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da Silva TM, Cividanes FJ, Salles FA, Pacífico Manfrim Perticarrari AL, Zambon da Cunha SB, Monteiro Dos Santos-Cividanes T. Insect pests and natural enemies associated with lettuce Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) in an aquaponics system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14947. [PMID: 38942758 PMCID: PMC11213887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Although food is produced in aquaponics systems worldwide, no information is available on the occurrence of insect pests and natural enemies in aquaponic lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. In this study, a survey was carried out in an aquaponic system combining lettuce with lambari, Astyanax altiparanae (Garutti & Briski), aiming to determine the insect pests and natural enemies associated with this system. We also determined the predominant insect species and the effect of meteorological factors on their populations. Insect abundance was estimated by visual sampling during 13 cultivation cycles, totaling 27 sampling dates. The meteorological factors considered were air temperature and relative humidity, and their effects were determined using the Pearson correlation. The thrips Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) and Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) and the aphid Aphis spiraecola (Patch) predominated. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were essential factors affecting C. phaseoli and F. schultzei. The natural enemies found on the lettuce plants were the thrips Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford) and Stomatothrips angustipennis (Hood) and the ladybugs Cycloneda sanguinea L., Eriopis connexa (Germar), and Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville). These results constitute the first step for a lettuce-integrated pest-management program in aquaponics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Machado da Silva
- Instituto Biológico, Avenida Bandeirantes, 2419, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14030-600, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando André Salles
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Avenida Bandeirantes, 2419, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14030-600, Brazil
| | | | - Suzan Beatriz Zambon da Cunha
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13565-505, Brazil
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Huang T, Liu Y, He K, Francis F, Wang B, Wang G. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis trifolii. Sci Data 2023; 10:274. [PMID: 37173339 PMCID: PMC10181989 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA, Therioaphis trifolii) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a destructive pest of cultivated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) that leads to large financial losses in the livestock industry around the world. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of T. trifolii, the first genome assembly for the aphid subfamily Calaphidinae. Using PacBio long-read sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and Hi-C scaffolding techniques, a 541.26 Mb genome was generated, with 90.01% of the assembly anchored into eight scaffolds, and the contig and scaffold N50 are 2.54 Mb and 44.77 Mb, respectively. BUSCO assessment showed a completeness score of 96.6%. A total of 13,684 protein-coding genes were predicted. The high-quality genome assembly of T. trifolii not only provides a genomic resource for the more complete analysis of aphid evolution, but also provides insights into the ecological adaptation and insecticide resistance of T. trifolii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kang He
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
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O'Hara FM, Liu Z, Davis JA, Swale DR. Catalyzing systemic movement of inward rectifier potassium channel inhibitors for antifeedant activity against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:194-205. [PMID: 36116013 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a destructive agricultural pest, capable of photosynthate removal and plant virus transmission. Therefore, we aimed to test the antifeedant properties of small-molecule inhibitors of inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels expressed in insect salivary glands and develop an approach for enabling systemic movement of lipophilic Kir inhibitors. RESULTS Two Kir channel inhibitors, VU041 and VU730, reduced the secretory activity of the aphid salivary glands by 3.3-fold and foliar applications of VU041 and VU730 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the time to first probe, total probe duration, and nearly eliminated phloem salivation and ingestion. Next, we aimed to facilitate systemic movement of VU041 and VU730 through evaluation of a novel natural product based solubilizer containing rubusoside that was isolated from Chinese sweet leaf (Rubus suavissimus) plants. A single lower leaf was treated with Kir inhibitor soluble liquid (KI-SL) and systemic movement throughout the plant was verified via toxicity bioassays and changes to feeding behavior through the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. EPG data indicate KI-SL significantly reduced ability to reach E1 (phloem salivation) and E2 (phloem ingestion) waveforms and altered plant probing behavior when compared to the untreated control. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated the presence of VU041 and VU730 in the upper leaf tissue of these plants. Together, these data provide strong support that incorporation of rubusoside with Kir inhibitors enhanced translaminar and translocation movement through the plant tissue. CONCLUSION These data further support hemipteran Kir channels as a target to prevent feeding and induce toxicity. Further, these studies highlight a novel delivery approach for generating plant systemic activity of lipophilic insecticides. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flinn M O'Hara
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Zhijun Liu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Differences in Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Black Bean Aphid Morphs ( Aphis fabae Scop.) Fed on the Primary Host Viburnum opulus L. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122476. [PMID: 36552684 PMCID: PMC9774543 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the level of oxidative stress markers-superoxide anion radical (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the black bean aphid occurring on the primary host (viburnum plants) were studied. Among the aphid morphs, the lowest contents of O2-, H2O2 and MDA were noted for winged adults (alatae), which were also characterized by the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes. These metabolic features indicate the adaptation of winged morphs to the colonization of new host plants. During spring migration, an increase in the content of oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities in wingless females (fundatrigeniae) was observed. The significance of the biochemical adaptation of the black bean aphid to its winter host is discussed.
