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Qi Y, Shao W, Xiu FR. A low-temperature co-treatment of diethylhexyl phthalate-rich polyvinyl chloride and waste copper catalyst by subcritical water (hydrothermal treatment): Dechlorination, recovery of diethylhexyl phthalate and copper. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 189:276-289. [PMID: 39217802 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most widespread plastics in the world, the recycling of diethylhexyl phthalate-rich polyvinyl chloride (DEHP-rich PVC) faces great challenges because of the high levels of Cl and plasticizers. On the other hand, waste copper catalyst (WCC) discharged from various industrial processes is not effectively recycled. In this study, a significant synergistic effect between the DEHP-rich PVC and WCC was found in a subcritical water (SubCW) medium, and a co-treatment of the DEHP-rich PVC and WCC was developed by the SubCW process. The introduction of WCC significantly improved the dechlorination efficiency of the DEHP-rich PVC to 96.03 % at a low temperature of 250 °C. Under the optimal conditions, the leaching of copper from WCC reached a maximum of 81.08 %. Oil products included DEHP (55.7 %, GC peak area%), 3-methyl-3-heptene (37.3 %, GC peak area%), and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (7.0 %, GC peak area%). The dechlorination pathways of the DEHP-rich PVC included hydroxyl substitution and direct dechlorination. HCl released from the DEHP-rich PVC led to a decrease in the pH of the system and significant copper leaching from the WCC. DEHP was decomposed by hydrolysis, dehydration, and rearrangement reaction by the SubCW co-treatment process. The enhancement mechanism of the WCC for the dechlorination of the DEHP-rich PVC was based on that the conversion of copper species in the SubCW promoted the formation of hydroxyl radicals and the hydroxyl substitution for chlorine in PVC molecular chain. The proposed SubCW low-temperature co-treatment could be a prospective strategy for the low-energy and synchronous recovery of the two different wastes of the DEHP-rich PVC and WCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qi
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Wenting Shao
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Fu-Rong Xiu
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
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2
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Anglou E, Chang Y, Bradley W, Sievers C, Boukouvala F. Modeling Mechanochemical Depolymerization of PET in Ball-Mill Reactors Using DEM Simulations. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:9003-9017. [PMID: 38903749 PMCID: PMC11187622 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Developing efficient and sustainable chemical recycling pathways for consumer plastics is critical for mitigating the negative environmental implications associated with their end-of-life management. Mechanochemical depolymerization reactions have recently garnered great attention, as they are recognized as a promising solution for solvent-free transformation of polymers to monomers in the solid state. To this end, physics-based models that accurately describe the phenomena within ball mills are necessary to facilitate the exploration of operating conditions that would lead to optimal performance. Motivated by this, in this paper we develop a mathematical model that couples results from discrete element method (DEM) simulations and experiments to study mechanically-induced depolymerization. The DEM model was calibrated and validated via video experimental data and computer vision algorithms. A systematic study on the influence of the ball-mill operating parameters revealed a direct relationship between the operating conditions of the vibrating milling vessel and the total energy supplied to the system. Moreover, we propose a linear correlation between the high-fidelity DEM simulation results and experimental monomer yield data for poly(ethylene terephthalate) depolymerization, linking mechanical and energetic variables. Finally, we train a reduced-order model to address the high computational cost associated with DEM simulations. The predicted working variables are used as inputs to the proposed mathematical expression which allows for the fast estimation of monomer yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Anglou
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta , Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuchen Chang
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta , Georgia 30332, United States
| | - William Bradley
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta , Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carsten Sievers
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta , Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable
Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Fani Boukouvala
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta , Georgia 30332, United States
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3
