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Gaucherand L, Iyer A, Gilabert I, Rycroft CH, Gaglia MM. Cut site preference allows influenza A virus PA-X to discriminate between host and viral mRNAs. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1304-1317. [PMID: 37349586 PMCID: PMC10690756 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses block host gene expression to take over the infected cell. This process, termed host shutoff, is thought to promote viral replication by preventing antiviral responses and redirecting cellular resources to viral processes. Several viruses from divergent families accomplish host shutoff through RNA degradation by endoribonucleases. However, viruses also need to ensure expression of their own genes. The influenza A virus endoribonuclease PA-X solves this problem by sparing viral mRNAs and some host RNAs necessary for viral replication. To understand how PA-X distinguishes between RNAs, we characterized PA-X cut sites transcriptome-wide using 5' rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends coupled to high-throughput sequencing. This analysis, along with RNA structure predictions and validation experiments using reporters, shows that PA-Xs from multiple influenza strains preferentially cleave RNAs at GCUG tetramers in hairpin loops. Importantly, GCUG tetramers are enriched in the human but not the influenza transcriptome. Moreover, optimal PA-X cut sites inserted in the influenza A virus genome are quickly selected against during viral replication in cells. This finding suggests that PA-X evolved these cleavage characteristics to preferentially target host over viral mRNAs in a manner reminiscent of cellular self versus non-self discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gaucherand
- Program in Molecular Microbiology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Amrita Iyer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabel Gilabert
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chris H Rycroft
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marta M Gaglia
- Program in Molecular Microbiology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Investigation of many bacterial and viral infections circulating in pigeons showing nervous symptoms. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2911-2920. [PMID: 35531168 PMCID: PMC9073067 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon’s flocks have shown several neurological symptoms including circling, torticollis, tremors, paralysis, which caused suspicion for viral or bacterial natural infections. Pigeon paramyxovirus type-1 (PPMV-1) is a notifiable disease-causing high morbidity and mortality with severe nervous symptoms. Clinical represented tissue specimens were collected from 50 infected pigeon flocks in eight governorates. All samples were examined bacteriologically (isolation, identification and serotyping) for E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was accomplished for all isolates using a disk-diffusion test. For viral identification, RT-PCR specific oligonucleotide primers were used for distinguishing of Avian influenza virus, PPMV-1 and PPMV-3. Neurological manifestations were observed in pigeon’s flocks mainly in winter and autumn. The mortality rate in eight governorates was about 50% in 10 flocks and other houses mortality rate was ranged from 10 to 20%. Post mortem examination have shown hemorrhagic enteritis, soft and friable brain tissues and/or hemorrhages. The percentage of isolated bacteria E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 75%, 75%, 50% and 18.75%; respectively. The antibiotic resistance pattern for bacterial isolates showed resist to ampicillin, amoxicillin- clavulinic acid, teteracyclin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ceftazidine with different result for each type of bacteria, while Salmonella spp., isolates showed only a highly intermediate result for ciprofloxacin. Eight samples are positive with 16% to PPMV-1. Also, sample No.5,6,9 was co-infected with different types of bacterial isolates in addition to NDV. In conclusion, we reported several neurological symptoms in pigeon’s flocks mainly of bacterial infections (E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
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A Review of Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Synanthropic Birds. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111209. [PMID: 33114239 PMCID: PMC7690888 DOI: 10.3390/v12111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. In this review, we focus on what is known about IAV dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking IAVs to poultry operations. Specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. Synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, such as agricultural and urban areas. Aquatic birds such as waterfowl and shorebirds are the species most commonly associated with avian IAVs, and are generally considered the reservoir or maintenance hosts in the natural ecology of these viruses. Waterfowl and shorebirds are occasionally associated with poultry facilities, but are uncommon or absent in many areas, especially large commercial operations. In these cases, spillover hosts that share resources with both maintenance hosts and target hosts such as poultry may play an important role in introducing wild bird viruses onto farms. Consequently, our focus here is on what is known about IAV dynamics in synanthropic hosts that are commonly found on both farms and in nearby habitats, such as fields, lakes, wetlands, or riparian areas occupied by waterfowl or shorebirds.
