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Shen H, Lou B, Liu B, Zhang J, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang R, Chen M, Zhang S. Reduction of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash followed by making transparent glass. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 183:184-190. [PMID: 38759276 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is a hazardous waste containing heavy metals. Secondary aluminum dross (SAD) is a hazardous waste discharged from aluminum smelting, containing active aluminum nitride (AlN). In this work, heavy metals from MSWI fly ash were reduced into alloy by AlN from SAD, and the slag was manufactured into transparent glass for building. Reduction of iron and zinc was 67 and 100 %, respectively. Reduction mechanism was explored after applying XRD, XRF and thermodynamics analysis. It was found that the reduction reaction was an ion reaction. The AlN and heavy metal oxide transformed into anionic group containing nitrogen and heavy metal cation, after entering slag. The heavy metals were reduced into alloy after electron was transferred from anionic group to cation. In addition, the reduced iron and zinc could merge into alloy, which inhibited evaporation of zinc. Yellow transparent glass was obtained after the reduction process. Yellow was come from titanium oxide, which could not be reduced by AlN. Microhardness, density and water absorption of the transparent glass were 741 HV, 2.86 g·cm-3 and 0.04 %, respectively. Leaching content of Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb of the glass were 0.1, <0.1, 0.6 and < 0.1 mg/L, respectively, all below the TCLP limit. About 115 ∼ 213 dollars were earned after manufacturing 500 kg of MSWI fly ash into transparent glass. This work provided a novel idea of recycling solid waste into alloy and transparent glass for building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Shen
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528399, PR China
| | - Bingjie Lou
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528399, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; Delta Aluminum Industry Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526200, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Xin Zhongtian Environment Protection Co., Ltd, Chongqing 401122, PR China
| | - Mingcui Chen
- Xin Zhongtian Environment Protection Co., Ltd, Chongqing 401122, PR China
| | - Shengen Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Tominc S, Ducman V, Wisniewski W, Luukkonen T, Kirkelund GM, Ottosen LM. Recovery of Phosphorus and Metals from the Ash of Sewage Sludge, Municipal Solid Waste, or Wood Biomass: A Review and Proposals for Further Use. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6948. [PMID: 37959544 PMCID: PMC10647443 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of methods to extract valuable resources from the ash fractions of sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and wood biomass combustion. The resources addressed here include critical raw materials, such as phosphorus, base and precious metals, and rare earth elements for which it is increasingly important to tap into secondary sources in addition to the mining of primary raw materials. The extraction technologies prioritized in this review are based on recycled acids or excess renewable energy to achieve an optimum environmental profile for the extracted resources and provide benefits in the form of local industrial symbioses. The extraction methods cover all scarce and valuable chemical elements contained in the ashes above certain concentration limits. Another important part of this review is defining potential applications for the mineral residues remaining after extraction. Therefore, the aim of this review is to combine the knowledge of resource extraction technology from ashes with possible applications of mineral residues in construction and related sectors to fully close material cycle loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tominc
- Laboratory for Cements, Mortars and Ceramics, The Department of Materials, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.D.); (W.W.)
| | - Vilma Ducman
- Laboratory for Cements, Mortars and Ceramics, The Department of Materials, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.D.); (W.W.)
| | - Wolfgang Wisniewski
- Laboratory for Cements, Mortars and Ceramics, The Department of Materials, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.D.); (W.W.)
| | - Tero Luukkonen
- Faculty of Technology, Fibre and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Gunvor M. Kirkelund
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Brovej, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (G.M.K.); (L.M.O.)
| | - Lisbeth M. Ottosen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Brovej, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (G.M.K.); (L.M.O.)
