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Thoidingjam S, Bhatnagar AR, Sriramulu S, Siddiqui F, Nyati S. Optimizing Pancreatic Cancer Therapy: The Promise of Immune Stimulatory Oncolytic Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9912. [PMID: 39337402 PMCID: PMC11432658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer presents formidable challenges due to rapid progression and resistance to conventional treatments. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) selectively infect cancer cells and cause cancer cells to lyse, releasing molecules that can be identified by the host's immune system. Moreover, OV can carry immune-stimulatory payloads such as interleukin-12, which when delivered locally can enhance immune system-mediated tumor killing. OVs are very well tolerated by cancer patients due to their ability to selectively target tumors without affecting surrounding normal tissues. OVs have recently been combined with other therapies, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy, to improve clinical outcomes. Several OVs including adenovirus, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs), vaccinia virus, parvovirus, reovirus, and measles virus have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical settings for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. We evaluated the safety and tolerability of a replication-competent oncolytic adenoviral vector carrying two suicide genes (thymidine kinase, TK; and cytosine deaminase, CD) and human interleukin-12 (hIL12) in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients in a phase 1 trial. This vector was found to be safe and well-tolerated at the highest doses tested without causing any significant adverse events (SAEs). Moreover, long-term follow-up studies indicated an increase in the overall survival (OS) in subjects receiving the highest dose of the OV. Our encouraging long-term survival data provide hope for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, a disease that has not seen a meaningful increase in OS in the last five decades. In this review article, we highlight several preclinical and clinical studies and discuss future directions for optimizing OV therapy in pancreatic cancer. We envision OV-based gene therapy to be a game changer in the near future with the advent of newer generation OVs that have higher specificity and selectivity combined with personalized treatment plans developed under AI guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Farzan Siddiqui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Henry Ford Health + Michigan State University Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shyam Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Henry Ford Health + Michigan State University Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Raouf YS. Targeting histone deacetylases: Emerging applications beyond cancer. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104094. [PMID: 38997001 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a special class of hydrolase enzymes, which through epigenetic control of cellular acetylation, play regulatory roles in various processes including chromatin packing, cytokine signaling, and gene expression. Widespread influence on cell function has implicated dysregulated HDAC activity in human disease. While traditionally an oncology target, in the past decade, there has been a notable rise in inhibition strategies within several therapeutic areas beyond cancer. This review highlights advances in four of these indications, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and viral infections, focusing on the role of deacetylases in disease, small molecule drug discovery, and clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir S Raouf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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3
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Grygoryev D, Ekstrom T, Manalo E, Link JM, Alshaikh A, Keith D, Allen-Petersen BL, Sheppard B, Morgan T, Soufi A, Sears RC, Kim J. Sendai virus is robust and consistent in delivering genes into human pancreatic cancer cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27221. [PMID: 38463758 PMCID: PMC10923719 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly intratumorally heterogeneous disease that includes several subtypes and is highly plastic. Effective gene delivery to all PDAC cells is essential for modulating gene expression and identifying potential gene-based therapeutic targets in PDAC. Most current gene delivery systems for pancreatic cells are optimized for islet or acinar cells. Lentiviral vectors are the current main gene delivery vectors for PDAC, but their transduction efficiencies vary depending on pancreatic cell type, and are especially poor for the classical subtype of PDAC cells from both primary tumors and cell lines. Methods We systemically compare transduction efficiencies of glycoprotein G of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G)-pseudotyped lentiviral and Sendai viral vectors in human normal pancreatic ductal and PDAC cells. Results We find that the Sendai viral vector gives the most robust gene delivery efficiency regardless of PDAC cell type. Therefore, we propose using Sendai viral vectors to transduce ectopic genes into PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Grygoryev
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center at Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Taelor Ekstrom
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center at Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Elise Manalo
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center at Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jason M. Link
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Amani Alshaikh
- The University of Edinburgh, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Edinburgh, UK
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Health Sector (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dove Keith
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Brittany L. Allen-Petersen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Brett Sheppard
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Terry Morgan
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center at Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
- Cancer Biology Research Program, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Abdenour Soufi
- The University of Edinburgh, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosalie C. Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
- Cancer Biology Research Program, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Jungsun Kim
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center at Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
- Cancer Biology Research Program, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
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4
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Nguyen MR, Ma E, Wyatt D, Knight KL, Osipo C. The effect of an exopolysaccharide probiotic molecule from Bacillus subtilis on breast cancer cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1292635. [PMID: 38074643 PMCID: PMC10702531 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1292635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many well-known risk factors for breast cancer are associated with dysbiosis (an aberrant microbiome). However, how bacterial products modulate cancer are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by the commensal bacterium Bacillus subtilis on breast cancer phenotypes. Although B. subtilis is commonly included in probiotic preparations and its EPS protects against inflammatory diseases, it was virtually unknown whether B. subtilis-derived EPS affects cancer. Methods This work investigated effects of EPS on phenotypes of breast cancer cells as a cancer model. The phenotypes included proliferation, mammosphere formation, cell migration, and tumor growth in two immune compromised mouse models. RNA sequencing was performed on RNA from four breast cancer cells treated with PBS or EPS. IKKβ or STAT1 signaling was assessed using pharmacologic or RNAi-mediated knock down approaches. Results Short-term treatment with EPS inhibited proliferation of certain breast cancer cells (T47D, MDA-MB-468, HCC1428, MDA-MB-453) while having little effect on others (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT549, ZR-75-30). EPS induced G1/G0 cell cycle arrest of T47D cells while increasing apoptosis of MDA-MB-468 cells. EPS also enhanced aggressive phenotypes in T47D cells including cell migration and cancer stem cell survival. Long-term treatment with EPS (months) led to resistance in vitro and promoted tumor growth in immunocompromised mice. RNA-sequence analysis showed that EPS increased expression of pro-inflammatory pathways including STAT1 and NF-κB. IKKβ and/or STAT1 signaling was necessary for EPS to modulate phenotypes of EPS sensitive breast cancer cells. Discussion These results demonstrate a multifaceted role for an EPS molecule secreted by the probiotic bacterium B. subtilis on breast cancer cell phenotypes. These results warrant future studies in immune competent mice and different cancer models to fully understand potential benefits and/or side effects of long-term use of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai R. Nguyen
- M.D./Ph.D. Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Emily Ma
- M.D./Ph.D. Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Integrated Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Debra Wyatt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Katherine L. Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Clodia Osipo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
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Wong B, Bergeron A, Maznyi G, Ng K, Jirovec A, Birdi HK, Serrano D, Spinelli M, Thomson M, Taha Z, Alwithenani A, Chen A, Lorimer I, Vanderhyden B, Arulanandam R, Diallo JS. Pevonedistat, a first-in-class NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, sensitizes cancer cells to VSVΔ51 oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3176-3192. [PMID: 37766429 PMCID: PMC10638453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of VSVΔ51 oncolytic virotherapy has been limited by tumor resistance to viral infection, so strategies to transiently repress antiviral defenses are warranted. Pevonedistat is a first-in-class NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) inhibitor currently being tested in clinical trials for its antitumor potential. In this study, we demonstrate that pevonedistat sensitizes human and murine cancer cells to increase oncolytic VSVΔ51 infection, increase tumor cell death, and improve therapeutic outcomes in resistant syngeneic murine cancer models. Increased VSVΔ51 infectivity was also observed in clinical human tumor samples. We further identify the mechanism of this effect to operate via blockade of the type 1 interferon (IFN-1) response through neddylation-dependent interferon-stimulated growth factor 3 (ISGF3) repression and neddylation-independent inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Together, our results identify a role for neddylation in regulating the innate immune response and demonstrate that pevonedistat can improve the therapeutic outcomes of strategies using oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Wong
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Anabel Bergeron
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Glib Maznyi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Kristy Ng
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Anna Jirovec
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Harsimrat K Birdi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Daniel Serrano
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Marcus Spinelli
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Max Thomson
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Akram Alwithenani
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Andrew Chen
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ian Lorimer
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Barbara Vanderhyden
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Rozanne Arulanandam
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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6
