1
|
Hou T, Zhou Y, Du R, Liu J, Li W, Zhang S, Li M, Chu J, Meng L. Insights into effects of thermotolerant nitrifying and sulfur-oxidizing inoculants on nitrogen-sulfur co-metabolism in sewage sludge composting. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 144:76-86. [PMID: 38802240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, high temperature thermotolerant nitrifying bacteria (TNB) and high temperature thermotolerant sulfide oxidizing bacteria (TSOB) were obtained from compost samples and inoculated into sewage sludge (SS) compost. The effects of inoculation on physical and chemical parameters, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide release, nitrogen form and sulfur compound content change and physical-chemical properties during nitrogen and sulfur conversion were studied. The results showed that inoculation of TNB and TSOB increased the temperature, pH, OM degradation, C/N ratio and germination index (GI) of compost. Compared with the control treatment (CK), the addition of inoculants reduced the release of NH3 and H2S, and transformed them into nitrogen and sulfur compounds, the hydrolysis of polymeric ferrous sulfate was promoted, resulting in relatively high content of sulfite and sulfate. At the same time, the physical and chemical properties of SS have a strong correlation with nitrogen and sulfur compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hou
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Rongchun Du
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Agroecological Safety, Qinhuangdao 066102, China
| | - Weiguang Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shumei Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Muzi Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junhong Chu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Liqiang Meng
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu X, Wan J, Wang Q, Liu Z, Xia Y, Xun L, Liu H. Using the sulfide-oxidizing bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans to restrict H 2S release during chicken manure composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120416. [PMID: 38408391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas massively released during chicken manure composting. Diminishing its release requires efficient and low cost methods. In recent years, heterotrophic bacteria capable of rapid H2S oxidation have been discovered but their applications in environmental improvement are rarely reported. Herein, we investigated H2S oxidation activity of a heterotrophic thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans DSM465, which contains a H2S oxidation pathway composed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) and persulfide dioxygenase (PDO). This strain rapidly oxidized H2S to sulfane sulfur and thiosulfate. The oxidation rate reached 5.73 μmol min-1·g-1 of cell dry weight. We used G. thermodenitrificans DSM465 to restrict H2S release during chicken manure composting. The H2S emission during composting process reduced by 27.5% and sulfate content in the final compost increased by 34.4%. In addition, this strain prolonged the high temperature phase by 7 days. Thus, using G. thermodenitrificans DSM465 to control H2S release was an efficient and economic method. This study provided a new strategy for making waste composting environmental friendly and shed light on perspective applications of heterotrophic H2S oxidation bacteria in environmental improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Jiahui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Qingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Zongzheng Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 991647520, USA.
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tian H, Liu J, Zhang Y, Yue P. A novel integrated industrial-scale biological reactor for odor control in a sewage sludge composting facility: Performance, pollutant transformation, and bioaerosol emission mechanism. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 164:9-19. [PMID: 37185067 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to remove multiple pollutants in the sewage sludge (SS) composting facility, a novel integrated industrial-scale biological reactor based on biological trickling filtration and fungal biological filtration (BTF-FBF) was developed. This study examined bioaerosol emission, odour removal, pollutant transformation mechanism, and project investment. At an inlet flow rate of 7200 m3/h, the average removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the steady stage were 97.2 %, 98.9 %, and 92.2 %. The BTF-FBF separates microbial phases (bacteria and fungi) of different modules. BTF removed most hydrophilic compounds, while FBF removed hydrophobic ones. Moreover, the reactor could effectively remove pathogens or opportunistic pathogens bioaerosols, such as Escherichia coli (61.9%), Salmonella sp. (85%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (82.1%). The pollutant transformation mechanism of BTF-FBF was proposed. BTF-FBF annualized costs were 324,783 CNY/year at 15 years. In conclusion, BTF-FBF provides new insights into composting facility bioaerosol, odour, and pathogen emission control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China; School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Yuxiu Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Peng Yue
