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Giaschi DE, Asare AK, Jost RM, Kelly KR, Birch EE. Motion-Defined Form Perception in Deprivation Amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:13. [PMID: 38573617 PMCID: PMC10996940 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess motion-defined form perception, including the association with clinical and sensory factors that may drive performance, in each eye of children with deprivation amblyopia due to unilateral cataract. Methods Coherence thresholds for orientation discrimination of motion-defined form were measured using a staircase procedure in 30 children with deprivation amblyopia and 59 age-matched controls. Visual acuity, stereoacuity, fusion, and interocular suppression were also measured. Fixation stability and fellow-eye global motion thresholds were measured in a subset of children. Results Motion-defined form coherence thresholds were elevated in 90% of children with deprivation amblyopia when viewing with the amblyopic eye and in 40% when viewing with the fellow eye. The deficit was similar in children with a cataract that had been visually significant at birth (congenital) and in children for whom the cataract appeared later in infancy or childhood (developmental). Poorer motion-defined form perception in amblyopic eyes was associated with poorer visual acuity, poorer binocular function, greater interocular suppression, and the presence of nystagmus. Fellow-eye deficits were not associated with any of these factors, but a temporo-nasal asymmetry for global motion perception in favor of nasalward motion suggested a general disruption in motion perception. Conclusions Deficits in motion-defined form perception are common in children with deprivation amblyopia and may reflect a problem in motion processing that relies on binocular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Giaschi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Akosua K Asare
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reed M Jost
- Pediatric Vision Laboratory, Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Krista R Kelly
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eileen E Birch
- Pediatric Vision Laboratory, Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas, United States
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2
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Moro SS, Qureshi FA, Steeves JKE. Perception of the McGurk effect in people with one eye depends on whether the eye is removed during infancy or adulthood. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1217831. [PMID: 37901426 PMCID: PMC10603249 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1217831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The visual system is not fully mature at birth and continues to develop throughout infancy until it reaches adult levels through late childhood and adolescence. Disruption of vision during this postnatal period and prior to visual maturation results in deficits of visual processing and in turn may affect the development of complementary senses. Studying people who have had one eye surgically removed during early postnatal development is a useful model for understanding timelines of sensory development and the role of binocularity in visual system maturation. Adaptive auditory and audiovisual plasticity following the loss of one eye early in life has been observed for both low-and high-level visual stimuli. Notably, people who have had one eye removed early in life perceive the McGurk effect much less than binocular controls. Methods The current study investigates whether multisensory compensatory mechanisms are also present in people who had one eye removed late in life, after postnatal visual system maturation, by measuring whether they perceive the McGurk effect compared to binocular controls and people who have had one eye removed early in life. Results People who had one eye removed late in life perceived the McGurk effect similar to binocular viewing controls, unlike those who had one eye removed early in life. Conclusion This suggests differences in multisensory compensatory mechanisms based on age at surgical eye removal. These results indicate that cross-modal adaptations for the loss of binocularity may be dependent on plasticity levels during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania S. Moro
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faizaan A. Qureshi
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer K. E. Steeves
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Park SW, Cardinaux A, Crozier D, Russo M, Kjelgaard M, Sinha P, Sternad D. Developmental change in predictive motor abilities. iScience 2023; 26:106038. [PMID: 36824276 PMCID: PMC9941204 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction is critical for successful interactions with a dynamic environment. To test the development of predictive processes over the life span, we designed a suite of interceptive tasks implemented as interactive video games. Four tasks involving interactions with a flying ball with titrated challenge quantified spatiotemporal aspects of prediction. For comparison, reaction time was assessed in a matching task. The experiments were conducted in a museum, where over 400 visitors across all ages participated, and in a laboratory with a focused age group. Results consistently showed that predictive ability improved with age to reach adult level by age 12. In contrast, reaction time continued to decrease into late adolescence. Inter-task correlations revealed that the tasks tested different aspects of predictive processes. This developmental progression complements recent findings on cerebellar and cortical maturation. Additionally, these results can serve as normative data to study predictive processes in individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Woong Park
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Annie Cardinaux
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dena Crozier
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Marta Russo
- Department of Neurology, Tor Vergata Polyclinc, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Margaret Kjelgaard
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Pawan Sinha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dagmar Sternad
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Ntoumanis I, Shestakova A, Koriakina M, Kadieva D, Kopytin G, Jääskeläinen IP. Developmental differences in the perception of naturalistic human movements. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 16:1046277. [PMID: 36704095 PMCID: PMC9872020 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1046277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is widely believed that we are more attentive towards moving versus static stimuli. However, the neural correlates underlying the perception of human movements have not been extensively investigated in ecologically valid settings, nor has the developmental aspect of this phenomenon. Here, we set forth to investigate how human limb movements displayed in naturalistic videos influence the attentional engagement of children and young adults. Methods Thirty-nine healthy participants (4-26 years old) were presented with naturalistic videos featuring human goal-directed movements, while neural activity was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). Video scenes were automatically annotated as containing arm, leg or no movement, using a machine learning algorithm. The viewers' attentional engagement was quantified by the intersubject correlation of EEG responses evoked by the videos. Results Our results demonstrate that scenes featuring limb movements, especially simultaneous arm and leg movements, elicit higher attentional engagement than scenes with no limb movement. Interestingly, this effect was found to diminish with age. Discussion Overall, our findings extend previous work on the perception of human motion by implementing naturalistic stimuli in the experimental design and extend the list of factors influencing the viewer's engagement exerted by naturalistic videos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ntoumanis
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Shestakova
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Koriakina
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Institution the Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics Under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dzerassa Kadieva
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigory Kopytin
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iiro P. Jääskeläinen
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
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5
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Silvestre D, Miseros M, Faubert J, Tullo D, Bertone A. Development of static and dynamic perception for luminance- and texture-defined information from school-ages to adulthood. Vision Res 2022; 200:108103. [PMID: 35870287 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the visual development of static and dynamic information processing at different levels of processing during typical development from the school-age years to adulthood. The implication of non-visual factors on visual development, such as cognitive (e.g., IQ) and attentional abilities, has yet to be systematically assessed with regard to spanning such a large age range. To address these voids, 203 typically-developing participants (aged 6 to 31 years) identified the orientation or direction of a static or moving grating defined by either luminance- or texture-contrast. An adaptive staircase procedure was used to measure contrast sensitivity in all four conditions. Cognitive (Wechsler IQ) and attentional ability (CPT-3) were also measured for all participants. Different developmental rates of contrast sensitivity were found between static and dynamic conditions when defined by more complex, texture-defined information, with the difference in sensitivity starting after the age of 9.71 years. However, static and dynamic profiles for luminance-defined information developed similarly with age. In addition, IQ did not correlate with nor predict the sensitivity across any condition. These results suggest age significantly explains the variance in the developmental profiles of contrast sensitivity above and beyond non-visual factors such as IQ and the CPT-3 attentional scores. Moreover, the neural pathways processing static and dynamic visual information continue to develop through late childhood and adolescence for the processing of texture-defined information only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Silvestre
- Perceptual Neuroscience Laboratory for Autism and Development, McGill University, Canada.