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Malenovská H. Ruxolitinib accelerates influenza A virus adaptation in the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad232. [PMID: 37816667 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of ruxolitinib medium supplement, separately and in combination with trypsin, on influenza A virus (IAV) adaptation and propagation in the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. METHODS AND RESULTS Two consecutive passages of three egg-based IAV strains were performed in the MDCK cell line with medium (a) without additives; (b) with a combination of ruxolitinib and trypsin; (c) with ruxolitinib; and (d) trypsin. Adaptation without a medium additive failed in both passages. After a single passage, the probability of the IAV adaptation was highly significantly influenced by the type of additive (binomial generalized linear model, χ22 = 23.84, P < 0.00001). The highest probability of adaptation was achieved with the combination of ruxolitinib and trypsin, followed by ruxolitinib alone and trypsin. After the two consecutive passages, the influence of the type of medium additive on the probability of virus adaptation was no longer significant. In two of three IAV MDCK-adapted strains, the type of medium additive had no significant influence on virus yields. CONCLUSION Ruxolitinib accelerates the adaptation of IAV in the MDCK cell line both individually and together with trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Malenovská
- Collection of Animal Pathogenic Microorganisms, Veterinary Research Institute,Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
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7
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Goad DW, Nesmelova AY, Yohe LR, Grdzelishvili VZ. Intertumoral heterogeneity impacts oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus efficacy in mouse pancreatic cancer cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0100523. [PMID: 37671865 PMCID: PMC10537684 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01005-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is a promising virus-based approach against various malignancies, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our previous studies demonstrated that human PDAC cell lines are highly variable in their permissiveness to OVs. Mouse PDAC cell lines, which are widely used for in vivo examination of the adaptive immune responses during OV and other cancer therapies, have never been examined systematically for the impact of intertumoral heterogeneity (the differences observed between tumors in different patients) on OV virus efficacy. Here, we examined phenotypically and genotypically three commonly used allograftable mouse PDAC cell lines (C57BL6 genetic background): Panc02 (derived from chemically induced PDAC; also known as Pan02), and two cell lines originated from PDACs developed in two different KPC (KrasG12D, Trp53R172H, and PDX-1-Cre) mouse models. Our study (i) characterized the ability of a widely used attenuated oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus VSV-ΔM51-GFP to infect, replicate in, and kill mouse PDAC cells; (ii) examined their innate antiviral responses; (iii) compared their permissiveness to a non-attenuated VSV-Mwt-GFP and chemotherapeutic drugs; and (iv) analyzed their karyotype and exome. Mouse PDAC cell lines showed high divergence in their permissiveness to VSV-ΔM51-GFP, which negatively correlated with their abilities to mount innate antiviral responses, while all three cell lines were highly permissive to VSV-Mwt-GFP. No correlation was found between resistance to VSV-ΔM51-GFP and chemotherapy. Also, mouse PDAC cell lines showed high divergence in their karyotype and exome. The exome analysis demonstrated that more VSV-ΔM51-GFP-permissive mouse PDAC cell lines harbor mutations in multiple important antiviral genes, such as TYK2, JAK2, and JAK3. IMPORTANCE Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is a promising virus-based approach against various malignancies, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our previous studies using various human PDAC cell lines demonstrated that they are highly variable in their permissiveness to OVs. In this study, we examined phenotypically and genotypically three commonly used allograftable mouse PDAC cell lines, which are widely used for in vivo examination of the adaptive immune responses during cancer therapies. Mouse PDAC cell lines showed high divergence in their permissiveness to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which negatively correlated with their abilities to mount innate antiviral responses. Also, we discovered that more VSV-permissive mouse PDAC cell lines harbor mutations in multiple important antiviral genes, such as TYK2, JAK2, and JAK3. Our study provides essential information about three model mouse PDAC cell lines and proposes a novel platform to study OV-based therapies against different PDACs in immunocompetent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota W. Goad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Y. Nesmelova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurel R. Yohe
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Ashton LV, Weishaar KM, Séguin B, MacNeill AL. Oclacitinib and Myxoma Virus Therapy in Dogs with High-Grade Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2346. [PMID: 37760788 PMCID: PMC10525839 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhabdomyosarcomas are rarely cured by surgical resection alone. This is also true for high-grade soft tissue sarcomas in dogs. Dogs with spontaneous sarcoma are good models for clinical responses to new cancer therapies. Strategic combinations of immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy (OV) could improve treatment responses in canine and human cancer patients. To develop an appropriate combination of immunotherapy and OV for dogs with soft tissue sarcoma (STS), canine cancer cells were inoculated with myxoma viruses (MYXVs) and gene transcripts were quantified. Next, the cytokine concentrations in the canine cancer cells were altered to evaluate their effect on MYXV replication. These studies indicated that, as in murine and human cells, type I interferons (IFN) play an important role in limiting MYXV replication in canine cancer cells. To reduce type I IFN production during OV, oclacitinib (a JAK1 inhibitor) was administered twice daily to dogs for 14 days starting ~7 days prior to surgery. STS tumors were excised, and MYXV deleted for serp2 (MYXV∆SERP2) was administered at the surgical site at two time points post-operatively to treat any remaining microscopic tumor cells. Tumor regrowth in dogs treated with OV was decreased relative to historical controls. However, regrowth was not further inhibited in patients given combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Ashton
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Kristen M. Weishaar
- Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Bernard Séguin
- Central Victoria Veterinary Hospital, Victoria, BC V8X 2R3, Canada;
| | - Amy L. MacNeill
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
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Kolyasnikova NM, Pestov NB, Sanchez-Pimentel JP, Barlev NA, Ishmukhametov AA. Anti-cancer Virotherapy in Russia: Lessons from the Past, Current Challenges and Prospects for the Future. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2023; 24:266-278. [PMID: 35578840 DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666220516121813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea of using the lytic power of viruses against malignant cells has been entertained for many decades. However, oncolytic viruses gained broad attention as an emerging anti-cancer therapy only recently with the successful implementation of several oncolytic viruses to treat advanced melanoma. Here we review the history of oncolytic viruses in the Russian Federation and recent biotechnological advances in connection with the perspectives of their practical use against aggressive tumors such as glioblastoma or pancreatic cancer. A particular emphasis is made on novel applications of safe non-lytic virus-derived vectors armed with prodrug-converting enzyme transgenes. Rational improvement of oncotropism by conjugation with biopolymers and nanoformulations is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda M Kolyasnikova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Poselok Instituta Poliomielita 8 bd 17, Poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia
| | - Nikolay B Pestov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Poselok Instituta Poliomielita 8 bd 17, Poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Group of Cross-Linking Enzymes, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Jeanne P Sanchez-Pimentel
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Poselok Instituta Poliomielita 8 bd 17, Poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Barlev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Poselok Instituta Poliomielita 8 bd 17, Poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.,Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Aidar A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Poselok Instituta Poliomielita 8 bd 17, Poselenie Moskovskiy, Moscow, 108819, Russia
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10
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Larrieux A, Sanjuán R. Cellular resistance to an oncolytic virus is driven by chronic activation of innate immunity. iScience 2022; 26:105749. [PMID: 36590165 PMCID: PMC9794979 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of cellular resistances to oncolytic viruses is an underexplored process that could compromise the efficacy of cancer virotherapy. Here, we isolated and characterized B16 mouse melanoma cells that evolved resistance to an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-D51). RNA-seq revealed that resistance was associated to broad changes in gene expression, which typically involved chronic upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes. Innate immunity activation was maintained in the absence of the virus or other infection signals, and conferred cross-resistance to wild-type VSV and the unrelated Sindbis virus. Furthermore, we identified differentially expressed genes with no obvious role in antiviral immunity, such as Mnda, Psmb8 and Btn2a2, suggesting novel functions for these genes. Transcriptomic changes associated to VSV resistance were similar among B16 clones and in some clones derived from the mouse colon carcinoma cell line CT26, suggesting that oncolytic virus resistance involves certain conserved mechanisms and is therefore a potentially predictable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Larrieux
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, València 46980, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, València 46980, Spain,Corresponding author
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11
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Modelling the spatial dynamics of oncolytic virotherapy in the presence of virus-resistant tumour cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010076. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising form of cancer treatment that uses native or genetically engineered viruses to target, infect and kill cancer cells. Unfortunately, this form of therapy is not effective in a substantial proportion of cancer patients, partly due to the occurrence of infection-resistant tumour cells. To shed new light on the mechanisms underlying therapeutic failure and to discover strategies that improve therapeutic efficacy we designed a cell-based model of viral infection. The model allows us to investigate the dynamics of infection-sensitive and infection-resistant cells in tumour tissue in presence of the virus. To reflect the importance of the spatial configuration of the tumour on the efficacy of virotherapy, we compare three variants of the model: two 2D models of a monolayer of tumour cells and a 3D model. In all model variants, we systematically investigate how the therapeutic outcome is affected by the properties of the virus (e.g. the rate of viral spread), the tumour (e.g. production rate of resistant cells, cost of resistance), the healthy stromal cells (e.g. degree of resistance to the virus) and the timing of treatment. We find that various therapeutic outcomes are possible when resistant cancer cells arise at low frequency in the tumour. These outcomes depend in an intricate but predictable way on the death rate of infected cells, where faster death leads to rapid virus clearance and cancer persistence. Our simulations reveal three different causes of therapy failure: rapid clearance of the virus, rapid selection of resistant cancer cells, and a low rate of viral spread due to the presence of infection-resistant healthy cells. Our models suggest that improved therapeutic efficacy can be achieved by sensitizing healthy stromal cells to infection, although this remedy has to be weighed against the toxicity induced in the healthy tissue.