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China; School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan Y, Wu W, Huang C, Li W, Li Y. Coupling network of hydrogen sulfide precursors and bacteria in kitchen waste composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 372:128655. [PMID: 36693506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study was focused on the changes of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), its precursors, and microorganisms associated with its transformation during the composting process of kitchen waste. The results showed that the content of cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) decreased by 32.3 % and 57.5 % respectively, while the content of sulfate (SO42-) changed little during composting. The main release period of H2S was during the high-temperature period of composting, Cys was its main precursor. Based on network analysis, a total of 15 core genera associated with the conversion of H2S precursors were identified, and the transformation of the H2S precursor was mainly influenced by Filomicrobium. Temperature, pH, and TN levels had a positive effect on Filomicrobium. It could find a balance point by controlling these three factors to reduce the production of H2S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Weixia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Caihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duan Z, Lu W, Mustafa MF, Du J, Wen Y. Odorous gas emissions from sewage sludge composting windrows affected by the turning operation and associated health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:155996. [PMID: 35588837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and disposal of sewage sludge (SL) has long been a challenging task in China. Open windrow composting, coupled with mechanical turning, is preferred in small cities and rural areas, due to low costs and ease of operation. However, the emission of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from open composting windrows, as well as related health risks, has aroused strong protests from surrounding populations. This study investigated VOC emissions (including hydrogen sulphide) from five open SL composting windrows at a single site, before, during and after turning operations, and across different seasons. As expected, the highest VOC concentration (6676 μg m-3) was measured while turning the windrows, whilst an additional emission peak was observed at all windrows at different times after turning, which was determined by the raw material mixing ratio (SL: woodchips), as well as ambient and windrow temperatures. In general, higher VOCs emissions and odour concentrations were measured in summer, and odour pollution was mainly caused by sulphur and oxygenated compounds, due to their high odour activity values (OAVs). Methyl mercaptan, dimethyl disulphide, dimethyl sulphide, diethyl sulphide, acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate were identified as the odour pollution indicators for the composting facility. The results from a health risk assessment showed that acetaldehyde was the most hazardous compound, with both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks exceeding acceptable levels. The carcinogenic risks of benzene and naphthalene were also above acceptable levels; however, their risks were insignificant at the studied site due to the low concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Duan
- South China Institute of Environmental Science (SCIES), Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), 510655, Guangdong, PR China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 10084 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 10084 Beijing, PR China
| | - Muhammad Farooq Mustafa
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 10084 Beijing, PR China; Department of Environmental Design, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jianwei Du
- South China Institute of Environmental Science (SCIES), Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), 510655, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yong Wen
- South China Institute of Environmental Science (SCIES), Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), 510655, Guangdong, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu B, Chen T, Zheng G, Yang J, Huang X, Fu L, Cai L. Water-heat balance characteristics of the sewage sludge bio-drying process in a full-scale bio-drying plant with circulated air. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 141:220-230. [PMID: 35149478 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge bio-drying technology has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this study, we explored the water-heat balance under two ventilation strategies for the first time in bio-drying plants with circulated air, and examined the influence of air circulation on water removal and heat recovery. We want to obtain the relationships of pile temperature, ventilation, and water removal. Then, it provides support for optimizing the bio-drying process conditions and improving the efficiency through analysis of the water-heat relationship. In the low-ventilation and high-ventilation trials, water removed was mainly on Days 9-12 and 1-4, respectively. Ventilation and pile temperature jointly determine the water removed during the bio-drying process. Water balance indicated that more than 30% of the water was removed under the nonventilated process. More organic matter was degraded to maintain a higher pile temperature under low-ventilation than under high-ventilation, which also led to more radiation heat being lost. High-ventilation trial input less energy (3.36 MJ/kg water removed) but obtained a higher bio-drying index I (7.04) and heat utilization efficiency Qeffic (94.1%). Heat balance showed that lower energy consumption by dry air (Qdryair) was obtained due to circulation air with high temperature. Circulation air also has a higher carried capacity of water vapor but carries more water into the pile due to higher humidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Yu
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junxing Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Greentech Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100080, China
| | - Lili Fu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Greentech Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100080, China
| | - Lu Cai