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Bandarra BS, Passos H, Vidal T, Martins RC, Quina MJ, Pereira JL, Römbke J. Evaluation of a battery of biotests to improve waste ecotoxicity assessment (HP 14), using incineration bottom ash as a case study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118513. [PMID: 37418917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of waste ecotoxicity (hazardous property HP14 in the European Union) is fundamental for proper waste classification and safe application/disposal. Biotests are relevant for evaluating waste complex matrices, but their efficiency is crucial to encourage their adoption at the industrial level. This work aims at evaluating possibilities of improving the efficiency of a biotest battery previously suggested in the literature, regarding test selection, duration, and/or laboratory resources optimization. Fresh incineration bottom ash (IBA) was the case study. The test battery analysed included standard aquatic (bacteria, microalgae, macrophytes, daphnids, rotifers, fairy shrimp) and terrestrial (bacteria, plants, earthworms, collembolans) organisms. The assessment followed an Extended Limit Test design (three dilutions of eluate or solid IBA) and the Lowest Ineffective Dilution (LID-approach) for ecotoxicity classification. The results emphasize the importance of testing different species. It was also evidenced that tests with daphnids and earthworms may be shortened to 24 h; the miniaturization of tests is suitable as e.g. differential sensitivity of microalgae and macrophytes was captured with low variability; alternative testing kits can be used when methodological difficulties are found. Microalgae were more sensitive than macrophytes. Similar results were found for the Thamnotoxkit and daphnids test for eluates with natural pH, so the former may be used as an alternative. B. rapa was the most sensitive organism, suggesting that it may be tested as the only terrestrial plant species and that minimum test duration is appropriate. F. candida does not appear to add information to the battery. The differences in sensitivity of A. fischeri and E. fetida compared to the remaining species were not significant enough to exclude them from the battery. Thus, this work suggests a biotest battery to test IBA comprising aquatic tests - Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata (miniaturised test), and Daphnia magna (24 h when clear deleterious effects are observed) or Thamnocephalus platyurus (toxkit) - and terrestrial tests - Arthrobacter globiformis, Brassica rapa (14 d), and Eisenia fetida (24 h). Testing waste with natural pH is also recommended. The Extended Limit Test design considering the LID-approach seems useful in waste testing, particularly for the industry, involving low effort, test material requirements, and few laboratory resources. The LID-approach allowed for differentiating ecotoxic from non-ecotoxic effects and captured different sensitivities between species. Ecotoxicological assessment of other waste may benefit from these recommendations, but caution should be taken given the properties of each waste type.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Bandarra
- CIEPQPF, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - H Passos
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - T Vidal
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R C Martins
- CIEPQPF, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M J Quina
- CIEPQPF, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J L Pereira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Römbke
- RPR BgR, Platanenallee 25, 64546, Mörfelden-Walldorf, Germany
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Beikmohammadi M, Yaghmaeian K, Nabizadeh R, Mahvi AH. Analysis of heavy metal, rare, precious, and metallic element content in bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Tehran based on particle size. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16044. [PMID: 37749159 PMCID: PMC10520020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste incineration is increasingly used worldwide for better municipal solid waste management and energy recovery. However, residues resulting from waste incineration, such as Bottom Ash (BA) and Fly Ash (FA), can pose environmental and human health risks due to their physicochemical properties if not managed appropriately. On the other hand, with proper utilization, these residues can be turned into valuable Municipal metal mines. In this study, BA was granulated in various size ranges (< 0.075 mm, 0.075-0.125 mm, 0.125-0.5 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 1-2 mm, 2-4 mm, 4-16 mm, and > 16 mm). The physicochemical properties, heavy metal elements, environmental hazards, and other rare and precious metal elements in each Granulated Bottom Ash (GBA) group from Tehran's waste incineration were examined using ICP-MASS. Additionally, each GBA group's mineralogical properties and elemental composition were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals in GBA, including Zn (1974 mg/kg), Cu, and Ba (790 mg/kg), Pb (145 mg/kg), Cr (106 mg/kg), Ni (25 mg/kg), Sn (24 mg/kg), V (25 mg/kg), As (11 mg/kg), and Sb (29 mg/kg), was higher in particles smaller than 4 mm. Precious metals such as gold (average 0.3 mg/kg) and silver (average 11 mg/kg) were significantly higher in GBA particles smaller than 0.5 mm, making their extraction economically feasible. Moreover, rare metals such as Ce, Nd, La, and Y were detected in GBA, with average concentrations of 24, 8, 11, and 7 mg/kg, respectively. The results of this study indicated that BA contains environmentally concerning metals, as well as rare and precious metals, with high concentrations, especially in particles smaller than 4 mm. This highlights the need for proper pre-treatment before using these materials in civil and municipal applications or even landfilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Beikmohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zu F, Zhang X. Cost-benefit analysis of micro WtE incinerator applications in an urban environment: A case study at the Hong Kong International Airport. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 159:134-145. [PMID: 36764238 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The globally located waste-to-energy (WtE) incinerators are generally of large capacities with high investments and long construction periods. This paper aims to evaluate the financial feasibility of micro WtE incinerators application in an urban environment using cost-benefit analysis (CBA). First, we propose a CBA method for such an application, considering two energy recovery methods. The advantage of carbon emission reduction over the existing disposal method is converted into monetary terms through a carbon trading system. Second, two facilities with different incineration technologies are considered. Six possible application scenarios are analyzed, taking into account differentiated benefit compositions. Third, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is carried out to measure the impact of the parameter changes. Finally, the Hong Kong International Airport is applied as a case study. The results reveal the great potential for micro WtE incinerator applications in an urban environment, and the low-temperature magnetization facility has a comparative advantage over the high-temperature pyrolysis gasification facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Zu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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He H, Yang B, Wu D, Gao X, Fei X. Applications of crushing and grinding-based treatments for typical metal-containing solid wastes: Detoxification and resource recovery potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120034. [PMID: 36030964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-containing solid wastes can induce serious environmental pollution if managed improperly, but contain considerable resources. The detoxification and resource recoveries of these wastes are of both environmental and economic significances, being indispensable for circular economy. In the past decades, attempts have been made worldwide to treat these wastes. Crushing and grinding-based treatments have been increasingly applied, the operating apparatus and parameters of which depend on the waste type and treatment purpose. Based on the relevant studies, the applications of crushing and grinding on four major types of solid wastes, namely spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cathode, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), incineration bottom ash (IBA), and incineration fly ash (IFA) are here systematically reviewed. These types of solid wastes are generated in increasing amounts, and have the potentials to release various organic and inorganic pollutants. Despite of the widely different texture, composition, and other physicochemical properties of the solid wastes, crushing and grinding have been demonstrated to be universally applicable. For each of the four wastes, the technical route that involving crushing and grinding is described with the advantages highlighted. The crushing and grinding serve either mainstream or auxiliary role in the processing of the solid wastes. This review summarizes and highlights the developments and future directions of crushing and grinding-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xunchang Fei
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore.
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Che Y, Zhang X. A novel multi-criteria decision-making framework for selecting municipal solid waste management alternative with 2-dimensional uncertain linguistic sets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68582-68599. [PMID: 35543779 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) has been considered as a complicated multi-criteria decision-making problem for the uncertain context and related criteria. To select an optimal MSWM scenario, this paper provides a comprehensive MCDM framework for decision-makers under 2-dimensional uncertain linguistic (2-DUL) environment. Distinguished from traditional approaches, this framework not only guarantees the consistency of comparison matrix but improves effectiveness and efficiency in the decision process. Moreover, it accurately solves the cardinal and ordinal information of MSWM scenarios. Firstly, due to ambiguous and uncertain decision context, the 2-DUL set, characterized by I class of the linguistic evaluation information and II class of the reliability of the assessment results, is adopted to describe decision-makers' preference. An expectation reduced-dimension is developed to effectively handle 2-DUL set. Secondly, to guarantee consistency and reduce numerical pairwise comparisons, a best-worst-method (BWM)-based analytic network process (ANP) is utilized to form the local priority vectors of the main criteria and sub-criteria. Main criteria weights and sub-criteria weights are then obtained by aggregating all local priority vectors. Thirdly, an extended QUALIFLEX approach is employed to rank all alternative MSWM scenarios by comparing the weighted concordance/discordance index among overall possible permutations of all alternative scenarios. Finally, the developed framework is applied in a case study to determine an optimal MSWM scenario in Beijing. Additionally, a comparison analysis is complemented. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework is feasible, efficient, and superior in MSWM scenarios selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Che
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 10083, China
| | - Xuelan Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 10083, China.
