1
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Mechanisms and Consequences of Genetic Variation in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 439:237-264. [PMID: 36592248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important contributor to the global incidence of liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although common for single-stranded RNA viruses, HCV displays a remarkable high level of genetic diversity, produced primarily by the error-prone viral polymerase and host immune pressure. The high genetic heterogeneity of HCV has led to the evolution of several distinct genotypes and subtypes, with important consequences for pathogenesis, and clinical outcomes. Genetic variability constitutes an evasion mechanism against immune suppression, allowing the virus to evolve epitope escape mutants that avoid immune recognition. Thus, heterogeneity and variability of the HCV genome represent a great hindrance for the development of vaccines against HCV. In addition, the high genetic plasticity of HCV allows the virus to rapidly develop antiviral resistance mutations, leading to treatment failure and potentially representing a major hindrance for the cure of chronic HCV patients. In this chapter, we will present the central role that genetic diversity has in the viral life cycle and epidemiology of HCV. Incorporation errors and recombination, both the result of HCV polymerase activity, represent the main mechanisms of HCV evolution. The molecular details of both mechanisms have been only partially clarified and will be presented in the following sections. Finally, we will discuss the major consequences of HCV genetic diversity, namely its capacity to rapidly evolve antiviral and immunological escape variants that represent an important limitation for clearance of acute HCV, for treatment of chronic hepatitis C and for broadly protective vaccines.
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2
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Enhanced host immune responses in presence of HCV facilitate HBV clearance in coinfection. Virol Sin 2022; 37:408-417. [PMID: 35523417 PMCID: PMC9243674 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)/Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is frequently observed because of the common infection routine. Despite the reciprocal inhibition exerted by HBV and HCV genomes, the coinfection of HBV and HCV is associated with more severe forms of liver diseases. However, the complexity of viral interference and underlying pathological mechanism is still unclarified. With the demonstration of absence of direct viral interplay, some in vitro studies suggest the indirect effects of viral-host interaction on viral dominance outcome. Here, we comprehensively investigated the viral replication and host immune responses which might mediate the interference between viruses in HBV/HCV coinfected Huh7-NTCP cells and immunocompetent HCV human receptors transgenic ICR mice. We found that presence of HCV significantly inhibited HBV replication in vitro and in vivo irrespective of the coinfection order, while HBV did not affect HCV replication. Pathological alteration was coincidently reproduced in coinfected mice. In addition to the participation of innate immune response, an involvement of HCV in up-regulating HBV-specific immune responses was described to facilitate HBV clearance. Our systems partially recapitulate HBV/HCV coinfection and unveil the uncharacterized adaptive anti-viral immune responses during coinfection, which renews the knowledge on the nature of indirect viral interaction during HBV/HCV coinfection. HCV inhibited HBV replication in Huh7-NTCP cells. HCV suppressed HBV in immunocompetent mice. Induced innate immune response by HCV limited HBV replication. Presence of HCV enhanced HBV specific immune response. Moderate and acute live injure was caused by HBV/HCV coinfection.
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3
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Zheng F, Li N, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Li YP. Adaptive mutations promote hepatitis C virus assembly by accelerating core translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100018. [PMID: 33144326 PMCID: PMC7949066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelopment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is believed to occur primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated membrane, and the translocation of viral Core protein from lipid droplets (LDs) to the ER is essential for the envelopment of viral particles. However, the factors involved are not completely understood. Herein, we identified eight adaptive mutations that enhanced virus spread and infectivity of genotype 1a clone TNcc in hepatoma Huh7 cells through long-term culture adaptation and reverse genetic study. Of eight mutations, I853V in NS2 and C2865F in NS5B were found to be minimal mutation sets that enabled an increase in virus production without apparently affecting RNA replication, thus suggesting its roles in the post-replication stage of the HCV life cycle. Using a protease K protection and confocal microscopy analysis, we demonstrated that C2865F and the combination of I853V/C2865F enhanced virus envelopment by facilitating Core translocation from the LDs to the ER. Buoyant density analysis revealed that I853V/C2865F contributed to the release of virion with a density of ∼1.10 g/ml. Moreover, we demonstrated that NS5B directly interacted with NS2 at the protease domain and that mutations I853V, C2865F, and I853V/C2865F enhanced the interaction. In addition, C2865F also enhanced the interaction between NS5B and Core. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that adaptive mutations in NS2 and NS5B promoted HCV envelopment by accelerating Core translocation from the LDs to the ER and reinforced the interaction between NS2 and NS5B. The findings facilitate our understanding of the assembly of HCV morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang Zheng
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pediatric, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanping Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
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4
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Xu L, Yu D, Yao YL, Gu T, Zheng X, Wu Y, Luo RH, Zheng YT, Zhong J, Yao YG. Tupaia MAVS Is a Dual Target during Hepatitis C Virus Infection for Innate Immune Evasion and Viral Replication via NF-κB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2091-2099. [PMID: 32907995 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the cause of severe liver disease in many people. The restricted species tropism of HCV hinders the research and development of drugs and vaccines. The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) is a close relative of primates and can be infected by HCV, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we have characterized the functions of tree shrew MAVS (tMAVS) in response to HCV infection and defined the capacity of HCV replication. HCV was shown to be colocalized with tMAVS in primary tree shrew hepatocytes and cleaved tMAVS at site Cys508 via its NS3/4A protease, with a modulating effect by site Glu506 of tMAVS. The tMAVS cleavage by HCV NS3/4A impaired the IRF3-mediated induction of IFN-β but maintained the activated NF-κB signaling in the tree shrew primary cells. Activation of the tMAVS-dependent NF-κB signaling inversely inhibited HCV replication and might limit the establishment of persistent infection. Overall, our study has revealed an elegant example of the balance between the host defenses and HCV infection via the MAVS-mediated antiviral signaling and has provided an insight into the mechanisms underpinning HCV infection in the Chinese tree shrew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yu-Lin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Tianle Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology - Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; .,Kunming Institute of Zoology - Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.,National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China; and.,National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
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5
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Inhibitory Activity of a Scorpion Defensin BmKDfsin3 against Hepatitis C Virus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010033. [PMID: 31963532 PMCID: PMC7168052 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide health problem which can cause chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is still no vaccine to prevent HCV infection. Currently, the clinical treatment of HCV infection mainly relies on the use of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) which are expensive and have side effects. Here, BmKDfsin3, a scorpion defensin from the venom of Mesobuthus martensii Karsch, is found to dose-dependently inhibit HCV infection at noncytotoxic concentrations and affect viral attachment and post-entry in HCV life cycle. Further experimental results show that BmKDfsin3 not only suppresses p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation of HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cells, but also inhibits p38 activation of Huh7.5.1 cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). BmKDfsin3 is also revealed to enter into cells. Using an upstream MyD88 dimerization inhibitor ST2345 or kinase IRAK-1/4 inhibitor I, the inhibition of p38 activation represses HCV replication in vitro. Taken together, a scorpion defensin BmKDfsin3 inhibits HCV replication, related to regulated p38 MAPK activation.
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6
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Yang Q, Guo M, Zhou Y, Hu X, Wang Y, Wu C, Yang M, Pei R, Chen X, Chen J. Phosphatidylserine-Specific Phospholipase A1 is the Critical Bridge for Hepatitis C Virus Assembly. Virol Sin 2019; 34:521-537. [PMID: 31161554 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PLA1A) is an essential host factor in hepatitis C virus (HCV) assembly. In this study, we mapped the E2, NS2 and NS5A involved in PLA1A interaction to their lumenal domains and membranous parts, through which they form oligomeric protein complexes to participate in HCV assembly. Multiple regions of PLA1A were involved in their interaction and complex formation. Furthermore, the results represented structures with PLA1A and E2 in closer proximity than NS2 and NS5A, and strongly suggest PLA1A-E2's physical interaction in cells. Meanwhile, we mapped the NS5A sequence which participated in PLA1A interaction with the C-terminus of domain 1. Interestingly, these amino acids in the sequence are also essential for viral RNA replication. Further experiments revealed that these four proteins interact with each other. Moreover, PLA1A expression levels were elevated in livers from HCV-infected patients. In conclusion, we exposed the structural determinants of PLA1A, E2, NS2 and NS5A proteins which were important for HCV assembly and provided a detailed characterization of PLA1A in HCV assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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7
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NKG2A is a NK cell exhaustion checkpoint for HCV persistence. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1507. [PMID: 30944315 PMCID: PMC6447531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaustion of cytotoxic effector natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells have important functions in the establishment of persistent viral infections, but how exhaustion is induced during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains poorly defined. Here we show, using the humanized C/OTg mice permissive for persistent HCV infection, that NK and CD8+ T cells become sequentially exhausted shortly after their transient hepatic infiltration and activation in acute HCV infection. HCV infection upregulates Qa-1 expression in hepatocytes, which ligates NKG2A to induce NK cell exhaustion. Antibodies targeting NKG2A or Qa-1 prevents NK exhaustion and promotes NK-dependent HCV clearance. Moreover, reactivated NK cells provide sufficient IFN-γ that helps rejuvenate polyclonal HCV CD8+ T cell response and clearance of HCV. Our data thus show that NKG2A serves as a critical checkpoint for HCV-induced NK exhaustion, and that NKG2A blockade sequentially boosts interdependent NK and CD8+ T cell functions to prevent persistent HCV infection. Immune cells may become less responsive, or ‘exhausted’, upon chronic viral infection, but the underlying mechanism and crosstalk are still unclear. Here the authors show that, upon chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, natural killer cell exhaustion is induced by NKG2A signalling to instruct downstream exhaustion of CD8+ T cells and HCV persistence.