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen L, Li W, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Meng L. Isolation and application of a mixotrophic sulfide-oxidizing Cohnella thermotolerans LYH-2 strain to sewage sludge composting for hydrogen sulfide odor control. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126557. [PMID: 34906701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influences of sulfide oxidizing bacteria on H2S odor control in sewage sludge composting, a facultative chemolithotroph strain was isolated and identified as Cohnella thermotolerans LYH-2. Strain LYH-2 decreased the initially added sulfide by 94.6% when glucose and NH4Cl were used as the optimal energy substrates. The biotransformation of sulfide substrates followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the highest degradation rate constant (0.0537 h-1) and bacterial dry weight (0.745 g/L) were obtained at 300 mg/L of initial sulfide. The C. thermotolerans strain was inoculated as the bacterial agent into the sewage sludge and rice husk composting in forced ventilation composting reactors for 25 d; the bacterial inoculation prolonged the thermophilic period by 2 d, decreased 35.4% of H2S odor emission, and accelerated the composting process compared to the control group. The results demonstrated that C. thermotolerans inoculants effectively controlled H2S emission and promoted maturity in sewage sludge composting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Weiguang Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shumei Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, PR China
| | - Liqiang Meng
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gaseous Emissions from the Composting Process: Controlling Parameters and Strategies of Mitigation. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic waste generation, collection, and management have become a crucial problem in modern and developing societies. Among the technologies proposed in a circular economy and sustainability framework, composting has reached a strong relevance in terms of clean technology that permits reintroducing organic matter to the systems. However, composting has also negative environmental impacts, some of them of social concern. This is the case of composting atmospheric emissions, especially in the case of greenhouse gases (GHG) and certain families of volatile organic compounds (VOC). They should be taken into account in any environmental assessment of composting as organic waste management technology. This review presents the relationship between composting operation and composting gaseous emissions, in addition to typical emission values for the main organic wastes that are being composted. Some novel mitigation technologies to reduce gaseous emissions from composting are also presented (use of biochar), although it is evident that a unique solution does not exist, given the variability of exhaust gases from composting.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu P, Shen Y, Pan X, Dong B, Zhou J, Zhang W, Li X. Reducing odor emissions from feces aerobic composting: additives. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15977-15988. [PMID: 35481176 PMCID: PMC9031696 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic composting is a reliable technology for treating human and animal feces, and converting them into resources. Odor emissions in compost (mainly NH3 and VSCs) not only cause serious environmental problems, but also cause element loss and reduce compost quality. This review introduces recent progresses on odor mitigation in feces composting. The mechanism of odor generation, and the path of element transfer and transformation are clarified. Several strategies, mainly additives for reducing odors proven effective in the literature are proposed. The characteristics of these methods are compared, and their respective limitations are analyzed. The mechanism and characteristics of different additives are different, and the composting plant needs to be chosen according to the actual situation. The application of adsorbent and biological additives has a broad prospect in feces composting, but the existing research is not enough. In the end, some future research topics are highlighted, and further research is needed to improve odor mitigation and element retention in feces compost. Aerobic composting is a reliable technology for treating human and animal feces, and converting them into resources. The addition of additives can reduce the production of odor during the composting process.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
| | - Xusheng Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 PR China +86-021-66137747
| | - John Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney 15 Broadway Sydney NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology 30 Guanghua Street, Hongwei District Liaoyang City Liaoning Province 111003 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Challenges and Control Strategies of Odor Emission from Composting Operation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2331-2356. [PMID: 33635490 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Composting is a biological decomposition process that occurs from microbial progression, which brings about the degradation and stabilization of various organic waste into compost. During composting, the emission of undesirable odor adversely affects compost quality and causes environmental deterioration. Also, odor emission from composting adversely affects human health and well-being. Ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are major components of odorous gases responsible for unpleasant odor. Physiological parameters such as pH, temperature, and aeration affect the pattern of odor emission during the composting process. The lack of techniques for the accurate identification and estimation of odor and control are some major challenges associated with composting. Therefore, the present review article concentrates on challenges and solutions to odor control. Biotrickling filter, optimization of process parameters, usage of additives, microbial inoculation, and pre-treatment techniques are practiced to lower odor emission during the process. The application of metagenomics may provide insight into the various biogeochemical pathways that can be explored in the future for odor control.