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Boyraz B, Unal Yilmaz E, Yazici Guvenc S, Can-Güven E, Varank G, Demir A. Alternative sequential combinations of electrocoagulation with electrooxidation and peroxi-coagulation for effective treatment of adhesive production industry wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 367:122067. [PMID: 39111011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Adhesive production industry wastewater can be characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) sourced from high refractory organic contaminants and high total suspended solids (TSS) concentration. Biodegradability of the wastewater is low and wastewater quality is unstable. Various treatment processes have limited applicability in such characterized wastewater. In this study, the treatment performance of electrochemical processes was investigated. Because it is not possible to meet the discharge standards by application of only one process for high refractory organic content, sequential electrochemical processes were studied in this work. In the first step of the sequential process, electrocoagulation (EC) using Al electrodes by which better performance was achieved was applied. In the second step, electrooxidation (EO) and peroxi-coagulation (PC) processes were applied to the EC effluent. In EO, Ti/MMO was selected as the most effective anode whereas in PC, Fe was used as the anode, and graphite was used as the cathode. Box-Behnken Design was applied to optimize the operating conditions of EO and PC processes and to obtain mathematical model equations. In the EC process, 77% COD, 78.5% TSS, and 85% UV254 removal efficiency were obtained under the optimum conditions (pH 7.2, reaction time 35 min, and current density 0.5 mA/cm2). With the EO and PC processes applied to the effluent of EC, 68.5% COD, 77% TSS, and 83% UV254 removal and 77.5% COD, 87% TSS, and 86.5% UV254 removal were obtained, respectively. The specific energy consumption of EC-EO and EC-PC processes was 16.08 kWh/kg COD and 15.06 kWh/kg COD, respectively. Considering the treatment targets and process operating costs, it was concluded that both sequential electrochemical systems could be promising alternative systems for the treatment of adhesive production industry wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berfin Boyraz
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Unal Yilmaz
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Senem Yazici Guvenc
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Can-Güven
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Varank
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Demir
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Mohamed Noor MH, Ngadi N. Ecotoxicological risk assessment on coagulation-flocculation in water/wastewater treatment: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:52631-52657. [PMID: 39177740 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
It is undeniable that removal efficiency is the main factor in coagulation-flocculation (C-F) process for wastewater treatment. However, as far as environmental safety is concerned, the ecotoxicological aspect of the C-F process needs to be examined further. In this study, a systematic review was performed based on publications related to the toxicity research in C-F technology for wastewater treatment. Through a series of screening steps, available toxicity studies were categorized into four themes, namely acute toxicity, phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity, which comprised 48 articles. A compilation of the methodologies executed for each theme was also outlined. The findings show that conventional metallic coagulants (e.g., alum, iron chloride, and iron sulfate) were less toxic when tested on test species such as Daphnia magna (water flea), Lattuca sativa (lettuce), and animal cells compared to synthetic polymers. Natural coagulants such as chitosan or Moringa oleifera were less toxic compared to metallic coagulants; however, inconsistent results were observed. Moreover, an advanced C-F (electrocoagulation) as well as integration between C-F and Fenton, adsorption, and photocatalytic does not significantly change the toxicological profile of the system. It was found that diverse coagulants and flocculants, species sensitivity, complexity in toxicity testing, and dynamic environmental conditions were some key challenges faced in this field. Finally, it was expected that advances in technology, interdisciplinary collaboration, and a growing awareness of environmental sustainability will drive efforts to develop more effective and eco-friendly coagulants and flocculants, improve toxicity testing methodologies, and enhance the overall efficiency and safety of water and wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hizam Mohamed Noor
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norzita Ngadi
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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3
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Gautam K, Pandey N, Yadav D, Parthasarathi R, Turner A, Anbumani S, Jha AN. Ecotoxicological impacts of landfill sites: Towards risk assessment, mitigation policies and the role of artificial intelligence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171804. [PMID: 38513865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Waste disposal in landfills remains a global concern. Despite technological developments, landfill leachate poses a hazard to ecosystems and human health since it acts as a secondary reservoir for legacy and emerging pollutants. This study provides a systematic and scientometric review of the nature and toxicity of pollutants generated by landfills and means of assessing their potential risks. Regarding human health, unregulated waste disposal and pathogens in leachate are the leading causes of diseases reported in local populations. Both in vitro and in vivo approaches have been employed in the ecotoxicological risk assessment of landfill leachate, with model organisms ranging from bacteria to birds. These studies demonstrate a wide range of toxic effects that reflect the complex composition of leachate and geographical variations in climate, resource availability and management practices. Based on bioassay (and other) evidence, categories of persistent chemicals of most concern include brominated flame retardants, per- and polyfluorinated chemicals, pharmaceuticals and alkyl phenol ethoxylates. However, the emerging and more general literature on microplastic toxicity suggests that these particles might also be problematic in leachate. Various mitigation strategies have been identified, with most focussing on improving landfill design or leachate treatment, developing alternative disposal methods and reducing waste volume through recycling or using more sustainable materials. The success of these efforts will rely on policies and practices and their enforcement, which is seen as a particular challenge in developing nations and at the international (and transboundary) level. Artificial intelligence and machine learning afford a wide range of options for evaluating and reducing the risks associated with leachates and gaseous emissions from landfills, and various approaches tested or having potential are discussed. However, addressing the limitations in data collection, model accuracy, real-time monitoring and our understanding of environmental impacts will be critical for realising this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Gautam
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, CRK Campus, Lucknow 226008, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Namrata Pandey
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, CRK Campus, Lucknow 226008, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhvani Yadav
- Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, CRK Campus, Lucknow 226008, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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4
