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Wu S, Huang J, Li Y. Antiviral effect of miR-206 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109552. [PMID: 38599364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), caused by IHN virus, is a highly contagious and lethal disease that seriously hampers the development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture. However, the immune response mechanism of rainbow trout underlying IHNV infection remains largely unknown. MicroRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and perform a crucial role in fish immune response. Herein, the regulatory mechanism and function of miR-206 in rainbow trout resistance to IHNV were investigated by overexpression and silencing. The expression analysis showed that miR-206 and its potential target receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIP2) exhibited significant time-dependent changes in headkidney, spleen and rainbow trout primary liver cells infected with IHNV and their expression displayed a negative correlation. In vitro, the interaction between miR-206 and RIP2 was verified by luciferase reporter assay, and miR-206 silencing in rainbow trout primary liver cells markedly increased RIP2 and interferon (IFN) expression but significantly decreased IHNV copies, and opposite results were obtained after miR-206 overexpression or RIP2 knockdown. In vivo, overexpressed miR-206 with agomiR resulted in a decrease in the expression of RIP2 and IFN in liver, headkidney and spleen. This study revealed the key role of miR-206 in anti-IHNV, which provided potential for anti-viral drug screening in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenji Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jinqiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Yongjuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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2
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Zhao JZ, Xu LM, Li LF, Ren GM, Shao YZ, Liu Q, Lu TY. Traditional Chinese medicine bufalin inhibits infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0501622. [PMID: 38289115 PMCID: PMC10913368 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05016-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) causes infectious hematopoietic necrosis and severe economic losses to salmon and trout aquaculture worldwide. Currently, the only commercial vaccine against IHNV is a DNA vaccine with some biosafety concerns. Hence, more effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are needed to prevent IHNV infection. In this study, 1,483 compounds were screened from a traditional Chinese medicine monomer library, and bufalin showed potential antiviral activity against IHNV. The 50% cytotoxic concentration of bufalin was >20 µM, and the 50% inhibitory concentration was 0.1223 µΜ against IHNV. Bufalin showed the inhibition of diverse IHNV strains in vitro, which confirmed that it had an inhibitory effect against all IHNV strains, rather than random activity against a single strain. The bufalin-mediated block of IHNV infection occurred at the viral attachment and RNA replication stages, but not internalization. Bufalin also inhibited IHNV infection in vivo and significantly increased the survival of rainbow trout compared with the mock drug-treated group, and this was confirmed by in vivo viral load monitoring. Our data showed that the anti-IHNV activity of bufalin was proportional to extracellular Na+ concentration and inversely proportional to extracellular K+ concentration, and bufalin may inhibit IHNV infection by targeting Na+/K+-ATPase. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that bufalin significantly inhibited IHNV infection and may be a promising candidate drug against the disease in rainbow trout. IMPORTANCE Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the pathogen of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) which outbreak often causes huge economic losses and hampers the healthy development of salmon and trout farming. Currently, there is only one approved DNA vaccine for IHN worldwide, but it faces some biosafety problems. Hence, more effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are needed to prevent IHNV infection. In this study, we report that bufalin, a traditional Chinese medicine, shows potential antiviral activity against IHNV both in vitro and in vivo. The bufalin-mediated block of IHNV infection occurred at the viral attachment and RNA replication stages, but not internalization, and bufalin inhibited IHNV infection by targeting Na+/K+-ATPase. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that bufalin significantly inhibited IHNV infection and may be a promising candidate drug against the disease in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhuang Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Ming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lin-Fang Li
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guang-Ming Ren
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Shao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Yan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
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3
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Ahmadivand S, Krpetic Z, Martínez MM, Garcia-Ordoñez M, Roher N, Palić D. Self-assembling ferritin nanoplatform for the development of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus vaccine. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346512. [PMID: 38352881 PMCID: PMC10863052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling protein nanoparticles are used as a novel vaccine design platform to improve the stability and immunogenicity of safe subunit vaccines, while providing broader protection against viral infections. Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of the WOAH-listed IHN diseases for which there are currently no therapeutic treatments and no globally available commercial vaccine. In this study, by genetically fusing the virus glycoprotein to the H. pylori ferritin as a scaffold, we constructed a self-assembling IHNV nanovaccine (FerritVac). Despite the introduction of an exogenous fragment, the FerritVac NPs show excellent stability same as Ferritin NPs under different storage, pH, and temperature conditions, mimicking the harsh gastrointestinal condition of the virus main host (trout). MTT viability assays showed no cytotoxicity of FerritVac or Ferritin NPs in zebrafish cell culture (ZFL cells) incubated with different doses of up to 100 µg/mL for 14 hours. FerritVac NPs also upregulated expression of innate antiviral immunity, IHNV, and other fish rhabdovirus infection gene markers (mx, vig1, ifit5, and isg-15) in the macrophage cells of the host. In this study, we demonstrate the development of a soluble recombinant glycoprotein of IHNV in the E. coli system using the ferritin self-assembling nanoplatform, as a biocompatible, stable, and effective foundation to rescue and produce soluble protein and enable oral administration and antiviral induction for development of a complete IHNV vaccine. This self-assembling protein nanocages as novel vaccine approach offers significant commercial potential for non-mammalian and enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Ahmadivand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeljka Krpetic
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Merce Márquez Martínez
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marlid Garcia-Ordoñez
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Roher
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dušan Palić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Wang X, Ding G, Yang P, Cheng G, Kong W, Xu Z. Teleost Eye Is the Portal of IHNV Entry and Contributes to a Robust Mucosal Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:160. [PMID: 38203332 PMCID: PMC10778588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The ocular mucosa (OM) is an important and unique part of the vertebrate mucosal immune system. The OM plays an important role in maintaining visual function and defending against foreign antigens or microorganisms, while maintaining a balance between the two through complex regulatory mechanisms. However, the function of ocular mucosal defense against foreign pathogens and mucosal immune response in bony fish are still less studied. To acquire deeper understanding into the mucosal immunity of the OM in teleost fish, we established a study of the immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Our findings revealed that IHNV could successfully infiltrate the trout's OM, indicating that the OM could be an important portal for the IHNV. Furthermore, qPCR and RNA-Seq analysis results showed that a large number of immune-related genes were significantly upregulated in the OM of trout with IHNV infection. Critically, the results of our RNA-Seq analysis demonstrated that viral infection triggered a robust immune response, as evidenced by the substantial induction of antiviral, innate, and adaptive immune-related genes in the OM of infected fish, which underscored the essential role of the OM in viral infection. Overall, our findings revealed a previously unknown function of teleost OM in antiviral defense, and provided a theoretical basis for the study of the mucosal immunity of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Guangyi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Gaofeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Weiguang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