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li X, Chen S, Dong B, Dai X. New insight into the effect of thermal hydrolysis on high solid sludge anaerobic digestion: Conversion pathway of volatile sulphur compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125466. [PMID: 32050325 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Untreated sludge (total solids = 10%) and thermally hydrolysed sludge (total solids = 10%) were subjected to high-solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) to study the effect of thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment (THP) on the conversion pathways of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs). Typical VSCs were detected in the gas produced by THP at 160 °C for 30 min, including H2S, methyl mercaptan (MM), dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and dimethyl disulphide (DMDS). After THP, the organic sulphide ratio in the treated sludge had decreased from 96% to 90%, and inorganic sulphide had increased from 4% to 10%. In the THS (THP + HSAD) group, the productivity and total volume of VSCs were significantly increased. These results suggest that THP directly promotes converting organic sulphur (OS) into VSCs. Further tests revealed that THP increased the activity of reductases (adenine phosphate sulphate reductase and sulphite reductase), OS hydrolysis was the main source of VSCs in biogas, and MM could be converted into H2S (78%), DMS (18%) and DMDS (4%). These findings are used to elucidate the conversion pathway of sulphides in HSAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Sisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
González D, Guerra N, Colón J, Gabriel D, Ponsá S, Sánchez A. Filling in sewage sludge biodrying gaps: Greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds and odour emissions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121857. [PMID: 31377511 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a complete study of the sewage sludge (SS) biodrying technology was conducted at bench-scale, aiming at assessing its performance and providing a valuable insight into the different gaseous emission patterns found for greenhouse gases (GHG) and odorant pollutants. As process key parameters, temperature, specific airflow, dynamic respiration index, final moisture content and Lower Calorific Value (LCV) were evaluated. At the end of the biodrying, a product with a 35.9% moisture content and a LCV of 7.1 MJ·kg-1product was obtained. GHGs emission factor was 28.22 kgCO2eq per Mg of initial mass of dry matter in the SS (DM0-SS). During the biodrying process, maximum odour concentration measured was 3043 ou·m-3 and the estimated odour emission factor of the biological treatment was 3.10E + 07 ou per Mg DM0-SS. Finally, VOCs were completely identified and quantified. The most abundant VOCs found in the biodrying gaseous emissions were terpenes, sulphur-compounds and ketones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Group of Biological Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effluents (GENOCOV) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nagore Guerra
- BETA Technology Centre: "U Science Tech", University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colón
- BETA Technology Centre: "U Science Tech", University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gabriel
- Group of Biological Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effluents (GENOCOV) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Ponsá
- BETA Technology Centre: "U Science Tech", University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nie E, Zheng G, Gao D, Chen T, Yang J, Wang Y, Wang X. Emission characteristics of VOCs and potential ozone formation from a full-scale sewage sludge composting plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:664-672. [PMID: 31096396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the major components of the odor emitted from sewage sludge composting plants and are generally associated with odorous nuisances and health risks. However, few studies have considered the potential ozone generation caused by VOCs emitted from sewage sludge composting plants. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a full-scale composting plant. Five major treatment units of the composting plant were chosen as the monitoring locations, including the dewatered room, dewatered sludge, blender room, fermentation workshop, and product units. The fermentation workshop units displayed the highest concentration of VOC emissions at 2595.7 ± 1367.3 μg.m-3, followed by the blender room, product, dewatered sludge, and dewatered room units, whose emissions ranged from 142.2 ± 86.8 μg.m-3 to 2107.6 ± 1045.6 μg.m-3. The detected VOC families included oxygenated compounds, alkanes, alkenes, sulfide compounds, halogenated compounds, and aromatic compounds. Oxygenated compounds, particularly acetone, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the dewatered room and dewatered sludge units clustered closely, as indicated by their similar component emissions. The product units differed from the other sampling units, as their typical compounds were methanethiol, styrene, carbon disulfide, and hexane, all of which were the products of the latter stages of composting. Among the treatment units, the fermentation workshop units had the highest propylene equivalent (propy-equiv) concentration. Dimethyl disulfide and limonene were the major contributors. Limonene had the highest propy-equiv concentration, which contributed to the increased atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air. To control the secondary environmental pollution caused by the VOC emissions during sewage sludge composting, the emission of limonene and dimethyl disulfide must be controlled from the blender room and fermentation workshop units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erqi Nie
