1
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Yu CD, Choi YR, Park JY, Kim SW, Cha SY, Jang HK, Kang M, Wei B. Establishment and Application of Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay-PCR for Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Duck Hepatitis A Virus-1 Attenuated Vaccine and Wild Strains. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2733. [PMID: 39335322 PMCID: PMC11428521 DOI: 10.3390/ani14182733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is the main pathogen causing viral hepatitis in ducks, marked by high contagion and acute mortality. Live attenuated DHAV-1 vaccines are widely used to control the disease. This study aims to develop a mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA)-PCR for the rapid detection and differentiation of Korean DHAV-1 wild-type strains from vaccine strains. A MAMA primer was designed to target a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) at position 2276 within the VP1 gene, allowing differentiation in a single PCR reaction. The MAMA-PCR accurately identified both strains, with detection limits of 100.5 ELD50/mL and 102.3 ELD50/mL, respectively. The MAMA-PCR demonstrated specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with 12 other viral and bacterial pathogens. The MAMA-PCR was applied to 89 farms, yielding results consistent with nested-PCR and sequence determination, identifying four positive farms for DHAV-1 vaccine strains. In conclusion, this study is the first to employ the MAMA-PCR method to distinguish between DHAV-1 wild-type and vaccine strains. The developed method is rapid, simple, specific, and sensitive, thereby serving as an effective tool for clinical diagnostics in identifying and differentiating between Korean DHAV-1 wild-type and vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Dong Yu
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Choi
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Park
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Kim
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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2
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Chen B, Yang Y, Wang Z, Dai X, Cao Y, Zhang M, Zhang D, Ni X, Zeng Y, Pan K. Surface Display of Duck Hepatitis A Virus Type 1 VP1 Protein on Bacillus subtilis Spores Elicits Specific Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses on Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10323-2. [PMID: 39002060 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Duck viral hepatitis, primarily caused by duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1), poses a significant threat to the global duck industry. Bacillus subtilis is commonly utilized as a safe probiotic in the development of mucosal vaccines. In this study, a recombinant strain of B. subtilis, designated as B. subtilis RV, was constructed to display the DHAV-1 capsid protein VP1 on its spore surface using the outer coat protein B as an anchoring agent. The immunogenicity of this recombinant strain was evaluated in a mouse model through mixed feeding immunization. The results indicated that B. subtilis RV could elicit specific systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice, as evidenced by the high levels of serum IgG, intestinal secretory IgA, and potent virus-neutralizing antibodies produced. Furthermore, the recombinant strain significantly upregulated the expression levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, the recombinant strain maintained the balance of the Th1/Th2 immune response and demonstrated an excellent mucosal immune adjuvant function. In summary, this study suggests that B. subtilis RV can be a novel alternative for effectively controlling DHAV-1 infection as a vaccine-based feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xixi Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, 404155, China
| | - Yuheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Wu S, Liu W, Hu Z. Current status and future direction of duck hepatitis A virus vaccines. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:89-99. [PMID: 36571394 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2162367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Duck viral hepatitis (DVH), mainly caused by duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV), is a highly fatal and rapidly spreading infectious disease of young ducklings that seriously jeopardizes the duck industry worldwide. DHAV type 1 (DHAV-1) is the main genotype responsible for disease outbreaks since 1945, and the disease situation is complicated by the emergence and dissemination of a novel genotype (DHAV-3) in some countries in Asia and Africa. Live attenuated DHAV vaccines are widely used to induce a considerable degree of protection in ducklings. Breeder ducks are immunized with inactivated or/and live DHAV vaccines to achieve satisfactory levels of passive immunity in progeny. In addition, novel characteristics of virus transmission, pathogenicity and pathogenesis of DHAV were recently characterized, necessitating the development of new vaccines and effective vaccination programmes against DVH. Therefore, a systematic dissection of the profiles, strengths and shortcomings of the available DHAV vaccines is essential. Moreover, to further increase the efficiency of vaccine production and administration, the development of next-generation DHAV vaccines using cutting-edge technologies is also required. In this review, based on a comprehensive summary of the research advances in the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and genomic features of DHAV, we focus on reviewing and analysing the features of the commercial and experimental DHAV vaccines. We also propose perspectives for disease control based on the specific disease situations in different countries. This review provides essential information for vaccine development and disease control of DVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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4