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Zhang RH, Li PY, Xu MJ, Wang CL, Li CH, Gao JP, Wang XJ, Xu T, Zhang HL, Zhang RH, Tian SF. Molecular characterization and pathogenesis of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from a racing pigeon. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108747. [PMID: 32605760 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can cross species barriers and expand from birds tomammals and humans. It usually leads to economic loss for breeding farms and poses a serious threat to human health.This study investigated the molecular characteristics of H9N2 AIV isolated from a racing pigeon and its pathogenesis in BALB/c mice and pigeons. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the H9N2 virus belonged to the Ck/BJ/94-like lineage, and acquired multiple specific amino acid substitutions that might contribute to viral transmission from birds to mammals and humans. A pathogenesis study showed that both mice and pigeons infected with H9N2 virus showed clinical signs and mortality. The H9N2 viruses efficiently replicated in mice and pigeons. In our study, high levels of viral shedding were detected in pigeons, but the infection was not transmitted to co-housed pigeons. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of inflammatory responses in the infected mice and pigeons. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence of H9N2 virus in multiple organs of the infected mice and pigeons. Moreover, the infected mice and pigeons demonstrated significant cytokine/chemokine production. Our results showed that the H9N2 virus can infect mice and pigeons, and can not be transmitted between pigeons through direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, PR China
| | - Pei-Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, PR China
| | - Ming-Ju Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, PR China
| | - Cun-Lian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, PR China
| | - Chun-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, PR China
| | - Jing-Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, PR China
| | - Xue-Jing Wang
- The Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute of Heibei, Baoding, 071001, PR China
| | - Tong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, PR China.
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China.
| | - Rui-Hong Zhang
- BaYin Central School, ChaYouZhongQi, Wulanchabu, Inner Mongolia, 013550, PR China
| | - Shu-Fei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, PR China
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Kwon JH, Noh YK, Lee DH, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Noh JY, Hong WT, Jeong JH, Jeong S, Gwon GB, Song CS, Nahm SS. Experimental infection with highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses in the Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:95-102. [PMID: 28619174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV). Sub-clinical infection with HPAI in resident wild birds could be a source of dissemination of HPAIV and continuous outbreaks. In this study, the pathogenicity and infectivity of two strains of H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 virus were evaluated in the Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). None of the birds experimentally infected with H5N8 viruses showed clinical signs or mortality. The H5N8 viruses efficiently replicated in the virus-inoculated Mandarin ducks and transmitted to co-housed Mandarin ducks. Although relatively high levels of viral shedding were noted in pigeons, viral shedding was not detected in some of the pigeons and the shedding period was relatively short. Furthermore, the infection was not transmitted to co-housed pigeons. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the presence of HPAIV in multiple organs of the infected birds. Histopathological evaluation showed the presence of inflammatory responses primarily in HPAIV-positive organs. Our results indicate that Mandarin ducks and pigeons can be infected with H5N8 HPAIV without exhibiting clinical signs; thus, they may be potential healthy reservoirs of the H5N8 HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Tack Hong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Bin Gwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Song Y, Cui J, Song H, Ye J, Zhao Z, Wu S, Xu C, Jiao P, Liao M. New reassortant H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from waterfowl in Southern China. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1170. [PMID: 26557113 PMCID: PMC4615950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New reassortant H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses were isolated from waterfowl in Southern China. Blast analysis demonstrated that the PB2 gene in these viruses were most closely related to A/wild duck/Shangdong/628/2011 (H5N1), while their NP genes were both more closely related to A/wild duck/Shandong/1/2011 (H5N1) and A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2010 (H5N8). However, the HA, NA, PB1, PA, M, and NS genes had the highest identity with A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2010 (H5N8). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that their HA genes belonged to the same GsGd H5 clade 2.3.4.4 detected in China in 2010. Therefore, we supposed that these H5N8 viruses might be novel reassortant viruses that have a H5N8 backbone while acquiring PB2 and NP genes from H5N1 viruses. This study is useful for better understanding the genetic and antigenic evolution of H5 avian influenza viruses in Southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jin Cui