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Zhu W, Qiao M, Hu M, Huo X, Zhang Y, Su J. Type II Grass Carp Reovirus Rapidly Invades Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) via Nostril-Olfactory System-Brain Axis, Gill, and Skin on Head. Viruses 2023; 15:1614. [PMID: 37515300 PMCID: PMC10385732 DOI: 10.3390/v15071614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II grass carp reovirus (GCRV-II) with high pathogenicity and infectivity causes severe hemorrhagic disease, which leads to extensive death in the grass carp and black carp aquaculture. However, the early invasion portal remains unclear. In this study, we explored the invasion portal, time, and pathway of GCRV-II by immersion infection in grass carp. Through the detection of the infected grass carp external body surface tissues, most of them could be detected to carry GCRV-II within 45 min except for the skin covered by scales. Further shortening the duration of infection, we proved that GCRV-II rapidly invades through the nostril (especially), gill, and skin on head at only 5 min post-immersion, rather than merely by adhesion. Subsequently, visual localization investigations of GCRV-II were conducted on the nostril, olfactory system (olfactory bulb and olfactory tract), and brain via immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We found that few viruses were located in the nostril at 5 min post-immersion infection, while a significantly increased quantity of viruses were distributed in all of the examined tissues at 45 min. Furthermore, the semi-qRT-PCR and Western blotting results of different infection times confirmed that GCRV-II invades grass carp via the nostril-olfactory system-brain axis and then viral replication unfolds. These results revealed the infection mechanism of GCRV-II in terms of the invasion portal, time, and pathway in grass carp. This study aims to understand the invasion mode of GCRV-II in grass carp, thus providing theoretical support for the prevention and control strategies of hemorrhagic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Meihua Qiao
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meidi Hu
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingchen Huo
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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6
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Zhao L, Huang J, Li Y, Wu S, Kang Y. Comprehensive analysis of immune parameters, mRNA and miRNA profiles, and immune genes expression in the gill of rainbow trout infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108546. [PMID: 36646338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of cold-water fish with important economic values, widely cultivated worldwide. However, the outbreak of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) caused the large-scale death of rainbow trout and seriously restricted the development of the trout farming industry. In this study, the changes of immune parameters in different periods (6-, 12-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-, and 144 h post-infection (hpi)), transcriptome profiles of 48 hpi (T48G) compared to control (C48G), and key immune-related genes expression patterns were measured in rainbow trout gill following IHNV challenge through biochemical methods, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, as well as lysozyme (LZM) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content decreased and then increased during infection, and remained at a high level after 48 hpi (P < 0.05), whereas catalase (CAT) activity showed a significant peak at 48 hpi (P < 0.05). The mRNA and miRNA analysis identified 4343 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 11 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), and numerous immune-related DEGs involved in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, apoptosis, DNA replication, p53 signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and expression were significantly up-regulated in T48Gm group, including tlr3, tlr7, tlr8, traf3, ifih1, trim25, dhx58, ddh58, hsp90a.1, nlrc3, nlrc5, socs3, irf3, irf7, casp7, mx1, and vig2. The integrated analysis identified several important miRNAs (ola-miR-27d-3p_R+5, gmo-miR-124-3-5p, ssa-miR-301a-5p_L+2, and ssa-miR-146d-3p) that targeted key immune-related DEGs. Expression analysis showed that tlr3, tlr7, traf3, ifih1, dhx58, hap90a.1, irf3, irf7, and mx1 genes increased and then decreased during infection, and peaked at 72 hpi (P < 0.05). However, trim25 expression peaked at 96 hpi (P < 0.05). This study contributes to understanding immune response of rainbow trout against IHNV infection, and provides new insights into the immune regulation mechanisms and disease resistance breeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jinqiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Yongjuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shenji Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yujun Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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7
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Wu D, Jin L, Huang X, Deng H, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Zhang C, Guo HY. Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2452-2477. [PMID: 36093586 PMCID: PMC9481144 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctium lappa L. is a prevalent medicinal herb and a health supplement that is commonly used in Asia. Over the last few decades, the bioactive component arctigenin has attracted the attention of researchers because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, multiple sclerosis fighting, antitumor, and anti-leukemia properties. After summarising the research and literature on arctigenin, this study outlines the current status of research on pharmacological activity, total synthesis, and structural modification of arctigenin. The purpose of this study is to assist academics in obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the research progress on arctigenin and to provide constructive suggestions for further investigation of this useful molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Lili Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe-shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Changhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
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8
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Mani A, Salinas I. The knowns and many unknowns of CNS immunity in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:431-440. [PMID: 36241002 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Many disease agents infect the central nervous system (CNS) of teleost fish causing severe losses for the fish farming sector. Yet, neurotropic fish pathogens remain poorly documented and immune responses in the teleost CNS essentially unknown. Previously thought to be devoid of an immune system, the mammalian CNS is now recognized to be protected from infection by diverse immune cells that mostly reside in the meningeal lymphatic system. Here we review the current body of work pertaining immune responses in the teleost CNS to infection. We identify important knowledge gaps with regards to CNS immunity in fish and make recommendations for rigorous experimentation and reporting in manuscripts so that fish immunologists can advance this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mani
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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9
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Alterations of the Mucosal Immune Response and Microbial Community of the Skin upon Viral Infection in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214037. [PMID: 36430516 PMCID: PMC9698461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ on the surface of vertebrates, which not only acts as the first line of defense against pathogens but also harbors diverse symbiotic microorganisms. The complex interaction between skin immunity, pathogens, and commensal bacteria has been extensively studied in mammals. However, little is known regarding the effects of viral infection on the skin immune response and microbial composition in teleost fish. In this study, we exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) by immersion infection. Through pathogen load detection and pathological evaluation, we confirmed that IHNV successfully invaded the rainbow trout, causing severe damage to the epidermis of the skin. qPCR analyses revealed that IHNV invasion significantly upregulated antiviral genes and elicited strong innate immune responses. Transcriptome analyses indicated that IHNV challenge induced strong antiviral responses mediated by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways in the early stage of the infection (4 days post-infection (dpi)), and an extremely strong antibacterial immune response occurred at 14 dpi. Our 16S rRNA sequencing results indicated that the skin microbial community of IHNV-infected fish was significantly richer and more diverse. Particularly, the infected fish exhibited a decrease in Proteobacteria accompanied by an increase in Actinobacteria. Furthermore, IHNV invasion favored the colonization of opportunistic pathogens such as Rhodococcus and Vibrio on the skin, especially in the later stage of infection, leading to dysbiosis. Our findings suggest that IHNV invasion is associated with skin microbiota dysbiosis and could thus lead to secondary bacterial infection.