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ding Gao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junxing Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuewei Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiankai Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nie E, Zheng G, Shao Z, Yang J, Chen T. Emission characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds produced during municipal solid waste composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 79:188-195. [PMID: 30343745 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste degradation during composting generates volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can pose health risks the staff at the composting site and people living nearby. This problem restricts the widespread application of composting techniques. The characteristics of VOCs emitted from different units at a composting plant and the health risks posed were investigated in this study. A total of 44 VOCs (including alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds, halogenated compounds, oxygenated compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds) were identified and quantified. The highest VOC concentration (15484.1 ± 785.3 µg/m3) was found in primary fermentation, followed by the tipping unit (10302.1 ± 1334.8 µg/m3), composting product (4693.6 ± 1024.3 µg/m3), secondary fermentation (929.9 ± 105.2 µg/m3), and plant boundary (370.4 ± 75.8 µg/m3). The mean VOC concentration was 6356.0 µg/m3. The main compounds emitted during primary fermentation were oxygenated and those emitted from the tipping unit were alkenes. Health risk assessments indicate that VOCs did not pose unacceptable non-carcinogenic risks i.e., the HR values were <1 and carcinogenic risks (CR) values were <1.0 × 10-4. These results indicate that VOC emissions do not pose health risks to the staff at the composting site or to people living nearby. However, the cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks posed by the VOC mixture were high, especially for the primary fermentation unit emissions. Therefore, protecting the staff working near the primary fermentation unit should be a priority. Measures should be taken to minimize cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks because people are exposed to a mixture of VOCs mixture rather than to a single type of VOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erqi Nie
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhuze Shao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ge J, Huang G, Li J, Sun X, Han L. Multivariate and Multiscale Approaches for Interpreting the Mechanisms of Nitrous Oxide Emission during Pig Manure-Wheat Straw Aerobic Composting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8408-8418. [PMID: 29984574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission during composting causes nitrogen loss and air pollution. The interpretation of N2O emission mechanisms will help to customize composting strategies that mitigate climate change. At pile and particle scales, this study characterized N2O emission-related variables (gases, ions, and microbes) and their correlations during pig manure-wheat straw aerobic composting. Pile-scale results showed that N2O emission mainly occurred in mesophilic, thermophilic, and cooling phases; the nitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ( AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria ( NOB) coexisted with the denitrification by denitrificans ( DEN); the major NOB and DEN were Nitrobacter ( NOB_Nba) and Thiobacillus denitrificans ( DEN_Tb), respectively. The mechanisms of nitrification, nitrifier denitrification, and anaerobic denitrification in composting particles were initially visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy: Betaproteobacteria ( AOB_ Beta) sporadically distributed on the outer area of the particles, NOB_Nba internally attached to AOB_ Beta, and Nitrosomonas europea/ Nitrosomonas eutropha ( AOB_eu) and DEN_Tb concentrated in the interior. Correlation analysis of the variables showed that the distribution area of AOB_eu was proportional to N2O emission ( R2 = 0.84); AOB not only participated in nitrification but also nitrifier denitrification, and N2O formation was mainly from nitrifier denitrification by AOB_eu during the mesophilic-thermophilic phase and from denitrification by AOB_eu and DEN during the cooling phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Ge
- Biomass Resources and Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Guangqun Huang
- Biomass Resources and Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Junbao Li
- Biomass Resources and Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xiaoxi Sun
- Biomass Resources and Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Lujia Han
- Biomass Resources and Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Han Z, Qi F, Wang H, Liu B, Shen X, Song C, Bao Z, Zhao X, Xu Y, Sun D. Emission characteristics of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) from a municipal sewage sludge aerobic composting plant. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 77:593-602. [PMID: 29907364 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emission of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) causing strong odors is a major problem in municipal sewage sludge composting plants (MSSACPs). Improving the knowledge on characteristics of VSCs emission in MSAACPs is of particular significance to elimate odors, but the studies conducted on-site to identify them are scarce. To this purpose, characteristics of VSCs emission were studied on-site from a MSSACP during different ambient temperatures corresponding with seasonal variations. Results reveal that (1) the total emission of VSCs which included methyl disulfide (DMDS), methyl sulfide (DMS), carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was 561.89 mg/dry kg in summer, 358.45 mg/dry kg in spring, and 215.52 mg/dry kg in winter, and the greatest amounts of VSCs were emitted during the mesophilic and pre-thermophilic phases; (2) although DMDS and DMS contributed the most towards total VSCs emissions during winter (81.93%), spring (82.55%), and summer (83.90%), their odor contributions were less than that of H2S; (3) in summer, the odor nuisance of total VSCs was higher than that in winter and spring; (4) sulfur loss in the form of VSCs emissions and total sulfur loss both increased with rising ambient temperatures during the sewage sludge aerobic composting. Results obtained in this study will be beneficial towards the elimation of odors released from MSSACPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangliang Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoxian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environment Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiue Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environment Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Cheng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environment Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiyuan Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xufeng Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yangjie Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