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hui Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Ye
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Zhao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Fujimoto Y, Usui T, Ito H, Ono E, Ito T. Susceptibility of wild passerines to subtype H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:243-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1043235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Centre of Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ono
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Centre of Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Gao H, Sun H, Hu J, Qi L, Wang J, Xiong X, Wang Y, He Q, Lin Y, Kong W, Seng LG, Pu J, Chang KC, Liu X, Liu J, Sun Y. Twenty amino acids at the C-terminus of PA-X are associated with increased influenza A virus replication and pathogenicity. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2036-2049. [PMID: 25877935 PMCID: PMC4681059 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PA-X protein, arising from ribosomal frameshift during PA translation, was recently discovered in influenza A virus (IAV). The C-terminal domain 'X' of PA-X proteins in IAVs can be classified as full-length (61 aa) or truncated (41 aa). In the main, avian influenza viruses express full-length PA-X proteins, whilst 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza viruses harbour truncated PA proteins. The truncated form lacks aa 232-252 of the full-length PA-X protein. The significance of PA-X length in virus function remains unclear. To address this issue, we constructed a set of contemporary influenza viruses (pH1N1, avian H5N1 and H9N2) with full and truncated PA-X by reverse genetics to compare their replication and host pathogenicity. All full-length PA-X viruses in human A549 cells conferred 10- to 100-fold increase in viral replication and 5-8% increase in apoptosis relative to corresponding truncated PA-X viruses. Full-length PA-X viruses were more virulent and caused more severe inflammatory responses in mice. Furthermore, aa 233-252 at the C terminus of PA-X strongly suppressed co-transfected gene expression by ∼ 50%, suggesting that these terminal 20 aa could play a role in enhancing viral replication and contribute to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Lu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiming He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weili Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lai-Giea Seng
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham - Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham - Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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9
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Zhao B, Zhang X, Zhu W, Teng Z, Yu X, Gao Y, Wu D, Pei E, Yuan Z, Yang L, Wang D, Shu Y, Wu F. Novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in tree sparrow, Shanghai, China, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:850-3. [PMID: 24751370 PMCID: PMC4012817 DOI: 10.3201/eid2005.131707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring 2013, influenza A(H7N9) virus was isolated from an apparently healthy tree sparrow in Chongming Dongping National Forest Park, Shanghai City, China. The entire gene constellation of the virus is similar to that of isolates from humans, highlighting the need to monitor influenza A(H7N9) viruses in different species.
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Slusher MJ, Wilcox BR, Lutrell MP, Poulson RL, Brown JD, Yabsley MJ, Stallknecht DE. Are passerine birds reservoirs for influenza A viruses? J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:792-809. [PMID: 25121402 PMCID: PMC11312393 DOI: 10.7589/2014-02-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Although peridomestic passerine species have been involved in influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks in poultry, there is little evidence to indicate they serve as reservoirs for these viruses under natural conditions. Recent molecular-based detections of IAV in terrestrial wild birds have challenged this paradigm, and it has been suggested that additional research is warranted to better define the role of these birds as IAV hosts. To address this need, we reviewed the published literature reporting results from IAV surveillance of passerines. We also conducted prospective virologic and serologic surveillance of North American passerines for IAVs. The literature review included 60 publications from 1975-2013 that reported results from 829 species of passerines and other terrestrial birds. In our prospective study during 2010 and 2011, 3,868 serum samples and 900 swab samples were collected and tested from 102 terrestrial wild bird species from Georgia, New Jersey, Delaware, and Minnesota, USA. Antibodies to the nucleoprotein of IAV were detected with a commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 4/3,868 serum samples (0.1%); all positive samples were from Minnesota. No virus was detected in 900 swab samples by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs or matrix real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Our results are consistent with historic literature; although passerines and terrestrial wild birds may have a limited role in the epidemiology of IAV when associated with infected domestic poultry or other aberrant hosts, there is no evidence supporting their involvement as natural reservoirs for IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Slusher