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Truong TN, Cheng LT. Development of a Subunit Vaccine against Duck Hepatitis A Virus Serotype 3. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040523. [PMID: 35455272 PMCID: PMC9028120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to develop a subunit vaccine against the increasingly prevalent Duck hepatitis A virus serotype 3 (DHAV-3). The VP1 protein of DHAV-3 and a truncated version containing the C-terminal region of VP1, termed VP1-C, were expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli as vaccine antigens. For enhanced immune response, a truncated version of flagellin, nFliC, was included as vaccine adjuvant. Ducklings were vaccinated once for immune response analysis and challenge test. Results showed that VP1-C elicited a higher level of virus-specific antibody response and neutralization titer than VP1. The addition of nFliC further enhanced the antibody response. In terms of cellular immune response, the VP1-C + nFliC vaccine elicited the highest level of T cell proliferation among the vaccine formulations tested. Examination of the cytokine expression profile showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the VP1-C + nFliC vaccine group expressed the highest levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and TH-1 type (IL-12 and IFN-γ) cytokines. Finally, in a DHAV-3 challenge test, the VP1-C + nFliC vaccine provided a 75% protection rate (n = 8), in contrast to 25% for the VP1 vaccine. In conclusion, E. coli-expressed VP1-C has been shown to be a promising antigen when combined with nFliC and may be further developed as a single-dose subunit vaccine against DHAV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang-Nhu Truong
- International Degree Program of Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Institute of Veterinary Research and Development in Central Vietnam, Km 4, Road 2/4, Vinh Hoa, Nha Trang City 57000, Vietnam
| | - Li-Ting Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-770-3202 (ext. 5336); Fax: +886-8-7740178
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5
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Hassan TIR, Eid AAM, Ghanem IAI, Shahin AM, Adael SAA, Mohamed FF. First Report of Duck Hepatitis A Virus 3 from Duckling Flocks of Egypt. Avian Dis 2021; 64:269-276. [PMID: 33205161 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A viruses (DHAV-1, DHAV-2, and DHAV-3) are the predominant causes of duck virus hepatitis (DVH), a disease of ducklings that leads to massive morbidities, mortalities, and economic losses. As a duck-producing country, Egypt suffered lately from several attacks of DVH, despite the regular vaccination of birds. Between Spring 2016 and Summer 2018, 54 duckling flocks in the Sharkia province of Egypt were tested using the reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) based on the DHAV-3D targeting primers. Of them, 27.8% (15/54) were positive. Upon retesting of positive samples using RT-PCR and duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV)-3 VP1-based primers, 33.3% (5/15) contained DHAV-3 RNA. For further analysis at the molecular level, the VP1 and the 3D genes were sequenced using the same primer sets used earlier. The phylogenetic trees confirmed that study sequences belonged to DHAV-3. However, they were displayed as a separate cluster following a geographically dependent distribution. They were also completely unrelated to the Egyptian DHAV-1-based vaccine. This was further confirmed by low nucleotide and amino acid identities in relation to this vaccine. In addition, the VP1 and 3D genes had the same phylogenetic topography. The study VP1 sequences had three unique amino acid substitutions (L59, V208 only in one strain, and C219). As far as we know, this is the first report on DHAV-3 outside Asia, particularly in Egypt. Accordingly, the vaccination strategy against DHAV should be quickly updated to avoid further dissemination of the virus. The epidemiology, pathogenicity, and evolution of DHAV-3 should be carefully monitored in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer I R Hassan
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute (Zagazig Branch), Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 Egypt
| | - Amal A M Eid
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A I Ghanem
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 Egypt
| | - Abeer M Shahin
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 Egypt
| | - Samy A A Adael
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute (Zagazig Branch), Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 Egypt
| | - Fakry F Mohamed
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 Egypt
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6
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Niu Y, Liu B, Sun C, Zhao L, Chen H. Construction of the recombinant duck enteritis virus delivering capsid protein VP0 of the duck hepatitis A virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 249:108837. [PMID: 32947184 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) disease causes significant economic losses to the duck industry. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is frequently used as a viral vector for aquatic poultry vaccination, but no recombinan DEV expressing DHAV-1 VP0 has been developed. In this study, we established a system for rescuing the DEV C-KCE vaccine strain by transfecting cells with six fosmid DNAs. We generated a recombinant virus (rDEV-ul41VP0) by inserting the VP0 gene of DHAV-1 into the ul41 region in the DEV C-KCE genome. DHAV-1 VP0 was stably expressed in the rDEV-ul41VP0 infected cells, but did not affect the replication properties of DEV C-KCE in cells. Duck experiments showed that rDEV-ul41VP0 could provided full protection against the lethal DEV Chinese standard challenge (DEV CSC) and conferred 70% protection against DHAV-1 161/79 at 3 days postvaccination. These results indicate that rDEV-ul41VP0 rapidly induces protection against DEV CSC and DHAV-1 in ducks, and can be served as a bivalent vaccine against DEV and DHAV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Baihan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Chang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China.
