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Yu Y, Zhang F, Duan X, Yang C, Cui Y, Yu L. ORFV can carry TRAP gene expression via intracellular CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. J Virol Methods 2023; 312:114652. [PMID: 36493528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Orf is an acute and highly contracted human and animal infection caused by orf virus (ORFV), which mainly affects sheep, goats, and other species. Clinically, opportunistic or conditional pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are often detected in cases of orf, which greatly increases the risk of disease progression and clinical death. It has been reported that TRAP gene products of S. aureus can broadly influence bacterial life and pathogenicity in vivo, and introduction of exogenous TRAP genes may help to inhibit the proliferation of bacteria. In order to achieve the combined control of ORFV and S. aureus, a novel approach to design a S. aureus TRAP gene vaccine using a live attenuated ORFV vector is proposed. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was used to disable vascular endothelial growth factor E of ORFV (VEGF-v) and introduced TRAP gene into this position. TRAP gene expression was detected in keratinocytes infected with recombinant virus. The construction and experimental verification of recombinant ORFV (ORFV-v/TRAP) will provide a reference for in-depth studies on the prevention and control of mixed infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongZhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Xuyang Duan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - ChaoQun Yang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - YuDong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Li Yu
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
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Yu Y, Lian Z, Cui Y. The OH system: A panorama view of the PPV-host interaction. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105220. [PMID: 35066165 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses are a family of specialized cytoplasm-parasitic DNA viruses that replicate and assembly in virus factory. In Parapoxvirus (PPV) genus, with the orf virus (ORFV) as a representative species of this genus, their behaviors are significantly different from that of Orthopoxvirus, and the plots of viral practical solutions for evading host immunity are intricate and fascinating, particularly to anti-host and host's antiviral mechanisms. In order to protect the virus factory from immune elimination caused by infection, PPVs attempt to interfere with multiple stress levels of host, mainly by modulating innate immunity response (IIR) and adaptive immunity response (AIR). Given that temporarily constructed by virus infection, ORFV-HOST (OH) system accompanied by viral strategies is carefully managed in the virus factory, thus directing many life-critical events once undergoing the IIR and AIR. Evolutionarily, to reduce the risk of system destruction, ORFV have evolved into a mild-looking mode to avoid overstimulation. Moreover, the current version of development also focus on recognizing and hijacking more than eight antiviral security mechanisms of host cells, such as the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L and PKR systems, the ubiquitin protease system (UPS), and so on. In summary, this review assessed inescapable pathways as mentioned above, through which viruses compete with their hosts strategically. The OH system provides a panoramic view and a powerful platform for us to study the PPV-Host interaction, as well as the corresponding implications on a great application potential in anti-virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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Wise LM, Stuart GS, Jones NC, Fleming SB, Mercer AA. Orf Virus IL-10 and VEGF-E Act Synergistically to Enhance Healing of Cutaneous Wounds in Mice. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041085. [PMID: 32290480 PMCID: PMC7231296 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (OV) is a zoonotic parapoxvirus that causes highly proliferative skin lesions which resolve with minimal inflammation and scarring. OV encodes two immunomodulators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-E and interleukin-10 (ovIL-10), which individually modulate skin repair and inflammation. This study examined the effects of the VEGF-E and ovIL-10 combination on healing processes in a murine wound model. Treatments with viral proteins, individually and in combination, were compared to a mammalian VEGF-A and IL-10 combination. Wound biopsies were harvested to measure re-epithelialisation and scarring (histology), inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis (immunofluorescence), and gene expression (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). VEGF-E and ovIL-10 showed additive effects on wound closure and re-epithelialisation, and suppressed M1 macrophage and myofibroblast infiltration, while allowing M2 macrophage recruitment. The viral combination also increased endothelial cell density and pericyte coverage, and improved collagen deposition while reducing the scar area. The mammalian combination showed equivalent effects on wound closure, re-epithelialisation and fibrosis, but did not promote blood vessel stabilisation or collagen remodeling. The combination treatments also differentially altered the expression of transforming growth factor beta isoforms, Tgfβ1 and Tgfβ3. These findings show that the OV proteins synergistically enhance skin repair, and act in a complimentary fashion to improve scar quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M. Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (G.S.S.); (N.C.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-479-7723
| | - Gabriella S. Stuart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (G.S.S.); (N.C.J.)
| | - Nicola C. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (G.S.S.); (N.C.J.)
| | - Stephen B. Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.B.F.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Andrew A. Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.B.F.); (A.A.M.)