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Phutthimethakul L, Supakata N. Partial Replacement of Municipal Incinerated Bottom Ash and PET Pellets as Fine Aggregate in Cement Mortars. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132597. [PMID: 35808643 PMCID: PMC9269149 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the optimal mixing ratio of municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) and PET pellets used as a partial replacement of fine aggregates in the manufacture of cement mortars. As a partial replacement for sand, 15 mortar specimens were prepared by mixing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) (A) and 0%, 10%, and 20% PET pellets (P) in 5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm cube molds. The cement/aggregate ratio was 1:3, and the water/cement ratio was 0.5 for all specimens. The results showed that the compressive strength of cement mortars decreased when increasing the amount of MIBA and PET pellets. The mortar specimens with 10% PET pellets achieved the highest compressive strength (49.53 MPa), whereas the mortar specimens with 40% MIBA and 20% PET pellets achieved the lowest compressive strength (24.44 MPa). Based on this finding, replacing 10% and 20% sand in cement mortar with only MIBA or only PET pellets could result in compressive strengths ranging from 46.00 MPa to 49.53 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitsuda Phutthimethakul
- International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Nuta Supakata
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Research Group (STAR): Waste Utilization and Ecological Risk Assessment, The Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Kremser K, Maltschnig M, Schön H, Jandric A, Gajdosik M, Vaculovic T, Kucera J, Guebitz GM. Optimized biogenic sulfuric acid production and application in the treatment of waste incineration residues. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 144:182-190. [PMID: 35378357 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biological leaching of metals from different waste streams by bacteria is intensively investigated to address metal recycling and circular economy goals. However, usually external addition of sulfuric acid is required to maintain the low pH optimum of the bacteria to ensure efficient leaching. Extremely acidophilic Acidithiobacillus spp. producing sulfuric acid and ferric iron have been investigated for several decades in the bioleaching of metal-containing ores. Their application has now been extended to the extraction of metals from artificial ores and other secondary sources. In this study, an optimized process for producing biogenic sulfuric acid from elemental sulfur by two sulfur-oxidizing species, A. thiooxidans and A. caldus and their combinations, was investigated in batch and stirred tank experiments. Using a combined culture of both species, 1.05 M and 1.4 M biogenic sulfuric acid was produced at 30 °C and 6% elemental sulfur in batch and semi continuous modes, respectively. The acid produced was then used to control the pH in a heap bioleaching system in which iron- and sulfur-oxidizing A. ferrooxidans was applied to biologically leach metals from waste incineration residuals. Metals like Cu, Ni, Al, Mn, and Zn were successfully recovered by 99, 93, 84, 77 and 68%, respectively within three weeks of heap bioleaching. Overall, a potential value recovery of incorporated metals >70% could be achieved. This highlights the potential and novelty of applying extremely acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria for cheap and efficient production of biogenic sulfuric acid and its use in pH control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Kremser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Dept. of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Inst. of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Melanie Maltschnig
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Dept. of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Inst. of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Herta Schön
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Dept. of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Inst. of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Aleksander Jandric
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Gajdosik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vaculovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kucera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Dept. of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Inst. of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Mayer E, Eichermüller J, Endriss F, Baumgarten B, Kirchhof R, Tejada J, Kappler A, Thorwarth H. Utilization and recycling of wood ashes from industrial heat and power plants regarding fertilizer use. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 141:92-103. [PMID: 35101752 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To achieve a sustainable circular economy for wood ash, the reuse of wood ash in agriculture and forestry is important. To evaluate the usability of ash from the combustion of natural as well as waste wood for application as fertilizer, wood fuel and corresponding ash fraction samples (n = 86) of four industrial wood-fired heat and power plants (>20 MW) were investigated. In different ash fractions, the concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Ni, Tl, Zn) and plant nutrients (N, P, K, Ca) were assessed with regard to relevant legislation from the European Union and from selected European countries (Germany, Austria and Finland). Depending on fuel composition and combustion kinetics within the respective plants, the investigated ash fractions showed a wide range of nutrient and heavy metal contents. Apart from N which is mainly emitted with the flue gas, plant nutrients were present in substantial concentrations with mean values corresponding to 20% P, 55 % K and >95% Ca content compared to nutrient compound fertilizer. A direct application of most ash fractions from both natural and waste wood combustion is however not possible due to high contents of Cd, Pb and Ni. In order to develop the ash for secondary use, investigation for a suitable treatment process is necessary. An estimation of the nutrient recovery potential from industrial wood energy plants in southwest Germany showed that approx. 3.1% (P), 7.5% (K) and 22.8% (Ca) of raw material for fertilizers could be substituted by ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mayer
- University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg, Schadenweilerhof, 72108 Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Eichermüller
- University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg, Schadenweilerhof, 72108 Rottenburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Endriss
- University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg, Schadenweilerhof, 72108 Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Björn Baumgarten
- University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg, Schadenweilerhof, 72108 Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Kirchhof
- University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg, Schadenweilerhof, 72108 Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Julian Tejada
- University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg, Schadenweilerhof, 72108 Rottenburg, Germany; Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kappler
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Harald Thorwarth
- University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg, Schadenweilerhof, 72108 Rottenburg, Germany
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11
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Bioleaching and Selective Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreasing ore grades and an increasing consumption of metals has led to a shortage of important primary raw materials. Therefore, the urban mining of different deposits and anthropogenic stocks is of increasing interest. Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag is produced in huge quantities with the so-called Linz-Donawitz process and contains up to 5.2, 0.9, 0.1, and 0.07% of Mn, Al, Cr, and V, respectively. In the present study, sulfur-oxidizing Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and iron- and sulfur-oxidizing Acidithiobacillus ferridurans were applied in batch and stirred tank experiments to investigate the biological extraction of metals from BOF slag. In the batch experiments, up to 96.6, 52.8, 41.6, and 29.3% of Cr, Al, Mn, and V, respectively, were recovered. The stirred tank experiments, with increasing slag concentrations from 10 to 75 g/L, resulted in higher extraction efficiencies for A. ferridurans and lower acid consumption. Selective metal precipitation was performed at pH values ranging between 2.5 and 5.0 to study the recovery of Mn, Al, Cr, and V from the biolixiviant. Selective precipitation of V and Cr was achieved at pH 4.0 from A. thiooxidans biolixiviant, while Fe and V could be selectively recovered from A. ferridurans biolixiviant at pH 3.0. This work revealed the potential of BOF slag as an artificial ore for urban mining and demonstrated that combining bioleaching and selective precipitation is an effective method for sustainable metal recovery.
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Li H, Sun J, Gui H, Xia D, Wang Y. Physiochemical properties, heavy metal leaching characteristics and reutilization evaluations of solid ashes from municipal solid waste incinerator plants. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:49-58. [PMID: 34864522 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A clear understanding of the physicochemical, compositional, morphological properties and heavy metal leaching behaviours of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerated fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) are essential to guide their respective re-utilizations. In this study, FA and BA collected from three MSW incinerator plants located in Xiamen were systematically exploited. Results indicated that FA in the three plants exhibited more porous structures than BA, and the particle sizes of FA and BA were 45-295 μm and >3000 μm, respectively. However, both ashes showed similar main mineralogical crystalline phases of Ca(OH)2, CaCO3 and SiO2, indicative of high feasibilities in manufacturing cement, bricks or construction materials. Additionally, the heavy metal migration of MSW into leachate, flue gas, FA and BA were all specifically measured in this study to provide full data analyses and in-depth understandings of heavy metal migrations, manifesting that the heavy metals of MSW majorly migrated into the FA and BA with clearly discrepant metal ratios and only a very small fraction migrated into the leachate and flue gas. To maximumly reuse both FA and BA, importantly, the green degree and cost-benefit analysis methods were integrated into this study to evaluate their re-utilization alternatives on environmental impacts and economic benefits, and results implied that FA was beneficial for re-utilizing as aggregates in bricks while BA was optimum as paving materials. This study provides overall systematic perspectives on guiding the re-utilization of FA/BA from the MSW incinerators and also considers their environmental and economic benefits for future long-term management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Estuarine Ecological Security and Environmental Health, Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, PR China; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jinging Sun