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7
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Yehia N, Erfan AM, Omar SE, Soliman MA. Dual Circulation of Duck Hepatitis A Virus Genotypes 1 and 3 in Egypt. Avian Dis 2020; 65:1-9. [PMID: 34339115 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) causes acute hepatitis and mortality, resulting in high economic losses in the duck farm industry. The current study describes the outbreak of DHAV in vaccinated duck farms in North Egypt during 2019 and molecular characterization of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) and viral protein VP1 genes. The 30 samples were collected from 7- to 28-day-old commercial Pekin ducks that showed a history of nervous signs and sudden deaths and were on farms in 6 governorates. DHAV was typed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for 3' UTR and VP1 genes and revealed 20 positive farms, with the first detection of DHAV genotype 3 (DHAV-3) in 18 samples and the classic DHAV-1 in 2 samples. The phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and 3' UTR genes of the nine selected strains representative of six governorates revealed that seven strains were clustered with DHAV-3 Chinese and Korean-Vietnamese strains within different subgroups with 92.4%-93.7% amino acid identity; such strains were distinguishable from the vaccine strain of DHAV-1 used in Egypt with 74.4% amino acid identity. The other strains were closely related to the DHAV-1 Asian strain and the vaccine strain used in Egypt with 98.7%-99.6% amino acid identity for the VP1 gene with different clustering than that of recently isolated DHAV-1 Egyptian strains. The VP1 gene of DHAV-3 had 1 hypervariable region (HVR) with 10 amino acid mutations compared with DHAV3/DN2/Vietnam/2011, but DHAV-1 had 3 HVRs with 1 amino acid mutation in HVRII compared with the DHAV-1 vaccine strain. In conclusion, a new introduction of DHAV-3 with the classical DHAV-1 was recorded in Pekin duck farms in North Egypt that is genetically distant from the vaccinal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12618 Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Erfan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12618 Egypt
| | - Sabry E Omar
- Animal Health Research Institute, Banha Branch, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Soliman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12618 Egypt,
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8
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Zhang R, Yang Y, Lan J, Xie Z, Zhang X, Jiang S. Evidence of possible vertical transmission of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 in ducks. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:267-275. [PMID: 32598568 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) causes a highly contagious and acute disease in ducklings younger than 3 weeks of age and spreads rapidly by horizontal transmission to all susceptible ducklings in the flock. To date, there is no evidence of vertical transmission of DHAV-1. In a previous study, we identified a novel DHAV type 1 (DHAV-1) isolate that could infect adult ducks and induce laying drop. In this study, 30 non-embryonated duck eggs and 60 17-day-old embryos were collected from three breeding duck flocks with egg drop syndrome caused by DHAV-1 in China, and 30 17-day-old embryos were randomly selected from the 60 embryos and allowed to hatch. DHAV-1 RNA was detected by RT-PCR in 10 of 30 non-embryonated eggs, 9 of 30 17-day-old embryos, 5 of 7 dead embryos and 5 of 23 newly hatched ducklings. Overall, 29 of 90 (32.2%) eggs and embryos were positive for DHAV-1. Three DHAV-1 strains were isolated from the dead duck embryos of the three breeding duck flocks, respectively. Pathogenicity studies showed that the three DHAV-1 isolates had median embryo lethal doses but were highly pathogenic to healthy ducklings. Compared with the DHAV reference strains, there were two specific amino acid mutation sites (F169 and S220 ) in VP1 of the three isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that DHAV-1 is isolated from duck embryos. The findings provide evidence of possible vertical transmission of DHAV-1 from breeding ducks to ducklings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yupeng Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Lan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhijing Xie
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, Shandong, China
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9