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12
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Yi YW, You KS, Han S, Ha IJ, Park JS, Lee SG, Seong YS. Inhibition of IκB Kinase Is a Potential Therapeutic Strategy to Circumvent Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5215. [PMID: 36358633 PMCID: PMC9654813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains as an intractable malignancy with limited therapeutic targets. High expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been associated with a poor prognosis of TNBC; however, EGFR targeting has failed with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Here, we performed a combinatorial screening of fifty-five protein kinase inhibitors with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib in the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 and identified the IκB kinase (IKK) inhibitor IKK16 as a sensitizer of gefitinib. Cell viability and clonogenic survival assays were performed to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of the gefitinib and IKK16 (Gefitinib + IKK16) combination in TNBC cell lines. Western blot analyses were also performed to reveal the potential mode of action of this combination. In addition, next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was performed in Gefitinib+IKK16-treated cells. The Gefitinib+IKK16 treatment synergistically reduced cell viability and colony formation of TNBC cell lines such as HS578T, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468. This combination downregulated p-STAT3, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-GSK3β, and p-RPS6. In addition, p-NF-κB and the total NF-κB were also regulated by this combination. Furthermore, NGS analysis revealed that NF-κB/RELA targets including CCL2, CXCL8, EDN1, IL-1β, IL-6, and SERPINE1 were further reduced and several potential tumor suppressors, such as FABP3, FADS2, FDFT1, SEMA6A, and PCK2, were synergistically induced by the Gefitinib-+IKK16 treatment. Taken together, we identified the IKK/NF-κB pathway as a potential target in combination of EGFR inhibition for treating TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Kyu Sic You
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Sanghee Han
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - In Jin Ha
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yeon-Sun Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
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13
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Dependency of EGFR activation in vanadium-based sensitization to oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:146-159. [PMID: 35572196 PMCID: PMC9065483 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a clinically validated approach to treat cancers such as melanoma; however, tumor resistance to virus makes its efficacy variable. Compounds such as sodium orthovanadate (vanadate) can overcome viral resistance and synergize with RNA-based oncolytic viruses. In this study, we explored the basis of vanadate mode of action and identified key cellular components in vanadate’s oncolytic virus-enhancing mechanism using a high-throughput kinase inhibitor screen. We found that several kinase inhibitors affecting signaling downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway abrogated the oncolytic virus-enhancing effects of vanadate. EGFR pathway inhibitors such as gefitinib negated vanadate-associated changes in the phosphorylation and localization of STAT1/2 as well as NF-κB signaling. Moreover, gefitinib treatment could abrogate the viral sensitizing response of vanadium compounds in vivo. Together, we demonstrate that EGFR signaling plays an integral role in vanadium viral sensitization and that pharmacological EGFR blockade can counteract vanadium/oncolytic virus combination therapy.
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14
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Nisar M, Paracha RZ, Adil S, Qureshi SN, Janjua HA. An Extensive Review on Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Oncolytic Viruses Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:875188. [PMID: 35686109 PMCID: PMC9171400 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.875188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance and peculiar tumor microenvironment, which diminish or mitigate the effects of therapies, make pancreatic cancer one of the deadliest malignancies to manage and treat. Advanced immunotherapies are under consideration intending to ameliorate the overall patient survival rate in pancreatic cancer. Oncolytic viruses therapy is a new type of immunotherapy in which a virus after infecting and lysis the cancer cell induces/activates patients’ immune response by releasing tumor antigen in the blood. The current review covers the pathways and molecular ablation that take place in pancreatic cancer cells. It also unfolds the extensive preclinical and clinical trial studies of oncolytic viruses performed and/or undergoing to design an efficacious therapy against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Adil
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Hussnain Ahmed Janjua
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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15
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Zander DY, Burkart SS, Wüst S, Magalhães VG, Binder M. Cooperative effects of RIG-I-like receptor signaling and IRF1 on DNA damage-induced cell death. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:364. [PMID: 35436994 PMCID: PMC9016077 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Properly responding to DNA damage is vital for eukaryotic cells, including the induction of DNA repair, growth arrest and, as a last resort to prevent neoplastic transformation, cell death. Besides being crucial for ensuring homeostasis, the same pathways and mechanisms are at the basis of chemoradiotherapy in cancer treatment, which involves therapeutic induction of DNA damage by chemical or physical (radiological) measures. Apart from typical DNA damage response mediators, the relevance of cell-intrinsic antiviral signaling pathways in response to DNA breaks has recently emerged. Originally known for combatting viruses via expression of antiviral factors including interferons (IFNs) and establishing of an antiviral state, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) were found to be critical for adequate induction of cell death upon the introduction of DNA double-strand breaks. We here show that presence of IRF3 is crucial in this process, most likely through direct activation of pro-apoptotic factors rather than transcriptional induction of canonical downstream components, such as IFNs. Investigating genes reported to be involved in both DNA damage response and antiviral signaling, we demonstrate that IRF1 is an obligatory factor for DNA damage-induced cell death. Interestingly, its regulation does not require activation of RLR signaling, but rather sensing of DNA double-strand breaks by ATM and ATR. Hence, even though independently regulated, both RLR signaling and IRF1 are essential for full-fledged induction/execution of DNA damage-mediated cell death programs. Our results not only support more broadly developing IRF1 as a biomarker predictive for the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy, but also suggest investigating a combined pharmacological stimulation of RLR and IRF1 signaling as a potential adjuvant regimen in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Zander
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandy S Burkart
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Wüst
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir G Magalhães
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Goad DW, Bressy C, Holbrook MC, Grdzelishvili VZ. Acquired chemoresistance can lead to increased resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:59-76. [PMID: 34977342 PMCID: PMC8703189 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic virus (OV) against different malignancies, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our previous studies have demonstrated that VSV-based OVs are effective against the majority of tested human PDAC cell lines. However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. PDAC is one of the deadliest types of human malignancies in part due to intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance. Here, we investigated how acquired chemoresistance impacts the efficacy of VSV-based OV therapy. Using an experimental evolution approach, we generated PDAC cell lines with increased resistance to gemcitabine and examined their responsiveness to oncolytic virotherapy. We found that gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells become more resistant to VSV. The cross-resistance correlated with upregulated levels of a subset of interferon-stimulated genes, resembling the interferon-related DNA damage resistance signature (IRDS), often associated with resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Analysis of ten different PDAC cell lines showed that four PDAC cell lines most resistant to VSV were also highly resistant to gemcitabine, and they all displayed IRDS-like expression in our previous reports. Our study highlights a possible interaction between two different therapies that should be considered in the future for the development of rational treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota W. Goad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Christian Bressy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Molly C. Holbrook