| | - Margarita Miseros
- Perceptual Neuroscience Laboratory for Autism and Development, McGill University, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- Faubert Lab, École d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Domenico Tullo
- Perceptual Neuroscience Laboratory for Autism and Development, McGill University, Canada
| | - Armando Bertone
- Perceptual Neuroscience Laboratory for Autism and Development, McGill University, Canada
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6
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Developmental changes in gaze patterns in response to radial optic flow in toddlerhood and childhood. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11566. [PMID: 35799054 PMCID: PMC9262903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A large field visual motion pattern (optic flow) with a radial pattern provides a compelling perception of self-motion; a radially expanding/contracting optic flow generates the perception of forward/backward locomotion. Moreover, the focus of a radial optic flow, particularly an expansive flow, is an important visual cue to perceive and control the heading direction during human locomotion. Previous research has shown that human gaze patterns have an “expansion bias”: a tendency to be more attracted to the focus of expansive flow than to the focus of contractive flow. We investigated the development of the expansion bias in children (N = 240, 1–12 years) and adults (N = 20). Most children aged ≥ 5 years and adults showed a significant tendency to shift their gaze to the focus of an expansive flow, whereas the youngest group (1-year-old children) showed a significant but opposing tendency; their gaze was more attracted to the focus of contractive flow than to the focus of expansive flow. The relationship between the developmental change from the “contraction bias” in early toddlerhood to the expansion bias in the later developmental stages and possible factors (e.g., global visual motion processing abilities and locomotor experiences) are discussed.
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7
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Freire MR, Pammer K. Reading as A Cultural Tool for Neurocognitive Development: A Complex Interactive Relationship between Reading Acquisition and Visuospatial Development for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2022.2037606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Freire
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Kristen Pammer
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Australia
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8
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Gan J, Wang N, Li S, Wang B, Kang M, Wei S, Guo J, Liu L, Li H. Effect of Age and Refractive Error on Local and Global Visual Perception in Chinese Children and Adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:740003. [PMID: 35153705 PMCID: PMC8831691 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.740003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the impact of age and myopia on visual form perception among Chinese school-age children. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1,074 students with a mean age of 12.1 ± 4.7 (range = 7.3-18.9) years. The mean spherical equivalence refraction (SER) of the participants was -1.45 ± 2.07 D. All participants underwent distance visual acuity (VA), refraction measurement and local and global visual form perception test including orientation, parallelism, collinearity, holes and color discrimination tasks. RESULTS The reaction times of emmetropes were slower than those of myopic and high myopic groups on both local (orientation, parallelism, and collinearity) and global discrimination tasks (all p < 0.05). A reduction in reaction times was found with increasing age on both local and global discrimination tasks (all p < 0.05). Age was significantly associated with both local and global visual perception performance after adjusting for gender, visual acuity and SER (orientation, β = -0.54, p < 0.001; parallelism, β = -0.365, p < 0.001; collinearity, β = -0.28, p < 0.001; holes, β = -0.319, p < 0.001; color, β = -0.346, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that both local and global visual perception improve with age among Chinese children and that myopes seem to have better visual perception than emmetropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Gan
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming Li
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtian Kang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shifei Wei
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - He Li
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, China
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9
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Castaldi E, Turi M, Cicchini GM, Gassama S, Eger E. Reduced 2D form coherence and 3D structure from motion sensitivity in developmental dyscalculia. Neuropsychologia 2022; 166:108140. [PMID: 34990696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a specific learning disability affecting the development of numerical and arithmetical skills. The origin of DD is typically attributed to the suboptimal functioning of key regions within the dorsal visual stream (parietal cortex) which support numerical cognition. While DD individuals are often impaired in visual numerosity perception, the extent to which they also show a wider range of visual dysfunctions is poorly documented. In the current study we measured sensitivity to global motion (translational and flow), 2D static form (Glass patterns) and 3D structure from motion in adults with DD and control subjects. While sensitivity to global motion was comparable across groups, thresholds for static form and structure from motion were higher in the DD compared to the control group, irrespective of associated reading impairments. Glass pattern sensitivity predicted numerical abilities, and this relation could not be explained by recently reported differences in visual crowding. Since global form sensitivity has often been considered an index of ventral stream function, our findings could indicate a cortical dysfunction extending beyond the dorsal visual stream. Alternatively, they would fit with a role of parietal cortex in form perception under challenging conditions requiring multiple element integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Castaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA DRF/JOLIOT, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Marco Turi
- Fondazione Stella Maris Mediterraneo, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Sahawanatou Gassama
- Paris Santé Réussite, Diagnostic Center for Learning Disabilities, Paris, France
| | - Evelyn Eger
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA DRF/JOLIOT, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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10
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Spiteri S, Crewther D. Neural Mechanisms of Visual Motion Anomalies in Autism: A Two-Decade Update and Novel Aetiology. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:756841. [PMID: 34790092 PMCID: PMC8591069 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.756841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 21st century has seen dramatic changes in our understanding of the visual physio-perceptual anomalies of autism and also in the structure and development of the primate visual system. This review covers the past 20 years of research into motion perceptual/dorsal stream anomalies in autism, as well as new understanding of the development of primate vision. The convergence of this literature allows a novel developmental hypothesis to explain the physiological and perceptual differences of the broad autistic spectrum. Central to these observations is the development of motion areas MT+, the seat of the dorsal cortical stream, central area of pre-attentional processing as well as being an anchor of binocular vision for 3D action. Such development normally occurs via a transfer of thalamic drive from the inferior pulvinar → MT to the anatomically stronger but later-developing LGN → V1 → MT connection. We propose that autistic variation arises from a slowing in the normal developmental attenuation of the pulvinar → MT pathway. We suggest that this is caused by a hyperactive amygdala → thalamic reticular nucleus circuit increasing activity in the PIm → MT via response gain modulation of the pulvinar and hence altering synaptic competition in area MT. We explore the probable timing of transfer in dominance of human MT from pulvinar to LGN/V1 driving circuitry and discuss the implications of the main hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Spiteri
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Benassi M, Giovagnoli S, Pansell T, Mandolesi L, Bolzani R, Magri S, Forsman L, Hellgren K. Developmental trajectories of global motion and global form perception from 4 years to adulthood. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 207:105092. [PMID: 33676115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Literature on the development of global motion and global form perception demonstrated their asynchronous developmental trajectories. However, former studies have failed to clearly establish the critical period of maturation for these specific abilities. This study aimed to analyze the developmental trajectories of global motion and global form discrimination abilities by controlling for basic visual functions and general cognitive ability and to present the global motion and global form normative scores. A sample of 456 children and adolescents (4-17 years of age) and 76 adults recruited from the Italian and Swedish general population participated in the study. Motion and form perception were evaluated by the motion coherence test and form coherence test, respectively. Raven's matrices were used to assess general cognitive ability, the Lea Hyvärinen chart test was used for full- and low-contrast visual acuity, and the TNO test was used for stereopsis. General cognitive ability and basic visual functions were strongly related to motion and form perception development. Global motion perception had an accelerated maturation compared with global form perception. For motion perception, an analysis of the oblique effect's development showed that it is present at 4 years of age. The standardized scores of global motion and form coherence tests can be used for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Giovagnoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tony Pansell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Eye and Vision, MBC, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Mandolesi