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Jha RK, Neyhouse BJ, Young MS, Fagnani DE, McNeil AJ. Revisiting poly(vinyl chloride) reactivity in the context of chemical recycling. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5802-5813. [PMID: 38665509 PMCID: PMC11041365 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06758k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the highest production volume polymers due to its many applications, and it is one of the least recycled due to its chemical structure and frequent formulation with additives. Developing efficient PVC recycling techniques would enable PVC waste to be reused or repurposed in other processes. Within this context, the literature on PVC modification offers considerable insight into versatile reaction pathways, potentially inspiring new approaches for repurposing PVC waste into value-added products. This perspective provides an overview of PVC functionalization through a lens of chemical recycling, discussing various PVC reactivity trends and their applications with a critical assessment and future outlook of their recycling implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kant Jha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Bertrand J Neyhouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Morgan S Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Danielle E Fagnani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan 2300 Hayward Street Ann Arbor Michigan 48109-2800 USA
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4
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Kumar H, Kumagai S, Saito Y, Yoshioka T. Latest trends and challenges in PVC and copper recovery technologies for End-of-Life thin cables. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:400-410. [PMID: 38103350 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This review investigates the latest trends in separation technologies regarding hard-to-recycle thin cables, specifically in the form of end-of-life wire harnesses (WHs). The cables in WHs mainly contain copper (Cu) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which is commonly used to insulate and sheath cables. This review reveals that most separation technologies prioritize the recovery of Cu and overlook that of PVC. The recovery of high-purity PVC is very important because of its incompatibility with other plastics or Cu during recycling treatments. Through this investigation, we confirm that physical treatments, such as stripping and chopping, are insufficient to recover high-purity PVC from thin cables. Instead, a combination of chemical (e.g., swelling of PVC insulation or sheathing of cables under a suitable solvent) and physical (e.g., ball or rod milling and mechanical agitation of swollen cables) treatments can be used to achieve the recovery of high-purity PVC and Cu both for recycling. We believe that recovering metals and plastics from end-of-life cables is vital for sustainable waste management, offering several environmental and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harendra Kumar
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shogo Kumagai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Yuko Saito
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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5
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Kang J, Kim JY, Sung S, Lee Y, Gu S, Choi JW, Yoo CJ, Suh DJ, Choi J, Ha JM. Chemical upcycling of PVC-containing plastic wastes by thermal degradation and catalysis in a chlorine-rich environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123074. [PMID: 38048870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl)-containing chemicals, including hydrogen chloride, generated during thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and corresponding mixture impede the chemical recycling of PVC-containing plastic wastes. While upgrading plastic-derived vapors, the presence of Cl-containing chemicals may deactivate the catalysts. Accordingly, herein, catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapor prepared from a mixture of PVC and polyolefins is performed using a fixed-bed reactor comprising zeolites. Among the H-forms of zeolites (namely, ZSM-5, Y, β, and chabazite) used in this study, a higher yield of gas products composed of hydrocarbons with lower carbon numbers is obtained using H-ZSM-5, thus indicating further decomposition of the pyrolysis vapor to C1-C4 hydrocarbons on it. Although the formation of aromatic compounds is better on H-ZSM-5, product distributions can be adjusted by further modifying the acidic properties via the alteration of the Si/Al molar ratio, and maximum yields of C1-C4 compounds (60.8%) and olefins (64.7%) are achieved using a Si/Al molar ratio of 50. Additionally, metal ion exchange on H-ZSM-5 is conducted, and upgrading of PVC-containing waste-derived vapor to aromatic chemicals and small hydrocarbon molecules was successfully performed using Co-substituted H-ZSM-5. It reveals that the highest yield of gas products on 1.74 wt% cobalt (Co)-substituted H-ZSM-5 is acquired via the selection of an appropriate metal and metal ion concentration adjustment. Nevertheless, introduction of excess Co into the H-ZSM-5 surface decreases the cracking activity, thereby implying that highly distributed Co is required to achieve excellent cracking activity. The addition of Co also adjusted the acid types of H-ZSM-5, and more Lewis acid sites compared to Brønsted acid sites selectively produced olefins and naphthenes over paraffins and aromatics. The proposed approach can be a feasible process to produce valuable petroleum-replacing chemicals from Cl-containing mixed plastic wastes, contributing to the closed loops for upcycling plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Kang
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangseo Gu
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Choi
