microbial environment, epigenetic modifications including miRNA modulation, and other changes in immune responses throughout the upper and lower airways. First, we reviewed the prevalence of different respiratory viral infections in causing exacerbations in chronic airway inflammatory diseases. Subsequently we also summarized how recent models have expanded our appreciation of the mechanisms of viral-induced exacerbations. Further we highlighted the importance of the virome within the airway microbiome environment and its impact on subsequent bacterial infection. This review consolidates the understanding of viral induced exacerbation in chronic airway inflammatory diseases and indicates pathways that may be targeted for more effective management of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel Liyu Lim
- Infectious Disease Research and Training Office, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hsiao Hui Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivian Jiayi Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Fang Lim
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent T Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Coultas JA, Smyth R, Openshaw PJ. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): a scourge from infancy to old age. Thorax 2019; 74:986-993. [PMID: 31383776 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common single cause of respiratory hospitalisation of infants and is the second largest cause of lower respiratory infection mortality worldwide. In adults, RSV is an under-recognised cause of deterioration in health, particularly in frail elderly persons. Infection rates typically rise in late autumn and early winter causing bronchiolitis in infants, common colds in adults and insidious respiratory illness in the elderly. Virus detection methods optimised for use in children have low detection rate in adults, highlighting the need for better diagnostic tests. There are many vaccines under development, mostly based on the surface glycoprotein F which exists in two conformations (prefusion and postfusion). Much of the neutralising antibody appears to be to the prefusion form. Vaccines being developed include live attenuated, subunit, particle based and live vectored agents. Different vaccine strategies may be appropriate for different target populations: at-risk infants, school-age children, adult caregivers and the elderly. Antiviral drugs are in clinical trial and may find a place in disease management. RSV disease is one of the major remaining common tractable challenges in infectious diseases and the era of vaccines and antivirals for RSV is on the near horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosalind Smyth
- Director of the Insitute and Professor of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, UCL, London, UK
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16
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Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Canedo-Marroquín G, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Andrade-Parra C, Gómez-Santander F, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Cytokines to Tissue Damage During Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:452. [PMID: 30936869 PMCID: PMC6431622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains one of the leading pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children younger than 2 years old, worldwide. Hospitalizations during the winter season due to hRSV-induced bronchiolitis and pneumonia increase every year. Despite this, there are no available vaccines to mitigate the health and economic burden caused by hRSV infection. The pathology caused by hRSV induces significant damage to the pulmonary epithelium, due to an excessive inflammatory response at the airways. Cytokines are considered essential players for the establishment and modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses, which can either be beneficial or harmful for the host. The deleterious effect observed upon hRSV infection is mainly due to tissue damage caused by immune cells recruited to the site of infection. This cellular recruitment takes place due to an altered profile of cytokines secreted by epithelial cells. As a result of inflammatory cell recruitment, the amounts of cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and CCL5 are further increased, while IL-10 and IFN-γ are decreased. However, additional studies are required to elicit the mediators directly associated with hRSV damage entirely. In addition to the detrimental induction of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory tract caused by hRSV, reports indicating alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) have been published. Indeed, elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), CCL2, and CCL4 have been reported in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with severe bronchiolitis and hRSV-associated encephalopathy. In this review article, we provide an in-depth analysis of the role of cytokines secreted upon hRSV infection and their potentially harmful contribution to tissue damage of the respiratory tract and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S. Pizarro-Ortega
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Andrade-Parra
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Gómez-Santander
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Te N, Vergara-Alert J, Lehmbecker A, Pérez M, Haagmans BL, Baumgärtner W, Bensaid A, Segalés J. Co-localization of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in the respiratory tract and lymphoid tissues of pigs and llamas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:831-841. [PMID: 30520548 PMCID: PMC7027813 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the co‐localization of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and its receptor dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP4) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) across respiratory and lymphoid organs of experimentally MERS‐CoV infected pigs and llamas. Also, scanning electron microscopy was performed to assess the ciliary integrity of respiratory epithelial cells in both species. In pigs, on day 2 post‐inoculation (p.i.), DPP4‐MERS‐CoV co‐localization was detected in medial turbinate epithelium. On day 4 p.i., the virus/receptor co‐localized in frontal and medial turbinate epithelial cells in pigs, and epithelial cells distributed unevenly through the whole nasal cavity and in the cervical lymph node in llamas. MERS‐CoV viral nucleocapsid was mainly detected in upper respiratory tract sites on days 2 and 4 p.i. in pigs and day 4 p.i. in llamas. No MERS‐CoV was detected on day 24 p.i. in any tissue by IHC. While pigs showed severe ciliary loss in the nasal mucosa both on days 2 and 4 p.i. and moderate loss in the trachea on days 4 and 24 p.i., ciliation of respiratory organs in llamas was not significantly affected. Obtained data confirm the role of DPP4 for MERS‐CoV entry in respiratory epithelial cells of llamas. Notably, several nasal epithelial cells in pigs were found to express viral antigen but not DPP4, suggesting the possible existence of other molecule/s facilitating virus entry or down regulation of DPP4 upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigeer Te