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Yaron JR, Zhang L, Guo Q, Burgin M, Schutz LN, Awo E, Wise L, Krause KL, Ildefonso CJ, Kwiecien JM, Juby M, Rahman MM, Chen H, Moyer RW, Alcami A, McFadden G, Lucas AR. Deriving Immune Modulating Drugs from Viruses-A New Class of Biologics. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E972. [PMID: 32244484 PMCID: PMC7230489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are widely used as a platform for the production of therapeutics. Vaccines containing live, dead and components of viruses, gene therapy vectors and oncolytic viruses are key examples of clinically-approved therapeutic uses for viruses. Despite this, the use of virus-derived proteins as natural sources for immune modulators remains in the early stages of development. Viruses have evolved complex, highly effective approaches for immune evasion. Originally developed for protection against host immune responses, viral immune-modulating proteins are extraordinarily potent, often functioning at picomolar concentrations. These complex viral intracellular parasites have "performed the R&D", developing highly effective immune evasive strategies over millions of years. These proteins provide a new and natural source for immune-modulating therapeutics, similar in many ways to penicillin being developed from mold or streptokinase from bacteria. Virus-derived serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), chemokine modulating proteins, complement control, inflammasome inhibition, growth factors (e.g., viral vascular endothelial growth factor) and cytokine mimics (e.g., viral interleukin 10) and/or inhibitors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor) have now been identified that target central immunological response pathways. We review here current development of virus-derived immune-modulating biologics with efficacy demonstrated in pre-clinical or clinical studies, focusing on pox and herpesviruses-derived immune-modulating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lauren N. Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Enkidia Awo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lyn Wise
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | - Kurt L. Krause
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | | | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Michael Juby
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Richard W. Moyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Antonio Alcami
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
- St Joseph Hospital, Dignity Health, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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Karki M, Kumar A, Arya S, Venkatesan G. Circulation of orf viruses containing the NZ7-like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-E) gene type in India. Virus Res 2020; 281:197908. [PMID: 32126295 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Orf, a poxviral skin infection of small ruminants is caused by orf virus (ORFV) of the genus Parapoxvirus of the Poxviridae family. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important virulence factor that is responsible for proliferative lesions in parapoxviral infections. VEGF gene shows high intra- and inter-species variability. Two variants of VEGF have been described globally in ORFV, viz. NZ2- and NZ7-like. In the present study, ORFV isolates of different geographic regions of India were analysed on the basis of the VEGF gene. Indian ORFV isolates showed 95.7-100 % nucleotide (nt) and 78.4-99.3 % amino acid (aa) identity with each other, except ORFV-Assam/LK/14 and ORFV-Meghalaya/03 which shared 85.1-88.35 % and 79.1-81.8 % identity, at nt and aa levels, respectively with other Indian ORFV isolates. All Indian ORFVs under the study demonstrated 83.5-99.1 % nt and 80.5-97.9 % aa identity with NZ7-like VEGF as compared to 41.2-44.8 % nt and 30.7-38.4 % aa identity with NZ2-like VEGF on comparison with global ORFV strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VEGF gene showed two clusters of ORFV in which the Indian ORFVs clustered with NZ7-like VEGF from global ORFV strains, mostly from China. Despite the considerable variation, VEGF protein from Indian ORFV strains showed conserved VEGF homology domain with eight cysteine residues. Homology modeling of Indian ORFV strains predicted the presence of extended Loop 3 similar to NZ7-like VEGF. Therefore, the present study showed the circulation of ORFV strains with comparatively less variable NZ7-like VEGF in India which implicates its importance in the epidemiology of ORFV infections in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monu Karki
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sargam Arya
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.