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Chen H, Xu H, Zhong C, Liu M, Yang L, He J, Sun Y, Zhao C, Wang D. Treatment of landfill leachate by coagulation: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169294. [PMID: 38110093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is a seriously polluted and hazardous liquid, which contains a high concentration of refractory organics, ammonia nitrogen, heavy metals, inorganic salts, and various suspended solids. The favorable disposal of landfill leachate has always been a hot and challenging issue in wastewater treatment. As one of the best available technologies for landfill leachate disposal, coagulation has been studied extensively. However, there is an absence of a systematic review regarding coagulation in landfill leachate treatment. In this paper, a review focusing on the characteristics, mechanisms, and application of coagulation in landfill leachate treatment was provided. Different coagulants and factors influencing the coagulation effect were synthetically summarized. The performance of coagulation coupled with other processes and their complementary advantages were elucidated. Additionally, the economic analysis conducted in this study suggests the cost-effectiveness of the coagulation process. Based on previous studies, challenges and perspectives met by landfill leachate coagulation treatment were also put forward. Overall, this review will provide a reference for the coagulation treatment of landfill leachate and promote the development of efficient and eco-friendly leachate treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongni Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Carbon Neutralization, School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liwei Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiaojie He
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chuanliang Zhao
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Wang D, Xin S, Dong Y, Sun Z, Li X, Wang Q, Liu G, Liu Y, Xin Y. Heat and carbon co-activated persulfate to regenerate gentamicin-laden activated carbon: Performance, mechanism, and safety assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140960. [PMID: 38104734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon enriched with high concentrations of gentamicin (ACG) was generated in the production process of gentamicin. Inappropriate handling methods for ACG not only squanders carbon resource, but also seriously hinders achieving global carbon neutrality and hazardous to human health. In the present work, thermal and carbon co-activated persulfate method (TC-PS) was developed to regenerate ACG with degrading gentamicin. The results showed that ACG was effectively regenerated by TC-PS, restoring the adsorption performance for gentamicin. When the treatment temperature was 80 °C, the persulfate dosage was 20 mM and the initial pH was 3.0, the degradation efficiency of gentamicin reached 100%. The HO• and SO4•- were the major reactive species for gentamicin degradation. The possible degradation routes of gentamicin were proposed and the safety assessment indicated that the produced intermediates during the regeneration process of ACG by TC-PS have insignificant impact on the biological and ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shuaishuai Xin
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Yanan Dong
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhihao Sun
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Guocheng Liu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yucan Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yanjun Xin
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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6
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Ramakrishnan RK, Venkateshaiah A, Grübel K, Kudlek E, Silvestri D, Padil VVT, Ghanbari F, Černík M, Wacławek S. UV-activated persulfates oxidation of anthraquinone dye: Kinetics and ecotoxicological assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115910. [PMID: 37062479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are gaining popularity as a feasible alternative for removing recalcitrant pollutants in an aqueous environment. Persulfates, namely peroxydisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) are the most common sulfate radical donors. Persulfates activation by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is considered feasible due to the high concentration of radicals produced as well as the lack of catalysts leaching. The research focuses on determining the impact of activated PDS and PMS on the degradation of anthraquinone dye, i.e., Acid Blue 129 (AB129). UV-activated PDS and PMS can quickly degrade the AB129 as well as restrict the formation of by-products. This could explain the reduced ecotoxicity levels of the treated water after degradation, using an aquatic plant (Lemna minor) and a crustacean (Daphnia magna). This, on the other hand, can ensure that the sulfate radical-based processes can be an environmentally friendly technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith K Ramakrishnan
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Abhilash Venkateshaiah
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudiusz Grübel
- Department of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Edyta Kudlek
- Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Daniele Silvestri
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Vinod V T Padil
- Amrita School for Sustainable Development (AST), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, Amritapuri Campus, Amritapuri, Clappana P. O., Kollam, 690525, Kerala, India
| | - Farshid Ghanbari
- Research Center for Environmental Contaminants (RCEC), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
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7
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Cai J, Li H, Jing Q, Feng K, Takaoka M. Atomically dispersed copper sites on titanium zirconium oxide accelerate the simultaneous oxidative removal of organic carbon and ammonia from landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131773. [PMID: 37295333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is a refractory wastewater. Low-temperature catalytic air oxidation (LTCAO) has shown considerable potential for leachate treatment owing to its green and simple operation, but the simultaneous removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia from leachate remains challenging. Herein, TiZrO4 @CuSA hollow spheres with high-loading single-atom Cu were synthesized using isovolumic vacuum impregnation and co-calcination methods, and the catalyst was applied to the LTCAO treatment of real leachate. Consequently, the removal rate of UV254 reached 66% at 90 °C within 5 h, while that for COD was 88%. Simultaneously, the NH3/NH4+ (33.5 mg/L, 100 wt%) in the leachate was oxidized to N2 (88.2 wt%), NO2--N (11.0 wt%), and NO3--N (0.3 wt%) owing to the effect of free radicals. The single-atom Cu co-catalyst in TiZrO4 @CuSA exhibited a localized surface plasmon resonance effect at the active center, which could quickly transfer electrons to O2 in water to form O2.- with a high activation efficiency. The degradation products were determined and the deduced pathway was as follows: the bonds joining benzene rings were first broken, and then the ring structure was further opened to produce acetic acid and other simple organic macromolecules, which were finally mineralized to CO2 and H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabai Cai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huan Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qi Jing
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
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8
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Long R, Tian F, Chen JH, Zhou YB, Li XF, Li YT, Tang HW, Chen HG. Source apportionment of nitrate in the Pearl River Estuary using δ 15N and δ 18O values and isotope mixing model. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114962. [PMID: 37146549 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The mitigation of eutrophication in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) has encountered numerous challenges in regards to source control. Herein, the isotope mixing model (SIAR) was used to quantify the primary nitrate sources in the PRE. The results showed that the nitrate levels were significantly higher in the high-flow season than in the low-flow season. Meanwhile, we found the most important nitrate sources were manure and sewage during the high-flow season, with a contribution ratio of 47 % in the low salt area (LSA) and 29 % in the high salt area (HSA). During the low-flow season, the primary nitrate sources were identified as reduced nitrogen fertilizer in the LSA and manure and sewage in the HSA, which accounted for 52 % and 44 %, respectively. Furthermore, we also suggest that a feasible measure might be to control the pollution caused in the PRE by manure and sewage as well as reduced nitrogen fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Fei Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yan-Bo Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300, China.
| | - Xue-Fei Li
- Offshore Environmental Technology & Services Limited, Beijing 100027, China
| | - Yi-Tong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Hai-Wei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Hai-Gang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resource and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510300, China.