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8
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Roder AE, Vazquez C, Horner SM. The acidic domain of the hepatitis C virus NS4A protein is required for viral assembly and envelopment through interactions with the viral E1 glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007163. [PMID: 30730994 PMCID: PMC6382253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) assembly and envelopment are coordinated by a complex protein interaction network that includes most of the viral structural and nonstructural proteins. While the nonstructural protein 4A (NS4A) is known to be important for viral particle production, the specific function of NS4A in this process is not well understood. We performed mutagenesis of the C-terminal acidic domain of NS4A and found that mutation of several of these amino acids prevented the formation of the viral envelope, and therefore the production of infectious virions, without affecting viral RNA replication. In an overexpression system, we found that NS4A interacted with several viral proteins known to coordinate envelopment, including the viral E1 glycoprotein. One of the NS4A C-terminal mutations, Y45F, disrupted the interaction of NS4A with E1. Specifically, NS4A interacted with the first hydrophobic region of E1, a region previously described as regulating viral particle production. Indeed, we found that an E1 mutation in this region, D72A, also disrupted the interaction of NS4A with E1. Supernatants from HCV NS4A Y45F transfected cells had significantly reduced levels of HCV RNA, however they contained equivalent levels of Core protein. Interestingly, the Core protein secreted from these cells formed high order oligomers with a density matching the infectious virus secreted from wild-type cells. These results suggest that this Y45F mutation in NS4A causes secretion of low-density Core particles lacking genomic HCV RNA. These results corroborate previous findings showing that the E1 D72A mutation also causes secretion of Core complexes lacking genomic HCV RNA, and therefore suggest that the interaction between NS4A and E1 is involved in the incorporation of viral RNA into infectious HCV particles. Our findings define a new role for NS4A in the HCV lifecycle and help elucidate the protein interactions necessary for production of infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Roder
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Christine Vazquez
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Stacy M Horner
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
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9
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Ramirez S, Bukh J. Current status and future development of infectious cell-culture models for the major genotypes of hepatitis C virus: Essential tools in testing of antivirals and emerging vaccine strategies. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:264-287. [PMID: 30059723 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the relevant scientific advances that led to the development of infectious cell culture systems for hepatitis C virus (HCV) with the corresponding challenges and successes. We also provide an overview of how these systems have contributed to the study of antiviral compounds and their relevance for the development of a much-needed vaccine against this major human pathogen. An efficient infectious system to study HCV in vitro, using human hepatoma derived cells, has only been available since 2005, and was limited to a single isolate, named JFH1, until 2012. Successive developments have been slow and cumbersome, as each available system has been the result of a systematic effort for discovering adaptive mutations conferring culture replication and propagation to patient consensus clones that are inherently non-viable in vitro. High genetic heterogeneity is a paramount characteristic of this virus, and as such, it should preferably be reflected in basic, translational, and clinical studies. The limited number of efficient viral culture systems, in the context of the vast genetic diversity of HCV, continues to represent a major hindrance for the study of this virus, posing a significant barrier towards studies of antivirals (particularly of resistance) and for advancing vaccine development. Intensive research efforts, driven by isolate-specific culture adaptation, have only led to efficient full-length infectious culture systems for a few strains of HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 6. Hence research aimed at identifying novel strategies that will permit universal culture of HCV will be needed to further our understanding of this unique virus causing 400 thousand deaths annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santseharay Ramirez
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Wang Q, Hagedorn C, Liu S. Adapted HCV JFH1 variant is capable of accommodating a large foreign gene insert and allows lower level HCV replication and viral production. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1211-1220. [PMID: 30123070 PMCID: PMC6097470 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious HCV carrying reporter genes have further applications in understanding the HCV life cycle including replication, viral assembly and release. In this study, a full-length 3039bp LacZ gene was inserted into the derivative of JFH1-AM120 to develop an additional reporter virus. The results showed that the recombinant reporter virus JFH1-AM120-LacZ can replicate and produce lower titers of infectious virus. However, insertion of the LacZ gene in the C-terminal region of the NS5A in HCV JFH1-AM120-LacZ decreased viral replication and dramatically impaired the production of infectious viral particles. Moreover, the JFH1-AM120-LacZ reporter virus lost the LacZ gene after serial passage. Nevertheless, the JFH1-AM120-LacZ reporter virus displayed the entire life cycle of HCV, from replication to production of infectious virus, in Huh7.5 cells. This study demonstrates that the NS5A region of HCV JFH1-AM120 has the capacity to accommodate large foreign genes up to 3,039 bp and suggests that other relatively large gene inserts can be accommodated at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China 100015
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112, United States of America
| | - Curt Hagedorn
- The Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4300 West 7 th St. 111/LR, Little Rock, AR USA 72205
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4300 West 7 th St. 111/LR, Little Rock, AR USA 72205
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112, United States of America
| | - Shuanghu Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112, United States of America
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11
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Shen J, Wang G, Zuo J. Caffeic acid inhibits HCV replication via induction of IFNα antiviral response through p62-mediated Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:166-173. [PMID: 29656059 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and its related liver disease have constituted a heavy burden worldwide. It had been reported that Drinking coffee could decrease mortality risk of HCV infected patients. Caffeic Acid (CA), the Coffee-related organic acid could inhibit HCV replication, however, the detailed mechanism of CA against HCV is unclear. In this study, we showed that CA could notably inhibit HCV replication. Mechanism study demonstrated that CA could induce HO-1 expression, which would trigger the IFNα antiviral response, and the antiviral effect of CA was attenuated when HO-1 activity was inhibited by SnPP (an HO-1 inhibitor). CA could also increase erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. When Nrf2 was knocked down by specific siRNA, HO-1 expression was concomitantly decreased while HCV expression was restored. Further study indicated that kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1) expression was decreased by CA through p62/Sequestosome1 (p62)-mediated autophagy, which would lead to the stabilization and accumulation of Nrf2. The decrease of keap1 was restored when p62 was silenced by specific p62 siRNA and when autophagy was inhibited, suggesting p62-mediated autophagy was required for CA-mediated keap1 downregulation. Taken together, the results demonstrated that CA could modulate Keap1/Nrf2 interaction via increasing p62 expression, leading to stabilization of Nrf2 and HO-1 induction, and elicit IFNα antiviral response to suppress HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianping Zuo
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Wang Q, Li Y, Liu SA, Xie W, Cheng J. Cell culture-adaptive mutations in hepatitis C virus promote viral production by enhancing viral replication and release. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1299-1311. [PMID: 29599605 PMCID: PMC5871825 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i12.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore hepatitis C virus (HCV) adaptive mutations or combinations thereof responsible for enhanced viral production and investigate the underlying mechanisms.
METHODS A series of plasmids with adaptive mutations were constructed. After the plasmids were transfected into Huh7.5 cells, we determined the infectious HCV particle titers by NS5A immunofluorescence assays, and detected HCV RNA replication by real-time PCR and protein expression by Western blot. Then we carried out immunoblotting of supernatants and cell lysates with anti-NS3 to analyze the virus release level. In addition, co-localization of lipid droplets (LDs) with NS5A was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The ratio between the p56 and p58 phosphoforms of NS5A was analyzed further.
RESULTS The plasmids named JFH1-mE2, JFH1-mp7, JFH1-mNS4B, JFH1-mNS5A, JFH1-mE2/NS5A, JFH1-mp7/NS5A, JFH1-mNS4B/NS5A, JFH1-mE2/p7/NS5A, and mJFH1 were constructed successfully. This study generated infectious HCV particles with a robust titer of 1.61 × 106 focus-forming units (FFUs)/mL. All of the six adaptive mutations increased the HCV particle production at varying levels. The NS5A (C2274R, I2340T, and V2440L) and p7 (H781Y) were critical adaptive mutations. The effect of NS5A (C2274R, I2340T, and V2440L), p7 (H781Y), and NS4B (N1931S) on infectious HCV titers was investigated by measuring the HCV RNA replication, protein expression, and virion release. However, the six adaptive mutations were not required for the LD localization of NS5A proteins or the phosphorylation of NS5A.