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Wilcox
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
| | - M. Page Lutrell
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
| | - Justin D. Brown
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
- Current address: Pennsylvania Game Commission, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Orchard Rd., University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
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Gerloff NA, Khan SU, Balish A, Shanta IS, Simpson N, Berman L, Haider N, Poh MK, Islam A, Gurley E, Hasnat MA, Dey T, Shu B, Emery S, Lindstrom S, Haque A, Klimov A, Villanueva J, Rahman M, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Ziaur Rahman M, Luby SP, Zeidner N, Donis RO, Sturm-Ramirez K, Davis CT. Multiple reassortment events among highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses detected in Bangladesh. Virology 2014; 450-451:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Guan Y, Smith GJ. The emergence and diversification of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses. Virus Res 2013; 178:35-43. [PMID: 23735533 PMCID: PMC4017639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was first detected in the goose population of Guangdong, China in 1996. The viruses in this lineage are unique in their ecological success, demonstrating an extremely broad host range and becoming established in poultry over much of Asia and in Africa. H5N1 viruses have also diverged into multiple clades and subclades that generally do not cross neutralize, which has greatly confounded control measures in poultry and pre-pandemic vaccine strain selection. Although H5N1 viruses currently cannot transmit efficiently between mammals they exhibit high mortality in humans and recent experimental studies have shown that it is possible to generate an H5N1 virus that is transmissible in mammals. In addition to causing unprecedented economic losses, the long-term presence of the H5N1 virus in poultry and its frequent introductions to humans continue to pose a significant pandemic threat. Here we provide a summary of the genesis, molecular epidemiology and evolution of this H5N1 lineage, particularly the factors that have contributed to the continued diversification and ecological success of H5N1 viruses, with particular reference to the poultry production systems they have emerged from.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Influenza Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gavin J.D. Smith
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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13
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Iqbal M, Yaqub T, Mukhtar N, Shabbir MZ, McCauley JW. Infectivity and transmissibility of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens and wild terrestrial birds. Vet Res 2013; 44:100. [PMID: 24134616 PMCID: PMC4015117 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic changes in avian influenza viruses influence their infectivity, virulence and transmission. Recently we identified a novel genotype of H9N2 viruses in widespread circulation in poultry in Pakistan that contained polymerases (PB2, PB1 and PA) and non-structural (NS) gene segments identical to highly pathogenic H7N3 viruses. Here, we investigated the potential of these viruses to cause disease and assessed the transmission capability of the virus within and between poultry and wild terrestrial avian species. Groups of broilers, layers, jungle fowl, quail, sparrows or crows were infected with a representative strain (A/chicken/UDL-01/08) of this H9N2 virus and then mixed with naïve birds of the same breed or species, or different species to examine transmission. With the exception of crows, all directly inoculated and contact birds showed clinical signs, varying in severity with quail showing the most pronounced clinical signs. Virus shedding was detected in all infected birds, with quail showing the greatest levels of virus secretion, but only very low levels of virus were found in directly infected crow samples. Efficient virus intra-species transmission was observed within each group with the exception of crows in which no evidence of transmission was seen. Interspecies transmission was examined between chickens and sparrows and vice versa and efficient transmission was seen in either direction. These results highlight the ease of spread of this group of H9N2 viruses between domesticated poultry and sparrows and show that sparrows need to be considered as a high risk species for transmitting H9N2 viruses between premises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Iqbal
- Avian Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK.
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14
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Comparative virus replication and host innate responses in human cells infected with three prevalent clades (2.3.4, 2.3.2, and 7) of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. J Virol 2013; 88:725-9. [PMID: 24131718 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02510-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus clades 2.3.4, 2.3.2, and 7 are the dominant cocirculating H5N1 viruses in poultry in China. However, humans appear to be clinically susceptible mostly to the 2.3.4 virus clade. Here, we demonstrated that A549 cells and human macrophages infected with clade 2.3.4 viruses produced significantly more viruses than those infected with the other two clades. Likewise, clade 2.3.4-infected macrophages caused the most severe cellular damage and strongest proinflammatory response.