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Wang R, Wang Y, Liu F, Luo S. Orf virus: A promising new therapeutic agent. Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2013. [PMID: 30370570 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The orf virus (ORFV) is a zoonotic, epitheliotropic, DNA parapoxvirus that infects principally sheep and goats. Exposure of animals to the virus or immunization by an ORFV preparation can accentuate the severity of disease, which has provoked an interest in the underlying cellular, virological, and molecular mechanisms. The identified ORFV virulence genes and the fact that the virus can repeatedly infect a host, owing to its evasive mechanisms, contribute to the development of potent immune modulators in various animal species. ORFV has been developed as a vaccine in veterinary medicine. The unique host immune-evasion ability of ORFV has made it an important candidate for vaccine vectors and biological agents (as an oncolytic virus). Genetic modifications using ORFV to obtain safe and efficient preparations and mechanistic studies are improvements to the currently available methods for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are essential components of cell communication pathways utilized from the embryonic to adult stages of life. These transmembrane receptors bind polypeptide ligands, such as growth factors, inducing signalling cascades that control cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, differentiation, motility and inflammation. Many viruses have acquired homologs of growth factors encoded by the hosts that they infect. Production of growth factors during infection allows viruses to exploit RTKs for entry and replication in cells, as well as for host and environmental dissemination. This review describes the genetic diversity amongst virus-derived growth factors and the mechanisms by which RTK exploitation enhances virus survival, then highlights how viral ligands can be used to further understanding of RTK signalling and function during embryogenesis, homeostasis and disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabeen Lateef
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Lyn M Wise
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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VEGF Upregulation in Viral Infections and Its Possible Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061642. [PMID: 29865171 PMCID: PMC6032371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses are recognized as the direct or indirect causative agents of human tumors and other severe human diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is identified as a principal proangiogenic factor that enhances the production of new blood vessels from existing vascular network. Therefore, oncogenic viruses such as Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and non-oncogenic viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) and dengue virus, which lack their own angiogenic factors, rely on the recruitment of cellular genes for angiogenesis in tumor progression or disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes how human viruses exploit the cellular signaling machinery to upregulate the expression of VEGF and benefit from its physiological functions for their own pathogenesis. Understanding the interplay between viruses and VEGF upregulation will pave the way to design targeted and effective therapeutic approaches for viral oncogenesis and severe diseases.
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Wise LM, Bodaan CJ, Stuart GS, Real NC, Lateef Z, Mercer AA, Riley CB, Theoret CL. Treatment of limb wounds of horses with orf virus IL-10 and VEGF-E accelerates resolution of exuberant granulation tissue, but does not prevent its development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197223. [PMID: 29763436 PMCID: PMC5953458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bandaging of limb wounds in horses leads to formation of exuberant granulation tissue (EGT) that retards healing due to protracted inflammation, aberrant vascularisation and delayed epithelialisation. EGT is not observed if wounds are left undressed or when wounds are on the body. A previous study showed that short-term administration of proteins derived from orf virus dampened inflammation and promoted epithelialisation of open wounds in horses. Here, we investigated the impact of orf virus interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor-E on the development and resolution of EGT. Excisional wounds were created on the forelimb of four horses, and bandages were maintained until full healing to induce EGT formation. Matching body wounds were created to ensure EGT was limited to the limb, and to differentiate the effects of the viral proteins on normal healing and on EGT formation. Viral proteins or the hydrogel vehicle control were administered topically to site-matched wounds at day 1, with repeat administration at day 8. Wound healing and EGT formation were monitored macroscopically. Wound margin samples were harvested at 2, 7 and 14 days, and at full healing, with histology used to observe epithelialisation, immunofluorescence used to detect inflammatory cells, angiogenesis and cell death, and qPCR to measure expression of genes regulating inflammation and angiogenesis. Limb wounds developed EGT, and exhibited slower healing than body wounds. Viral protein treatment did not accelerate healing at either location nor limit EGT formation in limb wounds. Treatment of limb wounds did however increase epithelialisation and angiogenesis, without dampening inflammatory cell infiltration or gene expression. The healed wounds also had less occlusion and death of blood vessels and fewer epidermal rete ridges following viral protein treatment. These findings indicate that the viral protein treatment does not suppress wound inflammation or EGT formation, but does promote vascular and epidermal repair and EGT resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M. Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Christa J. Bodaan
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gabriella S. Stuart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola C. Real