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Li J, Xia D, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Liu X, Sun J, Xu B, Yang J, Wang N, Shi W, Guan X, Liu M. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) nucleoprotein amino acid residues affect viral virulence and immunogenicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:572-581. [PMID: 35988711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the N protein sequences of genotype J with other genotypes of IHNV to select amino acid residues that may be related to the change in viral virulence. The recombinant viruses containing different mutation sites were rescued by alanine scanning mutagenesis and the reverse genetic system. The nine recombinant virus strains obtained in this work were named rIHNV-N85, rIHNV-N102, rIHNV-N146, rIHNV-N380, rIHNV-N85-102-146, rIHNV-N85-102-380, rIHNV-N85-146-380, rIHNV-N102-146-380, and rIHNV-N85-102-146-380. Pathogenicity and immunity assays were performed to determine the role of virulence sites. The result of the pathogenicity test showed that the survival rates of rIHNV-N85, rIHNV-N102, rIHNV-N85-102-146, and rIHNV-N85-102-380 groups were 52.5%, 55%, 67.5%, and 57.5%, while the survival rate of wild-type (wt) IHNV HLJ-09 group was only 10%. The replication ability of recombinant viruses with substitutions at positions 85 and 102 was significantly inhibited in vivo and in vitro. The qRT-PCR result indicated that the cytokines of IFN1, IL-8, and IL-1β expression levels were increased in rIHNV-N85, rIHNV-N102, rIHNV-N85-102-146, and rIHNV-N85-102-380 groups. In addition, these four recombinant viruses could cause the rainbow trout to produce anti-IHNV-specific antibodies immunoglobulin M (IgM) earlier, confirming that 85 and 102 amino acid residues of N protein affected the virulence and immunogenicity of IHNV. All these results suggest that mutations of the N protein virulence sites reduce virulence while retaining immunogenicity. This also provides a new idea for studying the virulence mechanism of rhabdoviruses and preparing attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxing Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Ziafati Kafi Z, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Nikaein D, Marandi A, Rahmati‐Holasoo H, Sadri N, Erfanmanesh A, Enayati A. Phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of Iranian infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) of rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss
) based on the glycoprotein gene. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2411-2417. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ziafati Kafi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Donya Nikaein
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Amin Marandi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Aquatic Animal Health University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Hooman Rahmati‐Holasoo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Aquatic Animal Health University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Centre of Excellence for Warm Water Fish Health and Disease Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahvaz Iran
| | - Naser Sadri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmad Erfanmanesh
- Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) Tehran Organization Tehran Iran
| | - Ala Enayati
- Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) Tehran Organization Tehran Iran
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12
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Wu S, Huang J, Li Y, Lei M, Zhao L, Liu Z. Integrated analysis of immune parameters, miRNA-mRNA interaction, and immune genes expression in the liver of rainbow trout following infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970321. [PMID: 36119061 PMCID: PMC9479325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an important economical cold-water fish worldwide. However, infection with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) has severely restricted the development of aquaculture and caused huge economic losses. Currently, little is known about the immune defense mechanisms of rainbow trout against IHNV. In this study, we detected the changes of immune parameters over different post-infection periods (6-, 12-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-, and 144 hours post-infection (hpi)), mRNA and miRNA expression profiles under 48 hpi (T48L) compared to control (C48L), and key immune-related genes expression patterns in rainbow trout liver following IHNV challenge through biochemical methods, RNA-seq, and qRT-PCR, and the function of miR-330-y was verified by overexpression and silencing in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that alkaline phosphatase (AKP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), catalase (CAT), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities, and lysozyme (LZM) content showed significant peaks at 48 hpi, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) content and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity decreased continuously during infection, and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity varied slightly. From RNA-seq, a total of 6844 genes and 86 miRNAs were differentially expressed, and numerous immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and antigen processing and presentation were significantly upregulated in T48Lm group, including IFIH1, DHX58, MAVS, TRAF3, IRF3, IRF7, MX1, TLR3, TLR8, MYD88, NOD1, NOD2, IL-8, CXCR1, CD209, CD83, and TAP1. Integrated analysis identified seven miRNAs (miR-425-x, miR-185-x, miR-338-x, miR-330-y, miR-361-x, miR-505-y, and miR-191-x) that target at least three key immune-related DEGs. Expression analysis showed that IFIH1, DHX58, IRF3, IRF7, MX1, TLR3, TLR8, and MYD88 showed a marked increase after 24 hpi during infection. Further research confirmed TAP1 as one of the targets of miR-330-y, overexpression of miR-330-y with mimics or agomir significantly reduced the expression levels of TAP1, IRF3, and IFN, and the opposite effects were obtained by inhibitor. These results facilitate in-depth understanding of the immune mechanisms in rainbow trout against IHNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenji Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinqiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinqiang Huang,
| | - Yongjuan Li
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingquan Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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13
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Ren G, Xu L, Zhao J, Shao Y, Chen X, Lu T, Zhang Q. Supplementation of Dietary Crude Lentinan Improves the Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Barrier in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Infected by Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920065. [PMID: 35812417 PMCID: PMC9258421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of crude lentinan (CLNT) on the intestinal microbiota and the immune barrier were evaluated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). The results showed that supplementary CLNT declined the rainbow trout mortality caused by IHNV, which suggested that CLNT has preventive effects on IHNV infection. IHNV destroyed intestinal integrity, as well as caused the intestinal oxidative and damage in rainbow trout. Supplementary CLNT significantly strengthened the intestinal immune barrier by declining intestinal permeability, as well as enhancing intestinal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities in IHNV-infected rainbow trout (P<0.05). In addition, CLNT modified the aberrant changes of intestinal microbiota induced by IHNV, mainly represented by promoting the growths of Carnobacterium and Deefgea and inhibiting Mycobacterium and Nannocystis. Especially, supplementing with CLNT significantly promoted the growth of short-chain fatty acid–producing bacteria (P<0.05) and consequently increased the production of acetic acid, butanoic acid, and hexanoic acid in the intestine of IHNV-infected rainbow trout. Furthermore, it was speculated that CLNT could regulate the self-serving metabolic pathways of intestinal microbiota induced by IHNV, such as fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Together, CLNT played the antiviral effects on IHNV infection through strengthening the intestinal immune barrier, as well as regulating intestinal microbiota and SCFA metabolism in rainbow trout. The present data revealed that CLNT exerted a promising prebiotic role in preventing the rainbow trout from IHNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Ren
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liming Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yizhi Shao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Technology Center of Wuhan Customs, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Tongyan Lu, ; Qiya Zhang,
| | - Qiya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Tongyan Lu, ; Qiya Zhang,
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14
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Angulo C, Sanchez V, Delgado K, Monreal-Escalante E, Hernández-Adame L, Angulo M, Tello-Olea M, Reyes-Becerril M. Oral organic nanovaccines against bacterial and viral diseases. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105648. [PMID: 35728750 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have saved millions of humans and animals from deadly diseases. Many vaccines are still under development to fight against lethal diseases. Indeed, subunit vaccines are a versatile approach with several advantageous attributes, but they lack strong immunogenicity. Nanotechnology is an avenue to vaccine development because nanoparticles may serve as nanocarriers and adjuvants, which are critical aspects for oral vaccines. This review provides an update of oral organic nanovaccines, describing suitable nanomaterials for oral vaccine design and recent (last five-year view) oral nanovaccine developments to fight against those principal pathogens causing human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico.