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mónica Pérez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Parrilla E, Armengot M, Mata M, Carda C, Cortijo J, Moratal D, Ginestar D, Hueso JL, Riera J. A Ciliary Motility Index for Activity Measurement in Cell Cultures With Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 33:121-128. [PMID: 30457015 DOI: 10.1177/1945892418811324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The respiratory epithelium is frequently infected by the respiratory syncytial virus, resulting in inflammation, a reduction in cilia activity and an increase in the production of mucus. METHODS In this study, an automatic method has been proposed to characterize the ciliary motility from cell cultures by means of a motility index using a dense optical flow algorithm. This method allows us to determine the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) together with a ciliary motility index of the cells in the cultures. The object of this analysis is to automatically distinguish between normal and infected cells in a culture. RESULTS The method was applied in 2 stages. It was concluded from the first stage that the CBF is not a good enough indicator to discriminate between the control and infected cultures. However, the ciliary motility index does succeed in discriminating between the control and infected cultures using the t test with a value t = 6.46 and P < .001. In the second stage, it has been shown that the ciliary motility index did not differ significantly between patients, and the analysis of variance test gives α = 0.05, F = 1.61, P = .20. A threshold for this index has been determined using a receiver operating characteristics analysis that gives an area under the curve of 0.93. CONCLUSIONS We have obtained a ciliary motility index that is able to discriminate between control and infected cultures after the eighth postinfection day. After infection, there is a rapid cilia loss of the cells and the measured CBF corresponds to the remaining noninfected cells. This is why the CBF does not discriminate between the control and the infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Parrilla
- 1 Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Armengot
- 2 Departament de Cirurgia, Universitat de València, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic la Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Mata
- 3 Departament de Patologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,4 Instituto de investigación Sanitaria, Valencia, Spain.,5 Centro de Enfermedades en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Carda
- 3 Departament de Patologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,4 Instituto de investigación Sanitaria, Valencia, Spain.,6 Centro de Enfermedades en Red de Bioingeniería, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juilo Cortijo
- 5 Centro de Enfermedades en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,7 Departament de Farmacologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Moratal
- 8 Centro de Biomateriales e Ingeniería Tisular, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Damián Ginestar
- 9 Instituto Universitario de Matemática Multidisciplinar, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Hueso
- 9 Instituto Universitario de Matemática Multidisciplinar, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Riera
- 9 Instituto Universitario de Matemática Multidisciplinar, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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19
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Huong TN, Yan Y, Jumat MR, Lui J, Tan BH, Wang DY, Sugrue RJ. A sustained antiviral host response in respiratory syncytial virus infected human nasal epithelium does not prevent progeny virus production. Virology 2018; 521:20-32. [PMID: 29870884 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infection was examined using a human nasal epithelial cell model. Maximum levels of shed-virus were produced at between 3 and 5 days post-infection (dpi), and the infectivity of the shed-virus was stable up to 10 dpi. The highest levels of interferon signalling were recorded at 2dpi, and infection induced a widespread antivirus response in the nasal epithelium, involving both infected cells and non-infected cells. Although these cellular responses were associated with reduced levels of progeny virus production and restricted virus spread, they did not inhibit the infectivity virus that is shed early in infection. In the clinical context these data suggest that although the host cell response in the nasal epithelium may restrict the levels of progeny virus particles produced, the stability of the shed-virus in the nasal mucosa may be an important factor in both disease progression and virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Muhammad Raihan Jumat
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Lui
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Republic of Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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20
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Tan KS, Ong HH, Yan Y, Liu J, Li C, Ong YK, Thong KT, Choi HW, Wang DY, Chow VT. In Vitro Model of Fully Differentiated Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Infected With Rhinovirus Reveals Epithelium-Initiated Immune Responses. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:906-915. [PMID: 29228279 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the commonest cause of the common cold. While HRV is less pathogenic than other respiratory viruses, it is frequently associated with exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases such as rhinosinusitis and asthma. Nasal epithelial cells are the first sites of viral contact, immune initiation, and airway interconnectivity, but there are limited studies on HRV infection of nasal epithelial cells. Hence, we established a model of HRV infection of in vitro-differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) derived from multiple individuals. Through HRV infection of hNECs, we found that HRV mainly targeted ciliated cells and preferentially induced type I and III interferon antiviral pathways. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of inflammatory genes suggested predominant type 1 immunity signaling and recruitment, with secreted CXCL9, IP-10, CXCL11, and RANTES as likely initiators of airway inflammatory responses. Additionally, we further explored HRV bidirectional release from the hNECs and identified 11 associated genes. Other HRV interactions were also identified through a systematic comparison with influenza A virus infection of hNECs. Overall, this in vitro hNEC HRV infection model provides a platform for repeatable and controlled studies of different individuals, thus providing novel insights into the roles of human nasal epithelium in HRV interaction and immune initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Hsiao Hui Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Yew Kwang Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Kim Thye Thong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Hyung Won Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Vincent T Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