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zabeen Lateef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A. Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Christine L. Theoret
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Comparative Tissue Healing Laboratory, Département de Biomedecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Abdullah AA, Mohamed R, Haron AW, Jesse FFA, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:55-63. [PMID: 29709684 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Orf disease is known to be enzootic among small ruminants in Asia, Africa, and some other parts of the world. The disease caused by orf virus is highly contagious among small ruminant species. Unfortunately, it has been neglected for decades because of the general belief that it only causes a self-limiting disease. On the other hand, in the past it has been reported to cause huge cumulative financial losses in livestock farming. Orf disease is characterized by localized proliferative and persistent skin nodule lesions that can be classified into three forms: generalized, labial and mammary or genitals. It can manifest as benign or malignant types. The later type of orf can remain persistent, often fatal and usually causes a serious outbreak among small ruminant population. Morbidity and mortality rates of orf are higher especially in newly infected kids and lambs. Application of antibiotics together with antipyretic and/or analgesic is highly recommended as a supportive disease management strategy for prevention of subsequent secondary microbial invasion. The presence of various exotic orf virus strains of different origin has been reported in many countries mostly due to poorly controlled cross-border virus transmission. There have been several efforts to develop orf virus vaccines and it was with variable success. The use of conventional vaccines to control orf is a debatable topic due to the concern of short term immunity development. Following re-infection in previously vaccinated animals, it is uncommon to observe the farms involved to experience rapid virus spread and disease outbreak. Meanwhile, cases of zoonosis from infected animals to animal handler are not uncommon. Despite failures to contain the spread of orf virus by the use of conventional vaccines, vaccination of animals with live orf virus is still considered as one of the best choice. The review herein described pertinent issues with regard to the development and use of potential effective vaccines as a control measure against orf virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Ramlan Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan, (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Tedla M, Berhan N, Molla W, Temesgen W, Alemu S. Molecular identification and investigations of contagious ecthyma (Orf virus) in small ruminants, North west Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:13. [PMID: 29334948 PMCID: PMC5769459 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf virus, the prototype of parapoxvirus, is the main causative agent of contagious ecthyma. Little is known about the status of the disease in Ethiopia and this study was aimed at determining its status using PCR as a confirmatory tool. Methods a total of 400 randomly selected sheep and goat was screened for the identification of the virus using amplification of B2L gene and transfection of mammalian cells (VERO cells). Results Out of 400 animals screened for infection of the virus, 48 animals were found positive to PCR and revealed an overall incidence of 12%. Different epidemiological parameters were considered to look at the association with incidence of the disease and of which, only species of the animal(sheep), non-vaccinated and non-treated animals, nursing animals, poor body condition animals, extensively managed animals, animals having mouth lesion, and study areas having outbreak history showed higher prevalence. A univariate logistic regression analysis showed statistically significant difference in all variables (P < 0.05). Whereas, age and sex of animals showed no significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusion The result of the present finding showed high incidence of Orf virus in the region as confirmed through PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtu Tedla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Nega Berhan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudu Temesgen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sefinew Alemu
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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12
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Fleming SB, McCaughan C, Lateef Z, Dunn A, Wise LM, Real NC, Mercer AA. Deletion of the Chemokine Binding Protein Gene from the Parapoxvirus Orf Virus Reduces Virulence and Pathogenesis in Sheep. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:46. [PMID: 28174562 PMCID: PMC5258736 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae and infects sheep and goats, often around the mouth, resulting in acute pustular skin lesions. ORFV encodes several secreted immunomodulators including a broad-spectrum chemokine binding protein (CBP). Chemokines are a large family of secreted chemotactic proteins that activate and regulate inflammation induced leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection. In this study we investigated the role of CBP in vivo in the context of ORFV infection of sheep. The CBP gene was deleted from ORFV strain NZ7 and infections of sheep used to investigate the effect of CBP on pathogenesis. Animals were either infected with the wild type (wt) virus, CBP-knockout virus or revertant strains. Sheep were infected by scarification on the wool-less area of the hind legs at various doses of virus. The deletion of the CBP gene severely attenuated the virus, as only few papules formed when animals were infected with the CBP-knock-out virus at the highest dose (107 p.f.u). In contrast, large pustular lesions formed on almost all animals infected with the wt and revertant strains at 107 p.f.u. The lesions for the CBP-knock-out virus resolved approximately 5–6 days p.i, at a