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Suh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyu Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Han M, Wu Y, Sun J, Geng X, Gao X, Zhou T, Lu J. Carbon feasibility of terminating plastic waste leakage by landfill mining: A case study based on practical projects in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167461. [PMID: 37778553 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Over 900 million tons (Mt) of plastic waste (PW) are disposed in Chinese landfills, posing a permanent risk of migration through environmental media. Landfill mining has emerged as a promising solution to this problem but requires incineration and a substantial energy supply for the excavation, sorting and recycling processes, which themselves exert environmental impacts, particularly on climate change. Based on the life cycle assessment of pilot-scale demonstration projects, this study investigates the carbon feasibility of landfill mining followed by several PW treatments to quantify whether terminating PW leakage from landfills will produce unaffordable greenhouse gas emissions in the drive towards carbon neutrality. The changing trend of the carbon feasibility was deduced considering the decarbonization scenarios of electricity sector and petrochemical industries. When all the sorted PW is treated by incineration with power generation, the climate-change impact of mining is 134.10 kg CO2-eq per ton of aged refuse, projected to increase by 100.47 % in 2050. To completely eliminate the PW in Chinese landfills, the incineration pathway would generate a minimum of 2457.66 Mt CO2-eq emissions, equivalent to 17.69 % of the 2020 emissions in China by carbon flow analysis. In all scenarios, the most carbon-feasible solution was mechanical recycling of high-quality PW combined with chemical recycling of low-quality PW, although the industrial application of chemical recycling technologies remains uncertain. This study provides stakeholders with systematic guidance for balancing the trade-off between PW management and climate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Han
- Innovation Centre for Environment and Resources, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, No. 333 Long teng Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yinglei Wu
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hon go, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, 174 Sha zheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaomeng Geng
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Si ping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, 174 Sha zheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Si ping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Innovation Centre for Environment and Resources, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, No. 333 Long teng Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China.
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7
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Wędrychowicz M, Kurowiak J, Skrzekut T, Noga P. Recycling of Electrical Cables-Current Challenges and Future Prospects. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6632. [PMID: 37895613 PMCID: PMC10608251 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Civilization and technical progress are not possible without energy. Dynamic economic growth translates into a systematic increase in demand for electricity. Ensuring the continuity and reliability of electricity supplies is one of the most important aspects of energy security in highly developed countries. Growing energy consumption results not only in the need to build new power plants but also in the need to expand and increase transmission capacity. Therefore, large quantities of electric cables are produced all over the world, and after some time, they largely become waste. Recycling of electric cables focuses on the recovery of metals, mainly copper and aluminum, while polymer insulation is often considered waste and ends up in landfills. Currently, more and more stringent regulations are being introduced, mainly environmental ones, which require maximizing the reduction in waste. This article provides a literature review on cable recycling, presenting the advantages and disadvantages of various recycling methods, including mechanical and material recycling. It has been found that currently, there are very large possibilities for recycling cables, and intensive scientific work is being carried out on their development, which is consistent with global climate policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wędrychowicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 4 Street, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Jagoda Kurowiak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 4 Street, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Skrzekut
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Piotr Noga
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (P.N.)
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8
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Lu L, Li W, Cheng Y, Liu M. Chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:245-258. [PMID: 37196390 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The extensive production and consumption of plastics has resulted in significant plastic waste and plastic pollution. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste has a high chlorine content and is the primary source of chlorine in the plastic waste stream, potentially generating hazardous chlorinated organic pollutants if treated improperly. This review discusses PVC synthesis, applications, and the current types and challenges of PVC waste management. Dechlorination is vital for the chemical recycling of PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste. We review dehydrochlorination and dechlorination mechanisms of PVC using thermal degradation and wet treatments, and summarize the recent progress in chemical treatments and dechlorination principles. This review provides readers with a comprehensive analysis of chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste to transform them into chemicals, fuels, feedstock, and value-added polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiming Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China.