CONCLUSION In this study, we generated infectious HCV particles with a robust titer of 1.61 × 106 FFUs/mL, and found that the viral replication and release levels could be enhanced by some of the adaptive mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Shun-Ai Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
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13
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. Although several HCV protease/polymerase inhibitors were recently approved by U.S. FDA, the combination of antivirals targeting multiple processes of HCV lifecycle would optimize anti-HCV therapy and against potential drug-resistance. Viral entry is an essential target step for antiviral development, but FDA-approved HCV entry inhibitor remains exclusive. Here we identify serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) is a HCV entry factor amendable to therapeutic intervention by a chemical biology strategy. The silencing of 5-HT2AR and clinically available 5-HT2AR antagonist suppress cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) in different liver cells and primary human hepatocytes at late endocytosis process. The mechanism is related to regulate the correct plasma membrane localization of claudin 1 (CLDN1). Moreover, phenoxybenzamine (PBZ), an FDA-approved 5-HT2AR antagonist, inhibits all major HCV genotypes in vitro and displays synergy in combination with clinical used anti-HCV drugs. The impact of PBZ on HCV genotype 2a is documented in immune-competent humanized transgenic mice. Our results not only expand the understanding of HCV entry, but also present a promising target for the invention of HCV entry inhibitor.
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14
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Wang Y, Li Y. MiR-29c inhibits HCV replication via activation of type I IFN response by targeting STAT3 in JFH-1-infected Huh7 cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8164-8172. [PMID: 35542013 PMCID: PMC9078521 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12815k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MiR-29c, a member of the miR-29 family, has been recognized to play an important role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of miR-29c involved in HCV replication is not fully understood. Methods: RT-qPCR assay was used to detect the expression pattern of miR-29c and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mRNA in JFH-1-infected Huh7 cells. HCV replication was evaluated by the expression of HCV RNA, non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) and non-structural protein 3 (NS3). Dual-Luciferase Reporter assay was applied to search for the candidate target mRNAs of miR-29c. Western blot assay was performed to detect the protein level of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR), (2'-5')-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and interferon regulatory transcription factor 1 (IRF1). Results: miR-29c expression was down-regulated, and STAT3 mRNA and protein expressions were up-regulated in JFH-1-infected Huh7 cells. MiR-29c overexpression or STAT3 knockdown repressed HCV replication, while miR-29c depletion or STAT3 upregulation promoted HCV replication. Additionally, STAT3 was a direct target of miR-29c, and miR-29c suppressed STAT3 protein expression in Huh7 cells. Moreover, STAT3 overexpression reversed miR-29c-mediated suppression on HCV replication. Furthermore, the anti-miR-29c-mediated inhibitory effect on type I IFN response was abated following STAT3 knockdown. Conclusions: miR-29c might repress HCV infection via promoting type I IFN response by targeting STAT3 in JFH-1-infected Huh7 cells, offering a promising avenue for HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University No. 115 West Road, Gulou District Kaifeng 475000 China +86-13633784192
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University No. 115 West Road, Gulou District Kaifeng 475000 China +86-13633784192
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15
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Jardim ACG, Shimizu JF, Rahal P, Harris M. Plant-derived antivirals against hepatitis c virus infection. Virol J 2018; 15:34. [PMID: 29439720 PMCID: PMC5812025 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide public health burden and it is estimated that 185 million people are or have previously been infected worldwide. There is no effective vaccine for prevention of HCV infection; however, a number of drugs are available for the treatment of infection. The availability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has dramatically improved therapeutic options for HCV genotype 1. However, the high costs and potential for development of resistance presented by existing treatment demonstrate the need for the development of more efficient new antivirals, or combination of therapies that target different stages of the viral lifecycle. Over the past decades, there has been substantial study of compounds extracted from plants that have activity against a range of microorganisms that cause human diseases. An extensive variety of natural compounds has demonstrated antiviral action worldwide, including anti-HCV activity. In this context, plant-derived compounds can provide an alternative approach to new antivirals. In this review, we aim to summarize the most promising plant-derived compounds described to have antiviral activity against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, Bloco 4C – sala 216. Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG CEP: 38405-302 Brazil
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, Bloco 4C – sala 216. Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG CEP: 38405-302 Brazil
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
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16
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DCAF1 is involved in HCV replication through regulation of miR-122. Arch Virol 2018; 163:977-985. [PMID: 29327233 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a worldwide threaten to human health with a high ratio of chronic infections. Recently, we found that Vpr-mediated regulation of HCV replication depends on the host protein DDB1-Cul4 associate factor 1 (DCAF1), implying that DCAF1 might be involved in the replication of HCV. In this study, we demonstrated that DCAF1 knockdown reduced HCV replication both in the infectious (JFH1) and replicon (Con1) systems. Further investigation showed a negative regulation of HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation by DCAF1. Considering the positive effects on the replication of the HCV replicon, we speculated that DCAF1 affected the balance between HCV RNA replication and protein translation. Since miR-122 is involved in the regulation of this balance, we investigated the influence of DCAF1 on miR-122 expression. By measuring the expression of miR-122, pre-miR-122 and its target CAT-1 mRNA, we found that miR-122 was downregulated following DCAF1 knockdown. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-122 rescued HCV replication impairment induced by DCAF1 knockdown. In conclusion, our study suggests that DCAF1 is involved in HCV replication through regulation of miR-122 and thus provides new insights into the interaction between HCV and the host cell.
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17
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Yang N, Sun C, Zhang L, Liu J, Song F. Identification and Analysis of Novel Inhibitors against NS3 Helicase and NS5B RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase from Hepatitis C Virus 1b (Con1). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2153. [PMID: 29209282 PMCID: PMC5701637 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) leads to severe liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-structural protein 3 helicase (NS3h) and non-structural protein 5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) are involved in the replication of HCV RNA genome, and have been proved to be excellent targets for discovery of direct-acting antivirals. In this study, two high-throughput screening systems, fluorescence polarization (FP)-based ssDNA binding assay and fluorescence intensity (FI)-based dsRNA formation assay, were constructed to identify candidate NS3h and NS5B inhibitors, respectively. A library of approximately 800 small molecules and crude extracts, derived from marine microorganisms or purchased from the National Compound Resource Center, China, were screened, with three hits selected for further study. Natural compound No.3A5, isolated from marine fungi, inhibited NS3h activity with an IC50 value of 2.8 μM. We further demonstrated that compound No.3A5 inhibited the abilities of NS3h to bind ssDNA in electrophoretic mobility shift assay and to hydrolyze ATP. The NS3h-inhibitory activity of compound No.3A5 was reversible in our dilution assay, which indicated there was no stable NS3h-No.3A5 complex formed. Additionally, compound No.3A5 exhibited no binding selectivity on NS3h or single strand binding protein of Escherichia coli. In NS5B assays, commercial compounds No.39 and No.94 previously reported as kinase inhibitors were found to disrupt dsRNA formation, and their IC50 values were 62.9 and 18.8 μM, respectively. These results highlight how identifying new uses for existing drugs is an effective method for discovering novel HCV inhibitors. To our knowledge, all inhibitors reported in this study were originally discovered with HCV anti-non-structural protein activities in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Fuhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Kumar PKR. Systematic screening of viral entry inhibitors using surface plasmon resonance. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [PMID: 29047180 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral binding and entry into host cells for various viruses have been studied extensively, yielding a detailed understanding of the overall viral entry process. As cell entry is an essential and requisite process by which a virus initiates infection, it is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. The advantages of targeting viral entry are an extracellular target site, relatively easy access for biological interventions, and lower toxicity. Several cell-based strategies and biophysical techniques have been used to screen compounds that block viral entry. These studies led to the discovery of inhibitors against HIV, HCV, influenza, Ebola, and RSV. In recent years, several compounds screened by fragment-based drug discovery have been approved as drugs or are in the final stages of clinical trials. Among fragment screening technologies, surface plasmon resonance has been widely used because it provides accurate information on binding kinetics, allows real-time monitoring of ligand-drug interactions, requires very small sample amounts to perform analyses, and requires no modifications to or labeling of ligands. This review focuses on surface plasmon resonance-based schemes for screening viral entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penmetcha K R Kumar