- Xiamen Environmental Energy Investment & Development Co., Ltd., Xiamen, PR China
| | - Hongjie Gui
- Key Laboratory of Estuarine Ecological Security and Environmental Health, Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, PR China
| | - Dong Xia
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
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Back S, Sakanakura H. Distribution of recoverable metal resources and harmful elements depending on particle size and density in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash from dry discharge system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:652-663. [PMID: 33872974 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (BA) has the potential to be used as a metal resource, it raises concerns about the potential release of harmful elements into the environment. Element distribution in terms of particle size and density should be assessed to determine the fractions for the metal resources' recovery and to remove harmful elements. For this purpose, this study proposed a series of sorting processes based on the distribution of 25 elements in the sorted fractions by sieving, magnetic separation, air table sorting, and milling from dry BA < 8 mm. The Ca, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, and Ti contents exhibited a decreasing tendency with increasing particle density and could affect the formation of low-density particles. The highest density fraction of non-magnetic components of 0.5-8 mm had abundant metal particles and recorded high Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Mo, Fe, Pb, Sb, and Au contents. In particular, the Cu (132000 mg-Cu/kg) and Zn (43000 mg-Zn/kg) contents demonstrated potential as metal resources. The fraction contained considerable proportions of Mo (77%), Cd (46%), Cu (39%), Zn (34%), Pb (26%), Au (40%), and Ag (18%) of the total amount. After milling and sieving of the highest density fraction, a substantial amount of Cd (44%), Cu (18%), Zn (12%), Pb (13%), and Ag (11%) were found in residual minerals; they could become harmful elements when recycled for construction purposes. The results show that air table sorting can separate metal resources and harmful elements before milling of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungki Back
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Sakanakura
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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14
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Kremser K, Thallner S, Strbik D, Spiess S, Kucera J, Vaculovic T, Vsiansky D, Haberbauer M, Mandl M, Guebitz GM. Leachability of metals from waste incineration residues by iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111734. [PMID: 33288317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous waste disposal via incineration generates a substantial amount of ashes and slags which pose an environmental risk due to their toxicity. Currently, these residues are deposited in landfills with loss of potentially recyclable raw material. In this study, the use of acidophilic bioleaching bacteria (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans) as an environmentally friendly, efficient strategy for the recovery of valuable metals from incineration residues was investigated. Zinc, Cobalt, Copper, and Manganese from three different incineration residues were bio-extracted up to 100% using A. ferrooxidans under ferrous iron oxidation. The other metals showed lower leaching efficiencies based on the type of culture used. Sulfur-oxidizing cultures A. ferrooxidans and A. thiooxidans, containing sulfur as the sole substrate, expressed a significantly lower leaching efficiency (up to 50%). According to ICP-MS, ashes and slags contained Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, and Ni in economically attractive concentrations between 0.2 and 75 mg g-1. Compared to conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes, our biological approach provides many advantages such as: the use of a limited amount of used strong acids (H2SO4 or HCl), recycling operations at lower temperatures (~30 °C) and no emission of toxic gases during combustion (i.e., dioxins and furans).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Kremser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Dept. of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Inst. of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln and der Donau, Austria
| | | | - Dorina Strbik
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Dept. of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Inst. of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln and der Donau, Austria
| | | | - Jiri Kucera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vaculovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Vsiansky
- Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Mandl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Dept. of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Inst. of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln and der Donau, Austria.