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O'Hara FM, Davis JA, Swale DR. Profile of commercialized aphicides on the survivorship and feeding behavior of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105174. [PMID: 35973765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most destructive agricultural pests due to photosynthate removal and horizontal transmission of plant viruses. Horizontal transmission of plant viruses by aphids occurs during distinct feeding behavioral events, such as probing for non-persistent viruses or phloem feeding for persistent viruses. We employed toxicity bioassays and electrical penetration graph (EPG) methodology to compare toxicity and quantify changes to feeding behavior and toxicity of A. gossypii after exposure to commercialized aphicides. Commercialized aphicides containing flupyradifurone, sulfoxaflor, thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin induced >90% aphid mortality within 4 h of exposure. Flupyradifurone was the most acutely toxic aphicide studied with an LT50 of 8.9 min after exposure, which was approximately 3-fold lower than bifenthrin and thiamethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin. This was supported by our EPG results that showed a significant reduction in the proportion of aphids that continued to probe on cotton 4 h after exposure to flonicamid, thiamethoxam, flupyradifurone, bifenthrin, and thiamethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin. The commercialized aphicides containing spirotetramat, flonicamid, thiamethoxam, flupyradifurone, bifenthrin, sulfoxaflor, and pymetrozine significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the time to first probe when compared to the untreated control. Lastly, E1 (phloem salivation) and E2 (phloem ingestion) waveforms were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced for flupyradifurone, flonicamid, thiamethoxam, sulfoxaflor, and thiamethoxam. These data provide a comparative study for the development of new aphicides aiming to induce acute lethality and reduce aphid transmission of plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flinn M O'Hara
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States of America
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States of America.
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Jayasinghe WH, Akhter MS, Nakahara K, Maruthi MN. Effect of aphid biology and morphology on plant virus transmission. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:416-427. [PMID: 34478603 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aphids severely affect crop production by transmitting many plant viruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that mostly depend on vectors for their transmission and survival. A majority of economically important plant viruses are transmitted by aphids. They transmit viruses either persistently (circulative or non-circulative) or non-persistently. Plant virus transmission by insects is a process that has evolved over time and is strongly influenced by insect morphological features and biology. Over the past century, a large body of research has provided detailed knowledge of the molecular processes underlying virus-vector interactions. In this review, we discuss how aphid biology and morphology can affect plant virus transmission. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wikum H Jayasinghe
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Md Shamim Akhter
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Bangladesh
| | - Kenji Nakahara
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Challenges and opportunities for plant viruses under a climate change scenario. Adv Virus Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sánchez-Pujante PJ, Gionfriddo M, Sabater-Jara AB, Almagro L, Pedreño MA, Diaz-Vivancos P. Enhanced bioactive compound production in broccoli cells due to coronatine and methyl jasmonate is linked to antioxidative metabolism. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 248:153136. [PMID: 32120144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elicited broccoli suspension-cultured cells (SCC) provide a useful system for obtaining bioactive compounds, including glucosinolates (GS) and phenolic compounds (PCs). In this work, coronatine (Cor) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) were used to increase the bioactive compound production in broccoli SCC. Although the use of Cor and MJ in secondary metabolite production has already been described, information concerning how elicitors affect cell metabolism is scarce. It has been suggested that Cor and MJ trigger defence reactions affecting the antioxidative metabolism. In the current study, the concentration of 0.5 μM Cor was the most effective treatment for increasing both the total antioxidant capacity (measured as ferulic acid equivalents) and glucosinolate content in broccoli SCC. The elicited broccoli SCC also showed higher polyphenol oxidase activity than the control cells. Elicitation altered the antioxidative metabolism of broccoli SCC, which displayed biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes, a decrease in the glutathione redox state and an increase in lipid peroxidation levels. Furthermore, we studied the effect of elicitation on the protein profile and observed an induction of defence-related proteins. All of these findings suggest that elicitation not only increases bioactive compound production, but it also leads to mild oxidative stress in broccoli SCC that could be an important factor triggering the production of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Gionfriddo
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Belén Sabater-Jara
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Lorena Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - María Angeles Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Pedro Diaz-Vivancos
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia Spain.