He P, Wei S, Shao L, Lü F. Emission potential of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and ammonia from sludge compost with different bio-stability under various oxygen levels. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 73:113-122. [PMID: 29289432 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and ammonia from biowaste-derived residues is influenced by both the degree of bio-stability and atmosphere of oxygen level (i.e., either anaerobic, aerobic or anoxic conditions). By means of odor emission potential (OEP) test, present study directly examined how these two factors jointly affected the emissions of different odorous compounds from sludge compost. Results reveal that (1) the cumulative amount of ammonia and VSCs ranged from 0.08 to 0.38 mg/g-DM and 1.92 to 6.42 μg-S/g-DM, respectively. (2) High degree of bio-stability and oxygen level decreased the emission rates and cumulative amounts of ammonia, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and especially methlymercaptan, who was even extinguished in the late stage. (3) Dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide showed no decline trend with increasing of bio-stability degree and oxygen level, suggesting their formation was mainly abiotic; cumulative amount of dimethyl disulfide was even higher under an atmosphere of high oxygen level. (4) Methlymercaptan was the dominant contributor to odor nuisance. The olfactory threshold of ammonia, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide also exceeded their limited value. Hence, these odor compounds are priority when came to odor management of sludge compost. Overall, high stability degree and oxygen level alleviated the emission of ammonia, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and methlymercaptan, while the abatement of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide should lie in controlling oxygen level in a certain range rather than extremely high oxygen level. Methlymercaptan can be regarded as an alternative indicator of the degree of bio-stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PR China (MOHURD), China
| | - Fan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang D, Luo W, Yuan J, Li G, Luo Y. Effects of woody peat and superphosphate on compost maturity and gaseous emissions during pig manure composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 68:56-63. [PMID: 28712599 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of calcium superphosphate on compost maturity and gaseous emissions during pig manure composting with woody peat as the bulking agent. Two treatments were conducted with or without the addition of calcium superphosphate (10% dry weight of the composting mass), which were denoted as the control and superphosphate-amended treatment, respectively. Results show that the composting temperature of both treatments was higher than 50°C for more than 5days, which is typically required for pathogen destruction during manure composting. Compared to the control treatment, the superphosphate-amended treatment increased the emission of nitrogen oxide, but reduced the emission of methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide by approximately 35.5%, 37.9% and 65.5%, respectively. As a result, the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission during manure composting was reduced by nearly 34.7% with the addition of calcium superphosphate. The addition of calcium superphosphate increased the content of humic acid (indicated by E4/E6 ratio). Nevertheless, the superphosphate-amended treatment postponed the biological degradation of organic matter and produced the mature compost with a higher electrical conductivity in comparison with the control treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Difang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenhai Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoxue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cai L, Gao D, Wang K, Liu HT, Wan XM. Sludge reduction using aquatic worms under different aeration regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:737-743. [PMID: 27400644 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1210241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adding aquatic worms to a wastewater treatment system can reduce sludge production through predation. The aeration level is crucial for success. To evaluate aeration impacts on sludge reduction and determine an optimal aeration regime, this study investigated the processes of in-situ sludge reduction, using aquatic worms exposed to different aeration levels. The experiment also compared treatment results between a conventional reactor and an aquatic worm reactor (WR). Results indicated that the recommended concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) was 2.5 mg L-1. The removal rate of chemical oxygen demand remained steady at 80% when the DO concentration was higher than 2.5 mg L-1, while the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen continued to moderately increase. Increasing the DO concentration to 5 mg L-1 did not improve sludge reduction, and consumed more power. With a DO concentration of 2.5 mg L-1 and a power of 0.19 kWh t-1 water, the absolute sludge reduction and relative sludge reduction rates in the WR were 60.0% and 45.7%, respectively, and the daily aquatic worm growth rate was 0.150 d-1 during the 17-d test. Therefore, at the recommended aeration regime, aquatic worms reduced the sludge without increasing the power consumption or deteriorating the effluent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- a Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment , Ningbo University , Ningbo , People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Gao