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Xue N, Lu J, Gu D, Lou Y, Yuan Y, Li G, Kumagai S, Saito Y, Yoshioka T, Zhang N. Carbon footprint analysis and carbon neutrality potential of desalination by electrodialysis for different applications. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119716. [PMID: 36796153 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low-carbon water production technologies are indispensable for achieving sustainable development goals and mitigating global climate change. However, at present, many advanced water treatment processes lack a systematic assessment of related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus, quantifying their life-cycle GHG emissions and proposing strategies toward carbon neutrality is urgently needed. This case study focuses on electrodialysis (ED), an electricity-driven desalination technology. To analyze the carbon footprint of ED desalination in various applications, a life cycle assessment model was developed based on industrial-scale ED processes. For seawater desalination, the carbon footprint is 59.74 kg CO2-eq/metric ton removed salt, which is one order of magnitude lower than that of high-salinity wastewater treatment and organic solvent desalination. Meanwhile, the power consumption during operation is the main hotspot of GHG emissions. Power grid decarbonization and improved waste recycling in China are projected to reduce the carbon footprint up to 92%. Meanwhile, the contribution of operation power consumption is expected to reduce from 95.83% to 77.84% for organic solvent desalination. Through sensitivity analysis, significant non-linear impacts of process variables on the carbon footprint were determined. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the process design and operation to reduce power consumption based on the current fossil-based grid. GHG reduction for module production and disposal should also be emphasized. This method can be extended to general water treatment or other industrial technologies for carbon footprint assessment and reducing GHG emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xue
- Innovation Centre for Environment and Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, No.333 Longteng Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Innovation Centre for Environment and Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, No.333 Longteng Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Dungang Gu
- Innovation Centre for Environment and Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, No.333 Longteng Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuhang Lou
- Innovation Centre for Environment and Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, No.333 Longteng Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Innovation Centre for Environment and Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, No.333 Longteng Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Innovation Centre for Environment and Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, No.333 Longteng Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Shogo Kumagai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nan Zhang
- Centre for Process Integration, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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10
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Debromination of Waste Circuit Boards by Reaction in Solid and Liquid Phases: Phenomenological Behavior and Kinetics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061388. [PMID: 36987169 PMCID: PMC10052934 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The debromination of waste circuit boards (WCBs) used in computer motherboards and components has been studied with two different pieces of equipment. Firstly, the reaction of small particles (around one millimeter in diameter) and larger pieces obtained from WCBs was carried out with several solutions of K2CO3 in small non-stirred batch reactors at 200–225 °C. The kinetics of this heterogeneous reaction has been studied considering both the mass transfer and chemical reaction steps, concluding that the chemical step is much slower than diffusion. Additionally, similar WCBs were debrominated using a planetary ball mill and solid reactants, namely calcined CaO, marble sludge, and calcined marble sludge. A kinetic model has been applied to this reaction, finding that an exponential model is able to explain the results quite satisfactorily. The activity of the marble sludge is about 13% of that of pure CaO and is increased to 29% when slightly calcinating its calcite at only 800 °C for 2 h.
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11
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Ling M, Ma D, Hu X, Liu Z, Wang D, Feng Q. Hydrothermal treatment of polyvinyl chloride: Reactors, dechlorination chemistry, application, and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137718. [PMID: 36592841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic wastes can bring a series of problems during pyrolysis or incineration such as the emission of dioxins, corrosion, slagging in the reactors, etc. Hydrothermal treatment of PVC plastics has been intensively studied as it can efficiently remove chlorine from PVC plastics under relatively mild reaction conditions (220-300 °C) to provide value-added products. Meanwhile, the research progress, knowledge gaps, and challenges in this field have not been well addressed yet. This paper gives a comprehensive review of hydrothermal dechlorination of PVC plastics regarding reactors, process variables and fundamentals, possible applications, and challenges. The main pathways of hydrothermal dechlorination of PVC plastics are elimination and -OH nucleophilic substitution. Catalytic hydrothermal and co-hydrothermal optimize the chemical reactions and transportation, boosting the dechlorination of PVC plastics. Hydrochar derived from PVC plastics, on the one hand, is coalified close to sub-bituminous and bituminous coal and can be used as low-chlorine solid fuel. On the other hand, it is also a porous material with aromatic structure and oxygen-containing functional groups, with good potential as adsorbent or energy storage materials. Further studies are expected to focus on waste liquid treatment, revealing the energy and economic balance, reducing the dechlorination temperature and pressure, expanding the application of products, etc. for promoting the implementation of the hydrothermal treatment of PVC plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Ling