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Corresponding author Valery Z. Grdzelishvili, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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17
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Liu M, Yang J, Xu B, Zhang X. Tumor metastasis: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:587-617. [PMID: 34977870 PMCID: PMC8706758 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is responsible for the vast majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In contrast to numerous discoveries that reveal the detailed mechanisms leading to the formation of the primary tumor, the biological underpinnings of the metastatic disease remain poorly understood. Cancer metastasis is a complex process in which cancer cells escape from the primary tumor, settle, and grow at other parts of the body. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and anoikis resistance of tumor cells are the main forces to promote metastasis, and multiple components in the tumor microenvironment and their complicated crosstalk with cancer cells are closely involved in distant metastasis. In addition to the three cornerstones of tumor treatment, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, novel treatment approaches including targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been established in patients with metastatic cancer. Although the cancer survival rate has been greatly improved over the years, it is still far from satisfactory. In this review, we provided an overview of the metastasis process, summarized the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the dissemination and distant metastasis of cancer cells, and reviewed the important advances in interventions for cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Bushu Xu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Xing Zhang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
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18
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Goradel NH, Alizadeh A, Hosseinzadeh S, Taghipour M, Ghesmati Z, Arashkia A, Negahdari B. Oncolytic virotherapy as promising immunotherapy against cancer: mechanisms of resistance to oncolytic viruses. Future Oncol 2021; 18:245-259. [PMID: 34821517 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has currently emerged as a powerful therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. Although the history of using viruses goes back to the early 20th century, the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 increased interest in oncolytic viruses (OVs). OVs are multifaceted biotherapeutic agents because they replicate in and kill tumor cells and augment immune responses by releasing immunostimulatory molecules from lysed cells. Despite promising results, some limitations hinder the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. The delivery challenges and the upregulation of checkpoints following oncolytic virotherapy also mediate resistance to OVs by diminishing immune responses. Furthermore, the localization of receptors of viruses in the tight junctions, interferon responses, and the aberrant expression of genes involved in the cell cycle of the virus, including their infection and replication, reduce the efficacy of OVs. In this review, we present different mechanisms of resistance to OVs and strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Alizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mitra Taghipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghesmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Resistance Mechanisms Influencing Oncolytic Virotherapy, a Systematic Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101166. [PMID: 34696274 PMCID: PMC8537623 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to therapy is a frequently observed phenomenon in the treatment of cancer, and as with other cancer therapeutics, therapies based on oncolytic viruses also face the challenges of resistance, such as humoral and cellular antiviral responses, and tumor-associated interferon-mediated resistance. In order to identify additional mechanisms of resistance that may contribute to therapeutic failure, we developed a systematic search strategy for studies published in PubMed. We analyzed 6143 articles on oncolytic virotherapy and found that approximately 8% of these articles use resistance terms in the abstract and/or title. Of these 439 articles, 87 were original research. Most of the findings reported pertain to resistance mediated by tumor-cell-dependent interferon signaling. Yet, mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications, hypoxia-mediated inhibition, APOBEC-mediated resistance, virus entry barriers, and spatiotemporal restriction to viral spread, although not frequently assessed, were demonstrated to play a major role in resistance. Similarly, our results suggest that the stromal compartment consisting of, but not limited to, myeloid cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells requires more study in relation to therapy resistance using oncolytic viruses. Thus, our findings emphasize the need to assess the stromal compartment and to identify novel mechanisms that play an important role in conferring resistance to oncolytic virotherapy.
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20
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Spiesschaert B, Angerer K, Park J, Wollmann G. Combining Oncolytic Viruses and Small Molecule Therapeutics: Mutual Benefits. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3386. [PMID: 34298601 PMCID: PMC8306439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of treating cancer with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has increasingly shifted towards achieving efficacy through the induction and augmentation of an antitumor immune response. However, innate antiviral responses can limit the activity of many OVs within the tumor and several immunosuppressive factors can hamper any subsequent antitumor immune responses. In recent decades, numerous small molecule compounds that either inhibit the immunosuppressive features of tumor cells or antagonize antiviral immunity have been developed and tested for. Here we comprehensively review small molecule compounds that can achieve therapeutic synergy with OVs. We also elaborate on the mechanisms by which these treatments elicit anti-tumor effects as monotherapies and how these complement OV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spiesschaert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, 6063 Rum, Austria
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Katharina Angerer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Park
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Holbrook MC, Goad DW, Grdzelishvili VZ. Expanding the Spectrum of Pancreatic Cancers Responsive to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Oncolytic Virotherapy: Challenges and Solutions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1171. [PMID: 33803211 PMCID: PMC7963195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating malignancy with poor prognosis and a dismal survival rate, expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Oncolytic virus (OV) is an anticancer approach that utilizes replication-competent viruses to preferentially infect and kill tumor cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), one such OV, is already in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. VSV-based recombinant viruses are effective OVs against a majority of tested PDAC cell lines. However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. Upregulated type I IFN signaling and constitutive expression of a subset of interferon-simulated genes (ISGs) play a major role in such resistance, while other mechanisms, such as inefficient viral attachment and resistance to VSV-mediated apoptosis, also play a role in some PDACs. Several alternative approaches have been shown to break the resistance of PDACs to VSV without compromising VSV oncoselectivity, including (i) combinations of VSV with JAK1/2 inhibitors (such as ruxolitinib); (ii) triple combinations of VSV with ruxolitinib and polycations improving both VSV replication and attachment; (iii) combinations of VSV with chemotherapeutic drugs (such as paclitaxel) arresting cells in the G2/M phase; (iv) arming VSV with p53 transgenes; (v) directed evolution approach producing more effective OVs. The latter study demonstrated impressive long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants encoding large transgenes, supporting further clinical development of VSV as safe therapeutics for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (M.C.H.); (D.W.G.)