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Guo J, Chen D, Gao X, Hu X, Zhou Y, Wu C, Wang Y, Chen J, Pei R, Chen X. Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT2 Restricts HCV Replication by Modulating Viral Proteins Degradation. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100285. [PMID: 28973998 PMCID: PMC5691636 DOI: 10.3390/v9100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in cells is controlled by many host factors. In this report, we found that protein inhibitor of activated STAT2 (PIAS2), which is a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase, restricted HCV replication. During infection, HCV core, NS3 and NS5A protein expression, as well as the viral assembly and budding efficiency were enhanced when endogenous PIAS2 was knocked down, whereas exogenous PIAS2 expression decreased HCV core, NS3, and NS5A protein expression and the viral assembly and budding efficiency. PIAS2 did not influence the viral entry, RNA replication, and protein translation steps of the viral life cycle. When expressed together with SUMO1, PIAS2 reduced the HCV core, NS3 and NS5A protein levels expressed from individual plasmids through the proteasome pathway in a ubiquitin-independent manner; the stability of these proteins in the HCV infectious system was enhanced when PIAS2 was knocked down. Furthermore, we found that the core was SUMOylated at amino acid K78, and PIAS2 enhanced the SUMOylation level of the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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20
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Productive HBV infection of well-differentiated, hNTCP-expressing human hepatoma-derived (Huh7) cells. Virol Sin 2017; 32:465-475. [PMID: 28971350 PMCID: PMC6702241 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-3983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feasible and effective cell models for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are required for investigating the complete lifecycle of this virus, including the early steps of viral entry. Resistance to dimethyl sulfoxide/polyethylene glycol (DMSO/PEG), hNTCP expression, and a differentiated state are the limiting factors for successful HBV infection models. In the present study, we used a hepatoma cell line (Huh7DhNTCP) to overcome these limiting factors so that it exhibits excellent susceptibility to HBV infection. To achieve this goal, different hepatoma cell lines were tested with 2.5% DMSO / 4% PEG8000, and one resistant cell line (Huh7D) was used to construct a stable hNTCP-expressing cell line (Huh7DhNTCP) using a recombinant lentivirus system. Then, the morphological characteristics and differentiation molecular markers of Huh7DhNTCP cells with or without DMSO treatment were characterized. Finally, the susceptibility of Huh7DhNTCP cells to HBV infection was assessed. Our results showed that Huh7D cells were resistant to 2.5% DMSO / 4% PEG8000, whereas the others were not. Huh7DhNTCP cells were established to express a high level of hNTCP compared to liver extracts, and Huh7DhNTCP cells rapidly transformed into a non-dividing, well-differentiated polarized phenotype under DMSO treatment. Huh7DhNTCP cells fully supported the entire lifecycle of HBV infection. This cell culture system will be useful for the analysis of host-virus interactions, which should facilitate the discovery of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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21
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Chen J, Zhang Z, Wang N, Guo M, Chi X, Pan Y, Jiang J, Niu J, Ksimu S, Li JZ, Chen X, Wang Q. Role of HDAC9-FoxO1 Axis in the Transcriptional Program Associated with Hepatic Gluconeogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6102. [PMID: 28733598 PMCID: PMC5522426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis by deacetylating Forkhead box O 1 (FoxO1). HDAC9 upregulation is involved in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated exaggerated gluconeogenesis. Herein, we found in addition to FoxO1, HDAC9 also regulates other gluconeogenic transcription factors, including peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Unlike FoxO1, which is regulated by post-translational modification responses to HDAC9, HDAC9 regulates PGC-1α, CREB and GR by altering gene expression. Similar to PGC-1α, CREB and GR were found to be novel regulatory targets of FoxO1 by examination of the FoxO1 binding site in their promoter. PGC-1α, CREB and GR were upregulated in response to HDAC9 via FoxO1 deacetylation. These findings indicate that HDAC9-FoxO1 signalling contributes to gluconeogenesis by modulating the expression of gluconeogenic transcription factors. In particular, metabolic profiling demonstrated a clear shift towards gluconeogenesis metabolism, and HDAC9-FoxO1 signalling can be strongly induced to upregulate gluconeogenic transcription factors following HCV infection. The positive correlation between HDAC9 and gluconeogenic transcription factor expression levels in the livers of both HCV-infected patients and normal individuals further emphasizes the clinical relevance of these results. Thus, HDAC9-FoxO1 signalling axis is involved in regulating gluconeogenic transcription factors, gluconeogenesis, and HCV-induced type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhilei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xiumei Chi
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Sulaiman Ksimu
- The Center for Technology and Education, The first Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, 830054, China
| | - John Zhong Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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22
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Wang Z, Gao Y, Zhang C, Hu H, Guo D, Xu Y, Xu Q, Zhang W, Deng S, Lv P, Yang Y, Ding Y, Li Q, Weng C, Chen X, Gong S, Chen H, Niu J, Tang H. Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase is an Antiviral Host Factor Against Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5876. [PMID: 28724915 PMCID: PMC5517448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV infection can decrease NAD+/NADH ratio, which could convert lipid metabolism to favor HCV replication. In hepatocytes, quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRT) catabolizes quinolinic acid (QA) to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN) for de novo NAD synthesis. However, whether and how HCV modulates QPRT hence the lipogenesis is unknown. In this work, we found QPRT was reduced significantly in livers of patients or humanized C/OTg mice with persistent HCV infection. Mechanistic studies indicated that HCV NS3/4A promoted proteasomal degradation of QPRT through Smurf2, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, in Huh7.5.1 cells. Furthermore, QPRT enzymatic activity involved in suppression of HCV replication in cells. Activation of QPRT with clofibrate (CLO) or addition of QPRT catabolite NAD both inhibited HCV replication in cells, probably through NAD+-dependent Sirt1 inhibition of cellular lipogenesis. More importantly, administration of CLO, a hypolipidemic drug used in clinics, could significantly reduce the viral load in HCV infected C/OTg mice. Take together, these results suggested that HCV infection triggered proteasomal degradation of QPRT and consequently reduced de novo NAD synthesis and lipogenesis, in favor of HCV replication. Hepatic QPRT thus likely served as a cellular factor that dampened productive HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Wang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Yanhang Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haiming Hu
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heilong Jiang, 150001, China
| | - Yi Xu
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Sisi Deng
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Pingyun Lv
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yan Yang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Qingquan Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heilong Jiang, 150001, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Hairong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Hong Tang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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23
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Su X, Liu S, Zhang X, Lam SM, Hu X, Zhou Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Wu C, Shui G, Lu M, Pei R, Chen X. Requirement of cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma in lipid droplet formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:692-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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HIV-1 Vpr increases HCV replication through VprBP in cell culture. Virus Res 2016; 223:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Xue J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wu S, Hu Y, Yang F, Zhou X, Wang J, Chen F, Zheng M, Zhu H, Chen Z. MEAN inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by interfering with a polypyrimidine tract-binding protein. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1255-65. [PMID: 26929148 PMCID: PMC4929307 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MEAN (6‐methoxyethylamino‐numonafide) is a small molecule compound, and here, we report that it effectively inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in an HCV cell culture system using a JC1‐Luc chimeric virus, with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 2.36 ± 0.29 μM. Drug combination usage analyses demonstrated that MEAN was synergistic with interferon α, ITX5061 and ribavirin. In addition, MEAN effectively inhibits N415D mutant virus and G451R mutant viral infections. Mechanistic studies show that the treatment of HCV‐infected hepatocytes with MEAN inhibits HCV replication but not translation. Furthermore, treatment with MEAN significantly reduces polypyrimidine tract‐binding protein (PTB) levels and blocks the cytoplasmic redistribution of PTB upon infection. In the host cytoplasm, PTB is directly associated with HCV replication, and the inhibition of HCV replication by MEAN can result in the sequestration of PTB in treated nuclei. Taken together, these results indicate that MEAN is a potential therapeutic candidate for HCV infection, and the targeting of the nucleo‐cytoplasmic translocation of the host PTB protein could be a novel strategy to interrupt HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Xue
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotang Zhou
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Feng Chen