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9
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Chen W, Gu Z, He C, Li Q. Molecular-level transformation of refractory organic matter during flocculation-ultraviolet/peroxymonosulfate treatment of MBR-treated landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130086. [PMID: 36272369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Refractory organic matter in membrane bioreactor effluent resulting from landfill leachate treatment has a complex composition. This paper identified the transformation mechanism of organic matter in a flocculation-ultraviolet (UV)/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system at the molecular level using electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The results showed that the flocculation system was able to remove a large amount of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with high oxidation and unsaturation/saturation. UV radiation displayed a relatively strong reactivity for DOM with an electron-rich structure, which it can transform into DOM with lower aromaticity through photolysis and photosensitivity, although the effectiveness of the transformation was poor. In comparison, due to the action of reactive oxygen species, the UV/PMS system can enable reactions such as demethylation, dehydrogenation, decarboxylation, dehydroxylation, ring cleavage, and decarbonylation. It can remove approximately 60% quantity of the total DOM and produce DOM featuring a higher degree of oxidation and saturation than that of the UV system alone. The results showed that the UV/PMS system was a complementary of flocculation in DOM removal from the membrane bioreactor effluent, while the system also resulted in a large number of sulfuric compounds; thus, requiring further evaluation of its ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Zhepei Gu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
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10
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Chen Q, Lü F, Zhang H, He P. Where should Fenton go for the degradation of refractory organic contaminants in wastewater? WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119479. [PMID: 36521313 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fenton process has become a research hotspot due to the nonselective and efficient degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by ·OH. However, there are still many challenges and bottlenecks for conventional Fenton (CF). This study provides the first comprehensive insight into the mechanisms of DOM degradation by the Fenton process, including the various subcategories of humic substances, emerging trace contaminants, including persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and the interference of humus and low molecular weight organic acids on the removal of trace contaminants. In addition, a statistical comparison of the economics of CF and three types of Fenton-like technologies (Photo-Fenton, Electro-Fenton, and Ultrasonic-Fenton) is conducted based on existing studies, which can be used as a reference for engineering applications. Moreover, a brief overview of the categories and characteristics of heterogeneous Fenton, which have been extensively studied in recent years, and a comparison of their catalysts are presented. In the end, the paper advances a possible future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fan Lü
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pinjing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai 200092, China.
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11
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Ibrahim A, Ismail A, Juahir H, Iliyasu AB, Wailare BT, Mukhtar M, Aminu H. Water quality modelling using principal component analysis and artificial neural network. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114493. [PMID: 36566515 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study investigates the latent pollution sources and most significant parameters that cause spatial variation and develops the best input for water quality modelling using principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN). The dataset, 22 water quality parameters were obtained from Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE). The PCA generated six significant principal component scores (PCs) which explained 65.40 % of the total variance. Parameters for water quality variation are mainlyrelated to mineral components, anthropogenic activities, and natural processes. However, in ANN three input combination models (ANN A, B, and C) were developed to identify the best model that can predict water quality index (WQI) with very high precision. ANN A model appears to have the best prediction capacity with a coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.9999 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.0537. These results proved that the PCA and ANN methods can be applied as tools for decision-making and problem-solving for better managing of river quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Ibrahim
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Gong Badak, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Forestry Technology, Audu Bako College of Agriculture Dambatta, P.M.B 3159 Kano State, Nigeria.
| | - Azimah Ismail
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Gong Badak, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hafizan Juahir
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Gong Badak, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Aisha B Iliyasu
- Department of Forestry Technology, Audu Bako College of Agriculture Dambatta, P.M.B 3159 Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Balarabe T Wailare
- Department of Remedial and General Studies, Audu Bako College of Agriculture Dambatta, P.M.B 3159 Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha Mukhtar
- Department of Remedial and General Studies, Audu Bako College of Agriculture Dambatta, P.M.B 3159 Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Hassan Aminu
- Department of Remedial and General Studies, Audu Bako College of Agriculture Dambatta, P.M.B 3159 Kano State, Nigeria
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12
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Rizvi OS, Ikhlaq A, Ashar UU, Qazi UY, Akram A, Kalim I, Alazmi A, Ibn Shamsah SM, Alawi Al-Sodani KA, Javaid R, Qi F. Application of poly aluminum chloride and alum as catalyst in catalytic ozonation process after coagulation for the treatment of textile wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:115977. [PMID: 36113296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Textile wastewater is ranked highly contaminated among all industrial waste. During textile processing, the consumption of dyes and complex chemicals at various stages makes textile industrial wastewater highly challenging. Therefore, conventional processes based on single-unit treatment may not be sufficient to comply with the environmental quality discharge standards and more stringent guidelines for zero discharge of hazardous chemicals (ZDHC). In this study, a novel approach was followed by recycling Poly aluminum chloride (PACl) and Alum as a catalyst for the first time in the catalytic ozonation treatment process leading to a nascent method after using them as a coagulant in Coagulation/Flocculation. In the current investigation, six different combinations were studied to remove turbidity, TSS, COD, BOD5, color, and biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratios) of wastewater. Moreover, Central Composite Design was implied using RSM in Minitab software. During the combination of treatment processes, it was found that the pre-coagulation/flocculation with coagulant PACl followed by post-catalytic ozonation with recycled PACl, a more effective treatment than others. The optimum R.E of turbidity, TSS, COD, and color were 84%, 86%, 89%, and 98%, respectively. Moreover, a decrease in toxicity and increase in biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio from 0.29 to 0.54) was observed as well. The electrical energy demand and operational costs of treatment processes were estimated and compared with other treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Shaheen Rizvi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Amir Ikhlaq
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Ubaid Ullah Ashar
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Umair Yaqub Qazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin, 39524, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asia Akram
- University of Management and Technology, Johar Town Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Imran Kalim
- Food & Biotechnology Research Center of P.C.S.I.R Labs. Complex, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Amira Alazmi
- Department of Chemistry, University Colleges at Nairiyah, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin, 39524, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sami M Ibn Shamsah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin. P.O Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin, 31991, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khaled A Alawi Al-Sodani
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin, 31991, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rahat Javaid
- Renewable Energy Research Center, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0298, Japan.