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Karen Delgado
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico; Cátedras-CONACYT. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Luis Hernández-Adame
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico; Cátedras-CONACYT. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Miriam Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Marlene Tello-Olea
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
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15
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Sun J, Zhang M, Zhao D, Yang J, Shi Y, Xu B, Liu X, Guan X, Shi W, Liu M. Immunological Effects of Recombinant Lactobacillus casei Expressing IHNV G Protein and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Chemokine CK6 as an Oral Vaccine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927443. [PMID: 35784302 PMCID: PMC9245430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IHNV is a virus that infects salmonids and causes serious economic damage to the salmonid farming industry. There is no specific treatment for the disease caused by this pathogen and the main preventive measure is vaccination, but this is only possible for small groups of individuals. Therefore, it is important to investigate new oral vaccines to prevent IHNV. In this study, the CK6 chemokine protein of rainbow trout and the truncated G protein of IHNV were used to construct a secretory expression recombinant L.casei vaccine for rainbow trout. The results showed that the levels of IgM and IgT antibodies in rainbow trout reached the highest level on the 15th day after the secondary immunization, and the antibodies exhibited high inhibitory activity against viral infection. Furthermore, the expression of relevant cytokines in different tissues was detected and found to be significantly higher in the oral vaccine group than in the control group. It was also found that pPG-612-CK6-G/L.casei 393 could stimulate splenic lymphocyte proliferation and improve mucosal immunity with significant differences between the immunized and control groups. When infected with IHNV, the protection rate of pPG-612-CK6-G/L.casei 393 was 66.67% higher than that of the control group. We found that pPG-612-CK6-G/L.casei 393 expressed and secreted the rainbow trout chemokine CK6 protein and IHNV truncated G protein, retaining the original immunogenicity of rainbow trout while enhancing their survival rate. This indicates that recombinant L.casei provides a theoretical basis and rationale for the development of an oral vaccine against IHNV and has important practical implications for the protection of rainbow trout from IHNV infection.
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16
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Review of Medicinal Plants and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients against Aquatic Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061281. [PMID: 35746752 PMCID: PMC9230652 DOI: 10.3390/v14061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture offers a promising source of economic and healthy protein for human consumption, which can improve wellbeing. Viral diseases are the most serious type of diseases affecting aquatic animals and a major obstacle to the development of the aquaculture industry. In the background of antibiotic-free farming, the development and application of antibiotic alternatives has become one of the most important issues in aquaculture. In recent years, many medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical ingredients have been found to be effective in the treatment and prevention of viral diseases in aquatic animals. Compared with chemical drugs and antibiotics, medicinal plants have fewer side-effects, produce little drug resistance, and exhibit low toxicity to the water environment. Most medicinal plants can effectively improve the growth performance of aquatic animals; thus, they are becoming increasingly valued and widely used in aquaculture. The present review summarizes the promising antiviral activities of medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical ingredients against aquatic viruses. Furthermore, it also explains their possible mechanisms of action and possible implications in the prevention or treatment of viral diseases in aquaculture. This article could lay the foundation for the future development of harmless drugs for the prevention and control of viral disease outbreaks in aquaculture.
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17
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Molecular Epidemiology of Novirhabdoviruses Emerging in Iranian Trout Farms. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030448. [PMID: 33802100 PMCID: PMC7999222 DOI: 10.3390/v13030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novirhabdoviruses cause large epizootics and economic losses of farmed trout. In this study, we surveyed Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus and Infectious hematopoietic and necrosis virus (VHSV and IHNV) through both monitoring and investigation of clinical outbreaks reported by farmers in the regions with major rainbow trout production in Iran from 2015 to 2019. RT-PCR assays of the kidney samples and cell culture (EPC/FHM cells) samples confirmed the presence of the viruses, with 9 VHSV and 4 IHNV isolates, in both endemic and new areas of Iran. Sequence analysis of the G gene revealed that VHSV isolates belonged to genogroup Ia, and IHNV isolates were clustered into genogroup E, both typical for isolates from European countries. A haplotype analysis based on non-homologous amino acids of the G gene supports the emergence of two lineages of IHNV from clade 1 (E-1), as well as VHSV clade 2 (Ia-2) of the European genogroups, confirming that VHSV and IHNV isolates in Iran, have originated from Europe possibly via imported eggs.
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18
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Moreira M, Schrama D, Farinha AP, Cerqueira M, Raposo de Magalhães C, Carrilho R, Rodrigues P. Fish Pathology Research and Diagnosis in Aquaculture of Farmed Fish; a Proteomics Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E125. [PMID: 33430015 PMCID: PMC7827161 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main constraints in aquaculture production is farmed fish vulnerability to diseases due to husbandry practices or external factors like pollution, climate changes, or even the alterations in the dynamic of product transactions in this industry. It is though important to better understand and characterize the intervenients in the process of a disease outbreak as these lead to huge economical losses in aquaculture industries. High-throughput technologies like proteomics can be an important characterization tool especially in pathogen identification and the virulence mechanisms related to host-pathogen interactions on disease research and diagnostics that will help to control, prevent, and treat diseases in farmed fish. Proteomics important role is also maximized by its holistic approach to understanding pathogenesis processes and fish responses to external factors like stress or temperature making it one of the most promising tools for fish pathology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Moreira
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO—Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Denise Schrama
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Farinha
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco Cerqueira
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Cláudia Raposo de Magalhães
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Carrilho
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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19
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A preliminary investigation on the mechanism of action of 4-(8-(2-ethylimidazole)octyloxy)-arctigenin against IHNV. Virus Res 2021; 294:198287. [PMID: 33418024 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Arctigenin derivatives form an elite class of naturally occurring compounds that possess promising antiviral therapeutic perspectives. In a previous study, we design and synthesize a arctigenin derivative, 4-(8-(2-ethylimidazole)octyloxy)-arctigenin (EOA), to evaluate its antiviral activity on infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). In this study, we find that the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of EOA on IHNV nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), nonvirion protein (NV) and polymerase (L) mRNA expression is 0.92, 0.80, 0.98, 0.89 and 0.87 μM, respectively. Mechanistically, our results show that EOA do not damage the viral particles directly, indicating EOA does not possess antiviral activity by destroying virions. Viral binding assays reveal that EOA do not interfere with IHNV adsorption. Because rapamycin has been shown to exhibit anti-IHNV activity by inducing autophagy of epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells, we further investigate the relationship between EOA and autophagy in EPC cells. Autophagy fluorescence detection shows that EPC cells have a strong autophagy body after being treated with derivative EOA. The electron microscopy results show that EOA could induce typical autophagosomes which are representative structures of autophagy activation. Moreover, the punctate accumulation of green fluorescence-tagged microtubule-associate protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and the protein conversion from LC3-I to LC3-II are respectively confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and western blotting. Overall, these findings demonstrate that EOA plays an anti-IHNV role via inducing autophagy in EPC cells.