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Wei Y, Li J, Qing J, Huang M, Wu M, Gao F, Li D, Hong Z, Kong L, Huang W, Lin J. Discovery of Novel Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors by Combining Random Forest, Multiple e-Pharmacophore Modeling and Docking. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148181. [PMID: 26845440 PMCID: PMC4742222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NS5B polymerase is one of the most attractive targets for developing new drugs to block Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We describe the discovery of novel potent HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors by employing a virtual screening (VS) approach, which is based on random forest (RB-VS), e-pharmacophore (PB-VS), and docking (DB-VS) methods. In the RB-VS stage, after feature selection, a model with 16 descriptors was used. In the PB-VS stage, six energy-based pharmacophore (e-pharmacophore) models from different crystal structures of the NS5B polymerase with ligands binding at the palm I, thumb I and thumb II regions were used. In the DB-VS stage, the Glide SP and XP docking protocols with default parameters were employed. In the virtual screening approach, the RB-VS, PB-VS and DB-VS methods were applied in increasing order of complexity to screen the InterBioScreen database. From the final hits, we selected 5 compounds for further anti-HCV activity and cellular cytotoxicity assay. All 5 compounds were found to inhibit NS5B polymerase with IC50 values of 2.01-23.84 μM and displayed anti-HCV activities with EC50 values ranging from 1.61 to 21.88 μM, and all compounds displayed no cellular cytotoxicity (CC50 > 100 μM) except compound N2, which displayed weak cytotoxicity with a CC50 value of 51.3 μM. The hit compound N2 had the best antiviral activity against HCV, with a selective index of 32.1. The 5 hit compounds with new scaffolds could potentially serve as NS5B polymerase inhibitors through further optimization and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- High-Throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin Joint Academy of Biomedicine and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jie Qing
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mingjie Huang
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fenghua Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lingbao Kong
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- * E-mail: (JPL); (WH); (LK)
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- PracticaChem-China, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
- * E-mail: (JPL); (WH); (LK)
| | - Jianping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- High-Throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin Joint Academy of Biomedicine and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- * E-mail: (JPL); (WH); (LK)
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27
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Qing J, Luo R, Wang Y, Nong J, Wu M, Shao Y, Tang R, Yu X, Yin Z, Sun Y. Resistance analysis and characterization of NITD008 as an adenosine analog inhibitor against hepatitis C virus. Antiviral Res 2015; 126:43-54. [PMID: 26724382 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a severe threat to global public health, affecting approximately 3% of the world's population. Sofosbuvir (PSI-7977), a uridine nucleotide analog inhibitor targeting the HCV NS5B polymerase, was approved by FDA at the end of 2013 and represents a key step towards a new era in the management of HCV infection. Previous study identified NITD008, an adenosine nucleoside analog, as the specific inhibitor against dengue virus and showed good antiviral effect on other flaviviruses or enteroviruses. In this report, we systematically analyzed the anti-HCV profile of NITD008, which was discovered to effectively suppress the replication of different strains of HCV in human hepatoma cells with a low nanomolar activity. On genotype 2a virus, or 2a, 1a, and 1b replicon cells, EC50 values were 8.7 nM, 93.3 nM, 60.0 nM and 67.2 nM, and selective index values were >2298.9, >214.4, >333.3, >298.5 respectively. We demonstrated that resistance to NITD008 was conferred by mutation in NS5B (S282T) in the HCV infectious virus genotype 2a (JFH-1). Then, we compared the resistant profiles of NITD008 and PSI-7977, and found that the folds change of EC50 of NITD008 to full replicon cells containing mutation S282T was much bigger than PSI-7977(folds 76.50 vs. 4.52). Analysis of NITD008 cross-resistance against previously reported NS5B drug-selected mutations showed that the resistance pattern of NITD008 was not completely similar to PSI-7977, and meanwhile, S282T resistant mutation to NITD008 emerge more easily in cell culture than PSI-7977. Interestingly, NITD008 displayed significant synergistic effects with the NS5B polymerase inhibitor PSI-7977, however, only additive effects with alpha interferon (IFNα-2b), ribavirin, and an NS3 protease inhibitor. These results verify that NITD008 is an effective analog inhibitor against hepatitis C virus and a good research tool as a supplement to other types of nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qing
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Rui Luo
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junxiu Nong
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruoyi Tang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
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28
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Chen J, Wang N, Dong M, Guo M, Zhao Y, Zhuo Z, Zhang C, Chi X, Pan Y, Jiang J, Tang H, Niu J, Yang D, Li Z, Han X, Wang Q, Chen X. The Metabolic Regulator Histone Deacetylase 9 Contributes to Glucose Homeostasis Abnormality Induced by Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Diabetes 2015; 64:4088-98. [PMID: 26420860 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs), such as HDAC4, HDAC5, and HDAC7, provide critical mechanisms for regulating glucose homeostasis. Here we report that HDAC9, another class IIa HDAC, regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis via deacetylation of a Forkhead box O (FoxO) family transcription factor, FoxO1, together with HDAC3. Specifically, HDAC9 expression can be strongly induced upon hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV-induced HDAC9 upregulation enhances gluconeogenesis by promoting the expression of gluconeogenic genes, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, indicating a major role for HDAC9 in the development of HCV-associated exaggerated gluconeogenic responses. Moreover, HDAC9 expression levels and gluconeogenic activities were elevated in livers from HCV-infected patients and persistent HCV-infected mice, emphasizing the clinical relevance of these results. Our results suggest HDAC9 is involved in glucose metabolism, HCV-induced abnormal glucose homeostasis, and type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Animals
- Biopsy, Fine-Needle
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme Induction
- Female
- Forkhead Box Protein O1
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gluconeogenesis
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/blood
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/metabolism
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Histone Deacetylases/genetics
- Histone Deacetylases/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Occludin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Occludin/genetics
- Occludin/metabolism
- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)/genetics
- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/blood
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Tetraspanin 28/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tetraspanin 28/genetics
- Tetraspanin 28/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Chi
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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29
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Chen Y, He L, Peng Y, Shi X, Chen J, Zhong J, Chen X, Cheng G, Deng H. The hepatitis C virus protein NS3 suppresses TNF-α-stimulated activation of NF-κB by targeting LUBAC. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra118. [PMID: 26577923 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is crucial for innate immune defense against viral infections, and its activation requires the ubiquitylation of upstream proteins, including the adaptor protein NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator). Many infectious pathogens, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), inhibit NF-κB signaling in host cells, which promotes pathogen survival. Frequently, HCV-infected individuals develop a chronic infection, which suggests that HCV can subvert host antiviral responses. We found that HCV infection and replication inhibited the activation of NF-κB by the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which was mediated by the viral protein NS3 and, to a lesser extent, NS5B. NS3 directly interacted with linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), competed with NEMO for binding to LUBAC, and inhibited the LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitylation of NEMO and the subsequent activation of NF-κB. Together, our results highlight an immune evasion strategy adopted by HCV to modulate host antiviral responses and enhance virus survival and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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30
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Cooperation between the Hepatitis C Virus p7 and NS5B Proteins Enhances Virion Infectivity. J Virol 2015; 89:11523-33. [PMID: 26355084 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01185-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The molecular mechanisms that govern hepatitis C virus (HCV) assembly, release, and infectivity are still not yet fully understood. In the present study, we sequenced a genotype 2A strain of HCV (JFH-1) that had been cell culture adapted in Huh-7.5 cells to produce nearly 100-fold-higher viral titers than the parental strain. Sequence analysis identified nine mutations in the genome, present within both the structural and nonstructural genes. The infectious clone of this virus containing all nine culture-adapted mutations had 10-fold-higher levels of RNA replication and RNA release into the supernatant but had nearly 1,000-fold-higher viral titers, resulting in an increased specific infectivity compared to wild-type JFH-1. Two mutations, identified in the p7 polypeptide and NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, were sufficient to increase the specific infectivity of JFH-1. We found that the culture-adapted mutation in p7 promoted an increase in the size of cellular lipid droplets following transfection of viral RNA. In addition, we found that the culture-adaptive mutations in p7 and NS5B acted synergistically to enhance the specific viral infectivity of JFH-1 by decreasing the level of sphingomyelin in the virion. Overall, these results reveal a genetic interaction between p7 and NS5B that contributes to virion specific infectivity. Furthermore, our results demonstrate a novel role for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B in HCV assembly. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus assembly and release depend on viral interactions with host lipid metabolic pathways. Here, we demonstrate that the viral p7 and NS5B proteins cooperate to promote virion infectivity by decreasing sphingomyelin content in the virion. Our data uncover a new role for the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B and p7 proteins in contributing to virion morphogenesis. Overall, these findings are significant because they reveal a genetic interaction between p7 and NS5B, as well as an interaction with sphingomyelin that regulates virion infectivity. Our data provide new strategies for targeting host lipid-virus interactions as potential targets for therapies against HCV infection.