dose of 107 pfu whereas in animals infected with the wt and revertants at this dose, lesions began to resolve at approximately 10 days p.i. Few pustules developed at the lowest dose of 103 p.f.u. for all viruses. Immunohistochemistry of biopsy skin-tissue from pustules showed that the CBP-knockout virus replicated in all animals at the highest dose and was localized to the skin epithelium while haematoxylin and eosin staining showed histological features of the CBP-knockout virus typical of the parent virus with acanthosis, elongated rete ridges and orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. MHC-II immunohistochemistry analysis for monocytes and dendritic cells showed greater staining within the papillary dermis of the CBP-knock-out virus compared with the revertant viruses, however this was not the case with the wt where staining was similar. Our results show that the CBP gene encodes a secreted immunodulator that has a critical role in virulence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catherine McCaughan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zabeen Lateef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amy Dunn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn M Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola C Real
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Fleming SB, Wise LM, Mercer AA. Molecular genetic analysis of orf virus: a poxvirus that has adapted to skin. Viruses 2015; 7:1505-39. [PMID: 25807056 PMCID: PMC4379583 DOI: 10.3390/v7031505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. It induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and goats and is transmissible to humans. The genome is G+C rich, 138 kbp and encodes 132 genes. It shares many essential genes with vaccinia virus that are required for survival but encodes a number of unique factors that allow it to replicate in the highly specific immune environment of skin. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that both viral interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor genes have been "captured" from their host during the evolution of the parapoxviruses. Genes such as a chemokine binding protein and a protein that binds granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 appear to have evolved from a common poxvirus ancestral gene while three parapoxvirus nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway inhibitors have no homology to other known NF-κB inhibitors. A homologue of an anaphase-promoting complex subunit that is believed to manipulate the cell cycle and enhance viral DNA synthesis appears to be a specific adaptation for viral-replication in keratinocytes. The review focuses on the unique genes of orf virus, discusses their evolutionary origins and their role in allowing viral-replication in the skin epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Lyn M Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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14
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Martins M, Cargnelutti JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Pathogenesis in lambs and sequence analysis of putative virulence genes of Brazilian orf virus isolates. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:69-77. [PMID: 25293399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The parapoxvirus orf virus (ORFV) is the agent of contagious ecthyma, an ubiquitous mucocutaneous disease of sheep and goats that may present variable clinical presentations. We herein studied the pathogenesis of ORFV infection in lambs and analyzed three putative virulence genes of four Brazilian ORFV isolates. Lambs inoculated in the labial commissures with each ORFV isolate (n=4, viral titer 10(5.6) TCID50/ml) developed classical orf lesions, characterized by a progressive course of erythema/macules, vesicles, pustules and proliferative scabs. Lesions lasted an average of 22.9 days (18-26) and virus shedding was detected for approximately 24.6 days (18-30). Two isolates (SV269/11 and SV820/10) produced more severe, long-lasting lesions resulting in highest clinical scores. Lambs inoculated with isolate SV581/11 developed lesions markedly milder (lower clinical scores [p<0.05]) and more limited than the other groups. Virus shedding by SV581/11 group, however, lasted similarly or even longer than the other groups. Sequence analysis of three virulence genes (VEGF, VIR and IL-10v) revealed amino acid deletions and mutations in VEGF and IL-10v genes of SV581/11 and SV252/11, the isolate(s) producing milder lesions. Additionally, the VEGF gene of isolate SV581/11 presented the lowest amino acid identity with the other isolates and with ORFV standard strain OV-IA82. Thus, these results demonstrate that ORFV isolates may display differential virulence in lambs and these differences might be associated with genetic changes in putative virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Martins
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
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15
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Yang H, Meng Q, Qiao J, Peng Y, Xie K, Liu Y, Zhao H, Cai X, Chen C. Detection of genetic variations in Orf virus isolates epidemic in Xinjiang China. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1273-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Yelong Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Kun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Hailong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang China
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16