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22
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Qureshy Z, Johnson DE, Grandis JR. Targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in solid tumors. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2020; 6:27. [PMID: 33521321 PMCID: PMC7845926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins is associated with the development and progression of solid tumors. However, as transcription factors, these proteins are difficult to target directly. In this review, we summarize the role of targeting Janus kinases (JAKs), upstream activators of STATs, as a strategy for decreasing STAT activation in solid tumors. Preclinical studies in solid tumor cell line models show that JAK inhibitors decrease STAT activation, cell proliferation, and cell survival; in in vivo models, they also inhibit tumor growth. JAK inhibitors, particularly the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib, sensitize cell lines and murine models to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and oncolytic viral therapy. Ten JAK inhibitors have been or are actively being tested in clinical trials as monotherapy or in combination with other agents in patients with solid tumors; two of these inhibitors are already Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders and rheumatoid arthritis, making them attractive agents for use in patients with solid tumors as they are known to be well-tolerated. Four JAK inhibitors (two of which are FDA approved for other indications) have exhibited promising anti-cancer effects in preclinical studies; however, clinical studies specifically assessing their activity against the JAK/STAT pathway in solid tumors have not yet been conducted. In summary, JAK inhibition is a viable option for targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in solid tumors and merits further testing in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Qureshy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Daniel E Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94158, USA
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23
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Gilchrist VH, Jémus-Gonzalez E, Said A, Alain T. Kinase inhibitors with viral oncolysis: Unmasking pharmacoviral approaches for cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:83-93. [PMID: 32690442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are more than 500 kinases in the human genome, many of which are oncogenic once constitutively activated. Fortunately, numerous hyperactive kinases are druggable, and several targeted small molecule kinase inhibitors have demonstrated impressive clinical benefits in cancer treatment. However, their often cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, and the development of resistance mechanisms, remain significant limitations to these targeted therapies. Oncolytic viruses are an emerging class of immunotherapeutic agents with a specific oncotropic nature and excellent safety profile, highlighting them as a promising alternative to conventional therapeutic modalities. Nonetheless, the clinical efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy is challenged by immunological and physical barriers that limit viral delivery, replication, and spread within tumours. Several of these barriers are often associated with oncogenic kinase activity and, in some cases, worsened by the action of oncolytic viruses on kinase signaling during infection. What if inhibiting these kinases could potentiate the cancer-lytic and anti-tumour immune stimulating properties of oncolytic virotherapies? This could represent a paradigm shift in the use of specific kinase inhibitors in the clinic and provide a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of cancers. A phase III clinical trial combining the oncolytic Vaccinia virus Pexa-Vec with the kinase inhibitor Sorafenib was initiated. While this trial failed to show any benefits over Sorafenib monotherapy in patients with advanced liver cancer, several pre-clinical studies demonstrate that targeting kinases combined with oncolytic viruses have synergistic effects highlighting this strategy as a unique avenue to cancer therapy. Herein, we review the combinations of oncolytic viruses with kinase inhibitors reported in the literature and discuss the clinical opportunities that represent these pharmacoviral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Heather Gilchrist
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Estephanie Jémus-Gonzalez
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aida Said
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Tumor-Infiltrating NK Cells Reveals that Inhibition of Transcription Factor HIF-1α Unleashes NK Cell Activity. Immunity 2020; 52:1075-1087.e8. [PMID: 32445619 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing immune cell functions in tumors remains a major challenge in cancer immunotherapy. Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, and cells adapt by upregulating the transcription factor HIF-1α. Here, we defined the transcriptional landscape of mouse tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells by using single-cell RNA sequencing. Conditional deletion of Hif1a in NK cells resulted in reduced tumor growth, elevated expression of activation markers, effector molecules, and an enriched NF-κB pathway in tumor-infiltrating NK cells. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) from myeloid cells was required for NF-κB activation and the enhanced anti-tumor activity of Hif1a-/- NK cells. Extended culture with an HIF-1α inhibitor increased human NK cell responses. Low HIF1A expression was associated with high expression of IFNG in human tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and an enriched NK-IL18-IFNG signature in solid tumors correlated with increased overall patient survival. Thus, inhibition of HIF-1α unleashes NK cell anti-tumor activity and could be exploited for cancer therapy.
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Experimental Evolution Generates Novel Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses with Improved Replication in Virus-Resistant Pancreatic Cancer Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01643-19. [PMID: 31694943 PMCID: PMC7000975 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01643-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based oncolytic viruses are promising agents against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. Here, using a directed viral evolution approach, we generated novel oncolytic VSVs with an improved ability to replicate in virus-resistant PDAC cell lines, while remaining highly attenuated in nonmalignant cells. Two independently evolved VSVs obtained 2 identical VSV glycoprotein mutations, K174E and E238K. Additional experiments indicated that these acquired G mutations improved VSV replication, at least in part due to improved virus attachment to SUIT-2 cells. Importantly, no deletions or mutations were found in the virus-carried transgenes in any of the passaged viruses. Our findings demonstrate long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants carrying large transgenes and support further clinical development of oncolytic VSV recombinants as safe therapeutics for cancer. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) based oncolytic viruses are promising agents against various cancers. We have shown that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines exhibit great diversity in susceptibility and permissibility to VSV. Here, using a directed evolution approach with our two previously described oncolytic VSV recombinants, VSV-p53wt and VSV-p53-CC, we generated novel oncolytic VSVs with an improved ability to replicate in virus-resistant PDAC cell lines. VSV-p53wt and VSV-p53-CC encode a VSV matrix protein (M) with a ΔM51 mutation (M-ΔM51) and one of two versions of a functional human tumor suppressor, p53, fused to a far-red fluorescent protein, eqFP650. Each virus was serially passaged 32 times (which accounts for more than 60 viral replication cycles) on either the SUIT-2 (moderately resistant to VSV) or MIA PaCa-2 (highly permissive to VSV) human PDAC cell lines. While no phenotypic changes were observed for MIA PaCa-2-passaged viruses, both SUIT-2-passaged VSV-p53wt and VSV-p53-CC showed improved replication in SUIT-2 and AsPC-1, another human PDAC cell line also moderately resistant to VSV, while remaining highly attenuated in nonmalignant cells. Surprisingly, two identical VSV glycoprotein (VSV-G) mutations, K174E and E238K, were identified in both SUIT-2-passaged viruses. Additional experiments indicated that the acquired G mutations improved VSV replication, at least in part due to improved virus attachment to SUIT-2 cells. Importantly, no mutations were found in the M-ΔM51 protein, and no deletions or mutations were found in the p53 or eqFP650 portions of virus-carried transgenes in any of the passaged viruses, demonstrating long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants carrying large transgenes. IMPORTANCE Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based oncolytic viruses are promising agents against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. Here, using a directed viral evolution approach, we generated novel oncolytic VSVs with an improved ability to replicate in virus-resistant PDAC cell lines, while remaining highly attenuated in nonmalignant cells. Two independently evolved VSVs obtained 2 identical VSV glycoprotein mutations, K174E and E238K. Additional experiments indicated that these acquired G mutations improved VSV replication, at least in part due to improved virus attachment to SUIT-2 cells. Importantly, no deletions or mutations were found in the virus-carried transgenes in any of the passaged viruses. Our findings demonstrate long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants carrying large transgenes and support further clinical development of oncolytic VSV recombinants as safe therapeutics for cancer.
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Inhibitors of the interferon response increase the replication of gorilla simian foamy viruses. Virology 2019; 541:25-31. [PMID: 31826843 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are complex retroviruses that are widespread throughout nonhuman primates. SFVs can also be transmitted to humans, mostly through bites. We previously observed that primary zoonotic gorilla SFV strains grow much more slowly than laboratory-adapted chimpanzee strains. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the growth of SFV is limited by interferon (IFN) using inhibitors of cellular pathways involved in the induction or action of type I IFN. Inhibitors of JAK1/2 (Ruxolitinib) and TBK-1 (BX795) led to a 2- to 4-fold higher percentage of cells infected with zoonotic gorilla SFVs but did not affect the replication of laboratory-adapted chimpanzee SFVs. IKK2 inhibitors (TPCA-1 and BMS345541) had no effect on any of the SFV strains. In conclusion, the addition of molecules that inhibit the type I IFN response to the culture medium can be used as a simple and efficient method to enhance the replication of zoonotic gorilla SFVs.