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31
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Yan W, Qing J, Mei H, Mao F, Huang J, Zhu J, Jiang H, Liu L, Zhang L, Li J. Discovery of Novel Small Molecule Anti-HCV Agents via the CypA Inhibitory Mechanism Using O-Acylation-Directed Lead Optimization. Molecules 2015; 20:10342-59. [PMID: 26053489 PMCID: PMC6272715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the relationship between cyclophilin A (CypA) and HCV prompted us to screen a series of small molecule CypA inhibitors which were previously reported by our group. Among them, compound 1, discovered as a non-immunosuppressive anti-HCV agent with an EC50 value of 0.67 μM in a virus assay, was selected for further study. Subsequent chemical modification by O-acylation led to a novel class of molecules, among which compound 25 demonstrated the most potent anti-HCV activity in the virus assay (EC50 = 0.19 μM), but low cytotoxicity and hERG cardiac toxicity. The following studies (a solution stability assay and a simple pharmacokinetic test together with a CypA enzyme inhibition assay) preliminarily indicated that 25 was a prodrug of 1. To the best of our knowledge, 25 is probably the most potent currently reported small molecule anti-HCV agent acting via the CypA inhibitory mechanism. Consequently, our study has provided a new potential small molecule for curing HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jie Qing
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hanbing Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Fei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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32
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Zhong D, Liu M, Cao Y, Zhu Y, Bian S, Zhou J, Wu F, Ryu KC, Zhou L, Ye D. Discovery of Metal Ions Chelator Quercetin Derivatives with Potent Anti-HCV Activities. Molecules 2015; 20:6978-99. [PMID: 25913935 PMCID: PMC6272327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Analogues or isosteres of α,γ-diketoacid (DKA) 1a show potent inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase through chelation of the two magnesium ions at the active site. The anti-HCV activity of the flavonoid quercetin (2) could partly be attributed to it being a structural mimic of DKAs. In order to delineate the structural features required for the inhibitory effect and improve the anti-HCV potency, two novel types of quercetin analogues, 7-O-arylmethylquercetins and quercetin-3-O-benzoic acid esters, were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HCV properties in cell-based assays. Among the 38 newly synthesized compounds, 7-O-substituted derivative 3i and 3-O-substituted derivative 4f were found to be the most active in the corresponding series (EC50 = 3.8 μM and 9.0 μΜ, respectively). Docking studies suggested that the quercetin analogues are capable of establishing key coordination with the two magnesium ions as well as interactions with residues at the active site of HCV NS5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yelin Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Shihui Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Fengjie Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Kum-Chol Ryu
- Institute of Pharmacy, HamHung Pharmaceutical University, HamHung 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Deyong Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Ren Q, Li C, Yuan P, Cai C, Zhang L, Luo GG, Wei W. A Dual-reporter system for real-time monitoring and high-throughput CRISPR/Cas9 library screening of the hepatitis C virus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8865. [PMID: 25746010 PMCID: PMC4352851 DOI: 10.1038/srep08865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas and infects approximately 170 million people worldwide. Although several reporter systems have been developed, many shortcomings limit their use in the assessment of HCV infections. Here, we report a real-time live-cell reporter, termed the NIrD (NS3-4A Inducible rtTA-mediated Dual-reporter) system, which provides an on-off switch specifically in response to an HCV infection. Using the NIrD system and a focused CRISPR/Cas9 library, we identified CLDN1, OCLN and CD81 as essential genes for both the cell-free entry and the cell-to-cell transmission of HCV. The combination of this ultra-sensitive reporter system and the CRISPR knockout screening provides a powerful and high-throughput strategy for the identification of critical host components for HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpeng Ren
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chan Li
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changzu Cai
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and Research Center for Public Health, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangxiang George Luo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University College of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wensheng Wei
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 involved in hepatitis C virus assembly through NS2 complex formation. J Virol 2014; 89:2367-77. [PMID: 25505071 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02982-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several members of the phospholipase family have been reported to be involved in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Here, we identified another phospholipase, phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PLA1A), as a host factor involved in HCV assembly. PLA1A was upregulated by HCV infection, and PLA1A knockdown significantly reduced J399EM (genotype 2a) HCV propagation at the assembly step but not the entry, RNA replication, and protein translation steps of the life cycle. Protein localization and interaction analysis further revealed a role of PLA1A in the interaction of NS2-E2 and NS2-NS5A, as the formation of the NS2-E2 and NS2-NS5A complexes was weakened in the absence of PLA1A. In addition, PLA1A stabilized the NS2/NS5A dotted structure during infection. These data suggest that PLA1A plays an important role in bridging the membrane-associated NS2-E2 complex and the NS5A-associated replication complex via its interaction with E2, NS2, and NS5A, which leads to a coordinating interaction between the structural and nonstructural proteins and facilitates viral assembly. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic replication is driven by the replication complex and occurs at the membranous web, while the lipid droplet is the organelle in which virion assembly is initiated. In this study, we identified phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PLA1A), a member of phospholipase A 1 family, as a novel host factor involved in the assembly process of HCV. PLA1A, which is induced by HCV infection at a late infection stage, interacts with HCV E2, NS2, and NS5A proteins and enhances and stabilizes the NS2-E2 and NS2-NS5A complex formation, which is essential for viral assembly. Thus, PLA1A is an important host factor which is involved in the initiation of the viral assembly in close proximity to Core-decorated lipid droplets through bringing together the HCV replication complex and envelope complex.
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Chen Y, Wang S, Yi Z, Tian H, Aliyari R, Li Y, Chen G, Liu P, Zhong J, Chen X, Du P, Su L, Qin FXF, Deng H, Cheng G. Interferon-inducible cholesterol-25-hydroxylase inhibits hepatitis C virus replication via distinct mechanisms. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7242. [PMID: 25467815 PMCID: PMC4252895 DOI: 10.1038/srep07242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) as an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) has recently been shown to exert broad antiviral activity through the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), which is believed to inhibit the virus-cell membrane fusion during viral entry. However, little is known about the function of CH25H on HCV infection and replication and whether antiviral function of CH25H is exclusively mediated by 25HC. In the present study, we have found that although 25HC produced by CH25H can inhibit HCV replication, CH25H mutants lacking the hydroxylase activity still carry the antiviral activity against HCV but not other viruses such as MHV-68. Further studies have revealed that CH25H can interact with the NS5A protein of HCV and inhibit its dimer formation, which is essential for HCV replication. Thus, our work has uncovered a novel mechanism by which CH25H restricts HCV replication, suggesting that CH25H inhibits viral infection through both 25HC-dependent and independent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Chen
- 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhaohong Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Huabin Tian
- 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Roghiyh Aliyari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yanhua Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, CAAS
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, CAAS
| | - Ping Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peishuang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Lishan Su
- 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - F Xiao-Feng Qin
- 1] Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China [2] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China [2] Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Chen J, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Chen H, Feng J, Chi X, Pan Y, Du J, Guo M, Cao H, Chen H, Wang Z, Pei R, Wang Q, Pan L, Niu J, Chen X, Tang H. Persistent hepatitis C virus infections and hepatopathological manifestations in immune-competent humanized mice. Cell Res 2014; 24:1050-66. [PMID: 25155355 PMCID: PMC4152738 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection develops chronic infection, which causes steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, understanding HCV chronicity and pathogenesis is hampered by its narrow host range, mostly restricted to human and chimpanzee. Recent endeavour to infect a variety of humanized mice has not been able to achieve persistent HCV infection unless the essential innate immune responsive genes are knocked out. Nevertheless, such immune-compromised humanized mice still lacked HCV infection-induced hepatopathogenesis. Here we report that transgenic mice in ICR background harboring both human CD81 and occludin genes (C/OTg) are permissive to HCV infection at a chronicity rate comparable to humans. In this mouse model, HCV accomplishes its replication cycle, leading to sustained viremia and infectivity for more than 12 months post infection with expected fibrotic and cirrhotic progression. Host factors favorable for HCV replication, and inadequate innate immune-response may contribute to the persistence. Lastly, NS3/4 protease inhibitor telaprevir can effectively inhibit de novo RNA synthesis and acute HCV infection of C/OTg mice. Thus, chronic HCV infection with complete replication cycle and hepatopathologic manifestations is recapitulated, for the first time, in immune-competent mice. This model will open a new venue to study the mechanisms of chronic hepatitis C and develop better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and the Center for Viral Pathology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hairong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiumei Chi
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jun Du
- The Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and the Center for Viral Pathology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Huang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and the Center for Viral Pathology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Honghe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and the Center for Viral Pathology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and the Center for Viral Pathology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and the Center for Viral Pathology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and the Center for Viral Pathology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hong Tang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Virology and the Center for Viral Pathology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China [2] Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Discovering novel anti-HCV compounds with inhibitory activities toward HCV NS3/4A protease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1074-81. [PMID: 25066323 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To discover novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibitors and elucidate the mechanism of action of the active compounds. METHODS HCV subgenomic replicon-based luciferase reporter cell line was used to screen 1200 synthetic compounds with novel structures. Huh7.5.1 cell line stably transfected with HCV NS3/4A protease reporter was established to investigate the anti-HCV mechanism of the active compounds. The active compounds were further examined in an in vitro HCV infection assay to confirm their anti-HCV activity. RESULTS After two-round screening in the anti-HCV replicon assay, some 2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivatives and carboxamide analogues were found to possess anti-HCV replicon activities (the IC50 values were less than 5 μmol/L). Among them, two representative compounds HZ-1157 and LZ-110618-6 inhibited HCV NS3/4A protease with IC50 values of 1.0 and 0.68 μmol/L, respectively. Furthermore, HZ-1157 and LZ-110618-6 inhibited HCV infection in vitro with IC50 values of 0.82 and 0.11 μmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSION Some 2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivatives and carboxamide analogues have been identified as novel anti-HCV compounds.