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dachao Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xuan Hu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Qingge Feng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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12
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Xiu FR, Tan X, Qi Y, Wang M. Treatment of DEHP-rich PVC waste in subcritical urine wastewater: Efficient dechlorination, denitrification, plasticizer decomposition, and preparation of high-purity phthalic acid crystals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129820. [PMID: 36103762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to dispose diethylhexyl phthalate-rich polyvinyl chloride (DEHP-rich PVC) waste due to the high level of chlorine and plasticizer. On the other hand, the denitrification of urine wastewater with high nitrogen content also faces great challenges. In this study, a synergistic treatment strategy was developed for the DEHP-rich PVC waste and urine wastewater by a subcritical water process. Subcritical urine wastewater (SUW) was used as a reaction medium in the synergistic treatment. PVC dechlorination, DEHP decomposition, and denitrification of urine wastewater were synchronously achieved in the one pot SUW. Under the optimal conditions (300 °C, 15 min, 1:5 g/mL), the PVC dechlorination ratio, urine wastewater denitrification ratio and DEHP decomposition ratio could reach 98.4%, 64.9%, and 99.2%, respectively. The decomposition of DEHP mainly included hydrolysis, nucleophilic substitution, and acylation. DEHP could be converted into phthalic acid crystal at 220 °C with a yield of 66.25% due to the efficient hydrolysis action of SUW. All the removed Cl was transferred from PVC matrix to aqueous phase. Hydroxyl nucleophilic substitution is the principal dechlorination path of PVC. The reactions between N-containing species and DEHP in SUW resulted in the high-efficiency denitrification of urine wastewater, and the N element was fixed in solid residue or transferred to oil phase as amides compounds. It is believed that the proposed SUW process is a promising technology for the synergistic treatment of DEHP-rich PVC waste and urine wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Xiu
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Xiaochun Tan
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yingying Qi
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong, China
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Yang W, Cao X, Zhang Q, Ma R, Fang L, Liu S. Coupled microwave hydrothermal dechlorination and geopolymer preparation for the solidification/stabilization of heavy metals and chlorine in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158563. [PMID: 36087669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To improve the degradation efficiency of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA), as well as to overcome the difficulties of subsequent hydrothermal liquid and hydrothermal slag treatment, a two-step treatment strategy of microwave hydrothermal degradation coupled with geopolymer immobilization was proposed. Results showed that the optimal process parameters for microwave hydrothermal dechlorination were a temperature of 220 °C, a time of 1 h, and NaOH addition of 10 wt%. Microwaves accelerated the OH- mediated hydrolysis reactions and promoted the breaking of CCl bonds, leading to dechlorination. The compressive strength of the 20 % MSWIFA-based geopolymers reached 75.79 MPa, and the immobilization rate of the heavy metals (HMs) and Cl- surpassed 90 %. Alkaline environment provided by microwave hydrothermal promoted the formation of Ca(OH)2, which subsequently formed Friedel's salt (3CaO•Al2O3•CaCl2•10H2O) with Cl- in the geopolymer. The charge density difference and density of states (DOS) of Friedel's salt were analyzed by first-principles calculations, confirming that the existence of strong interactions between Ca-s, Al-p, O-p, and Cl-p states was the chemical mechanism of Cl- immobilization. The Friedel's salt and HMs were encapsulated by geopolymers with dense silica-alumina tetrahedral frameworks, achieving the solidification/stabilization (S/S) of HMs and Cl-. This work provided a new approach for the environmentally sound and resourceful treatment of MSWIFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xing Cao
- Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Flexible Transparent Conductive Films, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiushi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lin Fang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Buryakovskaya OA, Vlaskin MS. Hydrogen Recovery from Waste Aluminum-Plastic Composites Treated with Alkaline Solution. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8699. [PMID: 36500195 PMCID: PMC9736470 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An alternative solution to the problem of aluminum-plastic multilayer waste utilization was suggested. The process can be used for hydrogen generation and layer separation. Three different sorts of aluminum-plastic sandwich materials were treated with an alkali solution. In the temperature range of 50-70 °C, for tablet blisters of polyvinylchloride and aluminum (14.8 wt.%), the latter thoroughly reacted in 15-30 min. For sheets of paper, polyethylene, and aluminum (20 wt.%), full hydrogen 'recovery' from reacted aluminum component took 3-8 min. From the lids of polyethylene terephthalate, aluminum (60 wt.%), and painted polyethylene with perforations, the aluminum was consumed after 45-105 min. The effect of perforations was the reduction of the process duration from nearly 90 min for the lids with no perforations to nearly 45 min for the perforated ones (at 70 °C). Perforations provided better contact between the aluminum foil, isolated between the plastic layers, and the alkali solution. Hydrogen bubbles originating near those perforations provided foil separation from the upper painted plastic layer by creating gas gaps between them. The remaining components of the composite multilayer materials were separated and ready for further recycling.