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Bolzani
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Magri
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lea Forsman
- Oregon Health Authority, Salem, OR 97301, USA
| | - Kerstin Hellgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Eye and Vision, MBC, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuropediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Scaramuzzi M, Murray J, Nucci P, Shaikh AG, Ghasia FF. Fixational eye movements abnormalities and rate of visual acuity and stereoacuity improvement with part time patching. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1217. [PMID: 33441575 PMCID: PMC7806581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual amblyopia is seen in 40% of amblyopic patients treated with part-time patching. Amblyopic patients with infantile onset strabismus or anisometropia can develop fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (FMNS). The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of presence of FMNS and clinical subtype of amblyopia on visual acuity and stereo-acuity improvement in children treated with part-time patching. Forty amblyopic children who had fixation eye movement recordings and at least 12 months of follow-up after initiating part-time patching were included. We classified amblyopic subjects per the fixational eye movements characteristics into those without any nystagmus, those with FMNS and patients with nystagmus without any structural anomalies that do not meet the criteria of FMNS or idiopathic infantile nystagmus. We also classified the patients per the clinical type of amblyopia. Patching was continued until amblyopia was resolved or no visual acuity improvement was noted at two consecutive visits. Children with anisometropic amblyopia and without FMNS have a faster improvement and plateaued sooner. Regression was only seen in patients with strabismic/mixed amblyopia particularly those with FMNS. Patients with FMNS had improvement in visual acuity but poor stereopsis with part-time patching and required longer duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Scaramuzzi
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- DISCCO, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jordan Murray
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fatema F Ghasia
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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13
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Shahin YM, Meier K, Giaschi D. Effect of Visual Field Location on Global Motion Perception: A Developmental Study. Perception 2020; 49:733-748. [PMID: 32673188 DOI: 10.1177/0301006620930901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that motion perception in school-age children is similar to that of adults for fast speeds but is immature at slow speeds for stimuli presented in the central visual field. This study examined whether visual field location affects this developmental pattern. We measured left/right and up/down global motion direction discrimination for fast and slow speeds in 7- to 10-year-old children and in adults with stimuli presented to upper, central, or lower visual fields. For left/right direction discrimination, children showed significantly higher (worse) coherence thresholds than adults for slow, but not fast, speeds in the central visual field. In the upper and lower visual fields, children showed significantly higher coherence thresholds than adults for both speeds. For up/down direction discrimination, children showed similar performance to adults for the central visual field. In the upper and lower visual fields, children performed significantly worse than adults; this finding was speed-tuned only for the lower visual field. Thus, children show immature global motion perception in the periphery even when performance in central vision is adult-like. These results enrich our understanding of motion perception development in children with typical vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef M Shahin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimberly Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Washington, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deborah Giaschi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Danka Mohammed CP, Khalil R. Postnatal Development of Visual Cortical Function in the Mammalian Brain. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 32581733 PMCID: PMC7296053 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to discuss (1) the refinement of mammalian visual cortical circuits and the maturation of visual functions they subserve in primary visual cortex (V1) and other visual cortical areas, and (2) existing evidence supporting the notion of differential rates of maturation of visual functions in different species. It is well known that different visual functions and their underlying circuitry mature and attain adultlike characteristics at different stages in postnatal development with varying growth rates. The developmental timecourse and duration of refinement varies significantly both in V1 of various species and among different visual cortical areas; while basic visual functions like spatial acuity mature earlier requiring less time, higher form perception such as contour integration is more complex and requires longer postnatal time to refine. This review will highlight the importance of systematic comparative analysis of the differential rates of refinement of visual circuitry and function as that may help reveal underlying key mechanisms necessary for healthy visual development during infancy and adulthood. This type of approach will help future studies to establish direct links between various developmental aspects of different visual cortical areas in both human and animal models; thus enhancing our understanding of vision related neurological disorders and their potential therapeutic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chand Parvez Danka Mohammed
- Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute (BBRI), American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem Khalil
- Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute (BBRI), American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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15
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Lim YH, Lee HC, Falkmer T, Allison GT, Tan T, Lee WL, Morris SL. Effect of Visual Information on Postural Control in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 49:4731-4739. [PMID: 29882108 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensory processing difficulties affect the development of sensorimotor skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the effect of sensory information on postural control is unclear in the ASD adult population. The present study examined the effect of visual information on postural control as well as the attentional demands associated with postural control in fourteen adults with ASD and seventeen typically developed adults. The results showed that postural sway and attention demands of postural control were larger in adults with ASD than in typically developed adults. These findings indicate that visual processing used for postural control may be different in adults with ASD. Further research in visual field processing and visual motion processing may elucidate these sensorimotor differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huey Lim
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
| | - Hoe C Lee
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Torbjörn Falkmer
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Garry T Allison
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Tele Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wee Lih Lee
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Susan L Morris
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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16
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Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Meier K, Christian L, Nouredanesh M, Tung J, Bryden P, Giaschi D. Concurrent maturation of visuomotor skills and motion perception in typically-developing children and adolescents. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 62:353-367. [PMID: 31621075 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual and visuomotor skills undergo considerable development from early childhood into adolescence; however, the concurrent maturation of these skills has not yet been examined. This study assessed visuomotor function and motion perception in a cross-section of 226 typically-developing children between 4 and 16 years of age. Participants were tested on three tasks hypothesized to engage the dorsal visual stream: threading a bead on a needle, marking dots using a pen, and discriminating form defined by motion contrast. Mature performance was reached between 8 and 12 years, with youngest maturation for kinematic measures for a reach-to-grasp task, and oldest maturation for a precision tapping task. Performance on the motion perception task shared no association with motor skills after controlling for age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Christian
- Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Mina Nouredanesh
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - James Tung
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela Bryden
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah Giaschi
