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Goetjes V, Zarges JC, Heim HP. Differentiation between Hydrolytic and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Poly(lactic acid) and Poly(lactic acid)/Starch Composites in Warm and Humid Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3683. [PMID: 39124345 PMCID: PMC11313141 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
For the application of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA/starch composites in technical components such as toys, it is essential to know their degradation behavior under relevant application conditions in a hydrothermal environment. For this purpose, composites made from PLA and native potato starch were produced using twin-screw extruders and then processed into test specimens, which were then subjected to various one-week ageing processes with varying temperatures (23, 50, 70, 90 °C) and humidity levels (10, 50, 75, 90%). This was followed by mechanical characterization (tensile test) and identification of degradation using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). With increasing temperature and humidity, there was a clear degradation of the PLA, which could be reduced or slowed down by adding 50 wt.% starch, due to increased crystallinity. Hydrolysis was identified as the main degradation mechanism for PLA and PLA/starch composites, especially above the glass transition temperature, with thermo-oxidative degradation also playing a subordinate role. Both hydrolytic degradation and thermo-oxidative degradation led to a reduction in mechanical properties such as tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Goetjes
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, Mönchebergstr. 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
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2
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Kaur R, Chauhan I. Biodegradable plastics: mechanisms of degradation and generated bio microplastic impact on soil health. Biodegradation 2024:10.1007/s10532-024-10092-3. [PMID: 38985381 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-024-10092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Conventional petroleum-derived polymers are valued for their versatility and are widely used, owing to their characteristics such as cost-effectiveness, diverse physical and chemical qualities, lower molecular weight, and easy processability for large-scale production. However, the extensive accumulation of such plastics leads to serious environmental issues. To combat this existing situation, an alternative lies in the production of bioplastics from natural and renewable sources such as plants, animals, microbes, etc. Bioplastics obtained from renewable sources are compostable and susceptible to degradation caused by microbes hydrolyzing to CO2, CH4, and biomass. Also, certain additives are reinforced into the bioplastic films to improve their physicochemical properties and degradation rate. However, on degradation, the bio-microplastic (BM) produced could have positive as well as negative impact on the soil health. This article thus focuses on the degradation of various fossil based as well as bio based biodegradable plastics such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polysaccharide derived bioplastics by mechanical, thermal, photodegradation and microbial approaches. The degradation mechanism of each approach has been discussed in detailed for different bioplastics. How the incorporation or reinforcement of various additives in the biodegradable plastics effects their degradation rates has also been discussed. In addition to that, the impact of generated bio-microplastic on physicochemical properties of soil such as pH, bulk density, carbon, nitrogen content etc. and biological properties such as on genome of native soil microbes and on plant nutritional health have been discussed in detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India
| | - Indu Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India.
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3
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Pinaeva LG, Noskov AS. Biodegradable biopolymers: Real impact to environment pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174445. [PMID: 38981547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Biobased biodegradable polymers (BBP) derived from different renewable resources are commonly considered as attractive alternative to petroleum-based polymers, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc. It is because they can address the issues of serious environmental problems resulted from accumulation of plastic wastes. In the review current methods of obtaining of most abundant BBP, polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), have been studied with an emphasis on the toxicity of compounds used for their production and additives improving consumer characteristics of PLA and PHB based market products. Substantial part of additives was the same used for traditional polymers. Analysis of the data on the response of different organisms and plants on exposure to these materials and their degradation products confirmed the doubts about real safety of BBP. Studies of safer additives are scarce and are of vital importance. Meanwhile, technologies of recycling of traditional petroleum-based polymers were shown to be well-developed, which cannot be said about PLA or PHB based polymers, and their blends with petroleum-based polymers. Therefore, development of more environmentally friendly components and sustainable technologies of production are necessary before following market expansion of biobased biodegradable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa G Pinaeva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Aleksandr S Noskov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Pr. Akad. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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4
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Bernardes GP, Andrade MP, Poletto M, Luiz NR, Santana RMC, Forte MMDC. Evaluation of Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Ethylene Elastomer (EE) Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4324. [PMID: 37960004 PMCID: PMC10648464 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The influences of ethylene-based elastomer (EE) and the compatibilizer agent ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EBAGMA) on the thermal degradation of PLA/EE blends were evaluated by the thermal degradation kinetics and thermodynamic parameters using thermogravimetry. The presence of EE and EBAGMA synergistically improved the PLA thermal stability. The temperature of 10% of mass loss (T10%) of PLA was around 365 °C, while in the compatibilized PLA/EE blend, this property increased to 370 °C. The PLA average activation energy (Ea¯) reduced in the PLA/EE blend (from 96 kJ/mol to 78 kJ/mol), while the presence of EBAGMA in the PLA/EE blend increased the Ea¯ due to a better blend compatibilization. The solid-state thermal degradation of the PLA and PLA/EE blends was classified as a D-type degradation mechanism. In general, the addition of EE increased the thermodynamic parameters when compared to PLA and the compatibilized blend due to the increase in the collision rate between the components over the thermal decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano P. Bernardes
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Atlantic Technological University (ATU) Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
| | - Matheus P. Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias Do Sul (UCS), Caxias Do Sul 95070-560, Brazil;
| | - Matheus Poletto
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias Do Sul (UCS), Caxias Do Sul 95070-560, Brazil;
| | - Nathália R. Luiz
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials (LAPOL), School of Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil; (N.R.L.); (R.M.C.S.); (M.M.d.C.F.)