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9
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Coexistence of nestedness and modularity in host-pathogen infection networks. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:568-577. [PMID: 32152533 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The long-term coevolution of hosts and pathogens in their environment forms a complex web of multi-scale interactions. Understanding how environmental heterogeneity affects the structure of host-pathogen networks is a prerequisite for predicting disease dynamics and emergence. Although nestedness is common in ecological networks, and theory suggests that nested ecosystems are less prone to dynamic instability, why nestedness varies in time and space is not fully understood. Many studies have been limited by a focus on single habitats and the absence of a link between spatial variation and structural heterogeneity such as nestedness and modularity. Here we propose a neutral model for the evolution of host-pathogen networks in multiple habitats. In contrast to previous studies, our study proposes that local modularity can coexist with global nestedness, and shows that real ecosystems are found in a continuum between nested-modular and nested networks driven by intraspecific competition. Nestedness depends on neutral mechanisms of community assembly, whereas modularity is contingent on local adaptation and competition. The structural pattern may change spatially and temporally but remains stable over evolutionary timescales. We validate our theoretical predictions with a longitudinal study of plant-virus interactions in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape.
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10
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Li Z, Davis JA, Swale DR. Chemical inhibition of Kir channels reduces salivary secretions and phloem feeding of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2725-2734. [PMID: 30785236 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unique feeding biology of aphids suggests novel insecticide targets are likely to exist outside of the nervous system. We therefore aimed to directly test the hypothesis that pharmacological inhibition of inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels would result in salivary gland failure and reduced sap ingestion by the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. RESULTS The Kir inhibitors VU041 and VU590 reduced the length of the salivary sheath in a concentration dependent manner, indicating that the secretory activity of the salivary gland is reduced by Kir inhibition. Next, we employed the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to measure the impact Kir inhibition has to aphid sap feeding and feeding biology. Data show that foliar application of VU041 eliminated the E1 and E2 phases (phloem feeding) in all aphids studied. Contact exposure to VU041 after foliar applications was found to be toxic to A. gossypii at 72 and 96 h post-infestation, indicating mortality is likely a result of starvation and not acute toxicity. Furthermore, VU041 exposure significantly altered the feeding behavior of aphids, which is toxicologically relevant for plant-virus interactions. CONCLUSION These data suggest Kir channels are critical for proper function of aphid salivary glands and the reduced plant feeding justifies future work in developing salivary gland Kir channels as novel mechanism aphicides. Furthermore, products like VU041 would add to a very minor arsenal of compounds that simultaneously reduce vector abundance and alter feeding behavior. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Li
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Antolínez CA, Moreno A, Ontiveros I, Pla S, Plaza M, Sanjuan S, Palomo JL, Sjölund MJ, Sumner-Kalkun JC, Arnsdorf YM, Jeffries CJ, Ouvrard D, Fereres A. Seasonal Abundance of Psyllid Species on Carrots and Potato Crops in Spain. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10090287. [PMID: 31500212 PMCID: PMC6780054 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) can transmit the phloem restricted bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso). In Europe, Lso causes severe losses to carrot and represents a threat to the potato industry. A rising concern is Lso transmission from carrot to potato and within potato, and this has driven the need for monitoring populations of psyllid species which could serve as vectors on both crops. This would provide a fundamental understanding of the epidemiology of Lso. Different sampling methods were used to survey populations of psyllid species in commercial carrot and potato fields in central and eastern mainland Spain from 2015 to 2017. Two psyllid species, Bactericeratrigonica and Bactericeranigricornis were found on carrot and potato crops. In carrot fields the most abundant species was B.trigonica (occurring from crop emergence to harvest); whereas in potato crops the most abundant psyllid species was B.nigricornis. Depending on field location, the maximum psyllid populations occurred between June and October. Since B.nigricornis was found on both carrot and potato and is the only psyllid species able to feed and reproduce on both these crops in Europe, there is the potential risk of Lso transmission from carrot to potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Antolínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias, Grupo de Investigación Agroambiente y Salud-Microbiota Universidad de Santander, 680003 Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ontiveros