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Mihalache D, Feng H, Askari F, Sokol-Hessner P, Moody EJ, Mahoor MH, Sweeny TD. Perceiving gaze from head and eye rotations: An integrative challenge for children and adults. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12886. [PMID: 31271685 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Gaze is an emergent visual feature. A person's gaze direction is perceived not just based on the rotation of their eyes, but also their head. At least among adults, this integrative process appears to be flexible such that one feature can be weighted more heavily than the other depending on the circumstances. Yet it is unclear how this weighting might vary across individuals or across development. When children engage emergent gaze, do they prioritize cues from the head and eyes similarly to adults? Is the perception of gaze among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) emergent, or is it reliant on a single feature? Sixty adults (M = 29.86 years-of-age), thirty-seven typically developing children and adolescents (M = 9.3 years-of-age; range = 7-15), and eighteen children with ASD (M = 9.72 years-of-age; range = 7-15) viewed faces with leftward, rightward, or direct head rotations in conjunction with leftward or rightward pupil rotations, and then indicated whether the face was looking leftward or rightward. All individuals, across development and ASD status, used head rotation to infer gaze direction, albeit with some individual differences. However, the use of pupil rotation was heavily dependent on age. Finally, children with ASD used pupil rotation significantly less than typically developing (TD) children when inferring gaze direction, even after accounting for age. Our approach provides a novel framework for understanding individual and group differences in gaze as it is actually perceived-as an emergent feature. Furthermore, this study begins to address an important gap in ASD literature, taking the first look at emergent gaze perception in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mihalache
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Huanghao Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Farzaneh Askari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Eric J Moody
- Wyoming Institute for Disabilities, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Mohammad H Mahoor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Timothy D Sweeny
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
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18
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Zuber S, Mahy CE, Kliegel M. How executive functions are associated with event-based and time-based prospective memory during childhood. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Meier K, Giaschi D. The Effect of Stimulus Area on Global Motion Thresholds in Children and Adults. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:vision3010010. [PMID: 31735811 PMCID: PMC6802761 DOI: 10.3390/vision3010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance on random-dot global motion tasks may reach adult-like levels before 4 or as late as 16 years of age, depending on the specific parameters used to create the stimuli. Later maturation has been found for slower speeds, smaller spatial displacements, and sparser dot arrays. This protracted development on global motion tasks may depend on limitations specific to spatial aspects of a motion stimulus rather than to motion mechanisms per se. The current study investigated the impact of varying stimulus area (9, 36, and 81 deg2) on the global motion coherence thresholds of children 4–6 years old and adults for three signal dot displacements (∆x = 1, 5, and 30 arcmin). We aimed to determine whether children could achieve mature performance for the smallest displacements, a condition previously found to show late maturation, when a larger stimulus area was used. Coherence thresholds were higher in children compared to adults in the 1 and 5 arcmin displacement conditions, as reported previously, and this did not change as a function of stimulus area. However, both children and adults performed better with a larger stimulus area in the 30 arcmin displacement condition only. This suggests that immature spatial integration, as measured by stimulus area, cannot account for immaturities in global motion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Guthrie Hall Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah Giaschi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Rm E300E, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
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20
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Videos look faster as children grow up: Sense of speed and impulsivity throughout primary school. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 179:190-211. [PMID: 30544001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has documented systematic biases when adult observers judge the original speed of real-life video clips. What does the unfolding of events in videos-an increasingly pervasive "substitute reality"-look like as children grow up? The current study investigated the sense of speed during childhood and the relation with a number of performance and personality indexes. A group of 142 children aged 6-10 years adjusted the speed of video clips representing various scenes until reaching the apparent right speed. We found a tendency to underestimate speed; on average, videos played at their original speed were considered to be too slow. This tendency was larger in younger children and decreased with age (-3.16%/year). Uncertainty in judging video speed also decreased over the same age period (-10.79%/year). Children then performed a simple visuomotor task requiring response control, which revealed high accuracy and, in older children, faster responses. Children were also assessed for impulsivity/inattention and visuomotor habits through parents' questionnaires. When all variables were considered together, age and video game playing stood out as the only significant predictors of speed biases, both associated with an increase in apparent video speed. Thus, this study provides evidence of a change in the sense of speed during the primary school period, possibly involving the progressive overriding of a slow motion prior and/or the protracted calibration of perceptual mechanisms for speed constancy. The sense of speed, however, did not seem to be influenced by impulsivity traits in the population considered.
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21
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Abstract
The perceptual consequences of eye movements are manifold: Each large saccade is accompanied by a drop of sensitivity to luminance-contrast, low-frequency stimuli, impacting both conscious vision and involuntary responses, including pupillary constrictions. They also produce transient distortions of space, time, and number, which cannot be attributed to the mere motion on the retinae. All these are signs that the visual system evokes active processes to predict and counteract the consequences of saccades. We propose that a key mechanism is the reorganization of spatiotemporal visual fields, which transiently increases the temporal and spatial uncertainty of visual representations just before and during saccades. On one hand, this accounts for the spatiotemporal distortions of visual perception; on the other hand, it implements a mechanism for fusing pre- and postsaccadic stimuli. This, together with the active suppression of motion signals, ensures the stability and continuity of our visual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Binda
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy;,
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy;,
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella-Maris, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy
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22
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Meier K, Partanen M, Giaschi D. Neural Correlates of Speed-Tuned Motion Perception in Healthy Adults. Perception 2018; 47:660-683. [PMID: 29683390 DOI: 10.1177/0301006618771463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that slow and medium-to-fast speeds of motion may be processed by at least partially separate mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to establish the cortical areas activated during motion-defined form and global motion tasks as a function of speed, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants performed discrimination tasks with random dot stimuli at high coherence, at coherence near their own thresholds, and for random motion. Stimuli were moving at 0.1 or 5 deg/s. In the motion-defined form task, lateral occipital complex, V5/MT+ and intraparietal sulcus showed greater activation by high or near-threshold coherence than by random motion stimuli; V5/MT+ and intraparietal sulcus demonstrated greater activation for 5 than 0.1 deg/s dot motion. In the global motion task, only high coherence stimuli elicited significant activation over random motion; this activation was primarily in nonclassical motion areas. V5/MT+ was active for all motion conditions and showed similar activation for coherent and random motion. No regions demonstrated speed-tuning effects for global motion. These results suggest that similar cortical systems are activated by slow- and medium-speed stimuli during these tasks in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Meier
- Department of Psychology, 8166 University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marita Partanen
- Department of Education and Counselling Psychology and Special Education, 8166 University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deborah Giaschi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 8166 University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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23
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Dogs are not better than humans at detecting coherent motion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11259. [PMID: 28900293 PMCID: PMC5595918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to perceive motion is one of the main properties of the visual system. Sensitivity in detecting coherent motion has been thoroughly investigated in humans, where thresholds for motion detection are well below 10% of coherence, i.e. of the proportion of dots coherently moving in the same direction, among a background of randomly moving dots. Equally low thresholds have been found in other species, including monkeys, cats and seals. Given the lack of data from the domestic dog, we tested 5 adult dogs on a conditioned discrimination task with random dot displays. In addition, five adult humans were tested in the same condition for comparative purposes. The mean threshold for motion detection in our dogs was 42% of coherence, while that of humans was as low as 5%. Therefore, dogs have a much higher threshold of coherent motion detection than humans, and possibly also than phylogenetically closer species that have been tested in similar experimental conditions. Various factors, including the relative role of global and local motion processing and experience with the experimental stimuli may have contributed to this result. Overall, this finding questions the general claim on dogs' high performance in detecting motion.