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Jing M, Zhao P, Chen T, Li J. Synergistic effect of polyvinyl chloride and coal ash on thermal separation of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash through molten salt process. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1660-1668. [PMID: 35686983 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (FA) contains high contents of salts and high concentrations of heavy metals, which makes FA disposal extremely difficult. However, heavy metal elements could potentially be separated from FA during thermal treatment process to make it possible to be recycled. This work aims to study the volatilization of heavy metals in FA treated by molten salt method. The influence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and coal ash (CA) on volatilization of heavy metals was investigated. Within the scope of this study, the highest heavy metal removal rate can be under the condition: the calcium chloride/sodium chloride weight ratio 1:1, the FA/molten salt weight ratio 1:10, treatment temperature 1000°C for 2 hours in reducing atmosphere. The volatilization rates of lead, zinc, copper, chromium and manganese were 86.20, 67.53, 65.24, 50.07 and 39.45%, respectively. On the basis of molten salt treatment, adding PVC could promote the volatilization of heavy metals. The volatilization rate of lead was 96.71%, and the volatilization rates of chromium and manganese were higher than 60% when the content of PVC was 5 wt%. When adding 10 wt% CA and 1 wt% polyvinyl chloride, the volatilization rate of lead could reach 100%. The experiments and thermodynamic calculations showed that silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide in CA and hydrochloric acid decomposed from PVC could promote the chlorination and volatilization of heavy metals. The volatilized heavy metal chlorides provided the possibility of recovery and utilization of heavy metals in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Jing
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- Engineering Research Central of Pavement Materials, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tongdan Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangjiang Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
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A Brief Review of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Recycling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153035. [PMID: 35893999 PMCID: PMC9332854 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bearing in mind the aspiration of the world economy to create as complete a closed loop of raw materials and energy as possible, it is important to know the individual links in such a system and to systematise the knowledge. Polymer materials, especially poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), are considered harmful to the environment by a large part of society. The work presents a literature review on mechanical and feedstock recycling. The advantages and disadvantages of various recycling methods and their development perspectives are presented. The general characteristics of PVC are also described. In conclusion, it is stated that there are currently high recycling possibilities for PVC material and that intensive work is underway on the development of feedstock recycling. Based on the literature review, it was found that PVC certainly meets the requirements for materials involved in the circular economy.
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Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang L. Recent Progress in the Chemical Upcycling of Plastic Wastes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4137-4151. [PMID: 34003585 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The massive generation of plastic wastes without satisfactory treatment has induced severe environmental problems and gained increasing attentions. In this Minireview, recent progresses in the chemical upcycling of plastic wastes by using various methods (mainly in the past three to five years) is summarized. The chemical upcycling of plastic wastes points out a "plastic-based refinery" concept, which is to use the plastic wastes as platform feedstocks to produce highly valuable monomeric or oligomeric compounds, putting the plastic wastes back into a circular economy. The different chemical methods to upcycle plastic wastes, including hydrogenolysis, photocatalysis, pyrolysis, solvolysis, and others, are introduced in each section to valorize diverse plastic feedstocks into value-added chemicals, materials, or fuels. In addition, other emerging technologies as well as the new generation of plastic thermosets are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Rd, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China
| | - Yudi Wang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Rd, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Rd, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China
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Lu J, Kumagai S, Fukushima Y, Ohno H, Kameda T, Saito Y, Yoshioka T. Combined Experiment, Simulation, and Ex-ante LCA Approach for Sustainable Cl Recovery from NaCl/Ethylene Glycol by Electrodialysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lu
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shogo Kumagai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fukushima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomohito Kameda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Lu J, Borjigin S, Kumagai S, Kameda T, Saito Y, Yoshioka T. Machine learning-based discrete element reaction model for predicting the dechlorination of poly (vinyl chloride) in NaOH/ethylene glycol solvent with ball milling. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2020.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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20
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Zakharyan EM, Petrukhina NN, Maksimov AL. Pathways of Chemical Recycling of Polyvinyl Chloride: Part 1. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220090013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Zakharyan EM, Petrukhina NN, Dzhabarov EG, Maksimov AL. Pathways of Chemical Recycling of Polyvinyl Chloride. Part 2. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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