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Pla
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Plaza
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Sanjuan
- Agricola Villena, Carretera del Puerto, S/N 3400 Villena, Spain
| | - José L Palomo
- Centro Regional de Diagnostico, Junta de Castilla y León, 37340 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - David Ouvrard
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Rodríguez-Nevado C, Montes N, Pagán I. Ecological Factors Affecting Infection Risk and Population Genetic Diversity of a Novel Potyvirus in Its Native Wild Ecosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1958. [PMID: 29184567 PMCID: PMC5694492 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that there is ample diversity of plant virus species in wild ecosystems. The vast majority of this diversity, however, remains uncharacterized. Moreover, in these ecosystems the factors affecting plant virus infection risk and population genetic diversity, two traits intrinsically linked to virus emergence, are largely unknown. Along 3 years, we have analyzed the prevalence and diversity of plant virus species from the genus Potyvirus in evergreen oak forests of the Iberian Peninsula, the main wild ecosystem in this geographic region and in the entire Mediterranean basin. During this period, we have also measured plant species diversity, host density, plant biomass, temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. Results indicated that potyviruses were always present in evergreen oak forests, with a novel virus species explaining the largest fraction of potyvirus-infected plants. We determined the genomic sequence of this novel virus and we explored its host range in natural and greenhouse conditions. Natural host range was limited to the perennial plant mountain rue (Ruta montana), commonly found in evergreen oak forests of the Iberian Peninsula. In this host, the virus was highly prevalent and was therefore provisionally named mediterranean ruda virus (MeRV). Focusing in this natural host-virus interaction, we analyzed the ecological factors affecting MeRV infection risk and population genetic diversity in its native wild ecosystem. The main predictor of virus infection risk was the host density. MeRV prevalence was the major factor determining genetic diversity and selection pressures in the virus populations. This observation supports theoretical predictions assigning these two traits a key role in parasite epidemiology and evolution. Thus, our analyses contribute both to characterize viral diversity and to understand the ecological determinants of virus population dynamics in wild ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Nevado
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas – Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Montes
- Plant Physiology, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
- Rheumatology Service, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas – Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
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Lee Y, Lee W, Kanturski M, Foottit RG, Akimoto SI, Lee S. Cryptic diversity of the subfamily Calaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) revealed by comprehensive DNA barcoding. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176582. [PMID: 28448639 PMCID: PMC5407777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are a species rich group comprising many important pests. However, species identification can be very difficult for aphids due to their morphological ambiguity. DNA barcoding has been widely adopted for rapid and reliable species identification as well as cryptic species detection. In this study, we investigated cryptic diversity in the subfamily Calaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on 899 sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) for 115 morphospecies (78 species collected in this study and sequences of 73 species downloaded from Genbank). Among these 115 morphospecies, DNA barcoding results of 90 (78.3%) species were identical to results of morphological identification. However, 25 (21.7%) morphospecies showed discrepancies between DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy. Among these 25 discordances, a total of 15 cryptic species were identified from 12 morphospecies. We also found three morphologically distinct species pairs that sharing DNA barcoding. Based on molecular operational taxonomic unit (MOTU) estimation, we discussed on species delimitation threshold value for these taxa. Our findings confirm that Calaphidinae has high cryptic diversity even though aphids are relatively well-studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerim Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhoon Lee
- Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Mariusz Kanturski
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert G. Foottit
- Invertebrate Biodiversity, National Environmental Health Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shin-Ichi Akimoto
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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14