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20
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Louboutin L, Cabon J, Vigouroux E, Morin T, Danion M. Comparative analysis of the course of infection and the immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with the 5 genotypes of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Virology 2021; 552:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Ahmadivand S, Weidmann M, El-Matbouli M, Rahmati-Holasoo H. Low Pathogenic Strain of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Associated with Recent Outbreaks in Iranian Trout Farms. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100782. [PMID: 32987803 PMCID: PMC7650613 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), first described as acute viral catarrhal enteritis, is a highly contagious disease with variable pathogenicity that has been linked to genetic variation in the viral VP2 gene encoding the capsid protein. In this study, the IPN virus (IPNV) is isolated from the moribund fish from five of fourteen Iranian trout farms from 2015 to 2017. The affected fish showed mortality rates ranging from 20% to 60%, with the main clinical signs of exophthalmia, darkened skin, and mild abdominal distension, as well as yellow mucoid fluid in the intestine. Histopathological examination of intestinal sections confirmed acute catarrhal enteritis in all samples. RT-PCR assay of the kidney tissue and cell culture (CHSE-214) samples consistently confirmed the presence of the virus. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP2 sequence revealed that the detected isolates belong to genogroup 5, and are closely related to the Sp serotype strains of European origin. Characterization of VP2 of all isolates revealed the P217T221 motif that previously was associated with avirulence or low virulence, while all IPNV-positive fish in this study were clinically affected with moderate mortality. The IPNV isolates from Iran are associated with two lineages that appear to have originated from Europe, possibly via imported eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Ahmadivand
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 14155-6453, Iran;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-91-9991-2385
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK;
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Hooman Rahmati-Holasoo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 14155-6453, Iran;
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22
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Das PK, Salinas I. Fish nasal immunity: From mucosal vaccines to neuroimmunology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:165-171. [PMID: 32497724 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Like terrestrial vertebrates, bony fishes have a nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) that protects the host against invading pathogens. Despite nasal immunity being a relatively new field in fish immunology, the investigation of nasal immune systems has already illuminated fundamental aspects of teleost mucosal immune systems as well as neuroimmunology. In this review, we highlight the importance of nasal infections in bony fish and the progress that has been made towards understanding how fish respond locally and systemically to nasal infection or vaccination. We also want to highlight the complex interactions between neurons and immune cells that occur in the olfactory organ during the course of an immune response. We predict that similar neuroimmune interactions govern immune responses at all mucosal tissues in bony fish. Understanding the principles of mucosal immune responses in teleost NALT has therefore revealed important aspects of fish mucosal immunity that are critical for mucosal vaccination in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankoj Kumar Das
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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23
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Fazeli L, Golkar P, Mirakhorli N, Jalali SAH, Mohammadinezhad R. Transient expression of the full-length glycoprotein from infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves via agroinfiltration. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:648-658. [PMID: 32578912 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), the causative agent of acute disease in salmonids, is the only structural protein of the virus that can induce protective immunity in the fish host. Here, the reliability of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plant for the production of this viral protein was examined by the transient expression method. Using the syringe agroinfiltration method, leaves of bean plants were transformed with the expression construct encoding the full-length of IHNV glycoprotein (IHNV-G) gene. Furthermore, the transformation efficacy of two infiltration buffers including PBS-A (PBS+acetosyringone) and MMS-A (MES buffer + MgSO4 + sucrose + acetosyringone) was compared. The analysis of mRNA and dot-blot assay confirmed the transcription and translation of IHNV-G protein in bean leaves. Moreover, Western blotting verified the production of intact, full-length (∼57 kDa) IHNV-G protein in the agroinfiltrated plants. Of note, the production level of IHNV-G using MMS-A agroinfiltration buffer was approximately five times higher compared to PBS-A buffer (0.48 vs. 0.1% of total soluble protein), indicating the effect of infiltration buffer on the transient transformation efficiency. The recombinant protein was purified at the final yield of 0.35 μg/g of fresh leaf tissue, using nickel affinity chromatography. The present work is the first report describing the feasibility of the plant expression platform for the production of IHNV-G protein, which can be served as an oral vaccine against IHNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Fazeli
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Pooran Golkar
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.,Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Neda Mirakhorli
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Jalali
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.,Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Rezvan Mohammadinezhad
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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Ahmadivand S, Soltani M, Shokrpoor S, Rahmati-Holasoo H, El-Matbouli M, Taheri-Mirghaed A. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) transmission and outbreaks in Iran: Detection and characterization in farmed common carp. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104321. [PMID: 32534183 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study shows the presence of Cyprinid Herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Iranian carp farms with cumulative mortality up to 80% during 2015-2016. Pathological signs of disease such as gill necrosis, sunken eyes, and increased slime secretion on the skin and fins were observed in affected fish. The extensive fusion of secondary lamellae with necrotic cells, margination of chromatin, and formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies in gill tissues were also observed by histopathological examination. Most tubular epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cells showed intranuclear inclusion bodies in the kidney. The Iranian CyHV-3 isolates showed identity with Asian strains, and displayed the I++ II+ allele of the Asian lineage, as revealed by sequence analysis of the TK gene, Marker I, and Marker II. The detected isolates were also similar to those detected from koi in the same region of Iran, suggesting the probable transmission of CyHV-3 from ornamental to farmed cyprinids. This represents the first report of CyHV-3 from Iranian farmed common carp to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Ahmadivand
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Sara Shokrpoor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Rahmati-Holasoo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Ali Taheri-Mirghaed
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Hua X, Feng Y, Guan X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ren X, Li D, Gao S, Huang J, Guan X, Shi W, Liu M. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus truncated G protein effect on survival, immune response, and disease resistance in rainbow trout. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 139:25-33. [PMID: 32351234 DOI: 10.3354/dao03463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The major antigenic protein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the surface glycoprotein G, which contains neutralizing epitopes that induce the production of immune neutralizing antibodies. In this study, the IHNV G gene sequence was truncated according to bioinformatics principles and then recombinantly expressed via an E. coli expression system. We then assessed the specific antibody immunoglobin M (IgM) levels of rainbow trout immunized with recombinant truncated G protein (emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant), and showed that antibody IgM levels of immunized fish were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.01). The mRNA expression levels of interferon 1 (IFN1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were also up-regulated significantly (p < 0.01) in head kidneys and spleens of rainbow trout immunized with recombinant truncated G protein. Also, after challenge with wild-type IHNV HLJ-09 virus on Day 28, rainbow trout immunized with recombinant truncated G protein showed cumulative survival rates of 60%. These results indicate that the truncated G protein of IHNV expressed by the E. coli prokaryotic expression system can be used as a candidate immunogen for an IHNV subunit vaccine, which lays a theoretical foundation for the study of further potential IHNV subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Hua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
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26