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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13
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Moradian F, Ramavandi B, Jaafarzadeh N, Kouhgardi E. Activation of periodate using ultrasonic waves and UV radiation for landfill leachate treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:90338-90350. [PMID: 35867295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, saline leachate of the Bushehr coastal city (Iran) was purified using the ultraviolet/ultrasonication wave/periodate process. The initial TDS and TOC values of the leachate studied were 7390 mg/L and 975 mg/L, respectively. During the effect of various parameters on leachate purification, the experiments were optimized at pH 3, oxidizer concentration of 4 mM, and treatment time of 120 min. The initial BOD5/COD ratio of 0.66 was reduced to 0.42 at the end of the purification time (120 min). After leachate treatment under optimal conditions, the amount of BOD5, COD, and UV254 were 451.5 mg/L, 1072 mg/L, and 12.69 cm-1, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals in crude leachate by ICP-OES were checked. Also, the concentration of organic compounds before and after purification was determined using GC-Mass. The leachate purification kinetics followed the first-order model using the designed method. Based on the COD factor, the system energy consumption for leachate treatment was calculated to be 11.4 kWh/m3. The results showed that the system explored (UV/US/IO4-) can effectively purify high salinity waste leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradian
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Neemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Kouhgardi
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
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14
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Khaneghah EB, Mokhtari M, Eslami H, Jambarsang S, Ebrahimi AA. Comparison of polyferric chloride and polytitanium chloride in removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from young and old municipal solid waste leachate. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Lin D, Fu Y, Li X, Wang L, Hou M, Hu D, Li Q, Zhang Z, Xu C, Qiu S, Wang Z, Boczkaj G. Application of persulfate-based oxidation processes to address diverse sustainability challenges: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129722. [PMID: 35963083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, persulfate (PS) is widely applied due to their high versatility and efficacy in decontamination and sterilization. While treatment of organic chemicals, remediation of soil and groundwater, sludge treatment, disinfection on pathogen microorganisms have been covered by most published reviews, there are no comprehensive and specific reviews on its application to address diverse sustainability challenges, including solid waste treatment, resources recovery and regeneration of ecomaterials. PS applications mainly rely on direct oxidation by PS itself or the reactive sulfate radical (SO4•-) or hydroxyl radical (•OH) from the activation of peroxodisulfate (PDS, S2O82-) or peroxymonosulfate (PMS, HSO5-) in SO4•--based advanced oxidation processes (SO4•--AOPs). From a broader perspective of environmental cleanup and sustainability, this review summarizes the various applications of PS except pollutant decontamination and elaborates the possible reaction mechanisms. Additionally, the differences between PS treatment and conventional technologies are highlighted. Challenges, research needs and future prospect are thus discussed to promote the development of the applications of PS-based oxidation processes in niche environmental fields. In all, this review is a call to pay more attention to the possibilities of PS application in practical resource reutilization and environmental protection except widely reported pollutant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagang Lin
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaodie Li
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lingli Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Meiru Hou
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dongdong Hu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingchao Li
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunxiao Xu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sifan Qiu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; EkoTech Center, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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16
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Ali MEM, Moniem SM, Hemdan BA, Ammar NS, Ibrahim HS. Innovative polymeric inorganic coagulant-flocculant for wastewater purification with simultaneous microbial reduction in treated effluent and sludge. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Senthilkumar A, Ganeshbabu M, Karuppiah Lazarus J, Sevugarathinam S, John J, Ponnusamy SK, Velayudhaperumal Chellam P, Sillanpää M. Thermal and Radiation Based Catalytic Activation of Persulfate Systems in the Removal of Micropollutants: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abiramasundari Senthilkumar
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Vellakulam 625701, India
| | - Madhubala Ganeshbabu
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Vellakulam 625701, India
| | - Jesintha Karuppiah Lazarus
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Vellakulam 625701, India
| | - Shalini Sevugarathinam
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Vellakulam 625701, India
| | - Juliana John
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - Senthil Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India
| | | | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Bellouk H, Mrabet IE, Tanji K, Nawdali M, Benzina M, Eloussaief M, Zaitan H. Performance of coagulation-flocculation followed by ultra-violet/ultrasound activated persulfate/hydrogen peroxide for landfill leachate treatment. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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19
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de Almeida R, Pimenta de Oliveira TJ, Maurício Gouvea R, Carbonelli Campos J. Technical and economic aspects of a sequential MF + NF + zeolite system treating landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:675-684. [PMID: 35876049 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the techno-economic aspects of landfill leachate treatment by an integrated scheme composed of microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), and zeolite application for carbon and nitrogen removal. In bench-scale experiments, MF and NF were investigated, and zeolite batch tests were carried out to determine optimum conditions. A preliminary economic analysis is presented for a 200 m3 d-1 full-scale treatment facility based on the data obtained from experimental tests and literature surveys. The maximum removals of 92%, 94%, and 79% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), absorbance at 254 nm, and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) were achieved in bench experiments, respectively. It was possible to reach the local discharge standard for COD (200 mg L-1), but it was not possible to reach the Brazilian disposal requirement for NH4+-N (20 mg L-1). The total cost of the integrated MF + NF + zeolite system was estimated at 19.89 US$m-3. In this study, the costs of the zeolite application account for around 70% of the total costs of the integrated scheme. Membrane process integration was an adequate strategy for removing organic compounds at low operating costs; However, further NH4+-N depuration is needed to meet discharge requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronei de Almeida
- School of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Experimental Study on the Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Electro-Assisted ZVI/UV Synergistic Activated Persulfate System. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To solve the problem of the poor treatment of high concentration landfill leachate, an electro-assisted ultraviolet (UV)/zero-valent iron (ZVI) synergic activated persulfate (PS) system was used to treat landfill leachate. The effects of PS and ZVI dosage, initial pH value, and current density on the removal efficiency of COD and NH3-N in landfill leachate were investigated. The treatment effects of single PS, single electrochemical, UV/PS, electro-assisted ZVI activated PS, and electro-assisted ZVI/UV co-activated PS were compared. At the same time, UV-visible and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy were performed on the landfill leachate before and after treatment. The results show that under the optimal conditions of initial pH = 3, the dosage of PS/12COD = 1, ZVI = 1.5 g/L, current density 62.5 mA/cm2, and t = 6 h, most of the macromolecular organic substances such as humic acid and fulvic acid were removed. Removal efficiencies of COD, NH3-N, and Chroma reached 81.99%, 89.90%, and 99.75%, respectively. The BOD5/COD value increased from 0.23 to 0.46. In addition, the radical identification results showed that the degradation of COD was due to the combined action of sulfate radicals (SO4•−) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and that SO4•− was dominant. The combined means of synergistic activation of PS for landfill leachate treatment was significantly better than that of single means of PS activation, confirming that electrically assisted ZVI/UV synergistic activation of PS is a promising method for landfill leachate treatment.
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21
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Bose S, Kumar M. Microwave-assisted persulfate/peroxymonosulfate process for environmental remediation. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Li S, Yang Y, Zheng H, Zheng Y, Jing T, Ma J, Nan J, Leong YK, Chang JS. Advanced oxidation process based on hydroxyl and sulfate radicals to degrade refractory organic pollutants in landfill leachate. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134214. [PMID: 35257707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a special type of wastewater produced in the landfill, leachate is mainly composed of organic pollutants, inorganic salts, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals, and featured by high pollutants concentration, complex composition and large fluctuations in water quality and volume. Biological, chemical and physical methods have been proposed to treat landfill leachate, but much attention has been paid to the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), due to their high adaptability and organic degradation efficiency. This paper summarizes the recent findings on the AOPs based on hydroxyl radical (OH) (e.g., ozonation and catalyzed ozone oxidations, Fenton and Fenton-like oxidations) and sulfate radical (SO4-) (e.g., activated and catalyzed persulfate oxidations), especially the production routes of free radicals and mechanisms of action. When dealing with some special landfill leachates, it is difficult for a single advanced oxidation technology to achieve the expected results, but the synergistic combination with biological or physical methods can produce satisfactory outcomes. Therefore, this paper has summarized the application of these combined treatment technologies on landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China; Urban Water Resources Development and Northern National Engineering Research Center, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yalun Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Heshan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China.