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Vetch aphid, Megoura crassicauda (Hemiptera: Aphididae), parasitism does not reduce the bean production of narrow-leaved vetch, Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (Fabaceae). Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Angelella GM, Egel DS, Holland JD, Nemacheck JA, Williams CE, Kaplan I. Differential Life History Trait Associations of Aphids with Nonpersistent Viruses in Cucurbits. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:562-573. [PMID: 26313961 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of vectors and fleeting nature of virus acquisition and transmission renders nonpersistent viruses a challenge to manage. We assessed the importance of noncolonizing versus colonizing vectors with a 2-yr survey of aphids and nonpersistent viruses on commercial pumpkin farms. We quantified aphid alightment using pan traps, while testing leaf samples with multiplex RT-PCR targeting cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). Overall, we identified 53 aphid species (3,899 individuals), from which the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, a pumpkin-colonizing species, predominated (76 and 37% of samples in 2010 and 2011, respectively). CMV and ZYMV were not detected, but WMV and PRSV were prevalent, both regionally (WMV: 28/29 fields, PRSV: 21/29 fields) and within fields (infection rates = 69 and 55% for WMV in 2010 and 2011; 28 and 25% for PRSV in 2010 and 2011). However, early-season samples showed extremely low infection levels, suggesting cucurbit viruses are not seed-transmitted and implicating aphid activity as a causal factor driving virus spread. Interestingly, neither noncolonizer and colonizer alightment nor total aphid alightment were good predictors of virus presence, but community analyses revealed species-specific relationships. For example, cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) and spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii Monell f. maculata) were associated with PRSV infection, whereas the oleander aphid (Aphis nerii Bover de Fonscolombe) was associated with WMV spread within fields. These outcomes highlight the need for tailored management plans targeting key vectors of nonpersistent viruses in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Angelella
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907.
| | - D S Egel
- Southwest-Purdue Agricultural Center, 4669 North Purdue Rd., Vincennes, IN 47591
| | - J D Holland
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - J A Nemacheck
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, Purdue University, 170 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907. Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 West State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - C E Williams
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, Purdue University, 170 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907. Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 West State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - I Kaplan
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907
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16
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Lim S, Zhao F, Yoo RH, Igori D, Lee SH, Lim HS, Moon JS. Characteristics of a Lettuce mosaic virus Isolate Infecting Lettuce in Korea. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:183-187. [PMID: 25289001 PMCID: PMC4174844 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.12.2013.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) causes disease of plants in the family Asteraceae, especially lettuce crops. LMV isolates have previously been clustered in three main groups, LMV-Yar, LMV-Greek and LMVRoW. The first two groups, LMV-Yar and LMV-Greek, have similar characteristics such as no seed-borne transmission and non-resistance-breaking. The latter one, LMV-RoW, comprising a large percentage of the LMV isolates contains two large subgroups, LMV-Common and LMV-Most. To date, however, no Korean LMV isolate has been classified and characterized. In this study, LMV-Muju, the Korean LMV isolate, was isolated from lettuce showing pale green and mottle symptoms, and its complete genome sequence was determined. Classification method of LMV isolates based on nucleotide sequence divergence of the NIb-CP junction showed that LMV-Muju was categorized as LMV-Common. LMV-Muju was more similar to LMV-O (LMV-Common subgroup) than to LMV-E (LMV-RoW group but not LMV-Common subgroup) even in the amino acid domains of HC-Pro associated with pathogenicity, and in the CI and VPg regions related to ability to overcome resistance. Taken together, LMV-Muju belongs to the LMV-Common subgroup, and is expected to be a seed-borne, non-resistance-breaking isolate. According to our analysis, all other LMV isolates not previously assigned to a subgroup were also included in the LMV-RoW group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmo Lim
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Fumei Zhao
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Ran Hee Yoo
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Davaajargal Igori
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Su-Heon Lee
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jae Sun Moon
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
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17