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21
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Ludwig A, Nguyen TH, Leong D, Ravi LI, Tan BH, Sandin S, Sugrue RJ. Caveolae provide a specialized membrane environment for respiratory syncytial virus assembly. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1037-1050. [PMID: 28154158 PMCID: PMC5358342 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped virus that assembles into filamentous virus particles on the surface of infected cells. Morphogenesis of RSV is dependent upon cholesterol-rich (lipid raft) membrane microdomains, but the specific role of individual raft molecules in RSV assembly is not well defined. Here, we show that RSV morphogenesis occurs within caveolar membranes and that both caveolin-1 and cavin-1 (also known as PTRF), the two major structural and functional components of caveolae, are actively recruited to and incorporated into the RSV envelope. The recruitment of caveolae occurred just prior to the initiation of RSV filament assembly, and was dependent upon an intact actin network as well as a direct physical interaction between caveolin-1 and the viral G protein. Moreover, cavin-1 protein levels were significantly increased in RSV-infected cells, leading to a virus-induced change in the stoichiometry and biophysical properties of the caveolar coat complex. Our data indicate that RSV exploits caveolae for its assembly, and we propose that the incorporation of caveolae into the virus contributes to defining the biological properties of the RSV envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Tra Huong Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Daniel Leong
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510
| | - Laxmi Iyer Ravi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510
| | - Sara Sandin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Rey-Jurado E, Gómez RS, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection and Pathology. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:522-37. [PMID: 27486734 PMCID: PMC7171722 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is by far the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) worldwide in infants and children younger than 2 years. The overwhelming number of hospitalizations due to hRSV-induced ALRTI each year is due, at least in part, to the lack of licensed vaccines against this virus. Thus, hRSV infection is considered a major public health problem and economic burden in most countries. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected individuals is characterized by an exacerbated proinflammatory and unbalanced Th2-type immune response. In addition to the adverse effects in airway tissues, hRSV infection can also cause neurologic manifestations in the host, such as seizures and encephalopathy. Although the origins of these extrapulmonary symptoms remain unclear, studies with patients suffering from neurological alterations suggest an involvement of the inflammatory response against hRSV. Furthermore, hRSV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate and evade the immune response in the host. Several studies have focused on elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system, to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus. Here, we discuss about the infection, pathology, and immune response triggered by hRSV in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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23
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Human nasal epithelial cells derived from multiple subjects exhibit differential responses to H3N2 influenza virus infection in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:276-281.e15. [PMID: 26806046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Huong TN, Iyer Ravi L, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Evidence for a biphasic mode of respiratory syncytial virus transmission in permissive HEp2 cell monolayers. Virol J 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 26790623 PMCID: PMC4719537 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection filamentous virus particles are formed on the cell surface. Although the virus infectivity remains cell-associated, low levels of cell-free virus is detected during advanced infection. It is currently unclear if this cell-free virus infectivity is due to a low-efficiency specific cell-release mechanism, or if it arises due to mechanical breakage following virus-induced cell damage at the advanced stage of infection. Understanding the origin of this cell-free virus is a prerequisite for understanding the mechanism of RSV transmission in permissive cells. In this study we describe a detailed examination of RSV transmission in permissive HEp2 cell monolayers. METHODS HEp2 cell monolayers were infected with RSV using a multiplicity of infection of 0.0002, and the course of infection monitored over 5 days. The progression of the virus infection within the cell monolayers was performed using bright-field microscopy to visualise the cell monolayer and immunofluorescence microscopy to detect virus-infected cells. The cell-associated and cell-free virus infectivity were determined by virus plaque assay, and the virus-induced cell cytotoxicity determined by measuring cell membrane permeability and cellular DNA fragmentation. RESULTS At 2 days-post infection (dpi), large clusters of virus-infected cells could be detected indicating localised transmission in the cell monolayer, and during this stage we failed to detect either cell-free virus or cell cytotoxicity. At 3 dpi the presence of much larger infected cell clusters correlated with the begining of virus-induced changes in cell permeability. The presence of cell-free virus correlated with continued increase in cell permeability and cytotoxicity at 4 and 5 dpi. At 5 dpi extensive cell damage, syncytial formation, and increased cellular DNA fragmentation was noted. However, even at 5 dpi the cell-free virus constituted less than 1 % of the total virus infectivity. CONCLUSIONS Our data supports a model of RSV transmission that initially involves the localised cell-to-cell spread of virus particles within the HEp2 cell monolayer. However, low levels of cell free-virus infectivity was observed at the advanced stages of infection, which correlated with a general loss in cell monolayer integrity due to virus-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Laxmi Iyer Ravi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Singapore.
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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