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MacNeill AL. The potential of the combined use of targeted type I interferon pathway inhibitors and oncolytic viruses to treat sarcomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:36-42. [PMID: 31618515 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Replicating oncolytic viruses (OVs) are appealing, new, FDA-approved, therapeutic options for humans with head and neck cancers and melanomas. These treatments are not yet available for veterinary patients, but recent clinical trials have shown several OVs to be safe in dogs and cats. Specific viruses being used to treat sarcomas in dogs include modified canine adenovirus 2, myxoma virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and reovirus. In cats with vaccine-associated sarcomas, poxviruses have been injected postoperatively and a reduced rate of tumour recurrence was documented. To date, the response rates of canine and feline patients to OV therapy have been variable (as they are in people). Optimal methods of OV administration and dosing schedules continue to be evaluated. One way to improve outcomes of OV therapy in veterinary patients may be to use OVs in combination with other immunomodulatory therapies. This review discusses the potential utility of concurrent therapy with an OV and an inhibitor of the type I interferon pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Gillette, Colorodo
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Selman M, Ou P, Rousso C, Bergeron A, Krishnan R, Pikor L, Chen A, Keller BA, Ilkow C, Bell JC, Diallo JS. Dimethyl fumarate potentiates oncolytic virotherapy through NF-κB inhibition. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/425/eaao1613. [PMID: 29367345 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to oncolytic virotherapy is frequently associated with failure of tumor cells to get infected by the virus. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a common treatment for psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, also has anticancer properties. We show that DMF and various fumaric and maleic acid esters (FMAEs) enhance viral infection of cancer cell lines as well as human tumor biopsies with several oncolytic viruses (OVs), improving therapeutic outcomes in resistant syngeneic and xenograft tumor models. This results in durable responses, even in models otherwise refractory to OV and drug monotherapies. The ability of DMF to enhance viral spread results from its ability to inhibit type I interferon (IFN) production and response, which is associated with its blockade of nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). This study demonstrates that unconventional application of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs and biological agents can result in improved anticancer therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Selman
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Paula Ou
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christopher Rousso
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anabel Bergeron
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ramya Krishnan
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Larissa Pikor
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Andrew Chen
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Brian A Keller
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina Ilkow
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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Kojok K, El-Kadiry AEH, Merhi Y. Role of NF-κB in Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4185. [PMID: 31461836 PMCID: PMC6747346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are megakaryocyte-derived fragments lacking nuclei and prepped to maintain primary hemostasis by initiating blood clots on injured vascular endothelia. Pathologically, platelets undergo the same physiological processes of activation, secretion, and aggregation yet with such pronouncedness that they orchestrate and make headway the progression of atherothrombotic diseases not only through clot formation but also via forcing a pro-inflammatory state. Indeed, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is largely implicated in atherosclerosis and its pathological complication in atherothrombotic diseases due to its transcriptional role in maintaining pro-survival and pro-inflammatory states in vascular and blood cells. On the other hand, we know little on the functions of platelet NF-κB, which seems to function in other non-genomic ways to modulate atherothrombosis. Therein, this review will resemble a rich portfolio for NF-κB in platelets, specifically showing its implications at the levels of platelet survival and function. We will also share the knowledge thus far on the effects of active ingredients on NF-κB in general, as an extrapolative method to highlight the potential therapeutic targeting of NF-κB in coronary diseases. Finally, we will unzip a new horizon on a possible extra-platelet role of platelet NF-κB, which will better expand our knowledge on the etiology and pathophysiology of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kojok
- The Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Centre, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, H1T 1C8, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1J4, QC, Canada
| | - Abed El-Hakim El-Kadiry
- The Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Centre, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, H1T 1C8, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1J4, QC, Canada
| | - Yahye Merhi
- The Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Centre, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, H1T 1C8, QC, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1J4, QC, Canada.
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Cell Cycle Arrest in G 2/M Phase Enhances Replication of Interferon-Sensitive Cytoplasmic RNA Viruses via Inhibition of Antiviral Gene Expression. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01885-18. [PMID: 30487274 PMCID: PMC6364032 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01885-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus) and its variant VSV-ΔM51 are widely used model systems to study mechanisms of virus-host interactions. Here, we investigated how the cell cycle affects replication of these viruses using an array of cell lines with different levels of impairment of antiviral signaling and a panel of chemical compounds arresting the cell cycle at different phases. We observed that all compounds inducing cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase strongly enhanced the replication of VSV-ΔM51 in cells with functional antiviral signaling. G2/M arrest strongly inhibited type I and type III interferon (IFN) production as well as expression of IFN-stimulated genes in response to exogenously added IFN. Moreover, G2/M arrest enhanced the replication of Sendai virus (a paramyxovirus), which is also highly sensitive to the type I IFN response but did not stimulate the replication of a wild-type VSV that is more effective at evading antiviral responses. In contrast, the positive effect of G2/M arrest on virus replication was not observed in cells defective in IFN signaling. Altogether, our data show that replication of IFN-sensitive cytoplasmic viruses can be strongly stimulated during G2/M phase as a result of inhibition of antiviral gene expression, likely due to mitotic inhibition of transcription, a global repression of cellular transcription during G2/M phase. The G2/M phase thus could represent an "Achilles' heel" of the infected cell, a phase when the cell is inadequately protected. This model could explain at least one of the reasons why many viruses have been shown to induce G2/M arrest.IMPORTANCE Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus) and its variant VSV-ΔM51 are widely used model systems to study mechanisms of virus-host interactions. Here, we investigated how the cell cycle affects replication of VSV and VSV-ΔM51. We show that G2/M cell cycle arrest strongly enhances the replication of VSV-ΔM51 (but not of wild-type VSV) and Sendai virus (a paramyxovirus) via inhibition of antiviral gene expression, likely due to mitotic inhibition of transcription, a global repression of cellular transcription during G2/M phase. Our data suggest that the G2/M phase could represent an "Achilles' heel" of the infected cell, a phase when the cell is inadequately protected. This model could explain at least one of the reasons why many viruses have been shown to induce G2/M arrest, and it has important implications for oncolytic virotherapy, suggesting that frequent cell cycle progression in cancer cells could make them more permissive to viruses.
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JAK/STAT inhibition with ruxolitinib enhances oncolytic virotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer models. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 26:411-418. [PMID: 30622322 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The concept of using viruses to treat cancer has now shown proof of concept in several recent clinical trials, leading to the first FDA approval of virotherapy for melanoma last year. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic virus that has inhibitory effects on a number of cancer types including non-small cell lung cancer. One of the major mechanisms of resistance to VSV infection is the type I interferon (IFN) response, leading to the development of VSV expressing IFNβ which will lead to resistance of viral replication in normal cells which have intact IFN signaling but allow replication in cancer cells with defective IFNβ signaling. However, some cancer cells have intact or partially intact IFN signaling pathways leading to resistance to virotherapy. Here we utilized JAK/STAT inhibitor, ruxolitinib, in combination with VSV-IFNβ to see if inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling will enhance VSV-IFNβ therapy for lung cancer. We used five human and two murine NSCLC cell lines in vitro, and the combination treatment was assayed for cytotoxicity. We performed western blots on treated cells to see the effects of ruxolitinib on JAK/STAT signaling and PDL-1 expression in treated cells. Finally, the combination of VSV-IFNβ and ruxolitinib was tested in an immune competent murine model of NSCLC. Ruxolitinib enhanced virotherapy in resistant and sensitive NSCLC cells. The addition of ruxolitinib inhibited STAT1 phosphorylation and to a lesser extent STAT3 phosphorylation. Ruxolitinib treatment prevented NSCLC cells from enhancing PDL-1 expression in response to virotherapy. Combination ruxolitinib and VSV-IFNβ therapy resulted in a trend toward improved survival of mice without substantially effecting PDL-1 levels or levels of immune infiltration into the tumor. These results support further clinical evaluation of the combination of JAK/STAT inhibition with virotherapy.