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24
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Leung MP, Thompson B, Black J, Dai S, Alsweiler JM. The effects of preterm birth on visual development. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 101:4-12. [PMID: 28868651 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Children born very preterm are at a greater risk of abnormal visual and neurological development when compared to children born at full term. Preterm birth is associated with retinopathy of prematurity (a proliferative retinal vascular disease) and can also affect the development of brain structures associated with post-retinal processing of visual information. Visual deficits common in children born preterm, such as reduced visual acuity, strabismus, abnormal stereopsis and refractive error, are likely to be detected through childhood vision screening programs, ophthalmological follow-up or optometric care. However, routine screening may not detect other vision problems, such as reduced visual fields, impaired contrast sensitivity and deficits in cortical visual processing, that may occur in children born preterm. For example, visual functions associated with the dorsal visual processing stream, such as global motion perception and visuomotor integration, may be impaired by preterm birth. These impairments can continue into adolescence and adulthood and may contribute to the difficulties in learning (particularly reading and mathematics), attention, behaviour and cognition that some children born preterm experience. Improvements in understanding the mechanisms by which preterm birth affects vision will inform future screening and interventions for children born preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Ps Leung
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna Black
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shuan Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane M Alsweiler
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Piccini G, Menghini D, D'Andrea A, Caciolo C, Pontillo M, Armando M, Perrino F, Mandolesi L, Salerni A, Buzzonetti L, Digilio MC, Zampino G, Tartaglia M, Benassi M, Vicari S, Alfieri P. Visual perception skills: a comparison between patients with Noonan syndrome and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:627-634. [PMID: 28378436 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ventral and dorsal streams are visual pathways deputed to transmit information from the photoreceptors of the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then to the primary visual cortex (V1). Several studies investigated whether one pathway is more vulnerable than the other during development, and whether these streams develop at different rates. The results are still discordant. The aim of the present study was to understand the functionality of the dorsal and the ventral streams in two populations affected by different genetic disorders, Noonan syndrome (NS) and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), and explore the possible genotype-phenotype relationships. 'Form coherence' abilities for the ventral stream and 'motion coherence' abilities for the dorsal stream were evaluated in 19 participants with NS and 20 participants with 22q11.2DS. Collected data were compared with 55 age-matched controls. Participants with NS and 22q11.2DS did not differ in the form coherence task, and their performance was significantly lower than that of controls. However, in the motion coherence task, the group with NS and controls did not differ, and both obtained significantly higher scores than the group with 22q11.2DS. Our findings indicate that deficits in the dorsal stream are related to the specific genotype, and that in our syndromic groups the ventral stream is more vulnerable than the dorsal stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Piccini
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - D Menghini
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - A D'Andrea
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - C Caciolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pontillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Armando
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F Perrino
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Polo Salute Donna e Bambino, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - L Mandolesi
- Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Salerni
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - L Buzzonetti
- Ophthalmology Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M C Digilio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Polo Salute Donna e Bambino, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - M Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Benassi
- Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Vicari
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - P Alfieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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26
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Chakraborty A, Anstice NS, Jacobs RJ, Paudel N, LaGasse LL, Lester BM, McKinlay CJD, Harding JE, Wouldes TA, Thompson B. Global motion perception is related to motor function in 4.5-year-old children born at risk of abnormal development. Vision Res 2017; 135:16-25. [PMID: 28435122 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global motion perception is often used as an index of dorsal visual stream function in neurodevelopmental studies. However, the relationship between global motion perception and visuomotor control, a primary function of the dorsal stream, is unclear. We measured global motion perception (motion coherence threshold; MCT) and performance on standardized measures of motor function in 606 4.5-year-old children born at risk of abnormal neurodevelopment. Visual acuity, stereoacuity and verbal IQ were also assessed. After adjustment for verbal IQ or both visual acuity and stereoacuity, MCT was modestly, but significantly, associated with all components of motor function with the exception of fine motor scores. In a separate analysis, stereoacuity, but not visual acuity, was significantly associated with both gross and fine motor scores. These results indicate that the development of motion perception and stereoacuity are associated with motor function in pre-school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Chakraborty
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nicola S Anstice
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Jacobs
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nabin Paudel
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Linda L LaGasse
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, USA
| | - Barry M Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, USA
| | - Christopher J D McKinlay
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Trecia A Wouldes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada.
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27
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Meier K, Giaschi D. Effect of spatial and temporal stimulus parameters on the maturation of global motion perception. Vision Res 2017; 135:1-9. [PMID: 28414023 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There are discrepancies with respect to the age at which adult-like performance is reached on tasks assessing global motion perception. This is in part because performance in children depends on stimulus parameters. We recently showed that five-year-olds demonstrated adult-like performance over a range of speeds when the speed ratio was comprised of longer spatial and temporal displacements; but displayed immature performance when the speed ratio was comprised of shorter displacements. The goal of the current study was to assess the effect of these global motion stimulus parameters across a broader age range in order to estimate the age at which mature performance is reached. Motion coherence thresholds were assessed in 182 children and adults aged 7-30years. Dot displacement (Δx) was 1, 5, or 30min of arc; frame duration (Δt) was 17 or 50ms. This created a total of six conditions. Consistent with our previous results, coherence thresholds in the youngest children assessed were adult-like at the two conditions with the largest Δx. Maturity was reached around age 12 for the medium Δx, and by age 16 for the smallest Δx. Performance did not appear to be affected by Δt. This late maturation may reflect a long developmental period for cortical networks underlying global motion perception. These findings resolve many of the discrepancies across previous studies, and should be considered when using global motion tasks to assess children with atypical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Deborah Giaschi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Rm E300E, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6H 3V4, Canada.
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28
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The Development and Aging of the Magnocellular and Parvocellular Visual Pathways as Indicated by VEP Recordings between 5 and 84 Years of Age. Vision (Basel) 2016; 1:vision1010007. [PMID: 31740632 PMCID: PMC6849023 DOI: 10.3390/vision1010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are age-sensitive. Through the use of this technique, it is possible to assess both of the major visual pathways (i.e., the magnocellular and parvocellular ones) in terms of function and development. What developmental path these pathways follow, and if they develop/age in parallel across the human lifespan is a matter of ongoing debate, yet, only a few VEP studies have dealt with this issue. This cross-sectional study examined a sample of 115 healthy volunteers aged 5 to 84 years. Beyond the standard checkerboard pattern reversal stimulation at 97% contrast, we recorded pattern-reversal VEPs at 6% contrast to selectively stimulate the M pathway and isoluminant red and green checkerboard stimulation was also used to selectively stimulate the P pathway. Our results do not support the developmental advantage of any of the pathways. The development of both pathways appear to take a remarkably long time (well into the 30s), and the signs of aging become marked over 50 years of age, especially in the case of the magnocellular pathway.
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29
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Meier K, Sum B, Giaschi D. Global motion perception in children with amblyopia as a function of spatial and temporal stimulus parameters. Vision Res 2016; 127:18-27. [PMID: 27426263 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Global motion sensitivity in typically developing children depends on the spatial (Δx) and temporal (Δt) displacement parameters of the motion stimulus. Specifically, sensitivity for small Δx values matures at a later age, suggesting it may be the most vulnerable to damage by amblyopia. To explore this possibility, we compared motion coherence thresholds of children with amblyopia (7-14years old) to age-matched controls. Three Δx values were used with two Δt values, yielding six conditions covering a range of speeds (0.3-30deg/s). We predicted children with amblyopia would show normal coherence thresholds for the same parameters on which 5-year-olds previously demonstrated mature performance, and elevated coherence thresholds for parameters on which 5-year-olds demonstrated immaturities. Consistent with this, we found that children with amblyopia showed deficits with amblyopic eye viewing compared to controls for small and medium Δx values, regardless of Δt value. The fellow eye showed similar results at the smaller Δt. These results confirm that global motion perception in children with amblyopia is particularly deficient at the finer spatial scales that typically mature later in development. An additional implication is that carefully designed stimuli that are adequately sensitive must be used to assess global motion function in developmental disorders. Stimulus parameters for which performance matures early in life may not reveal global motion perception deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Brian Sum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Rm E300E, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Deborah Giaschi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Rm E300E, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada.
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30
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Freire A, Lewis TL, Maurer D, Blake R. The Development of Sensitivity to Biological Motion in Noise. Perception 2016; 35:647-57. [PMID: 16836055 DOI: 10.1068/p5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated developmental changes in sensitivity to biological motion by asking 6-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and adults (twenty-four in each group) to discriminate point-light biological motion displays depicting one of a variety of human movements from scrambled versions of the same displays. When tested without noise dots, participants at all ages performed near ceiling levels and no differences in accuracy were found among the three age groups. Age differences emerged in the second task, in which we used a staircase procedure to determine threshold values of the number of noise dots that could be tolerated in producing a percentage correct value corresponding to a d' value of 1.4. Sensitivity to biological motion improved linearly with age ( p < 0.01), with 6-year-olds performing significantly more poorly than adults. This immature performance contrasts with adult-like accuracy by 4 years of age for sensitivity to global motion (Parrish et al, 2005 Vision Research45 827–837). The comparison implies an immaturity at 6 years of age in the neural networks involved specifically in the processing of biological motion, networks that may include the superior temporal sulcus (STS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Freire
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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31
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Children's Brain Responses to Optic Flow Vary by Pattern Type and Motion Speed. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157911. [PMID: 27326860 PMCID: PMC4915671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Structured patterns of global visual motion called optic flow provide crucial information about an observer's speed and direction of self-motion and about the geometry of the environment. Brain and behavioral responses to optic flow undergo considerable postnatal maturation, but relatively little brain imaging evidence describes the time course of development in motion processing systems in early to middle childhood, a time when psychophysical data suggest that there are changes in sensitivity. To fill this gap, electroencephalographic (EEG) responses were recorded in 4- to 8-year-old children who viewed three time-varying optic flow patterns (translation, rotation, and radial expansion/contraction) at three different speeds (2, 4, and 8 deg/s). Modulations of global motion coherence evoked coherent EEG responses at the first harmonic that differed by flow pattern and responses at the third harmonic and dot update rate that varied by speed. Pattern-related responses clustered over right lateral channels while speed-related responses clustered over midline channels. Both children and adults show widespread responses to modulations of motion coherence at the second harmonic that are not selective for pattern or speed. The results suggest that the developing brain segregates the processing of optic flow pattern from speed and that an adult-like pattern of neural responses to optic flow has begun to emerge by early to middle childhood.