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Rintoul JL, Lemay CG, Tai LH, Stanford MM, Falls TJ, de Souza CT, Bridle BW, Daneshmand M, Ohashi PS, Wan Y, Lichty BD, Mercer AA, Auer RC, Atkins HL, Bell JC. ORFV: a novel oncolytic and immune stimulating parapoxvirus therapeutic. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1148-57. [PMID: 22273579 PMCID: PMC3369287 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicating viruses for the treatment of cancer have a number of advantages over traditional therapeutic modalities. They are highly targeted, self-amplifying, and have the added potential to act as both gene-therapy delivery vehicles and oncolytic agents. Parapoxvirus ovis or Orf virus (ORFV) is the prototypic species of the Parapoxvirus genus, causing a benign disease in its natural ungulate host. ORFV possesses a number of unique properties that make it an ideal viral backbone for the development of a cancer therapeutic: it is safe in humans, has the ability to cause repeat infections even in the presence of antibody, and it induces a potent T(h)-1-dominated immune response. Here, we show that live replicating ORFV induces an antitumor immune response in multiple syngeneic mouse models of cancer that is mediated largely by the potent activation of both cytokine-secreting, and tumoricidal natural killer (NK) cells. We have also highlighted the clinical potential of the virus by demonstration of human cancer cell oncolysis including efficacy in an A549 xenograft model of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Rintoul
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal G Lemay
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa J Falls
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christiano T de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manijeh Daneshmand
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harold L Atkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Wise LM, Inder MK, Real NC, Stuart GS, Fleming SB, Mercer AA. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-E encoded by orf virus regulates keratinocyte proliferation and migration and promotes epidermal regeneration. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1376-90. [PMID: 22507661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, a key regulator of cutaneous blood vessel formation, appears to have an additional role during wound healing, enhancing re-epithelialization. Orf virus, a zoonotic parapoxvirus, induces proliferative skin lesions that initiate in wounds and are characterized by extensive blood vessel formation, epidermal hyperplasia and rete ridge formation. The vascular changes beneath the lesion are largely due to viral-expressed VEGF-E. This study investigated using mouse skin models whether VEGF-E can induce epidermal changes such as that seen in the viral lesion. Injection of VEGF-E into normal skin increased the number of endothelial cells and blood vessels within the dermis and increased epidermal thickening and keratinocyte number. Injection of VEGF-E into wounded skin, which more closely mimics orf virus lesions, increased neo-epidermal thickness and area, promoted rete ridge formation, and enhanced wound re-epithelialization. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that VEGF-E did not induce expression of epidermal-specific growth factors within the wound, but did increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression. In cell-based assays, VEGF-E induced keratinocyte migration and proliferation, responses that were inhibited by a neutralizing antibody against VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2. These findings demonstrate that VEGF-E, both directly and indirectly, regulates keratinocyte function, thereby promoting epidermal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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18
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Hautaniemi M, Ueda N, Tuimala J, Mercer AA, Lahdenperä J, McInnes CJ. The genome of pseudocowpoxvirus: comparison of a reindeer isolate and a reference strain. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1560-76. [PMID: 20107016 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parapoxviruses (PPV), of the family Poxviridae, cause a pustular cutaneous disease in sheep and goats (orf virus, ORFV) and cattle (pseudocowpoxvirus, PCPV and bovine papular stomatitis virus, BPSV). Here, we present the first genomic sequence of a reference strain of PCPV (VR634) along with the genomic sequence of a PPV (F00.120R) isolated in Finland from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). The F00.120R and VR634 genomes are 135 and 145 kb in length and contain 131 and 134 putative genes, respectively, with their genome organization being similar to that of other PPVs. The predicted proteins of F00.120R and VR634 have an average amino acid sequence identity of over 95%, whereas they share only 88 and 73% amino acid identity with the ORFV and BPSV proteomes, respectively. The most notable differences were found near the genome termini. F00.120R lacks six and VR634 lacks three genes seen near the right terminus of other PPVs. Four genes at the left end of F00.120R and one in the middle of both genomes appear to be fragmented paralogues of other genes within the genome. VR634 has larger than expected inverted terminal repeats possibly as a result of genomic rearrangements. The high G+C content (64%) of these two viruses along with amino acid sequence comparisons and whole genome phylogenetic analyses confirm the classification of PCPV as a separate species within the genus Parapoxvirus and verify that the virus responsible for an outbreak of contagious stomatitis in reindeer over the winter of 1999-2000 can be classified as PCPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hautaniemi
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Research Department/Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Inoshima Y, Ishiguro N. Molecular and biological characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor of parapoxviruses isolated from wild Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus). Vet Microbiol 2010; 140:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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INOSHIMA Y, ITO M, ISHIGURO N. Spatial and Temporal Genetic Homogeneity of Orf Viruses Infecting Japanese Serows (Capricornis crispus). J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:701-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo INOSHIMA
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University
| | - Mika ITO
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Naotaka ISHIGURO
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University
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