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Phan M, Watson MF, Alain T, Diallo JS. Oncolytic Viruses on Drugs: Achieving Higher Therapeutic Efficacy. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1448-1467. [PMID: 30152676 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years there has been a dramatic expansion in the testing of oncolytic viruses (OVs) for the treatment of cancer. OVs are unique biotherapeutics that induce multimodal responses toward tumors, from direct cytopathic effects on cancer cells, to tumor associated blood vessel disruption, and ultimately potent stimulation of anti-tumor immune activation. These agents are highly targeted and can be efficacious as cancer treatments resulting in some patients experiencing complete tumor regression and even cures from OV monotherapy. However, most patients have limited responses with viral replication in tumors often found to be modest and transient. To augment OV replication, increase bystander killing of cancer cells, and/or stimulate stronger targeted anti-cancer immune responses, drug combination approaches have taken center stage for translation to the clinic. Here we comprehensively review drugs that have been combined with OVs to increase therapeutic efficacy, examining the proposed mechanisms of action, and we discuss trends in pharmaco-viral immunotherapeutic approaches currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phan
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Margaret F. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road Research Building 2, Second Floor, Room 2119, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road Research Building 2, Second Floor, Room 2119, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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Prescott JA, Cook SJ. Targeting IKKβ in Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities for the Therapeutic Utilisation of IKKβ Inhibitors. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090115. [PMID: 30142927 PMCID: PMC6162708 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated NF-κB signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human inflammatory disorders and malignancies. Consequently, the NF-κB pathway has attracted attention as an attractive therapeutic target for drug discovery. As the primary, druggable mediator of canonical NF-κB signalling the IKKβ protein kinase has been the historical focus of drug development pipelines. Thousands of compounds with activity against IKKβ have been characterised, with many demonstrating promising efficacy in pre-clinical models of cancer and inflammatory disease. However, severe on-target toxicities and other safety concerns associated with systemic IKKβ inhibition have thus far prevented the clinical approval of any IKKβ inhibitors. This review will discuss the potential reasons for the lack of clinical success of IKKβ inhibitors to date, the challenges associated with their therapeutic use, realistic opportunities for their future utilisation, and the alternative strategies to inhibit NF-κB signalling that may overcome some of the limitations associated with IKKβ inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Prescott
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Simon J Cook
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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34
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Targeting IκappaB kinases for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 56:12-24. [PMID: 29486318 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory kappa B kinases (IKKs) and IKK related kinases are crucial regulators of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). The dysregulation in the activities of these kinases has been reported in several cancer types. These kinases are known to regulate survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Thus, IKK and IKK related kinases have emerged as an attractive target for the development of cancer therapeutics. Several IKK inhibitors have been developed, few of which have advanced to the clinic. These inhibitors target IKK either directly or indirectly by modulating the activities of other signaling molecules. Some inhibitors suppress IKK activity by disrupting the protein-protein interaction in the IKK complex. The inhibition of IKK has also been shown to enhance the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Because IKK and NF-κB are the key components of innate immunity, suppressing IKK is associated with the risk of immune suppression. Furthermore, IKK inhibitors may hit other signaling molecules and thus may produce off-target effects. Recent studies suggest that multiple cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins distinct from NF-κB and inhibitory κB are also substrates of IKK. In this review, we discuss the utility of IKK inhibitors for cancer therapy. The limitations associated with the intervention of IKK are also discussed.
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Felt SA, Grdzelishvili VZ. Recent advances in vesicular stomatitis virus-based oncolytic virotherapy: a 5-year update. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2895-2911. [PMID: 29143726 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an anti-cancer approach that uses viruses that preferentially infect, replicate in and kill cancer cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, a rhabdovirus) is an OV that is currently being tested in the USA in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. Several factors make VSV a promising OV: lack of pre-existing human immunity against VSV, a small and easy to manipulate genome, cytoplasmic replication without risk of host cell transformation, independence of cell cycle and rapid growth to high titres in a broad range of cell lines facilitating large-scale virus production. While significant advances have been made in VSV-based OV therapy, room for improvement remains. Here we review recent studies (published in the last 5 years) that address 'old' and 'new' challenges of VSV-based OV therapy. These studies focused on improving VSV safety, oncoselectivity and oncotoxicity; breaking resistance of some cancers to VSV; preventing premature clearance of VSV; and stimulating tumour-specific immunity. Many of these approaches were based on combining VSV with other therapeutics. This review also discusses another rhabdovirus closely related to VSV, Maraba virus, which is currently being tested in Canada in phase I/II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A Felt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Valery Z Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Ruxolitinib and Polycation Combination Treatment Overcomes Multiple Mechanisms of Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00461-17. [PMID: 28566376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00461-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic virus (OV). Although VSV is effective against a majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell (PDAC) cell lines, some PDAC cell lines are highly resistant to VSV, and the mechanisms of resistance are still unclear. JAK1/2 inhibitors (such as ruxolitinib and JAK inhibitor I) strongly stimulate VSV replication and oncolysis in all resistant cell lines but only partially improve the susceptibility of resistant PDACs to VSV. VSV tumor tropism is generally dependent on the permissiveness of malignant cells to viral replication rather than on receptor specificity, with several ubiquitously expressed cell surface molecules playing a role in VSV attachment to host cells. However, as VSV attachment to PDAC cells has never been tested before, here we examined if it was possibly inhibited in resistant PDAC cells. Our data show a dramatically weaker attachment of VSV to HPAF-II cells, the most resistant human PDAC cell line. Although sequence analysis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) mRNA did not reveal any amino acid substitutions in this cell line, HPAF-II cells displayed the lowest level of LDLR expression and dramatically lower LDL uptake. Treatment of cells with various statins strongly increased LDLR expression levels but did not improve VSV attachment or LDL uptake in HPAF-II cells. However, LDLR-independent attachment of VSV to HPAF-II cells was dramatically improved by treating cells with Polybrene or DEAE-dextran. Moreover, combining VSV with ruxolitinib and Polybrene or DEAE-dextran successfully broke the resistance of HPAF-II cells to VSV by simultaneously improving VSV attachment and replication.IMPORTANCE Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an anticancer approach that uses viruses that selectively infect and kill cancer cells. This study focuses on oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Although VSV is effective against most PDAC cells, some are highly resistant to VSV, and the mechanisms are still unclear. Here we examined if VSV attachment to cells was inhibited in resistant PDAC cells. Our data show very inefficient attachment of VSV to the most resistant human PDAC cell line, HPAF-II. However, VSV attachment to HPAF-II cells was dramatically improved by treating cells with polycations. Moreover, combining VSV with polycations and ruxolitinib (which inhibits antiviral signaling) successfully broke the resistance of HPAF-II cells to VSV by simultaneously improving VSV attachment and replication. We envision that this novel triple-combination approach could be used in the future to treat PDAC tumors that are highly resistant to OV therapy.
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Overcoming immunosuppression in bone metastases. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 117:114-127. [PMID: 28600175 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are present in up to 70% of advanced prostate and breast cancers and occur at significant rates in a variety of other cancers. Bone metastases can be associated with significant morbidity. The establishment of bone metastasis activates several immunosuppressive mechanisms. Hence, understanding the tumor-bone microenvironment is crucial to inform the development of novel therapies. This review describes the current standard of care for patients with bone metastatic disease and novel treatment options targeting the microenvironment. Treatments reviewed include immunotherapies, cryoablation, and targeted therapies. Combinatorial treatment strategies including targeted therapies and immunotherapies show promise in pre-clinical and clinical studies to overcome the suppressive environment and improve treatment of bone metastases.