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32
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Simic N, Rovet J. Dorsal and ventral visual streams: Typical and atypical development. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 23:678-691. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1186616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Simic
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Joanne Rovet
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Canada
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33
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Izumi E, Shirai N, Kanazawa S, K. Yamaguchi M. Development of Rigid Motion Perception in Response to Radially Expanding Optic Flow. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Izumi
- Graduate school of modern society and culture; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Nobu Shirai
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology; Japan Women's University; Kanagawa Japan
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34
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Chakraborty A, Anstice NS, Jacobs RJ, LaGasse LL, Lester BM, Wouldes TA, Thompson B. Prenatal exposure to recreational drugs affects global motion perception in preschool children. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16921. [PMID: 26581958 PMCID: PMC4652269 DOI: 10.1038/srep16921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to recreational drugs impairs motor and cognitive development; however it is currently unknown whether visual brain areas are affected. To address this question, we investigated the effect of prenatal drug exposure on global motion perception, a behavioural measure of processing within the dorsal extrastriate visual cortex that is thought to be particularly vulnerable to abnormal neurodevelopment. Global motion perception was measured in one hundred and forty-five 4.5-year-old children who had been exposed to different combinations of methamphetamine, alcohol, nicotine and marijuana prior to birth and 25 unexposed children. Self-reported drug use by the mothers was verified by meconium analysis. We found that global motion perception was impaired by prenatal exposure to alcohol and improved significantly by exposure to marijuana. Exposure to both drugs prenatally had no effect. Other visual functions such as habitual visual acuity and stereoacuity were not affected by drug exposure. Prenatal exposure to methamphetamine did not influence visual function. Our results demonstrate that prenatal drug exposure can influence a behavioural measure of visual development, but that the effects are dependent on the specific drugs used during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Chakraborty
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nicola S Anstice
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Jacobs
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Linda L LaGasse
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Barry M Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Trecia A Wouldes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 200 Columbia Street West, Waterloo, Ontario, ON N2L, Canada
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35
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Hadad B, Schwartz S, Maurer D, Lewis TL. Motion perception: a review of developmental changes and the role of early visual experience. Front Integr Neurosci 2015; 9:49. [PMID: 26441564 PMCID: PMC4569849 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant controversies have arisen over the developmental trajectory for the perception of global motion. Studies diverge on the age at which it becomes adult-like, with estimates ranging from as young as 3 years to as old as 16. In this article, we review these apparently conflicting results and suggest a potentially unifying hypothesis that may also account for the contradictory literature in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We also discuss the extent to which patterned visual input during this period is necessary for the later development of motion perception. We conclude by addressing recent studies directly comparing different types of motion integration, both in typical and atypical development, and suggest areas ripe for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsheva Hadad
- Department of Special Education, University of HaifaHaifa, Israel
- Department of Special Education, Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center, University of HaifaMount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sivan Schwartz
- Department of Special Education, University of HaifaHaifa, Israel
| | - Daphne Maurer
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Terri L. Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
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36
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Giaschi D, Chapman C, Meier K, Narasimhan S, Regan D. The effect of occlusion therapy on motion perception deficits in amblyopia. Vision Res 2015; 114:122-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Piedimonte A, Woods AJ, Chatterjee A. Disambiguating ambiguous motion perception: what are the cues? Front Psychol 2015. [PMID: 26217257 PMCID: PMC4496557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion perception is a fundamental feature of the human visual system. As part of our daily life we often have to determine the direction of motion, even in ambiguous (AMB) situations. These situations force us to rely on exogenous cues, such as other environmental motion, and endogenous cues, such as our own actions, or previously learned experiences. In three experiments, we asked participants to report the direction of an AMB motion display, while manipulating exogenous and endogenous sources of information. Specifically, in all three experiments the exogenous information was represented by another motion cue while the endogenous cue was represented, respectively, by movement execution, movement planning, or a learned association about the motion display. Participants were consistently biased by less AMB motion cues in the environment when reporting the AMB target direction. In the absence of less AMB exogenous motion information, participants were biased by their motor movements and even the planning of such movements. However, when participants learned a specific association about the target motion, this acquired endogenous knowledge countered exogenous motion cues in biasing participants’ perception. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that we disambiguate AMB motion using different sources of exogenous and endogenous cues, and that learned associations may be particularly salient in countering the effects of environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piedimonte
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin Turin, Italy ; Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Institute on Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anjan Chatterjee
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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38
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Sweeny TD, Wurnitsch N, Gopnik A, Whitney D. Ensemble perception of size in 4-5-year-old children. Dev Sci 2015; 18:556-68. [PMID: 25442844 PMCID: PMC5282927 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Groups of objects are nearly everywhere we look. Adults can perceive and understand the 'gist' of multiple objects at once, engaging ensemble-coding mechanisms that summarize a group's overall appearance. Are these group-perception mechanisms in place early in childhood? Here, we provide the first evidence that 4-5-year-old children use ensemble coding to perceive the average size of a group of objects. Children viewed a pair of trees, with each containing a group of differently sized oranges. We found that, in order to determine which tree had the larger oranges overall, children integrated the sizes of multiple oranges into ensemble representations. This pooling occurred rapidly, and it occurred despite conflicting information from numerosity, continuous extent, density, and contrast. An ideal observer analysis showed that although children's integration mechanisms are sensitive, they are not yet as efficient as adults'. Overall, our results provide a new insight into the way children see and understand the environment, and they illustrate the fundamental nature of ensemble coding in visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison Gopnik
- Department of Psychology, University of California – Berkeley
| | - David Whitney
- Department of Psychology, University of California – Berkeley
- Vision Science Group, University of California – Berkeley
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39