| | - Ruth M. C. Santana
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials (LAPOL), School of Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil; (N.R.L.); (R.M.C.S.); (M.M.d.C.F.)
| | - Maria M. de C. Forte
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials (LAPOL), School of Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil; (N.R.L.); (R.M.C.S.); (M.M.d.C.F.)
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5
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Bartolucci L, Cordiner S, De Maina E, Kumar G, Mele P, Mulone V, Igliński B, Piechota G. Sustainable Valorization of Bioplastic Waste: A Review on Effective Recycling Routes for the Most Widely Used Biopolymers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097696. [PMID: 37175402 PMCID: PMC10178466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics-based materials have a high carbon footprint, and their disposal is a considerable problem for the environment. Biodegradable bioplastics represent an alternative on which most countries have focused their attention to replace of conventional plastics in various sectors, among which food packaging is the most significant one. The evaluation of the optimal end-of-life process for bioplastic waste is of great importance for their sustainable use. In this review, the advantages and limits of different waste management routes-biodegradation, mechanical recycling and thermal degradation processes-are presented for the most common categories of biopolymers on the market, including starch-based bioplastics, PLA and PBAT. The analysis outlines that starch-based bioplastics, unless blended with other biopolymers, exhibit good biodegradation rates and are suitable for disposal by composting, while PLA and PBAT are incompatible with this process and require alternative strategies. The thermal degradation process is very promising for chemical recycling, enabling building blocks and the recovery of valuable chemicals from bioplastic waste, according to the principles of a sustainable and circular economy. Nevertheless, only a few articles have focused on this recycling process, highlighting the need for research to fully exploit the potentiality of this waste management route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bartolucci
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cordiner
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele De Maina
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Pietro Mele
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mulone
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Bartłomiej Igliński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM, Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, Legionów 40a/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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6
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Ramos‐Hernández T, Robledo‐Ortíz JR, González‐López ME, del Campo ASM, González‐Núñez R, Rodrigue D, Pérez Fonseca AA. Mechanical recycling of
PLA
: Effect of weathering, extrusion cycles, and chain extender. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rubén González‐Núñez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara Mexico
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering Université Laval Quebec City Quebec Canada
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7
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Li D, Li F, Liu J, Liu C, Su G, Yang H, Yu X. Synthesis and properties of
PAM
/
PLA
composite degradable particle temporary plugging agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing China
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing China
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing China
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Beijing China
| | - Chong Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China
| | - Gaoshen Su
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China
| | - Xiaorong Yu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China
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8
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Feng L, Cui C, Li Z, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Ge Z, Cheng Y, Zhang Y. Kinetics of catalyzed thermal degradation of polylactide and its application as sacrificial templates. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Chenhui Cui
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Youshen Wu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Yilong Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
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9
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Chen Y, Shang L, Li S, Li B, Li J. Air packaging is obviously beneficial to the heterogeneous hygrothermal degradation of konjac glucomannan. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:13-21. [PMID: 35963342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous hygrothermal degradation (HHTD) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the successful preparation of partially depolymerized konjac glucomannan (DKGM). This study investigated the degradation of konjac glucomannan (KGM) in two packaging methods and detected that compared with natural KGM, the Mw of vacuum-packaged DKGM with 20 % moisture content treated at 130 °C for 40 min was reduced by 23.34 %, while that of air-packaged DKGM was decreased by 63.14 %, the vacuum-packaged DKGM with only 0.5 % H2O2 added was dropped by 69.36 %. It was verified that oxygen in air-packaging plays a crucial role in HHTD. Furthermore, the effects of moisture content, treatment temperature and time on the Mw and apparent viscosity of air-packaged DKGM were explored. The properties and structure of DKGM were characterized by rheometer, TGA, XRD, FT-IR and SEM. Results established that treatment temperature had a stronger promoting effect on HHTD. The rheological properties of DKGM samples changed markedly, and the thermal decomposition temperature and crystallinity were increased, with its infrared absorption peaks very close. This research is expected to provide theoretical bases and reference ideas for efficient HHTD method of KGM in actual production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Longchen Shang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China.