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Ebrahimi S, Ghorbani E, Khazaei M, Avan A, Ryzhikov M, Azadmanesh K, Hassanian SM. Interferon-Mediated Tumor Resistance to Oncolytic Virotherapy. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1994-1999. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Elnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology; Al-Zahra University; Tehran Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology; School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center; School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Molecular Medicine Group; Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; St. Louis University School of Medicine; Saint Louis Missouri
| | | | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center; School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Microanatomy Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Ahn DH, Bekaii-Saab T. The Continued Promise and Many Disappointments of Oncolytic Virotherapy in Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E10. [PMID: 28536353 PMCID: PMC5423495 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Oncolytic viruses, including genetically engineered and naturally occurring viruses, can selectively replicate in and induce tumor cell apoptosis without harming normal tissues, thus offering a promising tool in the armamentarium for cancer therapy. While this approach has garnered much interest over the past several decades, there has not been significant headway across various tumor types. The recent approval of talimogene laherparepvec, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type-1, for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, confirms the therapeutic potential of oncolytic viral therapy. Herein, we will highlight and review the role of oncolytic viral therapy in gastrointestinal malignancies while discussing its limitations and potential alternative mechanisms to improve its treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Ahn
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
| | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
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Dold C, Rodriguez Urbiola C, Wollmann G, Egerer L, Muik A, Bellmann L, Fiegl H, Marth C, Kimpel J, von Laer D. Application of interferon modulators to overcome partial resistance of human ovarian cancers to VSV-GP oncolytic viral therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16021. [PMID: 27738655 PMCID: PMC5040171 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we described an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus variant pseudotyped with the nonneurotropic glycoprotein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, VSV-GP, which was highly effective in glioblastoma. Here, we tested its potency for the treatment of ovarian cancer, a leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies. Effective oncolytic activity of VSV-GP could be demonstrated in ovarian cancer cell lines and xenografts in mice; however, remission was temporary in most mice. Analysis of the innate immune response revealed that ovarian cancer cell lines were able to respond to and produce type I interferon, inducing an antiviral state upon virus infection. This is in stark contrast to published data for other cancer cell lines, which were mostly found to be interferon incompetent. We showed that in vitro this antiviral state could be reverted by combining VSV-GP with the JAK1/2-inhibitor ruxolitinib. In addition, for the first time, we report the in vivo enhancement of oncolytic virus treatment by ruxolitinib, both in subcutaneous as well as in orthotopic xenograft mouse models, without causing significant additional toxicity. In conclusion, VSV-GP has the potential to be a potent and safe oncolytic virus to treat ovarian cancer, especially when combined with an inhibitor of the interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dold
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Guido Wollmann
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Egerer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Muik
- Applied Virology and Gene Therapy Unit , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lydia Bellmann
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heidelinde Fiegl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Marth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
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Huang F, Wang BR, Wu YQ, Wang FC, Zhang J, Wang YG. Oncolytic viruses against cancer stem cells: A promising approach for gastrointestinal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7999-8009. [PMID: 27672294 PMCID: PMC5028813 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer has been one of the five most commonly diagnosed and leading causes of cancer mortality over the past few decades. Great progress in traditional therapies has been made, which prolonged survival in patients with early cancer, yet tumor relapse and drug resistance still occurred, which is explained by the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory. Oncolytic virotherapy has attracted increasing interest in cancer because of its ability to infect and lyse CSCs. This paper reviews the basic knowledge, CSC markers and therapeutics of gastrointestinal cancer (liver, gastric, colon and pancreatic cancer), as well as research advances and possible molecular mechanisms of various oncolytic viruses against gastrointestinal CSCs. This paper also summarizes the existing obstacles to oncolytic virotherapy and proposes several alternative suggestions to overcome the therapeutic limitations.
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Hastie E, Cataldi M, Moerdyk MJ, Felt SA, Steuerwald N, Grdzelishvili VZ. Novel biomarkers of resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. Oncotarget 2016; 7:61601-61618. [PMID: 27533247 PMCID: PMC5308675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) based recombinant viruses (such as VSV-ΔM51) are effective oncolytic viruses (OVs) against a majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines. However, some PDAC cell lines are highly resistant to VSV-ΔM51. We recently showed that treatment of VSV-resistant PDAC cells with ruxolitinib (JAK1/2 inhibitor) or TPCA-1 (IKK-β inhibitor) breaks their resistance to VSV-ΔM51. Here we compared the global effect of ruxolitinib or TPCA-1 treatment on cellular gene expression in PDAC cell lines highly resistant to VSV-ΔM51. Our study identified a distinct subset of 22 interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) downregulated by both ruxolitinib and TPCA-1. Further RNA and protein analyses demonstrated that 4 of these genes (MX1, EPSTI1, XAF1, and GBP1) are constitutively co-expressed in VSV-resistant, but not in VSV-permissive PDACs, thus serving as potential biomarkers to predict OV therapy success. Moreover, shRNA-mediated knockdown of one of such ISG, MX1, showed a positive effect on VSV-ΔM51 replication in resistant PDAC cells, suggesting that at least some of the identified ISGs contribute to resistance of PDACs to VSV-ΔM51. As certain oncogene and tumor suppressor gene variants are often associated with increased tropism of OVs to cancer cells, we also analyzed genomic DNA in a set of PDAC cell lines for frequently occurring cancer associated mutations. While no clear correlation was found between such mutations and resistance of PDACs to VSV-ΔM51, the analysis generated valuable genotypic data for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hastie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Marcela Cataldi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Megan J. Moerdyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Sébastien A. Felt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Nury Steuerwald
- Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Moarbess G, Guichou JF, Paniagua-Gayraud S, Chouchou A, Marcadet O, Leroy F, Ruédas R, Cuq P, Deleuze-Masquéfa C, Bonnet PA. New IKK inhibitors: Synthesis of new imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives using microwave assistance and biological evaluation as IKK inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:268-74. [PMID: 27017554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of the NF-κB-dependent pathways by IKK inhibitors plays an important role in immunity, inflammation, and cancer. New imidazoquinoxalines tricyclic derivatives are prepared using microwave assistance and their biological activities as IKK inhibitors are described. Compounds 6a present a potent inhibition activity and selectivity for IKK2. Docking studies in the IKK2 binding site allowed identification of residues most likely to interact with theses inhibitors and explain their potent IKK2 inhibition activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Moarbess
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campus Fanar, BP 90656 Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Jean-François Guichou
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, F-34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1054, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Paniagua-Gayraud
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles Flahault,BP14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Adrien Chouchou
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles Flahault,BP14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Olivier Marcadet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles Flahault,BP14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Fiona Leroy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles Flahault,BP14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Rémi Ruédas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles Flahault,BP14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Cuq
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles Flahault,BP14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Carine Deleuze-Masquéfa
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles Flahault,BP14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Pierre-Antoine Bonnet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles Flahault,BP14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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44
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Jackson JD, Markert JM, Li L, Carroll SL, Cassady KA. STAT1 and NF-κB Inhibitors Diminish Basal Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression and Improve the Productive Infection of Oncolytic HSV in MPNST Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:482-92. [PMID: 26883073 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) encode diverse proteins that mediate intrinsic antiviral resistance in infected cells. Here it was hypothesized that malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells resist the productive infection of oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) through activation of the JAK/STAT1 pathway and resultant upregulation of ISGs. Multiple human and mouse MPNST cells were used to explore the relationship between STAT1 activation and the productive infection of Δγ134.5 oHSVs. STAT1 activation in response to oHSV infection was found to associate with diminished Δγ134.5 oHSVs replication and spread. Multiday pretreatment, but not cotreatment, with a JAK inhibitor significantly improved viral titer and spread. ISG expression was found to be elevated prior to infection and downregulated when treated with the inhibitor, suggesting that the JAK/STAT1 pathway is active prior to infection. Conversely, upregulation of ISG expression in normally permissive cells significantly decreased oHSV productivity. Finally, a possible link between NF-κB pathway activation and ISG expression was established through the expression of inhibitor of kB (IκB) which decreased basal STAT1 transcription and ISG expression. These results demonstrate that basal ISG expression prior to infection contributes to the resistance of Δγ134.5 oHSVs in MPNST cells. IMPLICATIONS Although cancer-associated ISG expression has been previously reported to impart resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, these data show that basal ISG expression also contributes to oncolytic HSV resistance. Mol Cancer Res; 14(5); 482-92. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Steven L Carroll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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