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Chen Y, Li J, Li D, Guan X, Ren X, Zhou Y, Feng Y, Gao S, Wang N, Guan X, Shi W, Liu M. The L-domains in M and G proteins of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) affect viral budding and pathogenicity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:171-179. [PMID: 31610290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses including many retroviruses encode "late-domain" motifs that can interact with host proteins to mediate viral assembly and affect viral budding and pathogenicity. For IHNV, our previous studies demonstrated that the respective interactions of the L domains of IHNV with host proteins could mediate viral assembly and budding. To our knowledge, the role of L domains of the IHNV in the budding and pathogenicity has not investigated yet. In this study, we generated two recombinant IHNV strains rIHNV-M(PH>A4) and rIHNV-G(PS>A4) with mutations in the L domains (PPPH to AAAA or PSAP to AARA) of IHNV by reverse genetics and explored the effect of the mutations on budding and pathogenicity of the two recombinant viruses. The RT-qPCR results showed that the production levels of the extracellular particles of rIHNV-M(PH>A4) or rIHNV-G(PS>A4) declined significantly, compared with those of wild-type (wt) IHNV HLJ-09. Furthermore, the challenge test showed that the survival rates of juvenile rainbow trout challenged with rIHNV-M(PH>A4) or rIHNV-G(PS>A4) were 90% or 87%, respectively; however, the survivability was zero in groups challenged with wtIHNV HLJ-09 or rIHNV HLJ-09 (recombinant IHNV). Additionally, the RT-qPCR results showed that the recombinant viruses induced higher expression levels of IFN1, IL-1β, and IL-8 compared with those induced by wtIHNV HLJ-09 as well as the ELISA results showed that fish vaccinated with recombinant viruses produced high levels of specific IgM antibodies, demonstrating that the two recombinant viruses may induce immune responses to resist infection by IHNV. Also, these results demonstrated for the first time that the L domains of the M and G proteins of IHNV could affect the budding and pathogenicity of IHNV, which may be beneficial in the prevention and control of IHNV infections in fish. Taken together, our study as the first research provides the foundation for effect of rhabdovirus L domains on viral budding and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyu Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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27
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A chimeric recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus induces protective immune responses against infectious hematopoietic necrosis and infectious pancreatic necrosis in rainbow trout. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:180-190. [PMID: 31704501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) are two common viral pathogens that cause severe economic losses in all salmonid species in culture, but especially in rainbow trout. Although vaccines against both diseases have been commercialized in some countries, no such vaccines are available for them in China. In this study, a recombinant virus was constructed using the IHNV U genogroup Blk94 virus as a backbone vector to express the antigenic gene, VP2, from IPNV via the reverse genetics system. The resulting recombinant virus (rBlk94-VP2) showed stable biological characteristics as confirmed by virus growth kinetic analyses, pathogenicity analyses, indirect immunofluorescence assays and western blotting. Rainbow trout were immunized with rBlk94-VP2 and then challenged with the IPNV ChRtm213 strain and the IHNV Sn1203 strain on day 45 post-vaccination. A significantly higher survival rate against IHNV was obtained in the rBlk94-VP2 group on day 45 post-vaccination (86%) compared with the PBS mock immunized group (2%). Additionally, IPNV loads decreased significantly in the rBlk94-VP2 immunized group in the liver (28.6-fold to 36.5-fold), anterior kidney (21.7-fold to 44.2-fold), and spleen (14.9-fold to 22.7-fold), as compared with the PBS mock control group. The mRNA transcripts for several innate and adaptive immune-related proteins (IFN-γ, IFN-1, Mx-1, CD4, CD8, IgM, and IgT) were also significantly upregulated after rBlk94-VP2 vaccination, and neutralizing antibodies against both IHNV and IPNV were induced on day 45 post-vaccination. Collectively, our results suggest that this recombinant virus could be developed as a vaccine vector to protect rainbow trout against two or more diseases, and our approach lays the foundations for developing live vaccines for rainbow trout.
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28
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Li BY, Hu Y, Li J, Shi K, Shen YF, Zhu B, Wang GX. Ursolic acid from Prunella vulgaris L. efficiently inhibits IHNV infection in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2019; 273:197741. [PMID: 31494148 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a fish viral pathogen that causes severe disease and huge economic losses in the salmonid aquaculture industry. However, anti-IHNV drugs currently are scarce. For the purpose of seeking out anti-IHNV drugs, the anti-IHNV activities of 32 medicinal plants were investigated by using epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. Among these plants, Prunella vulgaris L. (PVL) showed the strongest inhibition on IHNV replication with an inhibitory percentage of 99.3% at the concentration 100 mg/L. Further studies demonstrated that ursolic acid (UA), a major constituent of PVL, also showed a highly effective anti-IHNV activity. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 72 h of UA on IHNV was 8.0 μM. Besides, UA could significantly decrease cytopathic effect (CPE) and the viral titer induced by IHNV in EPC cells. More importantly, UA also showed a strong anti-IHNV activity in vivo, as indicated by increasing the survival rate of rainbow trout and inhibiting viral gene expression. Intraperitoneal injection of UA increased the relative percentage of survival of rainbow trout by 18.9% and inhibited IHNV glycoprotein mRNA expression by > 90.0% in the spleen at the 1st-day post-infection. Altogether, UA was expected to be a therapeutic agent against IHNV infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yang Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu-Feng Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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29
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Chen Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Feng Y, Guan X, Li D, Ren X, Gao S, Huang J, Guan X, Shi W, Liu M. The role of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) proteins in recruiting the ESCRT pathway through three ways in the host cells of fish during IHNV budding. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:833-841. [PMID: 31299463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In cytokinetic abscission, phagophore formation, and enveloped virus budding are mediated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). Many retroviruses and RNA viruses encode "late-domain" motifs that can interact with the components of the ESCRT pathway to mediate the viral assembly and budding. However, the rhabdovirus in fish has been rarely investigated. In this study, inhibition the protein expression of the ESCRT components reduces the extracellular virion production, which preliminarily indicates that the ESCRT pathway is involved in IHNV release. The respective interactions of IHNV proteins including M, G, L protein with Nedd4, Tsg101, and Alix suggest the underlying molecular mechanism by which IHNV gets access to the ESCRT pathway. These results are the first observation that rhabdovirus in fish gains access to the ESCRT pathway through three ways of interactions between viral proteins and host proteins. In addition, the results show that IHNV is released from host cells through the ESCRT pathway. Taken together, our study provides a theoretical basis for studying the budding mechanism of IHNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ying Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xin Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Dechuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xuanyu Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shuai Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jinshan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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30
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Yong CY, Ong HK, Tang HC, Yeap SK, Omar AR, Ho KL, Tan WS. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: advances in diagnosis and vaccine development. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7151. [PMID: 31341728 PMCID: PMC6640626 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquaculture of salmonid fishes is a multi-billion dollar industry with production over 3 million tons annually. However, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), which infects and kills salmon and trout, significantly reduces the revenue of the salmon farming industry. Currently, there is no effective treatment for IHNV infected fishes; therefore, early detection and depopulation of the infected fishes remain the most common practices to contain the spread of IHNV. Apart from hygiene practices in aquaculture and isolation of infected fishes, loss of fishes due to IHNV infection can also be significantly reduced through vaccination programs. In the current review, some of the diagnostic methods for IHNV, spanning from clinical diagnosis to cell culture, serological and molecular methods are discussed in detail. In addition, some of the most significant candidate vaccines for IHNV are also extensively discussed, particularly the DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chean Yeah Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Chia Tang
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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31
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Synthesis and antiviral activity of coumarin derivatives against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1749-1755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Jalali SAH, Mohammadinezhad R, Mohammadi A, Latifian MH, Talebi M, Soleimanin-Zad S, Golkar P, Hemmatzadeh F. Molecular evolution and selection pressure analysis of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) revealed the origin and phylogenetic relationship of Iranian isolates in recent epidemics in Iran. Virology 2019; 535:45-58. [PMID: 31272011 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent for a lethal salmonid disease. In this study, we surveyed the IHNV's epidemiology, diversity and the origin of infection in Iran. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Iranian isolates belonged to one of the two lineages of E genogroup. Subsequently, a combination of phylogenetic, antigenic and structural analysis was performed to investigate the evolution of E genogroup lineages. Site-specific analysis of the viral glycoprotein showed different co-evolving and positively selected sites in each lineage. Most of these sites were mapped to the predicted antigenic patches of the glycoprotein. Further characterization revealed E lineages can be differentiated, in part, by specific mutations at positions 91 and 130, which are located in the structurally flexible regions of the glycoprotein, suggesting a key adaptative role for these sites. These data may assist in better monitoring the emerging isolates in regions infected to IHNV from E genogroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Amir Hossein Jalali