| | - Yongjie Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Tao Jing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Urban Water Resources Development and Northern National Engineering Research Center, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jun Nan
- Urban Water Resources Development and Northern National Engineering Research Center, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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23
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Bouchareb R, Isik Z, Ozay Y, Karagunduz A, Keskinler B, Dizge N. A hybrid process for leachate wastewater treatment: Evaporation and reverse osmosis/sequencing batch reactor. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10717. [PMID: 35466487 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a hybrid process for leachate wastewater treatment including evaporation and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane or biological treatment systems was suggested. Experiments were performed on a real landfill leachate wastewater. The leachate was subjected to evaporation; as a result, a distillate was obtained containing less organic matter and less substantial amounts of other pollutants, as ammonium salts and total phenols were removed. Tests were carried out at different evaporation temperatures and times. The initial leachate pH was adjusted and optimized. For optimum conditions, each of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phenol, and ammonium salt concentrations were reduced to 99.99%, 95.00%, and 83.00%, respectively. The distillate of the first stage of the proposed process was then exposed to RO membrane system, as a first study, under different transmembrane pressure of 20, 30, and 40 bar and at different pH values of 7, 8, and 9. As a second suggested treatment system, the distillate was subjected to a biological treatment process for 30 days as a retention time, pH = 6, and room temperature 25°C ± 1°C. At the end of the research study, a comparison was conducted between results obtained with RO membrane separation and biological treatment system as two distinct treatment systems proposed for leachate landfill wastewater treatment. Although both systems were effective for landfill leachate wastewater treatment, however, with the RO membrane separation system, COD removal efficiency reached 99.99%. In the other hand, with biological treatment process, COD elimination was as much as 90.00%. Certainly, evaporation and RO are not novel ways of landfill leachate treatment; however, few studies have attempted to use similar combined system for landfill leachate wastewater treatment and attained effective results of treated water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A hybrid process of evaporation and RO membrane or biological treatment systems was suggested for leachate wastewater treatment. For optimum conditions, COD, total phenols, and ammonium salt reductions were achieved to 99.99%, 95%, and 83%, respectively, after the first evaporation stage. The distillate of the first stage of the proposed process was then exposed to RO membrane system and biological treatment system. Different transmembrane pressure and different pH values were optimized for RO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Bouchareb
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Process Engineering Faculty, Saleh Boubnider University, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Zelal Isik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Yasin Ozay
- Department of Environmental Protection Technologies, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karagunduz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bulent Keskinler
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nadir Dizge
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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24
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Tripathy BK, Kumar M. Leachate treatment using sequential microwave and algal photo-bioreactor: Effect of pretreatment on reactor performance and biomass productivity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114830. [PMID: 35279493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to design a lab-scale hybrid reactor, primarily focused on the removal of organics, nutrients, heavy metal and other toxic compounds, thereby, minimizing risk associated with the disposal of landfill leachate. The potential of a designed hybrid treatment system (i.e., sequential microwave (MW) with algal bioreactor) with and without pretreatment, i.e., coagulation-flocculation (CF), was evaluated based on several parameters. The CF pretreatment under optimized conditions has resulted in 90% turbidity and 76% COD removals from leachate; furthermore, the MW treatment achieved 91% ammonia removal from raw leachate. As a result, substantial algal growth was observed in the preliminary algal batch experiment conducted with MW and MW-CF treated samples. Subsequently, leachate treatment was carried out using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems, i.e., MW-algal SBR and CF-MW-algal SBR. Algal biomass growth and increment in DO level were observed in algal-SBR experiments. Under the optimized reactor conditions, TN and TP removal rates in the algal-SBR were found to be 1.67-20 mg/L/d and 0.6-9.6 mg/L/d, respectively. The majority of heavy metals present in the leachate were removed due to algal-uptake (mainly Zn2+) and bio-sorption (total-Fe, Cu2+ and Pb2+). Meanwhile, some amount of energy can be recovered from algal biomass as inferred from the cost benefit analysis. Overall, the hybrid treatment combining MW and algal-SBR has shown immense potential for sustainable leachate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binay Kumar Tripathy
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600036, India
| | - Mathava Kumar
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600036, India.
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Investigating the Electrocoagulation Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Iron/Graphite Electrodes: Process Parameters and Efficacy Assessment. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation is a widely used method for treating leachate since it is cost effective and eco-friendly. In the present study, the electrocoagulation process was employed to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, and color from landfill leachate. At first, lime was used as a pretreatment, then the Fe/Gr and Ti/PbO2/steel electrodes were used, and the optimum electrode was selected. Afterwards, the effects of some variables, including pH, current density, temperature, the inter-electrode distance, and the type of electrolyte were investigated. Results showed that COD, NH4+, TSS, TDS, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, color, and pH of effluent pretreatment chemical reached 22,371, 385, 884, 21,820 (mg/L), 13.8 (ms/cm3), 1355 (NTU), 8500 (TCU) and 10, respectively (the removal efficiency was 0, 20.37, 32.4, 61.99, 59.18, and 56.6 percent). With the Fe/Gr electrode, the optimal condition was observed as follows: pH of 7.5, current density of 64 mA/cm2, inter-electrode distance was equal to 1.5 cm, temperature at 20 °C, and retention time 2–4 h. Overall, the electrocoagulation with the Fe/Gr electrode was a suitable technology for landfill leachate treatment due to its effectiveness for the removal of both COD and NH4+, with advantageous performance indicators.