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The VP3 protein of duck hepatitis A virus mediates host cell adsorption and apoptosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16783. [PMID: 31727985 PMCID: PMC6856352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) causes an infectious disease that mainly affects 1- to 4-week-old ducklings, resulting in considerable loss to the duck industry. Although there have been many studies on DHAV in recent years, the effects on host infection and pathogenesis of DHAV-1 remain largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of the DHAV-1 structural protein VP3 on DHAV-1 virus adsorption and apoptosis to explore the role of VP3 in the viral life cycle. The effects of DHAV-1 VP3 and an antibody against the protein on virion adsorption was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the virus copy number for the rabbit anti-VP3 IgG-treated group was significantly lower than that for the negative control group but higher than that for the rabbit anti-DHAV-1 IgG-treated group. This result indicates that VP3 mediates DHAV-1 virus adsorption but that it is not the only protein that involved in this process. In addition, a eukaryotic recombinant plasmid, pCAGGS/VP3, was transfected into duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs), and the apoptotic rate was determined by DAPI staining, the TUNEL assay and flow cytometry. DAPI staining showed nucleus fragmentation and nuclear edge shifting. TUNEL assay results revealed yellow nuclei, and flow cytometry indicated a significant increase in the apoptotic rate. In addition, qRT-PCR revealed increased in the transcriptional levels of the apoptotic caspase-3, −8 and −9, with the largest increase for caspase-3, followed by caspase-9 and caspase-8. Enzyme activity analysis confirmed these results. Furthermore, the VP3 protein decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the transcriptional levels of the proapoptotic factors Bak, Cyt c and Apaf-1 in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway were significantly upregulated. These data suggest that expression of VP3 in DEFs induces apoptosis and may primarily activate caspase-3-induced apoptosis through mitochondrion-mediated intrinsic pathways. The findings provide scientific data to clarify DHAV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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10
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Chen J, Zhang R, Lan J, Lin S, Li P, Gao J, Wang Y, Xie ZJ, Li FC, Jiang SJ. IGF2BP1 Significantly Enhances Translation Efficiency of Duck Hepatitis A Virus Type 1 without Affecting Viral Replication. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100594. [PMID: 31658691 PMCID: PMC6843311 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As a disease characterized by severe liver necrosis and hemorrhage, duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is mainly caused by duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV). The positive-strand RNA genome of DHAV type 1 (DHAV-1) contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element within the 5′ untranslated region (UTR), structured sequence elements within the 3′ UTR, and a poly(A) tail at the 3′ terminus. In this study, we first examined that insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding protein-1 (IGF2BP1) specifically interacted with the DHAV-1 3′ UTR by RNA pull-down assay. The interaction between IGF2BP1 and DHAV-1 3′ UTR strongly enhanced IRES-mediated translation efficiency but failed to regulate DHAV-1 replication in a duck embryo epithelial (DEE) cell line. The viral propagation of DHAV-1 strongly enhanced IGF2BP1 expression level, and viral protein accumulation was identified as the key point to this increment. Collectively, our data demonstrated the positive role of IGF2BP1 in DHAV-1 viral proteins translation and provided data support for the replication mechanism of DHAV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
- College of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261042, Shandong, China.
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Jingjing Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Shaoli Lin
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Jiming Gao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical College, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical College, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhi-Jing Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Fu-Chang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Shi-Jin Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.