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10
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Tertyshnaya YV, Karpova SG, Podzorova MV, Khvatov AV, Moskovskiy MN. Thermal Properties and Dynamic Characteristics of Electrospun Polylactide/Natural Rubber Fibers during Disintegration in Soil. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051058. [PMID: 35267881 PMCID: PMC8914975 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, PLA/NR electrospun fibers were used as substrates for growing basil. Thermal characteristics of initial samples and after 60 and 220 days of degradation were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. In the process of disintegration, the melting and glass transition temperatures in PLA/NR composites decreased, and in PLA fibers these values increased slightly. TGA analysis in an argon environment confirmed the effect of NR on the thermal degradation of PLA/NR fibers. After exposure to the soil for 220 days, the beginning of degradation shifted to the low-temperature region. The dynamic characteristics of the fibers were determined by the EPR method. A decrease in the correlation time of the probe-radical in comparison with the initial samples was shown. FTIR spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structure before and after degradation in soil. In PLA/NR fibrous substrates, there was a decrease in the intensity of the bands corresponding to the PLA matrix and the appearance of N-H C-N groups due to biodegradation by soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V. Tertyshnaya
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (M.V.P.); (A.V.K.)
- Perspective Composite Materials and Technologies Laboratory, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanniy, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy Proezd, 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-939-71-86
| | - Svetlana G. Karpova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (M.V.P.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Maria V. Podzorova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (M.V.P.); (A.V.K.)
- Perspective Composite Materials and Technologies Laboratory, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanniy, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy Proezd, 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anatoliy V. Khvatov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (M.V.P.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Maksim N. Moskovskiy
- Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, 1st Institutskiy Proezd, 5, 109428 Moscow, Russia;
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11
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Kinetic patterns for thermal oxidation of binary and ternary blends based on polylactide and polyethylene. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Feng LD, Bian XC, Li G, Chen XS. Effect of Exogenous Carboxyl and Hydroxyl Groups on Pyrolysis Reaction of High Molecular Weight Poly(L-Lactide) under the Catalysis of Tin. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Saeaung K, Phusunti N, Phetwarotai W, Assabumrungrat S, Cheirsilp B. Catalytic pyrolysis of petroleum-based and biodegradable plastic waste to obtain high-value chemicals. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 127:101-111. [PMID: 33932851 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The petroleum-based plastics, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP), and the biodegradable plastic, polylactide (PLA) were processed by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis to investigate their suitability as feedstock for chemical recycling. The influence of pyrolysis temperature (400-600 °C) and catalyst (zeolite, spent FCC, and MgO catalyst) on the pyrolysis liquid composition and yield was studied. The studied petroleum-based plastics had similar decomposition temperature ranges but produced their highest pyrolysis yields at different temperatures. Pyrolysis liquids from thermal degradation of HDPE and LDPE consisted high yield of waxes but those of PP and PLA consisted of both waxes and liquid oil. Catalysts affected not only the pyrolysis yield, but also the proportions of liquid oil and wax in pyrolysis liquids. Alkenes, alkanes, and aromatics were the main compounds in the pyrolysis liquids. Spent FCC catalyst reduced the production of waxes and increased the production of gasoline-range hydrocarbons and aromatics. MgO catalyst led to high coke formation from polyolefins and PLA. Lactic acid, lactide and propanoic acid were examples of valuable chemicals recovered from the pyrolysis of PLA. Lactide was the main product (up to 79%) of catalytic pyrolysis with zeolite at 400 °C. Spent FCC catalyst produced mostly propanoic acid at 400 °C but at 600 °C, L-lactic acid became the most abundant compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koranit Saeaung
- Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Phusunti
- Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Worasak Phetwarotai
- Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Suttichai Assabumrungrat
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Bio-Circular-Green-economy Technology & Engineering Center, BCGeTEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Biotechnology for Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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14
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Chrysafi I, Ainali NM, Bikiaris DN. Thermal Degradation Mechanism and Decomposition Kinetic Studies of Poly(Lactic Acid) and Its Copolymers with Poly(Hexylene Succinate). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1365. [PMID: 33922002 PMCID: PMC8122458 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ιn this work, new block poly(lactic acid)-block-poly(hexylene succinate) (PLA-b-PHSu) copolymers, in different mass ratios of 95/05, 90/10 and 80/20 w/w, are synthesized and their thermal and mechanical behavior are studied. Thermal degradation and thermal stability of the samples were examined by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), while thermal degradation kinetics was applied to better understand this process. The Friedman isoconversional method and the "model fitting method" revealed accurate results for the activation energy and the reaction mechanisms (nth order and autocatalysis). Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was used to provide more details of the degradation process with PHSu's mechanism being the β-hydrogen bond scission, while on PLA the intramolecular trans-esterification processes domains. PLA-b-PHSu copolymers decompose also through the β-hydrogen bond scission. The mechanical properties have also been tested to understand how PHSu affects PLA's structure and to give more information about this new material. The tensile measurements gave remarkable results as the elongation at break increases as the content of PHSu increases as well. The study of the thermal and mechanical properties is crucial, to examine if the new material fulfills the requirements for further investigation for medical or other possible uses that might come up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iouliana Chrysafi
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nina Maria Ainali
- Laboratory of Polymers Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymers Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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15
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Role of Hybrid Nano-Zinc Oxide and Cellulose Nanocrystals on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Flammability Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid) Polymer. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers with universal accessibility and inherent biodegradability can offer an appealing sustainable platform to supersede petroleum-based polymers. In this research, a hybrid system derived from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was added into poly (lactic acid) (PLA) to improve its mechanical, thermal, and flame resistance properties. The ZnO-overlaid CNCs were prepared via the solvent casting method and added to PLA through the melt-blending extrusion process. The composite properties were evaluated using SEM, a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), FTIR TGA, and horizontal burning tests. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of 1.5% nano-CNC-overlaid ZnO nanoparticles into PLA enhanced the mechanical and thermal characteristics and the flame resistance of the PLA matrix. Oxidative combustion of CNC-ZnO promoted char formation and flame reduction. The shielding effect from the ZnO-CNC blend served as an insulator and resulted in noncontinuous burning, which increased the fire retardancy of nanocomposites. By contrast, the addition of ZnO into PLA accelerated the polymer degradation at higher temperature and shifted the maximum degradation to lower temperature in comparison with pure PLA. For PLA composites reinforced by ZnO, the storage modulus decreased with ZnO content possibly due to the scissoring effect of ZnO in the PLA matrix, which resulted in lower molecular weight.