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Kassaliete E, Lacis I, Fomins S, Krumina G. Reading and coherent motion perception in school age children. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2015; 65:69-83. [PMID: 25911276 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-015-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study includes an evaluation, according to age, of the reading and global motion perception developmental trajectories of 2027 school age children in typical stages of development. Reading is assessed using the reading rate score test, for which all of the student participants, regardless of age, received the same passage of text of a medium difficulty reading level. The coherent motion perception threshold is determined according to the adaptive psychophysical protocol based on a four-alternative, forced-choice procedure. Three different dot velocities: 2, 5, and 8 deg/s were used for both assemblies of coherent or randomly moving dots. Reading rate score test results exhibit a wide dispersion across all age groups, so much so that the outlier data overlap, for both the 8 and 18-year-old student-participant age groups. Latvian children's reading fluency developmental trajectories reach maturation at 12-13 years of age. After the age of 13, reading rate scores increase slowly; however, the linear regression slope is different from zero and positive: F(1, 827) = 45.3; p < 0.0001. One hundred eighty-one student-participants having results below the 10th percentile were classified as weak readers in our study group. The reading fluency developmental trajectory of this particular group of student-participants does not exhibit any statistically significant saturation until the age of 18 years old. Coherent motion detection thresholds decrease with age and do not reach saturation. Tests with slower moving dots (2 deg/s) yield results that exhibit significant differences between strong and weak readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evita Kassaliete
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Latvia, 8Kengaraga Str., Riga, LV - 1063, Latvia,
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40
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Joshi MR, Falkenberg HK. Development of radial optic flow pattern sensitivity at different speeds. Vision Res 2015; 110:68-75. [PMID: 25796975 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of sensitivity to radial optic flow discrimination was investigated by measuring motion coherence thresholds (MCTs) in school-aged children at two speeds. A total of 119 child observers aged 6-16years and 24 young adult observers (23.66+/-2.74years) participated. In a 2AFC task observers identified the direction of motion of a 5° radial (expanding vs. contracting) optic flow pattern containing 100 dots with 75% Michelson contrast moving at 1.6°/s and 5.5°/s and. The direction of each dot was drawn from a Gaussian distribution whose standard deviation was either low (similar directions) or high (different directions). Adult observers also identified the direction of motion for translational (rightward vs. leftward) and rotational (clockwise vs. anticlockwise) patterns. Motion coherence thresholds to radial optic flow improved gradually with age (linear regression, p<0.05), with different rates of development at the two speeds. Even at 16years MCTs were higher than that for adults (independent t-tests, p<0.05). Both children and adults had higher sensitivity at 5.5°/s compared to 1.6°/s (paired t-tests, p<0.05). Sensitivity to radial optic flow is still immature at 16years of age, indicating late maturation of higher cortical areas. Differences in sensitivity and rate of development of radial optic flow at the different speeds, suggest that different motion processing mechanisms are involved in processing slow and fast speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Raj Joshi
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Frogsvei 41, Kongsberg 3611, Norway.
| | - Helle K Falkenberg
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Frogsvei 41, Kongsberg 3611, Norway.
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41
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Ghanouni P, Memari AH, Shayestehfar M, Moshayedi P, Gharibzadeh S, Ziaee V. Biological motion perception is affected by age and cognitive style in children aged 8-15. Neurol Res Int 2015; 2015:594042. [PMID: 25861473 PMCID: PMC4378609 DOI: 10.1155/2015/594042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paper aims to address the question of how biological motion perception in different social contexts is influenced by age or also affected by cognitive styles. We examined developmental changes of biological motion perception among 141 school children aged 8-15 using point-light displays in monadic and dyadic social contexts. Furthermore, the cognitive styles of participants were investigated using empathizing-systemizing questionnaires. Results showed that the age and empathizing ability strongly predicted improvement in action perception in both contexts. However the systemizing ability was an independent predictor of performance only in monadic contexts. Furthermore, accuracy of action perception increased significantly from 46.4% (SD = 16.1) in monadic to 62.5% (SD = 11.5) in dyadic social contexts. This study can help to identify the roles of social context in biological motion perception and shows that children with different cognitive styles may present different biological motion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghanouni
- Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amir Hossein Memari
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monir Shayestehfar
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Moshayedi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shahriar Gharibzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ziaee
- Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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42
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Kiorpes L. Visual development in primates: Neural mechanisms and critical periods. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1080-90. [PMID: 25649764 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite many decades of research into the development of visual cortex, it remains unclear what neural processes set limitations on the development of visual function and define its vulnerability to abnormal visual experience. This selected review examines the development of visual function and its neural correlates, and highlights the fact that in most cases receptive field properties of infant neurons are substantially more mature than infant visual function. One exception is temporal resolution, which can be accounted for by resolution of neurons at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In terms of spatial vision, properties of single neurons alone are not sufficient to account for visual development. Different visual functions develop over different time courses. Their onset may be limited by the existence of neural response properties that support a given perceptual ability, but the subsequent time course of maturation to adult levels remains unexplained. Several examples are offered suggesting that taking account of weak signaling by infant neurons, correlated firing, and pooled responses of populations of neurons brings us closer to an understanding of the relationship between neural and behavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Kiorpes
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, New York, 10003
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43
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Helo A, Pannasch S, Sirri L, Rämä P. The maturation of eye movement behavior: Scene viewing characteristics in children and adults. Vision Res 2014; 103:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Manning C, Dakin SC, Tibber MS, Pellicano E. Averaging, not internal noise, limits the development of coherent motion processing. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 10:44-56. [PMID: 25160679 PMCID: PMC4256063 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion processing abilities develop gradually through childhood. This lengthy development could be due to local noise and/or poor averaging. 5–11-year-olds and adults performed equivalent noise and motion coherence tasks. Through childhood, internal noise reduces and averaging increases. Yet, only improved averaging explains developments in motion coherence sensitivity.
The development of motion processing is a critical part of visual development, allowing children to interact with moving objects and navigate within a dynamic environment. However, global motion processing, which requires pooling motion information across space, develops late, reaching adult-like levels only by mid-to-late childhood. The reasons underlying this protracted development are not yet fully understood. In this study, we sought to determine whether the development of motion coherence sensitivity is limited by internal noise (i.e., imprecision in estimating the directions of individual elements) and/or global pooling across local estimates. To this end, we presented equivalent noise direction discrimination tasks and motion coherence tasks at both slow (1.5°/s) and fast (6°/s) speeds to children aged 5, 7, 9 and 11 years, and adults. We show that, as children get older, their levels of internal noise reduce, and they are able to average across more local motion estimates. Regression analyses indicated, however, that age-related improvements in coherent motion perception are driven solely by improvements in averaging and not by reductions in internal noise. Our results suggest that the development of coherent motion sensitivity is primarily limited by developmental changes within brain regions involved in integrating motion signals (e.g., MT/V5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Manning
- Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE), Institute of Education, University of London, 55-59 Gordon Square, Institute of Education, London WC1H 0NU, UK.