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Xia H, Li C, Yang G, Shi Z, Jin C, He W, Xu J, Li G. A review of microwave-assisted advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:131981. [PMID: 34826886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) technology has gained increasing interest in wastewater treatment due to its unique properties, such as fast and uniform heating, hot spots effect, and non-thermal effect. MW enhances the production of active radicals (e.g., OH, SO4-), which exerts a stronger integrated treatment effect in combination with advanced oxidation processes. Over the years, microwave-assisted advanced oxidation processes (MW-AOPs) have developed rapidly to degrade pollutants as innovative treatment approaches. This paper provides a detailed classification and a comprehensive review of MW-AOPs. The latest applications of MW in different advanced oxidation systems (oxidation systems, catalytic oxidation systems, and photochemical, electrochemical and sonochemical systems) are reviewed. The reaction parameters and performance of MW-AOPs in wastewater treatment are discussed, and the enhancement of pollutant degradation by MW is highlighted. In addition, the operating costs of MW-AOPs are evaluated. Some recommendations on MW-AOPs are made for future research. This review provides meaningful information on the potential development and evolution of MW-AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Chengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Guoying Yang
- Suzhou Pioneer Environmental Technology Co.,Ltd. (Singapore), Room 1905, Hengtong Finance, 7070 East Taihu Avenue, Wujiang District, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiang Shi
- Suzhou Pioneer Environmental Technology Co.,Ltd. (Singapore), Room 1905, Hengtong Finance, 7070 East Taihu Avenue, Wujiang District, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wenzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Guangming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Fang D, Wang J, Cui D, Dong X, Tang C, Zhang L, Yue D. Recent Advances of Landfill Leachate Treatment. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ghanbari F, Wang Q, Hassani A, Wacławek S, Rodríguez-Chueca J, Lin KYA. Electrochemical activation of peroxides for treatment of contaminated water with landfill leachate: Efficacy, toxicity and biodegradability evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130610. [PMID: 34134413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated water with landfill leachate (CWLL) with high salinity and high organic content (total organic carbon (TOC) = 649 mg/L and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) = 1175 mg/L) is a toxic and non-biodegradable effluent. The present research aimed to assess the treatment effectiveness of CWLL by electrocoagulation (EC)/oxidant process. The ferrous ions generated during the process were employed as coagulant and catalyst for the activation of different oxidants such as peroxymonosulfate (PMS), peroxydisulfate (PDS), hydrogen peroxide (HP), and percarbonate (PC) to decrease TOC in CWLL. Removal of ammonia, color, phosphorous, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from CWLL effluent was explored at various processes. EC/HP had the best performance (∼73%) in mineralization of organic pollutants compared to others under the condition of pH 6.8, applied current of 200 mA, oxidant dosage of 6 mM, and time of 80 min. The oxidation priority was to follow this order: EC/HP > EC/PMS > EC/PDS > EC/PC. These processes enhanced the biodegradability of CWLL based on the average oxidation state and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/COD ratio. SUVA254 and E2/E3 indices were also investigated on obtained effluents. The phytotoxicity evaluation was carried out based on the germination index, indicating that the electro-activated oxidant was an effective system to reduce the toxicity of polluted waters. EC/HP showed supremacy compared to others in terms of efficiency, cost, and detoxification. Therefore, the electro-activated oxidant system is a good means for removing organic pollutants from real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Ghanbari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Aydin Hassani
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Del Medio Ambiente, C/ de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture & Research Center of Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Martínez-Cruz A, Rojas Valencia MN, Araiza-Aguilar JA, Nájera-Aguilar HA, Gutiérrez-Hernández RF. Leachate treatment: comparison of a bio-coagulant ( Opuntia ficus mucilage) and conventional coagulants using multi-criteria decision analysis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07510. [PMID: 34337175 PMCID: PMC8318867 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this research was to compare a bio-coagulant, organic coagulant, and a conventional coagulant applied to the treatment of leachates. Coagulant options were Stage 1 FeCl3, Stage 2 Polyamine, and Stage 3 Opuntia ficus mucilage (OFM). Optimal conditions for maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were determined by experimental data and Response Surface Methodology. The application of Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis using Multi-Criteria Matrix (MCM) was explored by evaluating the Coagulation–Flocculation processes. Maximum COD removal (%) and the best MCM scores (on a scale from 0 to 100) were: Stage 1: 69.2±0.9 and 48.50, Stage 2: 37.8±1.1 and 79.0, and Stage 3: 71.1±1.7, and 81.5. Maximum COD removal using FeCl3 and OFM was not statistically different (p 0.15 < 0.05). OFM extraction process was evaluated (yield 0.70 ± 1.17%, carbohydrate content 32.6 ± 1.18%). MCM allows the evaluation of additional technical aspects, besides oxygen COD removal, as well as economic aspects, permitting a more comprehensive analysis. Significant COD removals indicate that the use of OFM as a coagulant in the treatment of stabilized leachate was effective. Opuntia ficus cladodes, a residue, were used to treat another residue (leachates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Martínez-Cruz
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Institute of Engineering, External Circuit, University City, Mayoralty Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Neftalí Rojas Valencia
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Institute of Engineering, External Circuit, University City, Mayoralty Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan A Araiza-Aguilar
- University of Science and Arts of Chiapas, School of Environmental Engineering, North beltway 1150, Lajas Maciel, 29039, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Hugo A Nájera-Aguilar
- University of Science and Arts of Chiapas, School of Environmental Engineering, North beltway 1150, Lajas Maciel, 29039, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rubén F Gutiérrez-Hernández
- National Technology of Mexico, Technological Institute of Tapachula, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Km 2, Highway to Puerto Madero, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
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30
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Bose S, Kumar Tripathy B, Debnath A, Kumar M. Boosted sono-oxidative catalytic degradation of Brilliant green dye by magnetic MgFe 2O 4 catalyst: Degradation mechanism, assessment of bio-toxicity and cost analysis. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 75:105592. [PMID: 34049154 PMCID: PMC8167203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic MgFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated via a facile co-precipitation technique and was comprehensively characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX and VSM. The prepared NPs were used as catalyst in presence of ultrasound (US) irradiation to activate persulfate (PS) for generation of sulfate radicals (SO4·-) for boosted degradation of toxic Brilliant Green (BG) dye. Preliminary experiments revealed that highest BG dye degradation efficiency of 91.63% was achieved at MgFe2O4 catalyst dose of 1.0 g/L, PS dose of 300 mg/L, and initial dye concentration of 70 ppm within 15 min of US irradiation. However, only US, US in presence of PS oxidation and US in presence of MgFe2O4 catalyst have shown 20.2%, 83.6% and 45.0% of BG dye removal, respectively. Furthermore, response surface methodology (RSM) based central composite design (CCD) was executed to investigate the effect of interaction between independent variables such as MgFe2O4 catalyst dose (0.5-1.5 g/L), PS dose (150-350 mg/L), initial BG dye concentration (50-150 ppm) and US irradiation time (4-12 min). The RSM based quadratic model was used to predict the experimental data, and the prediction accuracy was confirmed by analysis of variance (R2 = 0.98). The established RSM model has predicted the optimum experimental conditions as MgFe2O4 catalyst dose of 0.75 g/L, PS dose of 300 mg/L, initial dye concentration of 75 ppm and sonication time of 10 min. Subsequently, the treatment cost analysis was performed for all thirty experimental runs of CCD, and the RSM predicted response was found to be evidently optimum as this has delivered best economic condition (140 $/kg of BG removed) with respect to relative dye removal (%). COD removal and residual sulfate analysis have demonstrated satisfactory reduction of COD (90.31%) as well as sulfate ions (42.87 ppm) in the dye solution after treatment. Results of degradation pathway analysis portrayed the transformation of BG molecule (M/Z ratio 385) into simpler fractions with M/Z ratio of 193, 161, 73, and 61. Moreover, the toxicity analysis revealed that sono-catalytically activated PS system has efficiently reduced the toxicity level of BG dye from 93.9% to 5.13%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Bose
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura 700046, India
| | - Binay Kumar Tripathy
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Animesh Debnath
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura 700046, India
| | - Mathava Kumar
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