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15
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He L, Zhao G, Zhong L, Liu Q, Duan Z, Gu M, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. Isolation and characterization of two H5N1 influenza viruses from swine in Jiangsu Province of China. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2531-41. [PMID: 23836394 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are susceptible to infection with both human and avian influenza A viruses and are considered intermediate hosts that facilitate virus reassortment. Although H5N1 virus has spread to a wide range of avian and mammalian species, data about swine H5N1 isolates are scarce. To determine whether Asian H5N1 influenza viruses had been transmitted to pigs, a total of 1,107 nasal swab samples from healthy swine were collected from 2008 to 2009 in Jiangsu province of eastern China. In this survey, two H5N1 viruses A/swine/Jiangsu/1/2008 (JS/08) and A/swine/Jiangsu/2/2009 (JS/09) were isolated and identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that JS/08 and JS/09 belonged to clade 7 and clade 2.3.4, respectively, and shared over 99.0 % sequence identity with poultry H5N1 isolates of the same clade in China. Receptor specificity analysis also showed that both of the swine H5N1 isolates bound preferentially to avian-type receptors. However, experiments in mammals indicated that JS/09 was moderately pathogenic to mice without prior adaption, whereas JS/08 had limited ability to replicate. Our findings suggest that pigs are naturally infected with avian H5N1 virus and highlight the potential threat to public health due to adaption or reassortment of H5N1 virus in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
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16
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Wang Y, Jiang Z, Jin Z, Tan H, Xu B. Risk factors for infectious diseases in backyard poultry farms in the Poyang Lake area, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67366. [PMID: 23840680 PMCID: PMC3688663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence and transmission of infectious diseases have an enormous impact on the poultry industry and present a serious threat to the health of humans and wild birds. Noncommercial poultry operations, such as backyard poultry facilities in China, are potential sources of virus exchange between commercial poultry and wild birds. It is particularly critical in wetland areas where backyard poultry have close contact with commercial poultry and migratory birds, therefore increasing the risk of contracting infectious diseases. To evaluate the transmission risks, a cross-sectional study was undertaken in the Poyang Lake area, China, involving 309 residents in the backyard poultry farms in three counties (Region A, B, and C) of Jiangxi Province. We examined the backyard poultry population, poultry species, presence of poultry deaths from infectious diseases, food sources, and biosecurity practices. Region B ranked highest for biosecurity while region C ranked lowest. The risks of infectious diseases were assessed by adjusted odds ratio based on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Potential risk factors in the three regions of the study site were compared. In Region A, significant factor was contact of poultry with wild birds (OR: 6.573, 95% CI: 2.148–20.115, P=0.001). In Region B, the most significant factor was contact of poultry with neighboring backyard waterfowls (OR: 3.967, 95% CI: 1.555–10.122, P=0.004). In Region C, significant factors were poultry purchase from local live bird markets (OR: 3.740, 95% CI: 1.243–11.255, P=0.019), and contact of poultry with wild birds (OR: 3.379, 95% CI: 1.058–10.791, P=0.040). In summary, backyard poultry was significantly affected by neighboring commercial poultry and close contact with wild birds. The results are expected to improve our understanding of the transmission risks of infectious diseases in a typical backyard poultry environment in rural China, and address the need to improve local farming practices and take preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiben Jiang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Jin
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Tan
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- *
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17
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Yamamoto Y, Nakamura K, Yamada M, Mase M. Pathogenesis in Eurasian Tree Sparrows Inoculated with H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus and Experimental Virus Transmission from Tree Sparrows to Chickens. Avian Dis 2013; 57:205-13. [DOI: 10.1637/10415-101012-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Zhao K, Gu M, Zhong L, Duan Z, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zhao G, Zhao M, Chen Z, Hu S, Liu W, Liu X, Peng D, Liu X. Characterization of three H5N5 and one H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in China. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:351-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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A single amino acid at the hemagglutinin cleavage site contributes to the pathogenicity and neurovirulence of H5N1 influenza virus in mice. J Virol 2012; 86:6924-31. [PMID: 22496231 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07142-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
H5 influenza viruses containing a motif of multiple basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site (HACS) are highly pathogenic in chicken but display different virulence phenotypes in mammals. Previous studies have shown that multiple basic amino acids of H5N1 influenza virus are a prerequisite for lethality in mice. However, it remains unclear which specific residue at the cleavage site affects the pathogenicity of H5N1 in mammals. A comprehensive genetic analysis of the H5N1 HACS showed that residues at P6 (position 325, by H3 numbering) were the most polymorphic, including serine (S), arginine (R), deletion (*), glycine (G), and isoleucine (I). To determine whether a single residue at P6 could affect virulence, we introduced different mutations at P6 of an avirulent clade 7 H5N1 strain, rg325G, by reverse genetics. Among the recombinant viruses, the rg325S virus showed the highest cleavage efficiency in vitro. All these viruses were highly pathogenic in chicken but exhibited different virulences in mice. The rg325S virus exhibited the highest pathogenicity in terms of unrestricted organ tropism and neurovirulence. Remarkably, the HA-325S substitution dramatically increased the pathogenicity of H5N1 viruses of other clades, including clades 2.2, 2.3.2, and 2.3.4, indicating that this residue impacts genetically divergent H5N1 viruses. An analysis of predicted structures containing these mutations showed that the cleavage site loop with 325S was the most exposed, which might be responsible for the efficient cleavage and high virulence. Our results demonstrate that an amino acid substitution at the P6 cleavage site alone could modulate the virulence of H5N1 in mice.