| | - Steven C Dakin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC 1V9, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, London EC 1V 2PD, UK
| | - Marc S Tibber
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC 1V9, UK
| | - Elizabeth Pellicano
- Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE), Institute of Education, University of London, 55-59 Gordon Square, Institute of Education, London WC1H 0NU, UK
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45
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Hamm LM, Black J, Dai S, Thompson B. Global processing in amblyopia: a review. Front Psychol 2014; 5:583. [PMID: 24987383 PMCID: PMC4060804 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of the visual system that is associated with disrupted binocular vision during early childhood. There is evidence that the effects of amblyopia extend beyond the primary visual cortex to regions of the dorsal and ventral extra-striate visual cortex involved in visual integration. Here, we review the current literature on global processing deficits in observers with either strabismic, anisometropic, or deprivation amblyopia. A range of global processing tasks have been used to investigate the extent of the cortical deficit in amblyopia including: global motion perception, global form perception, face perception, and biological motion. These tasks appear to be differentially affected by amblyopia. In general, observers with unilateral amblyopia appear to show deficits for local spatial processing and global tasks that require the segregation of signal from noise. In bilateral cases, the global processing deficits are exaggerated, and appear to extend to specialized perceptual systems such as those involved in face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Hamm
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna Black
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shuan Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Starship Children's Hospital Auckland, New Zealand ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand ; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo Waterloo, Canada
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46
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Khalil R, Levitt JB. Developmental remodeling of corticocortical feedback circuits in ferret visual cortex. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3208-28. [PMID: 24665018 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Visual cortical areas in the mammalian brain are linked through a system of interareal feedforward and feedback connections, which presumably underlie different visual functions. We characterized the refinement of feedback projections to primary visual cortex (V1) from multiple sources in juvenile ferrets ranging in age from 4-10 weeks postnatal. We studied whether the refinement of different aspects of feedback circuitry from multiple visual cortical areas proceeds at a similar rate in all areas. We injected the neuronal tracer cholera toxin B (CTb) into V1 and mapped the areal and laminar distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in extrastriate cortex. Around the time of eye opening at 4 weeks postnatal, the retinotopic arrangement of feedback appears essentially adult-like; however, suprasylvian cortex supplies the greatest proportion of feedback, whereas area 18 supplies the greatest proportion in the adult. The density of feedback cells and the ratio of supragranular/infragranular feedback contribution declined in this period at a similar rate in all cortical areas. We also found significant feedback to V1 from layer IV of all extrastriate areas. The regularity of cell spacing, the proportion of feedback arising from layer IV, and the tangential extent of feedback in each area all remained essentially unchanged during this period, except for the infragranular feedback source in area 18, which expanded. Thus, while much of the basic pattern of cortical feedback to V1 is present before eye opening, there is major synchronous reorganization after eye opening, suggesting a crucial role for visual experience in this remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Khalil
- Department of Biology MR526, City College of New York, New York, New York; Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York
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Kover ST, Pierpont EI, Kim JS, Brown WT, Abbeduto L. A neurodevelopmental perspective on the acquisition of nonverbal cognitive skills in adolescents with fragile X syndrome. Dev Neuropsychol 2014; 38:445-60. [PMID: 24138215 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2013.820305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal study was designed to investigate trajectories of nonverbal cognitive ability in adolescents with fragile X syndrome with respect to the relative influence of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), autism symptom severity, and environmental factors on visualization and fluid reasoning abilities. Males and females with fragile X syndrome (N = 53; ages 10-16 years) were evaluated with the Leiter-R at up to four annual assessments. On average, IQ declined with age. FMRP levels predicted change in fluid reasoning, but not in visualization. The role of FMRP in the neural development that underlies the fragile X syndrome cognitive phenotype is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T Kover
- a Waisman Center , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin
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Falkenberg HK, Simpson WA, Dutton GN. Development of sampling efficiency and internal noise in motion detection and discrimination in school-aged children. Vision Res 2014; 100:8-17. [PMID: 24732568 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use an equivalent noise paradigm to investigate the development and maturation of motion perception, and how the underlying limitations of sampling efficiency and internal noise effect motion detection and direction discrimination in school-aged children (5-14 years) and adults. Contrast energy thresholds of a 2c/deg sinusoidal grating drifting at 1.0 or 6.0 Hz were measured as a function of added dynamic noise in three tasks: detection of a drifting grating; detection of the sum of two oppositely drifting gratings and direction discrimination of oppositely drifting gratings. Compared to the ideal observer, in both children and adults, the performance for all tasks was limited by reduced sampling efficiency and internal noise. However, the thresholds for discrimination of motion direction and detection of moving gratings show very different developmental profiles. Motion direction discrimination continues to improve after the age of 14 years due to an increase in sampling efficiency that differs with speed. Motion detection and summation were already mature at the age of 5 years, and internal noise was the same for all tasks. These findings were confirmed in a 1-year follow-up study on a group of children from the initial study. The results support suggestions that the detection of a moving pattern and discriminating motion direction are processed by different systems that may develop at different rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle K Falkenberg
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Frogsvei 41, 3611 Kongsberg, Norway.
| | - William A Simpson
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Gordon N Dutton
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 OAB, UK.
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Bogfjellmo LG, Bex PJ, Falkenberg HK. The development of global motion discrimination in school aged children. J Vis 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 24569985 PMCID: PMC4523162 DOI: 10.1167/14.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Global motion perception matures during childhood and involves the detection of local directional signals that are integrated across space. We examine the maturation of local directional selectivity and global motion integration with an equivalent noise paradigm applied to direction discrimination. One hundred and three observers (6-17 years) identified the global direction of motion in a 2AFC task. The 8° central stimuli consisted of 100 dots of 10% Michelson contrast moving 2.8°/s or 9.8°/s. Local directional selectivity and global sampling efficiency were estimated from direction discrimination thresholds as a function of external directional noise, speed, and age. Direction discrimination thresholds improved gradually until the age of 14 years (linear regression, p < 0.05) for both speeds. This improvement was associated with a gradual increase in sampling efficiency (linear regression, p < 0.05), with no significant change in internal noise. Direction sensitivity was lower for dots moving at 2.8°/s than at 9.8°/s for all ages (paired t test, p < 0.05) and is mainly due to lower sampling efficiency. Global motion perception improves gradually during development and matures by age 14. There was no change in internal noise after the age of 6, suggesting that local direction selectivity is mature by that age. The improvement in global motion perception is underpinned by a steady increase in the efficiency with which direction signals are pooled, suggesting that global motion pooling processes mature for longer and later than local motion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte-Guri Bogfjellmo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Kongsberg, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Ås, Norway
| | - Peter J. Bex
- Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helle K. Falkenberg
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Kongsberg, Norway
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Yu TY, Jacobs RJ, Anstice NS, Paudel N, Harding JE, Thompson B. Global motion perception in 2-year-old children: a method for psychophysical assessment and relationships with clinical measures of visual function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:8408-19. [PMID: 24282224 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed and validated a technique for measuring global motion perception in 2-year-old children, and assessed the relationship between global motion perception and other measures of visual function. METHODS Random dot kinematogram (RDK) stimuli were used to measure motion coherence thresholds in 366 children at risk of neurodevelopmental problems at 24 ± 1 months of age. RDKs of variable coherence were presented and eye movements were analyzed offline to grade the direction of the optokinetic reflex (OKR) for each trial. Motion coherence thresholds were calculated by fitting psychometric functions to the resulting datasets. Test-retest reliability was assessed in 15 children, and motion coherence thresholds were measured in a group of 10 adults using OKR and behavioral responses. Standard age-appropriate optometric tests also were performed. RESULTS Motion coherence thresholds were measured successfully in 336 (91.8%) children using the OKR technique, but only 31 (8.5%) using behavioral responses. The mean threshold was 41.7 ± 13.5% for 2-year-old children and 3.3 ± 1.2% for adults. Within-assessor reliability and test-retest reliability were high in children. Children's motion coherence thresholds were significantly correlated with stereoacuity (LANG I & II test, ρ = 0.29, P < 0.001; Frisby, ρ = 0.17, P = 0.022), but not with binocular visual acuity (ρ = 0.11, P = 0.07). In adults OKR and behavioral motion coherence thresholds were highly correlated (intraclass correlation = 0.81, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Global motion perception can be measured in 2-year-old children using the OKR. This technique is reliable and data from adults suggest that motion coherence thresholds based on the OKR are related to motion perception. Global motion perception was related to stereoacuity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ying Yu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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