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran; Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Rezvan Mohammadinezhad
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohammadi
- Human Viral vaccine Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Hessark Karadj Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Hassan Latifian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran
| | - Majid Talebi
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran
| | - Sabihe Soleimanin-Zad
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pouran Golkar
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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33
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Jia S, Ding G, Wang C, Feng B, Wang Z, Wang L, Jiang Y, Cui W, Qiao X, Tang L, Li Y, Xu Y. N-linked glycosylation sites in G protein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) affect its virulence and immunogenicity in rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:537-547. [PMID: 30991145 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) causes infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish, resulting in substantial economic losses to the aquaculture industry worldwide. The G protein, which harbors the major antigenic determinants of IHNV, is an envelope glycoprotein that plays an important role in both pathogenicity and immunogenicity of IHNV. Previous studies have demonstrated that changes to viral glycosylation sites may affect replication and immunogenicity, but little is known about the specific contributions of G protein glycosylation to IHNV replication and pathogenicity. In this study, we predicted four N-linked glycosylation sites at position 56, 379, 401, and 438 Asp (N) in G protein, and using a reverse genetics system developed in our laboratory, constructed nine recombinant viruses with single, triple, or quadruple glycosylation site disruptions using alanine substitutions in the following combinations: rIHNV-N56A, rIHNV-N379A, rIHNV-N401A, rIHNV-N438A, rIHNV-N56A-N379A-N401A, rIHNV-N56A-N379A-N438A, rIHNV-N56A-N401A-N438A, rIHNV-N379A-N401A-N438A, and rIHNV-N56A-N379A-N401A-N438A. Our results confirmed that all four asparagines are sites of N-linked glycosylation, and Western blot confirmed that mutation of each predicted N-glycosylation sited impaired glycosylation. Among the nine recombinant IHNVs, replication levels decreased significantly in vitro and in vivo in the triple and quadruple mutants that combined mutation of asparagines 401 and 438, indicating the importance of glycosylation at these sites for efficient replication. Moreover, juvenile rainbow trout mortality after challenge by each of the nine mutants showed that, while eight mutants suffered almost 100% cumulative mortality over 30 days, the mutant with a single alanine substitution at position 438 resulted in cumulative mortality of less than 50% over 30 days. This mutant also elicited specific anti-IHNV IgM production earlier than other mutants, suggesting that glycosylation of asparagine 438 may be important for viral immune escape. In conclusion, our study reveals the effect of G protein glycosylation on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of IHNV and provides a foundation for developing a live-attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Guojie Ding
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agricultural, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Baohua Feng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China.
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Chen Y, Guo M, Wang Y, Hua X, Gao S, Wang Y, Li D, Shi W, Tang L, Li Y, Liu M. Immunity induced by recombinant attenuated IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)-G N438A expresses VP2 gene-encoded IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) against both pathogens in rainbow trout. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:631-642. [PMID: 30874325 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are important pathogens in rainbow trout farming worldwide. Their co-infection is also common, which causes great economic loss in juvenile salmon species. Development of a universal virus vaccine providing broadly cross-protective immunity will be of great importance. In this study, we generated two recombinant (r) virus (rIHNV-N438A-ΔNV-EGFP and rIHNV-N438A-ΔNV-VP2) replacing the NV gene of the backbone of rIHNV at the single point mutation at residue 438 with an efficient green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene and antigenic VP2 gene of IPNV. Meanwhile, we tested their efficacy against the wild-type (wt) IHNV HLJ-09 virus and IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge. The relative per cent survival rates of two recombinant viruses against (wt) IHNV HLJ-09 virus challenge were 84.6% and 81.5%, respectively. Simultaneously, the relative per cent survival rate of rIHNV-N438A-ΔNV-VP2 against IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge was 88.9%. It showed the two recombinant viruses had high protection rates and induced a high level of antibodies against IHNV or IPNV. Taken together, these results suggest the VP2 gene of IPNV can act as candidate gene for vaccine and attenuated multivalent live vaccines and molecular marker vaccines have potential application for viral vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengting Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojing Hua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dechuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Mulei IR, Nyaga PN, Mbuthia PG, Waruiru RM, Xu C, Evensen Ø, Mutoloki S. First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County, Kenya. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:751-758. [PMID: 30805926 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of infectious haematopoietic necrosis, a disease of salmonid responsible for great economic losses. The disease occurs in most parts of the world where rainbow trout is reared but has not been previously reported in Kenya. In this study, rainbow trout fry and growers from two farms in Nyeri County were screened for IHNV. Whole fry (n = 4 from each farm) and kidney samples from growers (n = 15 and n = 6 from the two farms, respectively) were collected and preserved for cell culture examination or PCR analysis. Screening of samples was done by PCR followed by sequencing of the glycoprotein gene of the virus. Demonstration of the virus was done by propagation in EPC cells followed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The results revealed the presence of IHNV at low prevalence of 0.1 and 0.4 for the two farms. The virus was confirmed both by IFAT and by partial sequencing of the G gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan isolates were identical to those of the J genogroup found mostly in Asia. The findings have implications for biosecurity measures and import regulations for the Kenyan rainbow trout industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac R Mulei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phillip N Nyaga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul G Mbuthia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert M Waruiru
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cheng Xu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Hu Y, Shen Y, Li B, Wang GX, Zhu B. Evaluation on the antiviral activity of ribavirin against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells. Virus Res 2019; 263:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zhao JZ, Xu LM, Zhang ZY, Liu M, Cao YS, Yin JS, Liu HB, Lu TY. Recovery of recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus strain Sn1203 using the mammalian cell line BHK-21. J Virol Methods 2019; 265:84-90. [PMID: 30615899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetics systems are powerful tools for understanding the virulence mechanisms and gene functions of negative-sense RNA viruses. The reverse genetics systems commonly used for recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) are based on vaccinia virus infection. To avoid the potential biological safety risks associated with vaccinia virus, a recombinant IHNV virus strain Sn1203 (rIHNV-Sn1203) was rescued in this study using a mammalian cell line, BHK-21. The genome sequence authenticity of rIHNV-Sn1203 was confirmed using two silent genetic tags introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. Indirect immunofluorescence assays and transmission electron microscopy revealed that rIHNV-Sn1203 and wild-type IHNV-Sn1203 (wtIHNV-Sn1203) had identical immunogenicity and virion morphology. The virulence and pathogenicity of rIHNV-Sn1203 were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Although rIHNV-Sn1203 displayed trends toward delayed intracellular viral replication and lower virion yields compared with wtIHNV-Sn1203, statistical analyses revealed no significant differences between these two viruses. Moreover, rainbow trout challenged with rIHNV-Sn1203 and wtIHNV-Sn1203 showed indistinguishable mortality. Together, these results show that IHNV was successfully rescued using BHK-21 cells. This method is very convenient and may also be suitable for use in the recovery of other Novirhabdoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhuang Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Li-Ming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Miao Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Yong-Sheng Cao
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Jia-Sheng Yin
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Hong-Bai Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Tong-Yan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