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Sugiyama N, Murayama A, Suzuki R, Watanabe N, Shiina M, Liang TJ, Wakita T, Kato T. Single strain isolation method for cell culture-adapted hepatitis C virus by end-point dilution and infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98168. [PMID: 24848954 PMCID: PMC4029950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) culture system has enabled us to clarify the HCV life cycle and essential host factors for propagation. However, the virus production level of wild-type JFH-1 (JFH-1/wt) is limited, and this leads to difficulties in performing experiments that require higher viral concentrations. As the cell culture-adapted JFH-1 has been reported to have robust virus production, some mutations in the viral genome may play a role in the efficiency of virus production. In this study, we obtained cell culture-adapted virus by passage of full-length JFH-1 RNA-transfected Huh-7.5.1 cells. The obtained virus produced 3 log-fold more progeny viruses as compared with JFH-1/wt. Several mutations were identified as being responsible for robust virus production, but, on reverse-genetics analysis, the production levels of JFH-1 with these mutations did not reach the level of cell culture-adapted virus. By using the single strain isolation method by end-point dilution and infection, we isolated two strains with additional mutations, and found that these strains have the ability to produce more progeny viruses. On reverse-genetics analysis, the strains with these additional mutations were able to produce robust progeny viruses at comparable levels as cell culture-adapted JFH-1 virus. The strategy used in this study will be useful for identifying strains with unique characteristics, such as robust virus production, from a diverse population, and for determining the responsible mutations for these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Sugiyama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Murayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Watanabe
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shiina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Zhu W, Pei R, Jin R, Hu X, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wu C, Lu M, Chen X. Nuclear receptor 4 group A member 1 determines hepatitis C virus entry efficiency through the regulation of cellular receptor and apolipoprotein E expression. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1510-1521. [PMID: 24744301 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) is a transcription factor stimulated by many factors and plays pivotal roles in metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, the expression of NR4A1 in Huh7.5.1 cells was significantly upregulated by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The silencing of NR4A1 inhibited the entry of HCV and reduced the specific infectivity of secreted HCV particles but had only minor or no effect on the genome replication and translation, virion assembly and virus release steps of the virus life cycle. Further experiments demonstrated that the silencing of NR4A1 affected virus entry through pan-downregulation of the expression of HCV receptors scavenger receptor BI, occludin, claudin-1 and epidermal growth factor receptor but not CD81. The reduced specific infectivity of HCV in the knockdown cells was due to decreased apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression. These results explain the delayed spread of HCV in NR4A1 knockdown Huh7.5.1 cells. Thus, NR4A1 plays a role in HCV replication through regulating the expression of HCV receptors and ApoE, and facilitates HCV entry and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandi Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Rui Jin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
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Deng A, Chen C, Ishizaka Y, Chen X, Sun B, Yang R. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr increases hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture. Virus Res 2014; 184:93-102. [PMID: 24589706 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with an increased HCV RNA level, as well as a more rapid progression to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of HIV-1 Vpr in HCV infection and clearly demonstrated that Vpr increased the replication of both the infectious HCV full-length genome and the subgenomic replicon. We also demonstrated that Vpr increased HCV infection by enhancing RNA replication but not viral entry or translation. Further, we showed that Vpr could partially overcome the anti-HCV effect of PEG-IFN. Our findings not only partially explain the clinical observation that patients coinfected with HIV and HCV have higher levels of HCV RNA and viral load than HCV mono-infected patients but also provide important information for HCV treatment in HIV/HCV coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amei Deng
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Yukihito Ishizaka
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China.
| | - Rongge Yang
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China.
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Construction of a chimeric hepatitis C virus replicon based on a strain isolated from a chronic hepatitis C patient. Virol Sin 2014; 29:61-70. [PMID: 24452538 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Subgenomic replicons of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been widely used for studying HCV replication. Here, we report a new subgenomic replicon based on a strain isolated from a chronically infected patient. The coding sequence of HCV was recovered from a Chinese chronic hepatitis C patient displaying high serum HCV copy numbers. A consensus sequence designated as CCH strain was constructed based on the sequences of five clones and this was classified by sequence alignment as belonging to genotype 2a. The subgenomic replicon of CCH was replication-deficient in cell culture, due to dysfunctions in NS3 and NS5B. Various JFH1/CCH chimeric replicons were constructed, and specific mutations were introduced. The introduction of mutations could partially restore the replication of chimeric replicons. A replication-competent chimeric construct was finally obtained by the introduction of NS3 from JFH1 into the backbone of the CCH strain.
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Chen H, Pei R, Zhu W, Zeng R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Lu M, Chen X. An Alternative Splicing Isoform of MITA Antagonizes MITA-Mediated Induction of Type I IFNs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1162-70. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Phalaphol A, Thueng-In K, Thanongsaksrikul J, Poungpair O, Bangphoomi K, Sookrung N, Srimanote P, Chaicumpa W. Humanized-VH/VHH that inhibit HCV replication by interfering with the virus helicase activity. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:289-99. [PMID: 24036073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NS3 helicase is a pivotal enzyme involved in the early and late phases of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. The primary sequence and tertiary structure of this virus enzyme differ from human helicase to a certain extent; thus this virus protein has potential as a novel anti-HCV target. In this study, recombinant C-terminal NS3 protein of HCV genotype 3a with endowed helicase activity was produced and used as antigen by selecting VH/V(H)H display phage clones from an established humanized-camel single domain antibody library that bound specifically to HCV helicase. The VH/V(H)H derived from phage transfected Escherichia coli clones were linked molecularly to a cell penetrating peptide, i.e., penetratin (PEN). The cell penetrable VH/V(H)H (transbodies) could reduce the amounts of the HCV RNA released into the cell culture fluid and inside Huh7 cells infected with pJFH1 replicon with a greater effect on the former compared to the latter. Regions and residues of the helicase bound by the transbodies were determined by phage mimotope searching and multiple alignments as well as homology modeling and molecular docking. The epitope of one transbody (PEN-V(H)H9) encompassed residues 588RLKPTLHGPTPLLYRLGA605 of the domain 3 necessary for helicase activity while another transbody (PEN-VH59) interacted with the areas covering the phenylalanine loop and arginine clamp of the domain 2 which are important for the proper folding of the enzyme as well as nucleic acid substrate binding. Although the molecular mechanisms of the prototypic transbodies on NS3 helicase need further investigation, these transbodies have high potential as novel, safe and mutation tolerable anti-HCV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aninthita Phalaphol
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Helle F, Brochot E, Fournier C, Descamps V, Izquierdo L, Hoffmann TW, Morel V, Herpe YE, Bengrine A, Belouzard S, Wychowski C, Dubuisson J, Francois C, Regimbeau JM, Castelain S, Duverlie G. Permissivity of primary human hepatocytes and different hepatoma cell lines to cell culture adapted hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70809. [PMID: 23940646 PMCID: PMC3734273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) culture since the JFH1 strain cloning. However, developing efficient and physiologically relevant culture systems for all viral genotypes remains an important goal. In this work, we aimed at producing a high titer JFH1 derived virus to test different hepatic cells’ permissivity. To this end, we performed successive infections and obtained a JFH1 derived virus reaching high titers. Six potential adaptive mutations were identified (I599V in E2, R1373Q and M1611T in NS3, S2364P and C2441S in NS5A and R2523K in NS5B) and the effect of these mutations on HCV replication and infectious particle production was investigated. This cell culture adapted virus enabled us to efficiently infect primary human hepatocytes, as demonstrated using the RFP-NLS-IPS reporter protein and intracellular HCV RNA quantification. However, the induction of a strong type III interferon response in these cells was responsible for HCV inhibition. The disruption of this innate immune response led to a strong infection enhancement and permitted the detection of viral protein expression by western blotting as well as progeny virus production. This cell culture adapted virus also enabled us to easily compare the permissivity of seven hepatoma cell lines. In particular, we demonstrated that HuH-7, HepG2-CD81, PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B cells were permissive to HCV entry, replication and secretion even if the efficiency was very low in PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B cells. In contrast, we did not observe any infection of SNU-182, SNU-398 and SNU-449 hepatoma cells. Using iodixanol density gradients, we also demonstrated that the density profiles of HCV particles produced by PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B cells were different from that of HuH-7 and HepG2-CD81 derived virions. These results will help the development of a physiologically relevant culture system for HCV patient isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Helle
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Etienne Brochot
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Carole Fournier
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Descamps
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Laure Izquierdo
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Thomas W. Hoffmann
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Virginie Morel
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Yves-Edouard Herpe
- Biobanque de Picardie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Abderrahmane Bengrine
- Biobanque de Picardie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Sandrine Belouzard
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center of Infection & Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59019 Lille, France; Inserm U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, F-59021 Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Czeslaw Wychowski
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center of Infection & Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59019 Lille, France; Inserm U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, F-59021 Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center of Infection & Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59019 Lille, France; Inserm U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, F-59021 Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Catherine Francois
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Marc Regimbeau
- Département de Chirurgie Digestive, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Gilles Duverlie
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Biobanque de Picardie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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45
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Different responses of two highly permissive cell lines upon HCV infection. Virol Sin 2013; 28:202-8. [PMID: 23818110 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of the first infectious clone JFH-1 speeds up the research on hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, Huh7 cell line was the only highly permissive cell line for HCV infection and only a few clones were fully permissive. In this study, two different fully permissive clones of Huh7 cells, Huh7.5.1 and Huh7-Lunet-CD81 (Lunet-CD81) cells were compared for their responses upon HCV infection. The virus replication level was found slightly higher in Huh7.5.1 cells than that in Lunet-CD81 cells. Viability of Huh7.5.1 cells but not of Lunet-CD81 cells was reduced significantly after HCV infection. Further analysis showed that the cell cycle of infected Huh7.5.1 cells was arrested at G1 phase. The G1/S transition was blocked by HCV infection in Huh7.5.1 cells as shown by the cell cycle synchronization analysis. Genes related to cell cycle regulation was modified by HCV infection and gene interaction analysis in GeneSpring GX in Direct Interactions mode highlighted 31 genes. In conclusion, the responses of those two cell lines were different upon HCV infection. HCV infection blocked G1/S transition and cell cycle progress, thus reduced the cell viability in Huh7.5.1 cells but not in Lunet-CD81 cells. Lunet-CD81 cells might be suitable for long term infection studies of HCV.