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Li X, Sadiq S, Zhang W, Chen Y, Xu X, Abbas A, Chen S, Zhang R, Xue G, Sobotka D, Makinia J. Salinity enhances high optically active L-lactate production from co-fermentation of food waste and waste activated sludge: Unveiling the response of microbial community shift and functional profiling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124124. [PMID: 32977090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA), a versatile platform molecule, can be fermented from organic wastes, such as food waste and waste activated sludge. In this study, an efficient approach using salt, a component of food waste as an additive, was proposed to increase LA production. The LA productivity was increased at 10 g NaCl/L and optical pure L-lactate was obtained at 30 g NaCl/L. The enhancement of LA was in accordance with the increased solubilization and the critical hydrolase activities under saline conditions. Moreover, high salinity (30-50 g NaCl/L) changed the common conversion of LA to volatile fatty acids. In addition, the key LA bacteria genera (Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus) were selectively enriched under saline conditions. Strong correlations between salinity and functional genes for L-LA production were also observed. This study provides a practical way for the enrichment of L-LA with high optical activity from organic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Safeena Sadiq
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiren Chen
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xianbao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Anees Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mianwali, 42200 Mianwali, Pakistan
| | - Shanping Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Solid Waste Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Institute for Design & Research on Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai Environmental Sanitary Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd, Shilong Road 345, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Ruina Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Solid Waste Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Institute for Design & Research on Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai Environmental Sanitary Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd, Shilong Road 345, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Gang Xue
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dominika Sobotka
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Makinia
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Delpouve N, Saiter-Fourcin A, Coiai S, Cicogna F, Spiniello R, Oberhauser W, Legnaioli S, Ishak R, Passaglia E. Effects of organo-LDH dispersion on thermal stability, crystallinity and mechanical features of PLA. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Román-Ramírez LA, McKeown P, Shah C, Abraham J, Jones MD, Wood J. Chemical Degradation of End-of-Life Poly(lactic acid) into Methyl Lactate by a Zn(II) Complex. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020; 59:11149-11156. [PMID: 32581423 PMCID: PMC7304880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The catalyzed methanolysis of end-of-life poly(lactic acid) (PLA) products by an ethylenediamine Zn(II) complex to form biodegradable methyl lactate was studied experimentally at 70, 90, and 110 °C. The PLA samples consisted of typical consumer waste materials, including a cup, a toy, and a three-dimensional (3D) printing material. High selectivities and yields (>94%) were possible depending on temperature and reaction time. Additionally, and to develop a predictive kinetic model, kinetic parameters (pre-exponential factor and activation energies) of the PLA transesterification reaction were first obtained from virgin PLA. These parameters were subsequently used to estimate the conversion of PLA, selectivity, and yield of methyl lactate after 1 and 4 h of the reaction, and the results were compared with the experimental values of the end-of-life PLA. Despite the presence of unknown additives in the PLA waste material and uncontrolled particle size, the model was able to predict the overall conversion, selectivity, and yield to an average deviation of 5, 7, and 12%, respectively. A greater agreement between the model and experimental values is observed for the higher temperatures and the longer reaction time. Larger deviations were observed for the PLA toy, which we attribute to the presence of additives, since despite its lower molecular weight, it possessed a higher structural strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Román-Ramírez
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McKeown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Chanak Shah
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Abraham
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Wood
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Román-Ramírez LA, McKeown P, Jones MD, Wood J. Kinetics of Methyl Lactate Formation from the Transesterification of Polylactic Acid Catalyzed by Zn(II) Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5556-5564. [PMID: 32201849 PMCID: PMC7081642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the transesterification of polylactic acid (PLA) with methanol to form methyl lactate catalyzed by Zn(II) complexes was studied experimentally and numerically. The complexes, Zn(1 Et )2 and Zn(2 Pr )2, were synthesized from ethylenediamine and propylenediamine Schiff bases, respectively. The temperature range covered was 313.2-383.2 K. An increase in the reaction rate with the increase in temperature was observed for the Zn(1 Et )2-catalyzed reaction. The temperature relationship of the rate coefficients can be explained by a linear Arrhenius dependency with constant activation energy. The kinetics of Zn(2 Pr )2, on the other hand, is only explained by non-Arrhenius kinetics with convex variable activation energy, resulting in faster methyl lactate production rates at 323.2 and 343.2 K. The formation of a new catalyst species, likely through reaction with protic reagents, appears to promote the formation of intermediate complexes, resulting in the nonlinear behavior. Stirring speed induced the stability of the intermediate complexes. Contrary to Zn(1 Et )2, Zn(2 Pr )2 was susceptible to the presence of air/moisture in solution. The kinetic parameters were obtained by fitting the experimental data to the mass and energy balance of a consecutive second step reversible reaction taking place in a jacketed stirred batch reactor. For the case of Zn(2 Pr )2, the activation energy was fitted to a four-parameter equation. The kinetic parameters presented in this work are valuable for the design of processes involving the chemical recycling of PLA into green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Román-Ramírez
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Paul McKeown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Matthew D. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
- E-mail: . Phone: +44 (0)1225 384908. Fax: +44 (0)1225
386231 (M.D.J.)
| | - Joseph Wood
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- E-mail: . Phone: +44 (0) 121
414 5295. Fax: +44 (0) 121
414 5324 (J.W.)