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Chen X, Chen Y, Liu C, Li X, Liu H, Yin X, Bai X, Ge M, Chen H, Liu M, Du Y, Fan G, Zhang Y. Improved one-tube RT-PCR method for simultaneous detection and genotyping of duck hepatitis A virus subtypes 1 and 3. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219750. [PMID: 31369566 PMCID: PMC6675107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cocirculation of duck hepatitis A virus subtypes 1 (DHAV-1) and 3 (DHAV-3) in ducklings has resulted in significant economic losses. Ducklings with DHAV-1 or DHAV-3 infection show similar clinical signs and gross lesions; hence, it is important to identify the viral subtypes in infected ducklings as early as possible for better clinical management. Methods and results Based on multiple 5’ noncoding region (5’-NCR) sequences of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 strain alignments, universal and type-specific primers were designed and synthesized. With three primers in one-tube reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), reference DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 isolates ranging over 60 years and across many different countries were successfully amplified, indicating that the primer sequences were completely conserved. The sequence results and the sizes of amplicons from reference DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 isolates are completely correlated with their subtypes. Moreover, with this one-tube RT-PCR system, amplicon sizes from liver samples of reference DHAV-1- or DHAV-3-infected birds fit closely with their subtypes, which was determined by virus isolation and neutralization testing. No other duck-origin RNA viruses were detected. The sensitivity of viral RNA detection was 10 pg. With this system, 20% subtype 1, 45% subtype 3, and 9% coinfection of two subtypes were detected in 55 clinical samples. Conclusions and significance This novel approach could be used for rapidly typing DHAV-1 or DHAV-3 infection in routine clinical surveillance or epidemiological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Chungguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuchen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ML); (HC)
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ML); (HC)
| | - Yuanzhao Du
- State Key Lab of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccine, YeBio of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Gencheng Fan
- State Key Lab of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccine, YeBio of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ML); (HC)
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Zhou S, Zhang S, Wang M, Cheng A, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Jia R, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Development and evaluation of an indirect ELISA based on recombinant nonstructural protein 3A to detect antibodies to duck hepatitis A virus type 1. J Virol Methods 2019; 268:56-61. [PMID: 30905595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(I-ELISA) method based on 3A protein of duck hepatitis A virus type 1(DHAV-1) for detection of DHAV-1 antibody, the recombinant protein 3A of DHAV-1 was expressed in E.coli and detected by Western blotting with DHAV-1 infected duck serum. A 3A-ELISA method using the expressed 3A protein as coating antigen for the detection of antibodies to DHAV-1 was developed. The optimal antigen, serum and enzyme-labeled antibody dilutions were 1:200(6.185 μg/ml), 1:20 and 1:2000, respectively. The optimal blocking buffer was 5% BSA. The cutoff value was determined to be 0.274, and the analytical sensitivity was 1:1280. There was no cross reaction between DHAV-1 infected duck serum and other common pathogenic duck serum, indicating that I-ELISA could be used to detect DHAV-1 infected duck serum. The coefficients of variation(CVs) were lower than 10%. The concordance between the I-ELISA based on the 3A subunit of DHAV-1 and that based on the whole DHAV-1 particle was 92.7%. Taken together, the 3A-ELISA method is a highly sensitive and specific test that could be used for screening for DHAV-1 infection and monitoring DHAV-1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
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Xue W, Zhao Q, Li P, Zhang R, Lan J, Wang J, Yang X, Xie Z, Jiang S. Identification and characterization of a novel nanobody against duck hepatitis A virus type 1. Virology 2019; 528:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Wu X, Zhang T, Meng F, Guo D, Yin X, Wulin S, Li C, Zhang Q, Liu M, Zhang Y. Mapping a Type-specific Epitope by Monoclonal Antibody against VP3 Protein of Duck Hepatitis A Type 1 Virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10820. [PMID: 28883462 PMCID: PMC5589924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A subtype 1 virus (DHAV-1) infection causes high mortality in ducklings, resulting in significant losses to duck industries. VP3 is a structural protein of DHAV-1. However, B-cell epitopes on VP3 have not been investigated. To stimulate VP3 antibody response, eukaryotic expression plasmid pCI-neo-VP3 was constructed and used as DNA immunogen to prepare mAbs. Western blot showed that 25.5 kDa VP3 could be detected by mAbs in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells transfected with pCI-neo-VP3. Immunofluorescence assay showed that mAbs could specifically bind to DEF cells infected with DHAV-1. DAPI staining indicated that VP3 localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus of DHAV-1 infected DEF. With neutralizing mAb 3B7, minimal epitope PSNI was mapped. Sequence alignment indicated that 205PSNI208 is highly conserved among DHAV-1, but different from those of DHAV-2 and DHAV-3. Epitope peptide reacted specifically with DHAV-1-positive duck sera by dot blotting, revealing PSNI is DHAV-1 type-specific epitope and the importance of these amino acids in antibody-epitope binding reactivity. These findings provided useful information for understanding the antigenicity of VP3 and might be valuable in the development of epitope-based vaccine or diagnostic kit for DHAV-1 infection and provide insights for understanding the pathogenesis of DHAV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Dongchun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiuchen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shaozhou Wulin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qingshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
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