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20
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Han Y, Hou G, Jiang W, Han C, Liu S, Chen J, Li J, Zhang P, Huang B, Liu Y, Chen J. A survey of avian influenza in tree sparrows in China in 2011. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33092. [PMID: 22496742 PMCID: PMC3319536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree sparrows (Passer montanus) are widely distributed in all seasons in many countries. In this study, a survey and relevant experiments on avian influenza (AI) in tree sparrows were conducted. The results suggested that the receptor for avian influenza viruses (AIVs), SAα2,3Gal, is abundant in the respiratory tract of tree sparrows, and most of the tree sparrows infected experimentally with two H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses died within five days after inoculation. Furthermore, no AIVs were isolated from the rectum eluate of 1300 tree sparrows, but 94 serological positives of AI were found in 800 tree sparrows. The serological positives were more prevalent for H5 subtype HPAI (94/800) than for H7 subtype AI (0/800), more prevalent for clade 2.3.2.1 H5 subtype HPAI (89/800) than for clade 2.3.4 (1/800) and clade 7.2 (4/800) H5 subtype HPAI, more prevalent for clade 2.3.2.1 H5 subtype HPAI in a city in southern China (82/800) than in a city in northern China (8/800). The serological data are all consistent with the distribution of the subtypes or clades of AI in poultry in China. Previously, sparrows or other passerine birds were often found to be pathogenically negative for AIVs, except when an AIV was circulating in the local poultry, or the tested passerine birds were from a region near waterfowl-rich bodies of water. Taken together, the data suggest that tree sparrows are susceptible to infection of AIVs, and surveys targeting sparrows can provide good serological data about the circulation of AIVs in relevant regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Han
- Institute of Animal and Husbandry Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Chen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuehuan Liu
- Institute of Animal and Husbandry Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Chen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Slomka MJ, To TL, Tong HH, Coward VJ, Hanna A, Shell W, Pavlidis T, Densham ALE, Kargiolakis G, Arnold ME, Banks J, Brown IH. Challenges for accurate and prompt molecular diagnosis of clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses emerging in Vietnam. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:177-93. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.656578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Tang Q, Wang J, Bao J, Sun H, Sun Y, Liu J, Pu J. A multiplex RT-PCR assay for detection and differentiation of avian H3, H5, and H9 subtype influenza viruses and Newcastle disease viruses. J Virol Methods 2012; 181:164-9. [PMID: 22387341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) co-circulate in the poultry population in China. These viruses cause repeated disease outbreaks that exhibit similar clinical symptoms and epidemiological patterns. H5 and H9 influenza viruses are the major pathogens infecting poultry stocks. Recently, H3 AIV (one of the main subtypes in waterfowl) has become endemic in chickens. A multiplex reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) assay was designed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of avian H3, H5, H9 subtype AIVs and NDVs. Four primer sets were evaluated, three of which specifically targeted the hemagglutinin genes of H3, H5 and H9 AIVs, while the other targeted the NDV fusion gene. The sensitivity and specificity of the mRT-PCR assay was determined. The assay detected the major clades or genotypes of all of the reference AIVs and NDVs currently circulating in China. In addition, the mRT-PCR results obtained from screening 380 clinical swabs and 12 experimental tracheal samples were consistent with those obtained using conventional virus isolation methods. The mRT-PCR assay was established successfully for the detection and differentiation of avian H3, H5, and H9 subtype AIVs and NDVs. The method should, therefore, provide a valuable diagnostic tool for these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Poetranto ED, Yamaoka M, Nastri AM, Krisna LAW, Rahman MH, Wulandari L, Yudhawati R, Ginting TE, Makino A, Shinya K, Kawaoka Y. An H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a local tree sparrow in Indonesia. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 55:666-72. [PMID: 21699556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of an H5N1 influenza A virus from a tree sparrow (Passer montanus) captured in East Java, Indonesia in 2010 is reported here. Its hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were genetically similar to those of human isolates from 2006-2007 in Indonesia. The finding of a tree sparrow H5N1 virus that possesses genetically similar surface molecules to those of human viruses highlights the importance of monitoring resident wild birds, as well as migratory birds, for pandemic preparedness.