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Quecholac-Piña X, Hernández-Berriel MDC, Mañón-Salas MDC, Espinosa-Valdemar RM, Vázquez-Morillas A. Degradation of Plastics under Anaerobic Conditions: A Short Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E109. [PMID: 31948016 PMCID: PMC7023122 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic waste is an issue of global concern because of the environmental impact of its accumulation in waste management systems and ecosystems. Biodegradability was proposed as a solution to overcome this problem; however, most biodegradable plastics were designed to degrade under aerobic conditions, ideally fulfilled in a composting plant. These new plastics could arrive to anaerobic environments, purposely or frequently, because of their mismanagement at the end of their useful life. This review analyzes the behavior of biodegradable and conventional plastics under anaerobic conditions, specifically in anaerobic digestion systems and landfills. A review was performed in order to identify: (a) the environmental conditions found in anaerobic digestion processes and landfills, as well as the mechanisms for degradation in those environments; (b) the experimental methods used for the assessment of biodegradation in anaerobic conditions; and (c) the extent of the biodegradation process for different plastics. Results show a remarkable variability of the biodegradation rate depending on the type of plastic and experimental conditions, with clearly better performance in anaerobic digestion systems, where temperature, water content, and inoculum are strictly controlled. The majority of the studied plastics showed that thermophilic conditions increase degradation. It should not be assumed that plastics designed to be degraded aerobically will biodegrade under anaerobic conditions, and an exact match must be done between the specific plastics and the end of life options that they will face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xochitl Quecholac-Piña
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Av. Tecnológico s/n. Colonia Agrícola Bellavista Metepec, Edo. De México, México C.P. 52149, Mexico; (X.Q.-P.); (M.d.C.H.-B.)
| | - María del Consuelo Hernández-Berriel
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Av. Tecnológico s/n. Colonia Agrícola Bellavista Metepec, Edo. De México, México C.P. 52149, Mexico; (X.Q.-P.); (M.d.C.H.-B.)
| | - María del Consuelo Mañón-Salas
- Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada a Residuos Sólidos, A.C., Priv Molcajete 44 Fracc. Hacienda de las Fuentes, Calimaya, México C.P. 52227, Mexico;
| | - Rosa María Espinosa-Valdemar
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av San Pablo Xalpa 180, Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico;
| | - Alethia Vázquez-Morillas
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av San Pablo Xalpa 180, Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico;
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Correa-Pacheco ZN, Black-Solís JD, Ortega-Gudiño P, Sabino-Gutiérrez MA, Benítez-Jiménez JJ, Barajas-Cervantes A, Bautista-Baños S, Hurtado-Colmenares LB. Preparation and Characterization of Bio-Based PLA/PBAT and Cinnamon Essential Oil Polymer Fibers and Life-Cycle Assessment from Hydrolytic Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E38. [PMID: 31881746 PMCID: PMC7023530 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the need to reduce the dependence on fuel products and to achieve a sustainable development is of special importance due to environmental concerns. Therefore, new alternatives must be sought. In this work, extruded fibers from poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) added with cinnamon essential oil (CEO) were prepared and characterized, and the hydrolytic degradation was assessed. A two-phase system was observed with spherical particles of PBAT embedded in the PLA matrix. The thermal analysis showed partial miscibility between PLA and PBAT. Mechanically, Young's modulus decreased and the elongation at break increased with the incorporation of PBAT and CEO into the blends. The variation in weight loss for the fibers was below 5% during the period of hydrolytic degradation studied with the most important changes at 37 °C and pH 8.50. From microscopy, the formation of cracks in the fiber surface was evidenced, especially for PLA fibers in alkaline medium at 37 °C. This study shows the importance of the variables that influence the performance of polyester-cinnamon essential oil-based fibers in agro-industrial applications for horticultural product preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zormy Nacary Correa-Pacheco
- CONACYT-Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, km 6, calle CEPROBI, No. 8, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos 62731, Mexico
| | - Jaime Daniel Black-Solís
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, calle CEPROBI No. 8, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos 62731, Mexico; (J.D.B.-S.); (S.B.-B.)
| | - Pedro Ortega-Gudiño
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico; (P.O.-G.); (A.B.-C.)
| | - Marcos Antonio Sabino-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química, Grupo B5IDA, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000, Caracas C. P. 1080-A, Venezuela; (M.A.S.-G.); (L.B.H.-C.)
| | - José Jesús Benítez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Alfonso Barajas-Cervantes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico; (P.O.-G.); (A.B.-C.)
| | - Silvia Bautista-Baños
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, calle CEPROBI No. 8, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos 62731, Mexico; (J.D.B.-S.); (S.B.-B.)
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