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UVA-LED Technology’s Treatment Efficiency and Cost in a Competitive Trial Applied to the Photo-Fenton Treatment of Landfill Leachate. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9061026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this trial was to assess the application of UVA-LED technology as an alternative source of irradiation for photo-Fenton processes, aiming to reduce treatment costs and provide a feasible treatment for landfill leachate. An optimized combination of coagulation with ferric chloride followed by photo-Fenton treatment of landfill leachate was optimized. Three different radiation sources were tested, namely, two conventional high-pressure mercury-vapor immersion lamps (100 W and 450 W) and a custom-designed 8 W 365 nm UVA-LED lamp. The proposed treatment combination resulted in very efficient degradation of landfill leachate (COD removal = 90%). The coagulation pre-treatment removed about 70% of the COD and provided the necessary amount of iron for the subsequent photo-Fenton treatment, and it further favored this process by acidifying the solution to an optimum initial pH of 2.8. The 90% removal of color improved the penetration of radiation into the medium and by extension improved treatment efficiency. The faster the Fenton reactions were, as determined by the stoichiometric optimum set-up reaction condition of [H2O2]0/COD0 = 2.125, the better were the treatment results in terms of COD removal and biodegradability enhancement because the chances to scavenge oxidant agents were limited. The 100 W lamp was the least efficient one in terms of final effluent quality and operational cost figures. UVA-LED technology, assessed as the application of an 8 W 365 nm lamp, provided competitive results in terms of COD removal, biodegradability enhancement, and operational costs (35–55%) when compared to the performance of the 450 W conventional lamp.
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32
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Chen W, Gu Z, Ran G, Li Q. Application of membrane separation technology in the treatment of leachate in China: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 121:127-140. [PMID: 33360812 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively investigate the application of membrane separation technology in the treatment of landfill leachate in China, the performance of nearly 200 waste management enterprises of different sizes in China were analyzed, with an emphasis on their scale, regional features, processes, and economic characteristics. It was found that membrane separation technologies, mainly nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), and NF + RO, have been used in China since 2004. The treatment capacity of the two most dominant membrane separation technologies, i.e., NF and RO, were both almost 60,000 m3/d in 2018, and both technologies are widely used in landfills and incineration plants. Their distribution is mainly concentrated in eastern and southwestern China, where the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) is relatively high and the economy is developing rapidly. Membrane separation technology is the preferred technique for the advanced treatment of leachate because more contaminants can be effectively removed by the technology than by other advanced processes. However, the membrane retentate that is produced using this technology-commonly known as leachate concentrate-is heavily contaminated due to the enrichment of almost all the inorganic anions, heavy metals, and organic matter that remain after bioprocessing. An economic cost analysis revealed that the operating cost of membrane separation technology has stabilized and is between 1.77 USD/m3 and 4.90 USD/m3; electricity consumption is the most expensive cost component. This review describes the current problems with the use of membrane separation technology and recommends strategies and solutions for its future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Zhepei Gu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Gang Ran
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
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Liu W, Cui Y, Cheng P, Huo S, Ma X, Chen Q, Cobb K, Chen P, Ma J, Gao X, Ruan R. Microwave assisted flocculation for harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123770. [PMID: 32652448 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae harvesting is a major hindrance for the development of the microalgae industry. In this paper, short microwave treatment was used to assist the flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris with three flocculants, Fe3+ (FeCl3), chitosan, and Ca2+ (CaCl2). A microwave irradiation time of 20 s, and a pH of 10 was found to be the optimum condition. The harvesting efficiency could be significantly increased by 43.2%, 49.5% and 39.6%, respectively for Fe3+, chitosan, and Ca2+ assisted by microwave under these conditions. Microwave treatment did not cause any damage to the algal cells, and had no obvious influence on the lipid extraction. Microwave treatment decreased the concentration of the flocculants in culture medium after flocculation; this treatment enabled the reuse of the supernatant. This study provides a new and promising method of improving the flocculation efficiency for microalgae harvesting, by using microwave energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yunqian Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Pengfei Cheng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Kirk Cobb
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Paul Chen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Junjian Ma
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xinguo Gao
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Hu L, Wang P, Shen T, Wang Q, Wang X, Xu P, Zheng Q, Zhang G. The application of microwaves in sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes for environmental remediation: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137831. [PMID: 32199371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The generation of sulfate radicals is a key factor to limit the catalytic activities of sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). Microwave irradiation is a specific method to heat solutions via thermal and nonthermal effects, and has attracted an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Herein, we focus on the application of microwaves in SR-AOPs that called SR-MAOPs in environmental remediation, including wastewater, landfill leachate, biological waste sludge and soil, etc. treatment. Various systems including homogeneous and heterogeneous SR-MAOPs were reviewed. In wastewater treatment, not only the dyes and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were considered, the application in actual water matrices was also summarized. In addition, the function of remediation for organic-contaminated soil, landfill leachate and biological waste sludge were assessed using SR-MAOPs. In addition to evaluating the degradation efficiency of various organic pollutants from environment, the dewaterability is another key to treat biological waste sludge. The SR-MAOPs could break up hydrogen bonds and inactivate and denature complex biological molecules via microwave effects to achieve the dewatering of microorganisms in sludge. Furthermore, the COD of the sludge increased to a high level after microwave irradiation of sludge, which means that biopolymers released from microbial cells into the solution. Then, the released COD could be well treated by the SR-MAOPs. Based on the summary, we reveal that SR-MAOPs are potential technologies for environmental remediation, especially for systems with complicated organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Hu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Tianyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zheng
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Guangshan Zhang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
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El Mrabet I, Benzina M, Zaitan H. Optimization of persulfate/iron(II)/UV-A irradiation process for the treatment of landfill leachate from Fez City (Morocco). SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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36
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Wang Y, Guo S, Gu Z, Zhang A. Comparison study on microwave irradiation-activated persulfate and hydrogen peroxide systems in the treatment of dinitrodiazophenol industrial wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125139. [PMID: 31704523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, refractory organics in industrial wastewater containing dinitrodiazophenol (DDNP) were treated by microwave (MW) irradiation-activated persulfate (PS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The organics degradation effect of MW output power, oxidant dosage and initial pH were investigated. Spectral analysis and radical scavenging experiments were used to investigate the degradation pathway and identify reactive oxygen species in the two systems. As the MW output power increased, kobs of both systems increased, but excessively high-power output inhibited organics degradation in the MW-PS system. The impact of initial pH on MW-PS system performance was not obvious compared to that of the MW-H2O2 system (in which alkalinity significantly limited the reaction with organics). Under the same reaction condition, COD removals reached 89.89% (MW-PS) and 54.56% (MW-H2O2) and biodegradability improved from 0.060 to 0.561 (MW-PS) and 0.535 (MW-H2O2). In addition, SO4and ·OHwere identified in the MW-PS system but only ·OHexisted in the MW-H2O2 system, indicating that the MW-PS system could oxidize more types of organics in DDNP wastewater than the MW-H2O2 system. Furthermore, UV-Vis and FITR analyses showed that organics with diazo groups and nitro-groups could be decomposed and intermediate products with C-O-H (which are biodegradable) will be generated. The MW-PS system also produced a better economic benefit than the MW-H2O2 system. Therefore, this study provides valuable references for the use of MW irradiation-activated oxidants to treat DDNP industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Shengpeng Guo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Zhepei Gu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Aiping Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China.