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Gutiérrez RA, Sorn S, Nicholls JM, Buchy P. Eurasian Tree Sparrows, risk for H5N1 virus spread and human contamination through Buddhist ritual: an experimental approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28609. [PMID: 22164310 PMCID: PMC3229601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 virus has dramatically spread throughout Southeast Asia since its first detection in 1997. Merit Release Birds, such as the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, are believed to increase one's positive karma when kissed and released during Buddhist rituals. Since these birds are often in close contact with both poultry and humans, we investigated their potential role in the spread of H5N1 virus. Methodology/Principal Findings Seven series of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the possible interactions between inoculated and exposed birds, including sparrow/sparrow, sparrow/chicken, duck/sparrow. Daily and post-mortem samples collected were tested for H5N1 virus by real-time RT-PCR and egg inoculation. When directly inoculated, Eurasian Tree Sparrows were highly susceptible to the H5N1 virus, with a fatality rate approaching 100% within 5 days post-inoculation. Although transmission of fatal infection between sparrows did not occur, seroconversion of the exposed birds was observed. Up to 100% chickens exposed to inoculated sparrows died of H5N1 infection, depending on the caging conditions of the birds, while a fatality rate of 50% was observed on sparrows exposed to infected ducks. Large quantities of H5N1 virus were detected in the sparrows, particularly in their feathers, from which infectious particles were recovered. Conclusions/Significance Our study indicates that under experimental conditions, Eurasian Tree Sparrows are susceptible to H5N1 infection, either by direct inoculation or by contact with infected poultry. Their ability to transmit H5N1 infection to other birds is also demonstrated, suggesting that the sparrows may play a role in the dissemination of the virus. Finally, the presence of significant quantities of H5N1 virus on sparrows' feathers, including infectious particles, would suggest that Merit Release Birds represent a risk for human contamination in countries where avian influenza virus is circulating and where this religious ritual is practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - San Sorn
- National Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
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Yang P, Dongmei, Wang C, Tang C, Xing L, Luo D, Zhan Z, Duan Y, Jia W, Peng D, Liu X, Wang X. Characterization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus isolated from an ostrich. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:973-7. [PMID: 20497905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The continued spread of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus among poultry and wild birds has posed a potential threat to human public health. An influenza pandemic happens, when a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans emerges. Almost all of the influenza pandemics in history have originated from avian influenza viruses (AIV). Birds are significant reservoirs of influenza viruses. In the present study, we performed a survey of avian influenza virus in ostriches and H5N1 virus (A/Ostrich/SuZhou/097/03, China097) was isolated. This H5N1 virus is highly pathogenic to both chickens and mice. It is also able to replicate in the lungs of, and to cause death in, BALB/c mice following intranasal administration. It forms plaques in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells in the absence of trypsin. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virus is genetically similar to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1) and belongs to clade 0. The HA sequence contains multiple basic amino acids adjacent to the cleavage site, a motif associated with HPAI viruses. More importantly, the existence of H5N1 isolates in ostriches highlights the potential threat of wild bird infections to veterinary and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
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