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Diaz BM, Barrios L, Fereres A. Interplant movement and spatial distribution of alate and apterous morphs of Nasonovia ribisnigri (Homoptera: Aphididae) on lettuce. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:406-14. [PMID: 22289142 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on colonization modes and interplant movement of Nasonovia ribisnigri can contribute to the development of optimal control of this pest. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal distribution and the mode of spread between adult morphs of Nasonovia ribisnigri, comparing spring and autumn lettuce protected crops. The spatial and temporal pattern was analyzed using the spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) methodology and other related displacement indices. The population size of N. ribisnigri was greater in the autumn than in the spring growing seasons due to milder temperatures. The percentage of plants colonized by aphids was higher in spring than in autumn, showing the great dispersal potential of this aphid species independent of their population size. Differential propensity for initial displacement from the central plant was observed between adult morphs in spring, resulting in a greater ability of apterous than alate aphids to spread far away from the source plant. In autumn, both adult morphs showed an initial reduced displacement; however, the number of plants infested (≈20%) with at least one aphid at this initial time (seven days) was similar for both adult morphs and both growing seasons. Analysis of the spatial pattern of both adult morphs revealed a predominantly random distribution for both spring and autumn trials. This pattern was achieved by a prevalent random movement over the area (γ≈0.5). These results highlight the ability of the apterous N. ribisnigri to spread within greenhouse lettuce crops early in the spring, suggesting that detection of the pest by deep visual inspection is required after lettuce emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Diaz
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, (ICA-CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo., Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - L Barrios
- Centro Técnico de Informática (CTI-CSIC). C/Pinar 24, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - A Fereres
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, (ICA-CSIC), C/Serrano 115 Dpdo., Madrid 28006, Spain
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18
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Abstract
Lettuce is frequently attacked by several viruses causing disease epidemics and considerable yield losses along the Mediterranean basin. Aphids are key pests and the major vectors of plant viruses in lettuce fields. Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) is probably the most important because it is seed-transmitted in addition to be transmissible by many aphid species that alight on the crop. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is another virus that causes severe damage since the introduction of its major vector, the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. In regions with heavy and humid soils, Lettuce Mirafiori big-vein virus (LMBVV) can also produce major yield losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Moreno
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Mueller EE, Frost KE, Esker PD, Gratton C. Seasonal phenology of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and other aphid species in cultivated bean and noncrop habitats in Wisconsin. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:1670-81. [PMID: 21061967 DOI: 10.1603/ec09411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of aphid-transmitted viruses in agricultural crops of the Midwest and northeastern United States has become more frequent since the arrival and establishment of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae). A. glycines is a competent vector of plant viruses and may be responsible for recent virus epidemics in Wisconsin snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., fields. To determine whether vegetation surrounding crop fields could serve as sources of virus inocula, we examined the settling activity ofA. glycines and other aphid species in agricultural crops and noncrop field margins adjacent to snap bean fields. Noncrop field margins were made up of numerous virus-susceptible plant species within 10 m from snap bean field edges. During summers 2006 and 2007, horizontal pan traps were placed in commercial soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], snap bean, and surrounding field margins to characterize aphid flight activity patterns in the different habitat types. Alate abundance and peak occurrence across years varied between crop and noncrop field margins and differed among patches of plants in field margins. Overall aphid activity peaked late in the season (21 August in 2006 and 28 July in 2007); with the majority (52%) of total aphids trapped in all habitats being A. glycines. Susceptibility to viral infection and confirmed visitation of A. glycines to these forage plants suggests the importance ofnoncrop habitats as potential sources of primary virus inoculum. Viral disease onset followed peak aphid flights and further implicates A. glycines as a likely vector of viruses in commercial bean and other crops in Wisconsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Mueller
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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20