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Hu Y, Liu L, Li B, Shen Y, Wang GX, Zhu B. Synthesis of arctigenin derivatives against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:183-194. [PMID: 30508667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a common pathogen that causes severe disease and huge economic losses in the salmonid aquaculture industry. Herein, a series of arctigenin derivatives are synthesized to evaluate their antiviral activity against IHNV. The results indicate that the length of linker and imidazole substituent groups play an important role in decreasing IHNV replication. In this study, the arctigenin-imidazole hybrid derivative 15 with an eight carbon atoms length of the linker reduces IHNV replication with an IC50 value of 1.3 μM. In addition, derivative 15 significantly inhibits apoptosis and cellular morphological damage induced by IHNV. Mechanistically, derivative 15 can not damage the viral particle directly. While time-of-addition and viral binding assays reveal that derivative 15 mainly affect the early replication of IHNV but do not interfere with IHNV adsorption. Overall, derivative 15 could be considered to develop as a promising agent to treat IHNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Boyang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yufeng Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Xu L, Zhao J, Liu M, Kurath G, Breyta RB, Ren G, Yin J, Liu H, Lu T. Phylogeography and evolution of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in China. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 131:19-28. [PMID: 30449717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a well-known rhabdoviral pathogen of salmonid fish. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of 40 IHNV viruses isolated from thirteen fish farms in nine geographically dispersed Chinese provinces during 2012 to 2017 is presented. Identity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among all the complete glycoprotein (G) genes from Chinese isolates was 98.0-100% and 96.7-100%, respectively. Coalescent phylogenetic analyses revealed that all the Chinese IHN virus characterized in this study were in a monophyletic clade that had a most recent common ancestor with the J Nagano (JN) subgroup within the J genogroup of IHNV. Within the Chinese IHNV clade isolates obtained over successive years from the same salmon fish farm clustered in strongly supported subclades, suggesting maintenance and diversification of virus over time within individual farms. There was also evidence for regional virus transmission within provinces, and some cases of longer distance transmission between distant provinces, such as Gansu and Yunnan. The data demonstrated that IHNV has evolved into a new subgroup in salmon farm environments in China, and IHNV isolates are undergoing molecular evolution within fish farms. We suggest that Chinese IHNV comprises a separate JC subgroup within the J genogroup of IHNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China
| | - Miao Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
| | - Gael Kurath
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Rachel B Breyta
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA; University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Guangming Ren
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
| | - Jiasheng Yin
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
| | - Hongbai Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
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Danion M, Le Floch S, Cabon J, Louboutin L, Morin T. Transchem project - Part II: Transgenerational effects of long-term exposure to pendimethalin at environmental concentrations on the early development and viral pathogen susceptibility of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 202:126-135. [PMID: 30025381 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the Transchem project, rainbow trout genitors were exposed to environmental concentrations of pendimethalin over a period of 18 months and two new first generations of offspring, F1_2013 and F1_2014, were obtained. We investigated the impact of direct chemical exposure on juveniles as well as the potential cumulative transgenerational and direct effects on the larval development and on the pathogen susceptibility of offspring. Depending on the chemical treatment or not of the adults, their offspring were distributed in the tanks of our experimental system, in two batches i.e. juveniles from the control genitors (G-) and others from the contaminated ones (G+), and then, half of the tanks were exposed daily to pendimethalin (Off+) while the others were used as controls (Off-). Viral challenges were performed on the offspring, before and after three months of direct chemical exposure, with strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and sleeping disease alphavirus (SDV). Direct and transgenerational macroscopic effects were observed on offspring, with a percentage of abnormalities in offspring derived from the genitors exposed to pendimethalin (G+) significantly higher compared to those from the genitors from non-exposed group (G-). Before the direct chemical exposure, similar kinetics of mortality was observed between the offspring from the contaminated or control genitors after VHSV infection. With IHNV, the G+ group died in a slightly larger proportion compared to the G- group and seroconversion was greater for the G- group. For the SDV challenge, the mortality was delayed for the G+ offspring compared to the G- and seroconversion reached 65% in the G+ group compared to 45% in the G-, with similar antibody titres. After three months of direct chemical exposure, kinetics of mortality induced by IHNV infection were similar for all groups studied. Infection with SDV resulted in a cumulative mortality of 40% for the G- groups (Off- and Off+), significantly higher than those observed from the contaminated genitors G+. Proportion of seropositivity for SDV varied from 24 to 47% depending on the group, with very low quantities of secreted antibodies. Lastly, the direct exposure of offspring could impact the capacity of fish to adapt their haematological parameters to environmental and physiological changes, and underlines the potential toxic effects on the next generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Danion
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; European University of Brittany, France.
| | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution (CEDRE), 715 Rue Alain Colas, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Joelle Cabon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; European University of Brittany, France
| | - Lénaïg Louboutin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; European University of Brittany, France
| | - Thierry Morin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; European University of Brittany, France
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Guo M, Shi W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li D, Ren X, Hua X, Tang L, Li Y, Liu M. Recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus expressing infectious pancreatic necrosis virus VP2 protein induces immunity against both pathogens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:187-194. [PMID: 29684608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are typical pathogens of rainbow trout. Their co-infection is also common, which causes great economic loss in juvenile salmon species. Although vaccines against IHNV and IPNV have been commercialized in many countries, the prevalence of IHNV and IPNV is still widespread in modern aquaculture. In the present study, two IHNV recombinant viruses displaying IPNV VP2 protein (rIHNV-IPNV VP2 and rIHNV-IPNV VP2COE) were generated using the RNA polymerase Ⅱ system to explore the immunogenicity of IHNV and IPNV. The recombinant IHNV viruses were stable, which was confirmed by sequencing, indirect immunofluorescence assay, western blotting, transmission electron microscopy and viral growth curve assay. IHNV and IPNV challenge showed that the recombinant viruses had high protection rates against IHNV and IPNV with approximately 65% relative percent survival rates. Rainbow trout (mean weight 20 g) vaccinated with these two recombinant viruses showed a high level of antibodies against IHNV and IPNV infection. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that rIHNV-IPNV VP2 and rIHNV-IPNV VP2COE might be promising vaccine candidates against IHNV and IPNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyu Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Hua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Efficient osmolyte-based procedure to increase expression level and solubility of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) nucleoprotein in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4087-4100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Zhao JZ, Xu LM, Liu M, Zhang ZY, Yin JS, Liu HB, Lu TY. Autophagy induced by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus inhibits intracellular viral replication and extracellular viral yields in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 77:88-94. [PMID: 28760360 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a common pathogen that causes severe disease in the salmonid aquaculture industry. Recent work demonstrated that autophagy plays an important role in pathogen invasion by activating innate and adaptive immunity. This study investigated the relationship between IHNV and autophagy in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells. The electron microscopy results show that IHNV infection can induce typical autophagosomes which are representative structures of autophagy activation. The punctate accumulation of green fluorescence-tagged microtubule-associate protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and the protein conversion from LC3-I to LC3-II were respectively confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and western blotting. Furthermore, the effects of autophagy on IHNV replication were also clarified by altering the autophagy pathway. The results showed that rapamycin induced autophagy can inhibit both intracellular viral replication and extracellular viral yields, while autophagy inhibitor produced the opposite results. These findings demonstrated that autophagy plays an antiviral role during IHNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhuang Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
| | - Li-Ming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
| | - Miao Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Jia-Sheng Yin
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
| | - Hong-Bai Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
| | - Tong-Yan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, PR China.
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