- b Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Kan Wang
- a Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment , Ningbo University , Ningbo , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Liu
- b Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wan
- b Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu HT, Wang YW, Liu XJ, Gao D, Zheng GD, Lei M, Guo GH, Zheng HX, Kong XJ. Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from sludge biodrying instead of heat drying combined with mono-incineration in China. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:212-218. [PMID: 27629354 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1227282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sludge is an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, both in the form of direct process emissions and as a result of indirect carbon-derived energy consumption during processing. In this study, the carbon budgets of two sludge disposal processes at two well-known sludge disposal sites in China (for biodrying and heat-drying pretreatments, both followed by mono-incineration) were quantified and compared. Total GHG emissions from heat drying combined with mono-incineration was 0.1731 tCO2e t-1, while 0.0882 tCO2e t-1 was emitted from biodrying combined with mono-incineration. Based on these findings, a significant reduction (approximately 50%) in total GHG emissions was obtained by biodrying instead of heat drying prior to sludge incineration. IMPLICATIONS Sludge treatment results in direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moisture reduction followed by incineration is commonly used to dispose of sludge in China; however, few studies have compared the effects of different drying pretreatment options on GHG emissions during such processes. Therefore, in this study, the carbon budgets of sludge incineration were analyzed and compared following different pretreatment drying technologies (biodrying and heat drying). The results indicate that biodrying combined with incineration generated approximately half of the GHG emissions compared to heat drying followed by incineration. Accordingly, biodrying may represent a more environment-friendly sludge pretreatment prior to incineration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- a Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yan-Wen Wang
- a Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiao-Jie Liu
- a Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ding Gao
- a Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Guo-di Zheng
- a Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Mei Lei
- a Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Guang-Hui Guo
- a Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Hai-Xia Zheng
- a Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiang-Juan Kong
- b Centre of Science and Technology of Construction , Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang H, Li G, Gu J, Wang G, Li Y, Zhang D. Influence of aeration on volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and NH 3 emissions during aerobic composting of kitchen waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 58:369-375. [PMID: 27595496 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of aeration on volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and ammonia (NH3) emissions during kitchen waste composting. Aerobic composting of kitchen waste and cornstalks was conducted at a ratio of 85:15 (wet weight basis) in 60L reactors for 30days. The gas emissions were analyzed with force aeration at rates of 0.1 (A1), 0.2 (A2) and 0.3 (A3) L (kgDMmin)-1, respectively. Results showed that VSCs emission at the low aeration rate (A1) was more significant than that at other two rates (i.e., A2 and A3 treatment), where no considerable emission difference was observed. On the other hand, NH3 emission reduced as the aeration rate decreased. It is noteworthy that the aeration rate did not significantly affect the compost quality. These results suggest that the aeration rate of 0.2L (kgDMmin)-1 may be applied to control VSCs and NH3 emissions during kitchen waste composting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research/State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Material, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Guoxue Li
- College of Resources and Environment Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Jun Gu
- Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research/State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Material, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Beijing Environmental Sanitation Engineering Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- College of Resources and Environment Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Difang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cai L, Chen TB, Gao D, Yu J. Bacterial communities and their association with the bio-drying of sewage sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 90:44-51. [PMID: 26724438 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bio-drying is a technology that aims to remove water from a material using the microbial heat originating from organic matter degradation. However, the evolution of bacterial communities that are associated with the drying process has not been researched systematically. This study was performed to investigate the variations of bacterial communities and the relationships among bacterial communities, water evaporation, water generation, and organic matter degradation during the bio-drying of sewage sludge. High-throughput pyrosequencing was used to analyze the bacterial communities, while water evaporation and water generation were determined based on an in situ water vapor monitoring device. The values of water evaporation, water generation, and volatile solids degradation were 412.9 g kg(-1) sewage sludge bio-drying material (SSBM), 65.0 g kg(-1) SSBM, and 70.2 g kg(-1) SSBM, respectively. Rarefaction curves and diversity indices showed that bacterial diversity plummeted after the temperature of the bio-drying pile dramatically increased on d 2, which coincided with a remarkable increase of water evaporation on d 2. Bacterial diversity increased when the pile cooled. During the thermophilic phase, in which Acinetobacter and Bacillus were the dominant genera, the rates of water evaporation, water generation, and VS degradation peaked. These results implied that the elevated temperature reshaped the bacterial communities, which played a key role in water evaporation, and the high temperature also contributed to the effective elimination of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Tong-Bin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ding Gao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Yu