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15
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Al-Ghouti MA, Khan M, Nasser MS, Al Saad K, Ee Heng OON. Physiochemical characterization and systematic investigation of metals extraction from fly and bottom ashes produced from municipal solid waste. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239412. [PMID: 33091005 PMCID: PMC7580925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Incineration has emerged as one of the acceptable ways to treat municipal solid waste (MSW) due to its potential in reducing the mass and volume of the waste. However, it produces two major by-product residues, namely MSW-bottom ash (MSW-BA) and MSW-fly ash (MSW-FA). These residues have gained great attention to their hazardous nature and potential to be reused and recycled. In this paper, the physicochemical characterizations of the MSW-BA and the MSW-FA were performed, followed by a systematic investigation of metals extraction from MSW-BA and MSW-FA. Various extracting agents were used to investigate the possibility to extract 21 metals including cadmium (Cd), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb). It was revealed that some metals were present in a high amount in the MSW-BA while other metals were higher in the MSW-FA. Moreover, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results revealed that the MSW-BA was dominated by oxygen (O) 55.4 ±0.6 wt%, silicon (Si) 22.5 ±0.3 wt%, and calcium (Ca) 18.5 ±0.2 wt%. On the other hand, the MSW-FA was enriched with Ca 45.2 ±0.5 wt%, and O 40.3 ±0.4 wt%. From the scanning electron microscopy, the MSW-BA was observed as flaky with an irregular surface that consisted of large pores, while, the MSW-FA was present as agglomerated particles and had a bimodal distribution. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that Al-Fe-OH, Al-Al-OH, Si-O, C-O, and C-H were some of the major functional groups present in the ashes. The F-tests concluded that the metal extraction from the MSW-BA and MSW-FA were significantly affected by the acid type. it is concluded that nitric acid and phosphoric acid were the best-suited acid for the MSW-BA while sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid for the MSW-FA. More than 11 wt% of Cd and 9 wt% of Cu were extracted from MSW-BA while 6 wt% of Pb and 4.5 wt% of V were extracted from the MSW-FA. The present methodology is an interesting development in metal extraction from the MSW-BA and the MSW-FA, which can develop in a cost-effective and sustainable option to utilize MSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Doha, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Western Asia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariam Khan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Doha, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Western Asia
| | - Mustafa S. Nasser
- Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar, Western Asia
| | - Khalid Al Saad
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar, Western Asia
| | - O. O. N. Ee Heng
- Domestic Solid Waste Management Centre (DSWMC), Doha, State of Qatar, Western Asia
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Nikravan M, Ramezanianpour AA, Maknoon R. Study on physiochemical properties and leaching behavior of residual ash fractions from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 260:110042. [PMID: 31941624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Generally, Fly ashes (FAs) in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) are classified as hazardous waste and commonly managed in a mixed way even though distinct FA in incineration flows have different characteristics. Thus, it can cause improper management of fly ashes and an increase in cost as well as the volume of residual ashes sent to the hazardous landfill. In this study, Bottom ash (BA), Secondary furnace ash (SFA), Superheater ash (SHA), Boiler chamber ash (BCA), Economizer ash (EA), and Baghouse Filter Ash (BHFA) have been sampled separately from different locations at an MSWI plant. An integrated approach involving physical, chemical, mineralogy, and leaching behavior was used to characterize the residual ashes. Results point out that the average diameter of ash particles varies from 4.87 μm for BHFA to 6825 μm for BA, with three distinct zones. The Blaine fineness value increases when the median size of ash particles decreases. All values of Loss on Ignition (LOI) at 550 °C are less than 3%, indicating a suitable burning. The main mineralogical crystalline phases in ashes were KCl, NaCl, Mg.6Al1.2Si1.8O6, CaCO3, CaSO4, CaSO3, and SiO2. Among the considered heavy metals, leaching tests identified high levels of hazardous waste for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in BHFA as well as for Pb and Zn in SHA. BA, SFA, BCA, and EA are categorized as non-hazardous according to the TCLP (USEPA-1311). In terms of EN 12457-2 test, BA and SFA are inert waste; but SHA, BCA, and EA are classified as hazardous waste due to a significant level of Cl. The results show that the characteristics of ash in the separate location of the MSWI process is essential to have an economical and proper solution for ash management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Nikravan
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran polytechnic), Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran polytechnic), Iran.
| | - Reza Maknoon
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran polytechnic), Iran.