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Chu D, Ye ZL, Chen S. Interactions among low-molecular-weight organics, heavy metals, and Fe(III) during coagulation of landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 104:51-59. [PMID: 31962217 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The generation of landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate (LLNC) has been a dilemma for leachate treatment plants because it contains large amounts of refractory organics with low molecular weight (LMWO), as well as heavy metals (HMs), and is difficult to handle. The coagulation removal of LMWOs is a significant challenge, as is the removal of HMs bonded to LMWOs. In this study, coagulation through the dosing of FeCl3 was used to remove LMWOs and HMs from LLNC. The results interestingly demonstrated that the removal rates of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Cr, Ni, and As reached up to 84.1% ± 3.9%, 91.0 ± 1.1%, 73.1 ± 2.2%, and 96.9 ± 1.5%, respectively. The partition of LMWO components, as well as the interactions among the LMWOs, HMs, and Fe(III) were investigated to determine the mechanism behind the LMWO and HM removal. LMWOs with a high degree of humification, including humic and fulvic acid-like components, were preferentially removed through aggregation and electrostatic attraction originating from the specialistic adsorption of Fe2(OH)24+ and Fe3(OH)45+. In addition to being removed, a portion of these two components was dissociated into aromatic protein I, aromatic protein II, and soluble microbial by-product-like materials due to an acid effect and the formation of inner-sphere complexes. A redundancy analysis revealed that As, Cr, and Ni are mainly removed through the electrostatic attraction of Fe(III), bonding to humic substances and hydrophilic organics, respectively. The outcomes provide a new understanding on the coagulation removal of LMWOs and HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen City, Fujian 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhi-Long Ye
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen City, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen City, Fujian 361021, China.
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Deng Y, Chen N, Feng C, Wang H, Zheng Y, Chen F, Lu W, Kuang P, Feng H, Gao Y, Hu W. Degradation of nitrogen-containing refractory organic wastewater using a novel alternating-anode electrochemical system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134161. [PMID: 32380621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presented a novel alternating-anode electrochemical system (AAES) based on single electrolytic cell for the treatment of nitrogen-containing refractory organic wastewater (NOW). The core of AAES lies in the alternating working of iron anode and DSA anode to integrate different electrochemical processes. The biologically treated landfill leachate (BTLL) was selected as a practical NOW for assessing the performance of AAES. The results indicated that after 140 min of electrolytic reaction, the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen (TN) using AAES was found to be 76.9 and 98.9%, respectively. The main component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in BTLL included humic-like substances, which could be degraded into small-molecule DOM, such as fulvic-like substances and protein-like substances, by available chlorine and hydroxyl radicals present in AAES. Cathode reduction (NOx--N → NH4+-N and N2) under iron anode and indirect oxidation (NH4+-N → N2) under DSA anode were the main pathways to remove TN from NOW. Owing to the redox conditions created by the alternating anodes, the main stable crystalline forms of precipitates obtained from AAES were Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3, which could be separated by using the external magnetic field. The findings of this study may provide a feasible solution for the advanced electrochemical treatment of NOW in a single electrolytic cell as well as rapid separation of precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Chuanping Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Haishuang Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yuhan Zheng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fangxin Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wang Lu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Peijing Kuang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hanguang Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Weiwu Hu
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Journal Center, Beijing 100083, China
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Tripathy BK, Ramesh G, Debnath A, Kumar M. Mature landfill leachate treatment using sonolytic-persulfate/hydrogen peroxide oxidation: Optimization of process parameters. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 54:210-219. [PMID: 30770274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of stand-alone ultrasound (US) system, coagulation pre-treatment followed by US, hydrogen peroxide added US system (US-H2O2) and persulfate added US system (US-PS) for the treatment of matured landfill leachate was investigated. With US system, around 67% COD removal and an increase in BOD/COD ratio were observed (from 0.033 to 0.142) after 15 min at 30% US amplitude. However, the energy input required for landfill leachate treatment in US system was found to be very high due to the presence of fixed solids. Coagulation pretreatment using alum was carried out to improve the overall COD removal and reduce the cost of treatment. As a result, the COD removal was increased to 78% (42% in pretreatment and 36% in US) in 15 min. On the other hand, US-H2O2 and US-PS hybrid systems have shown significant improvement in COD removals (93% and 86%, respectively) from raw leachate after 15 min. Subsequently, a three factor (i.e. PS dose (mg/L), H2O2 dose (mol/L), and US amplitude (%)) 5-level design of experiment was used to maximize the COD removal efficiency by response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM model generated a quadratic equation to accurately analyze the influence of input variables on COD removal efficiency (R2 of 0.92). A maximum COD removal of 98.3% was predicted using the model and the corresponding optimal experimental condition were identified as follows: PS dose ∼4700 mg/L, H2O2 dose ∼0.7 mol/L and US amplitude ∼49%. The overall observations reveals that PS and H2O2 coupled with US system has a great prospective to treat mature landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binay Kumar Tripathy
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gayathri Ramesh
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Trichy, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Animesh Debnath
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Mathava Kumar
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamilnadu, India.
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