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46
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Chen C, Pan D, Deng AM, Huang F, Sun BL, Yang RG. DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3B are required for hepatitis C virus infection in cell culture. Virology 2013; 441:57-65. [PMID: 23545144 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are responsible for establishing and maintaining DNA methylation, which are dysregulated in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this report, using lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference technology, we identified DNMT1 and DNMT3B as host factors involved in HCV propagation. Our results demonstrated that down-regulation of DNMT1 or DNMT3B expression in Huh7.5.1 cells severely impaired cell culture-produced HCV (HCVcc) infection. Furthermore, knockdown of DNMT1 or DNMT3B did not affect HCV entry and internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-directed translation but did inhibit subgenomic replication. In contrast, knockdown of DNMT3A had no significant effect on HCV infection, entry, translation, or replication, which suggested that DNMT3A did not play a significant role in HCV life cycle. Moreover, we showed that DNMT inhibitors 5-Aza-C and 5-Aza-dC significantly suppressed HCVcc infection, viral RNA replication, and protein expression. These results suggest that DNMTs are critical for HCV replication and may represent potent targets for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
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47
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Response of hepatitis C virus to long-term passage in the presence of alpha interferon: multiple mutations and a common phenotype. J Virol 2013; 87:7593-607. [PMID: 23637397 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02824-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture-produced hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been subjected to up to 100 serial passages in human hepatoma cells in the absence or presence of different doses of alpha interferon (IFN-α). Virus survival, genetic changes, fitness levels, and phenotypic traits have been examined. While high initial IFN-α doses (increasing from 1 to 4 IU/ml) did not allow HCV survival beyond passage 40, a gradual exposure (from 0.25 to 10 IU/ml) allowed the virus to survive for at least 100 passages. The virus passaged in the presence of IFN-α acquired IFN-α resistance as evidenced by enhanced progeny production and viral protein expression in an IFN-α environment. A partial IFN-α resistance was also noted in populations passaged in the absence of IFN-α. All lineages acquired adaptative mutations, and multiple, nonsynonymous mutations scattered throughout the genome were present in IFN-α-selected populations. Comparison of consensus sequences indicates a dominance of synonymous versus nonsynonymous substitutions. IFN-α-resistant populations displayed decreased sensitivity to a combination of IFN-α and ribavirin. A phenotypic trait common to all assayed viral populations is the ability to increase shutoff host cell protein synthesis, accentuated in infections with IFN-α-selected populations carried out in the presence of IFN-α. The trait was associated with enhanced phosphorylation of protein kinase R (PKR) and eIF2α, although other contributing factors are likely. The results suggest that multiple, independent mutational pathways can confer IFN-α resistance to HCV and might explain why no unified picture has been obtained regarding IFN-α resistance in vivo.
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48
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Cui HK, Qing J, Guo Y, Wang YJ, Cui LJ, He TH, Zhang L, Liu L. Stapled peptide-based membrane fusion inhibitors of hepatitis C virus. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3547-54. [PMID: 23490158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The strategy of peptide stapling was used to develop new molecules to inhibit the hepatitis C virus infection via disrupting the binding of HCV envelope glycoprotein E2 with human cell surface protein CD81. The peptide sequence was designed based on the large extra-cellular loop of CD81 with known importance in the HCV E2 binding interaction. Our results showed that the stapled peptides exhibited significantly higher α-helicity and proteolytic stability as compared to their linear peptide counterpart. The optimal compound was found to have an EC50 value of ca. 17-39μM against different HCV subtypes and represented a new HCV membrane fusion inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Kui Cui
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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49
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Fournier C, Helle F, Descamps V, Morel V, François C, Dedeurwaerder S, Wychowski C, Duverlie G, Castelain S. Natural selection of adaptive mutations in non-structural genes increases trans-encapsidation of hepatitis C virus replicons lacking envelope protein genes. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:996-1008. [PMID: 23288424 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A trans-packaging system for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicons lacking envelope glycoproteins was developed. The replicons were efficiently encapsidated into infectious particles after expression in trans of homologous HCV envelope proteins under the control of an adenoviral vector. Interestingly, expression in trans of core or core, p7 and NS2 with envelope proteins did not enhance trans-encapsidation. Expression of heterologous envelope proteins, in the presence or absence of heterologous core, p7 and NS2, did not rescue single-round infectious particle production. To increase the titre of homologous, single-round infectious particles in our system, successive cycles of trans-encapsidation and infection were performed. Four cycles resulted in a 100-fold increase in the yield of particles. Sequence analysis revealed a total of 16 potential adaptive mutations in two independent experiments. Except for a core mutation in one experiment, all the mutations were located in non-structural regions mainly in NS5A (four in domain III and two near the junction with the NS5B gene). Reverse genetics studies suggested that D2437A and S2443T adaptive mutations, which are located at the NS5A-B cleavage site did not affect viral replication, but enhanced the single-round infectious particles assembly only in trans-encapsidation model. In conclusion, our trans-encapsidation system enables the production of HCV single-round infectious particles. This system is adaptable and can positively select variants. The adapted variants promote trans-encapsidation and should constitute a valuable tool in the development of replicon-based HCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Fournier
- EA4294, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France.,Virology Department, Amiens University Hospital, South Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - François Helle
- EA4294, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Descamps
- EA4294, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France.,Virology Department, Amiens University Hospital, South Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Virginie Morel
- EA4294, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France.,Virology Department, Amiens University Hospital, South Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Catherine François
- EA4294, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France.,Virology Department, Amiens University Hospital, South Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Sarah Dedeurwaerder
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium.,EA4294, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France
| | - Czeslaw Wychowski
- INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gilles Duverlie
- EA4294, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France.,Virology Department, Amiens University Hospital, South Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- EA4294, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France.,Virology Department, Amiens University Hospital, South Hospital, Amiens, France
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50
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Xu S, Pei R, Guo M, Han Q, Lai J, Wang Y, Wu C, Zhou Y, Lu M, Chen X. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma is involved in hepatitis C virus replication and assembly. J Virol 2012; 86:13025-37. [PMID: 23015700 PMCID: PMC3497680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicates its genome in a remodeled intracellular membranous structure known as the membranous web (MW). To date, the process of MW formation remains unclear. It is generally acknowledged that HCV nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B) can induce MW formation through interaction with the cytosolic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Many host proteins, such as phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIα (PI4KIIIα), have been identified as critical factors required for this process. We now report a new factor, the cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C), which contributes to MW formation, HCV replication, and assembly. The PLA2G4C gene was identified as a host gene with upregulated expression upon HCV infection. Knockdown of PLA2G4C in HCV-infected cells or HCV replicon-containing cells by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly suppressed HCV replication and assembly. In addition, the chemical inhibitor methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), which specifically inhibits PLA2, reduced HCV replication and assembly. Electron microscopy demonstrated that MW structure formation was defective after PLA2G4C knockdown in HCV replicon-containing cells. Further analysis by immunostaining and immunoprecipitation assays indicated that PLA2G4C colocalized with the HCV proteins NS4B and NS5A in cells infected with JFH-1 and interacted with NS4B. In addition, PLA2G4C was able to transport the HCV nonstructural proteins from replication sites to lipid droplets, the site for HCV assembly. These data suggest that PLA2G4C plays an important role in the HCV life cycle and might represent a potential target for anti-HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengji Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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