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17
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Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Zhao C, Gupta R. Physicochemical characterization and heavy metals leaching potential of municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash (MSWI-BA) when utilized in road construction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14184-14197. [PMID: 32040740 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and heavy metal leaching potential of various municipal solid waste incinerated-bottom ash (MSWI-BA) particle sizes were detected. The environmental risks that possibly result from the utilization of MSWI-BA aggregate in road construction are discussed. The air-dried MSWI-BA was sieved into four groups, including 4.75-9.5 mm, 2.36-4.75 mm, 0.075-2.36 mm, and < 0.075 mm. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted. It was found that the main elements of MSWI-BA are Ca, Si, and Al; the major heavy metals are Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb, and the main mineral compositions are quartz and calcite. Even though the major elements were found to be related to MSWI-BA particle size, the micropores, attached particles, and hydration products were shown to be independent on the particle size. The standard leaching test and a simulated leaching experiment with four solid/liquid ratios were implemented to study the leaching behavior of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cr. Results showed that the leaching characteristics of selected metals were affected by the species of metal, MSWI-BA particle size, solid/liquid ratio, and the test method. The MSWI-BA aggregate was found to be an appropriate substitute material for natural aggregate in road construction due to its low metal leaching potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Zhu
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Rishi Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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18
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Xiong X, Liu X, Yu IKM, Wang L, Zhou J, Sun X, Rinklebe J, Shaheen SM, Ok YS, Lin Z, Tsang DCW. Potentially toxic elements in solid waste streams: Fate and management approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:680-707. [PMID: 31330359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid wastes containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are widely generated around the globe. Critical concerns have been raised over their impacts on human health and the environment, especially for the exposure to PTEs during the transfer and disposal of the wastes. It is important to devise highly-efficient and cost-effective treatment technologies for the removal or immobilisation of PTEs in solid wastes. However, there is an inadequate overview of the global flow of PTEs-contaminated solid wastes in terms of geographical distribution patterns, which is vital information for decision making in sustainable waste management. Moreover, in view of the scarcity of resources and the call for a circular economy, there is a pressing need to recover materials (e.g., precious metals and rare earth elements) from waste streams and this is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly practice compared with ore mining. Therefore, this article aims to give a thorough overview to the global flow of PTEs and the recovery of waste materials. This review first summarises PTEs content in various types of solid wastes; then, toxic metal(loid)s, radioactive elements, and rare earth elements are critically reviewed, with respect to their patterns of transport transformation and risks in the changing environment. Different treatments for the management of these contaminated solid wastes are discussed. Based on an improved understanding of the dynamics of metal(loid) fates and a review of existing management options, new scientific insights are provided for future research in the development of high-performance and sustainable treatment technologies for PTEs in solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinni Xiong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xueming Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Iris K M Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kafrelsheikh, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Su M, Liao C, Chen D, Shih K, Kong L, Tang J, Zhang H, Song G. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Cd stabilization by a low-temperature sintering process with kaolinite/mullite addition. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:814-824. [PMID: 31109586 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study first examined the phase transformation in the reactive sintering systems of cadmium-laden industrial sludge and Al-Si-rich precursors with different Cd/Al/Si molar ratios under various temperatures. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the Cd started to be incorporated at 750 °C by kaolinite or mullite (calcined from kaolinite). Three hours of processing at 950 °C can effectively incorporate Cd into Cd-Al-Si or Cd-Si materials. The amount of CdO in the reactive systems had significant influences on the Cd incorporation behavior into crystalline phases. With a small amount of CdO, product phase CdAl2Si2O8 dominated in the systems. Systems with considerable CdO produced notable amounts of Cd2SiO4 and Cd3SiO5. The production of Cd2SiO4 and Cd3SiO5 from CdO + mullite was more significant than that using kaolinite due to the preferred reaction between CdO and SiO2. To assess the effect of metal stabilization, single-phase products that host Cd (namely, CdAl2Si2O8, Cd2SiO4, and Cd3SiO5) were obtained, maintained at pH 4.0, and subjected to a constant-pH leaching test (CPLT) for 120 min. CPLT results evidently indicated that these phases were remarkably resistant to substantial acid (nitric acid) attack; the leaching behavior of CdAl2Si2O8 was incongruent dissolution. Finally, cadmium can be effectively incorporated into CdAl2Si2O8, Cd2SiO4, or Cd3SiO5 by using sludge ash from a secondary sewage treatment works, suggesting that precursors enriched with Al and Si can be promising materials in a cleaner production process for treating cadmium-laden industrial sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Changzhong Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Diyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinfeng Tang
- Linköping University - Guangzhou University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- Linköping University - Guangzhou University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gang Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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