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cai L, Chen TB, Gao D, Zheng GD, Liu HT, Pan TH. Influence of forced air volume on water evaporation during sewage sludge bio-drying. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4767-73. [PMID: 23648285 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical aeration is critical to sewage sludge bio-drying, and the actual water loss caused by aeration can be better understood from investigations of the relationship between aeration and water evaporation from the sewage sludge bio-drying pile based on in situ measurements. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of forced air volume on the evaporation of water from a sewage sludge bio-drying pile. Dewatered sewage sludge was bio-dried using control technology for bio-drying, during which time the temperature, superficial air velocity and water evaporation were measured and calculated. The results indicated that the peak air velocity and water evaporation occurred in the thermophilic phase and second temperature-increasing phase, with the highest values of 0.063 ± 0.027 m s(-1) and 28.9 kg ton(-1) matrix d(-1), respectively, being observed on day 4. Air velocity above the pile during aeration was 43-100% higher than when there was no aeration, and there was a significantly positive correlation between air volume and water evaporation from day 1 to 15. The order of daily means of water evaporation was thermophilic phase > second temperature-increasing phase > temperature-increasing phase > cooling phase. Forced aeration controlled the pile temperature and improved evaporation, making it the key factor influencing water loss during the process of sewage sludge bio-drying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cai L, Chen TB, Gao D, Liu HT, Chen J, Zheng GD. Time domain reflectometry measured moisture content of sewage sludge compost across temperatures. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:12-17. [PMID: 23089298 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a prospective measurement technology for moisture content of sewage sludge composting material; however, a significant dependence upon temperature has been observed. The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of temperature upon moisture content measurement and determine if TDR could be used to monitor moisture content in sewage sludge compost across a range of temperatures. We also investigated the combined effects of temperature and conductivity on moisture content measurement. The results revealed that the moisture content of composting material could be determined by TDR using coated probes, even when the measured material had a moisture content of 0.581 cm(3)cm(-3), temperature of 70°C and conductivity of 4.32 mS cm(-1). TDR probes were calibrated as a function of dielectric properties that included temperature effects. When the bulk temperature varied from 20°C to 70°C, composting material with 0.10-0.70 cm(3)cm(-3) moisture content could be measured by TDR using coated probes, and calibrations based on different temperatures minimized the errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shen Y, Chen TB, Gao D, Zheng G, Liu H, Yang Q. Online monitoring of volatile organic compound production and emission during sewage sludge composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 123:463-70. [PMID: 22940356 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The production and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were studied using an online monitoring method in a well-operated sludge composting plant. Results indicated that VOC production within the pile was different from emission at the pile surface. The total mass of VOC production was 1.09gCkgDM(-1), which was 2.3 times as high as the total mass of emission. The maximum production and emission masses occurred in the mesophilic phase of composting and were 444 and 202mgkgDM(-1)d(-1), respectively. VOC production and emission rates also varied rapidly at different times. The relationship of VOC production rates and time in an on/off aeration cycle at different periods could be expressed as a quadratic equation, while the emission rate could be expressed as a linear equation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Shen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cai L, Gao D, Chen TB, Liu HT, Zheng GD, Yang QW. Moisture variation associated with water input and evaporation during sewage sludge bio-drying. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 117:13-19. [PMID: 22609708 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The variation of moisture during sewage sludge bio-drying was investigated. In situ measurements were conducted to monitor the bulk moisture and water vapor, while the moisture content, water generation, water evaporation and aeration water input of the bio-drying bulk were calculated based on the water mass balance. The moisture in the sewage sludge bio-drying material decreased from 66% to 54% in response to control technology for bio-drying. During the temperature increasing and thermophilic phases of sewage sludge bio-drying, the moisture content, water generation and water evaporation of the bulk initially increased and then decreased. The peak water generation and evaporation occurred during the thermophilic phase. During the bio-drying, water evaporation was much greater than water generation, and aeration facilitated the water evaporation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|