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Fereres A, Moreno A. Behavioural aspects influencing plant virus transmission by homopteran insects. Virus Res 2009; 141:158-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Cho WK, Chen XY, Uddin NM, Rim Y, Moon J, Jung JH, Shi C, Chu H, Kim S, Kim SW, Park ZY, Kim JY. Comprehensive proteome analysis of lettuce latex using multidimensional protein-identification technology. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:570-8. [PMID: 19356777 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Commercially, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the most important leafy vegetables. Lettuce produces a milky latex of variable chemical compositions within its laticifers. As a step toward understanding the main physiological roles of this latex in higher plants, we embarked on its proteomic analysis. We investigated 587 latex proteins that were identified from the lettuce latex using multidimensional protein-identification technology. A bioinformatics analysis showed that the most frequently encountered proteins in the latex were organellar proteins from plastids and mitochondria, followed by nucleic and cytoplasmic proteins. Functional classification of the identified proteins showed that proteins related to metabolism, cell rescue, defense, and virulence were the most abundant in lettuce latex. Furthermore, numerous resistance proteins of lettuce and viral proteins were present in the latex suggesting for the first time a possible function of the lettuce latex in defense or pathogenesis. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first large-scale proteome analysis of lettuce latex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyong Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Environmental Biotechnology, National Core Research Center, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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22
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Noa-Carrazana JC, González-de-León D, Ruiz-Castro BS, Piñero D, Silva-Rosales L. Distribution of Papaya ringspot virus and Papaya mosaic virus in Papaya Plants (Carica papaya) in Mexico. PLANT DISEASE 2006; 90:1004-1011. [PMID: 30781291 DOI: 10.1094/pd-90-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a survey for the presence of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean, in 15 federal states of Mexico that account for over 98% of the national papaya production. More than 80 locations were visited in 58 counties. Out of a total of 267 papaya leaf samples, 157 tested positive for PRSV. We tested for the presence of three other viruses because of the occurrence of severe, atypical symptoms in plantations. Only Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) was detected. PRSV was present in every county. PapMV was less frequent, but its overall distribution was almost identical. PRSV and PapMV occurred in single or mixed infections of papaya and other host species that could function as virus reservoirs. We investigated the diversity of the coat protein (CP) sequences of 36 PRSV isolates. The amino acid sequence divergence among all isolates ranged from 0.4 to 9.9%, and was comparable to that found in other regions of the world. In contrast to most of these world regions, there is a clear correlation between CP sequence variation and the geographical origins of the virus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Noa-Carrazana
- Departamento de Ing. Genética, Cinvestav, Km. 9.6 Lib. Nte. Carr. Irapuato-León, 36500, A. P. 629, Irapuato, Gto. Mexico
| | | | - B S Ruiz-Castro
- Departamento de Ing. Genética, Cinvestav, Km. 9.6 Lib. Nte. Carr. Irapuato-León, 36500, A. P. 629, Irapuato, Gto. Mexico
| | - D Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico
| | - L Silva-Rosales
- Departamento de Ing. Genética, Cinvestav, Km. 9.6 Lib. Nte. Carr. Irapuato-León, 36500, A. P. 629, Irapuato, Gto. Mexico
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Moreno A, Hébrard E, Uzest M, Blanc S, Fereres A. A single amino acid position in the helper component of cauliflower mosaic virus can change the spectrum of transmitting vector species. J Virol 2005; 79:13587-93. [PMID: 16227279 PMCID: PMC1262581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13587-13593.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses frequently use insect vectors to effect rapid spread through host populations. In plant viruses, vector transmission is the major mode of transmission, used by nearly 80% of species described to date. Despite the importance of this phenomenon in epidemiology, the specificity of the virus-vector relationship is poorly understood at both the molecular and the evolutionary level, and very limited data are available on the precise viral protein motifs that control specificity. Here, using the aphid-transmitted Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) as a biological model, we confirm that the "noncirculative" mode of transmission dominant in plant viruses (designated "mechanical vector transmission" in animal viruses) involves extremely specific virus-vector recognition, and we identify an amino acid position in the "helper component" (HC) protein of CaMV involved in such recognition. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that changing the residue at this position can differentially affect transmission rates obtained with various aphid species, thus modifying the spectrum of vector species for CaMV. Most interestingly, in a virus line transmitted by a single vector species, we observed the rapid appearance of a spontaneous mutant specifically losing its transmissibility by another aphid species. Hence, in addition to the first identification of an HC motif directly involved in specific vector recognition, we demonstrate that change of a virus to a different vector species requires only a single mutation and can occur rapidly and spontaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Moreno
- UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plantes-Parasites, CIRAD-INRA-ENSAM, TA 41/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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