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Xu F, Shang J, Abdurexit A, Jamal R, Abdiryim T, Li Z, You J, Wei J, Su E, Huang L. Effect of Chemical Treatment of Cotton Stalk Fibers on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of PLA/PP Blended Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1641. [PMID: 38931991 PMCID: PMC11207778 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Different chemical treatment methods were employed to modify the surface of cotton stalk fibers, which were then utilized as fillers in composite materials. These treated fibers were incorporated into polylactic acid/polypropylene melt blends using the melt blending technique. Results indicated that increasing the surface roughness of cotton stalk fibers could enhance the overall mechanical properties of the composite materials, albeit potentially leading to poor fiber-matrix compatibility. Conversely, a smooth fiber surface was found to improve compatibility with polylactic acid, while Si-O-C silane coating increased fiber regularity and interfacial interaction with the matrix, thereby enhancing heat resistance. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composite materials made from alkali/silane-treated fibers exhibited the most significant improvement. Furthermore, better dispersion of fibers in the matrix and more regular fiber orientation were conducive to increasing the overall crystallinity of the composite materials. However, such fiber distribution was not favorable for enhancing impact resistance, although this drawback could be mitigated by increasing the surface roughness of the reinforcing fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jin Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Abdukeyum Abdurexit
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Ruxangul Jamal
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Tursun Abdiryim
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Jiangan You
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Erman Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Longjiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
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Azizan A, Samsudin AA, Shamshul Baharin MB, Dzulkiflee MH, Rosli NR, Abu Bakar NF, Adlim M. Cellulosic fiber nanocomposite application review with zinc oxide antimicrobial agent nanoparticle: an opt for COVID-19 purpose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16779-16796. [PMID: 35084685 PMCID: PMC8793331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic fiber (CF) in nanoform is emergingly finding its way for COVID-19 solution for instance via nanocomposite/nanoparticle from various abundant biopolymeric waste materials, which may not be widely commercialized when the pandemic strikes recently. The possibility is wide open but needs proper collection of knowledge and research data. Thus, this article firstly reviews CF produced from various lignocellulosic or biomass feedstocks' pretreatment methods in various nanoforms or nanocomposites, also serving together with metal oxide (MeO) antimicrobial agents having certain analytical reporting. CF-MeO hybrid product can be a great option for COVID-19 antimicrobial resistant environment to be proposed considering the long-established CF and MeO laboratory investigations. Secondly, a preliminary pH investigation of 7 to 12 on zinc oxide synthesis discussing on Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) functional groups and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images are also presented, justifying the knowledge requirement for future stable nanocomposite formulation. In addition to that, recent precursors suitable for zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesis with emergingly prediction to serve as COVID-19 purposes via different products, aligning with CFs or nanocellulose for industrial applications are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amizon Azizan
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Aisyah Afiqah Samsudin
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Harith Dzulkiflee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Roslina Rosli
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Adlim
- Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Science, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111 Darussalam Banda Aceh, Kuala, Indonesia
- Chemistry Department, FKIP, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111 Darussalam Banda Aceh, Kuala, Indonesia
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Boey JY, Lee CK, Tay GS. Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Bioplastics: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183737. [PMID: 36145883 PMCID: PMC9505779 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The short life cycle and recalcitrant nature of petroleum-based plastics have been associated with plastic waste accumulation due to their composition rather than worldwide overproduction. The drive to replace single-use products has sparked a considerable amount of research work to discover sustainable options for petroleum-based plastics. Bioplastics open up a new horizon in plastics manufacturing operations and industrial sectors because of their low environmental impact, superior biodegradability, and contribution to sustainable goals. Their mechanical properties regarding tensile, flexural, hardness, and impact strength vary substantially. Various attempts have been made to augment their mechanical characteristics and capacities by incorporating reinforcement materials, such as inorganic and lignocellulosic fibres. This review summarizes the research on the properties of bioplastics modified by fibre reinforcement, with a focus on mechanical performance. The mechanical properties of reinforced bioplastics are significantly driven by parameters such as filler type, filler percentage, and aspect ratio. Fibre treatment aims to promote fibre–matrix adhesion by changing their physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. A general overview of how different filler treatments affect the mechanical properties of the composite is also presented. Lastly, the application of natural fibre-reinforced bioplastics in the automobile, construction, and packaging industries is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Yin Boey
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-4-6532201
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Endophytic fungi: a potential source of industrial enzyme producers. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:86. [PMID: 35273898 PMCID: PMC8894535 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread use in various industries and medicine due to their stability, ease of production, and optimization. Endophytic fungi in plant tissues produce a wide range of secondary metabolites and enzymes, which exhibit a variety of biological activities. The present review illustrates promising applications of enzymes produced by endophytic fungi and discusses the characteristic features of the enzymes, application of the endophytic fungal enzymes in therapeutics, agriculture, food, and biofuel industries. Endophytic fungi producing ligninolytic enzymes have possible biotechnological applications in lignocellulosic biorefineries. The global market of industrially important enzymes, challenges, and future prospects are illustrated. However, the commercialization of endophytic fungal enzymes for industrial purposes is yet to be explored. The present review suggests that endophytic fungi can produce various enzymes and may become a novel source for upscaling the production of enzymes of industrial use.
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Dolçà C, Fages E, Gonga E, Garcia-Sanoguera D, Balart R, Quiles-Carrillo L. The Effect of Varying the Amount of Short Hemp Fibers on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites from Biobased Polyethylene Processed by Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010138. [PMID: 35012159 PMCID: PMC8747228 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobased HDPE (bioHDPE) was melt-compounded with different percentages (2.5 to 40.0 wt.%) of short hemp fibers (HF) as a natural reinforcement to obtain environmentally friendly wood plastic composites (WPC). These WPC were melt-compounded using a twin-screw extrusion and shaped into standard samples by injection molding. To improve the poor compatibility between the high non-polar BioHDPE matrix and the highly hydrophilic lignocellulosic fibers, a malleated copolymer, namely, polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA), was used. The addition of short hemp fibers provided a remarkable increase in the stiffness that, in combination with PE-g-MA, led to good mechanical performance. In particular, 40 wt.% HF drastically increased the Young’s modulus and impact strength of BioHDPE, reaching values of 5275 MPa and 3.6 kJ/m2, respectively, which are very interesting values compared to neat bioHDPE of 826 MPa and 2.0 kJ/m2. These results were corroborated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) results, which revealed a clear increasing tendency on stiffness with increasing the fiber loading over the whole temperature range. The crystal structure was not altered by the introduction of the natural fibers as could be seen in the XRD patterns in which mainly the heights of the main peaks changed, and only small peaks associated with the presence of the fiber appeared. Analysis of the thermal properties of the composites showed that no differences in melting temperature occurred and the non-isothermal crystallization process was satisfactorily described from the combined Avrami and Ozawa model. As for the thermal degradation, the introduction of HF resulted in the polymer degradation taking place at a higher temperature. As for the change in color of the injected samples, it was observed that the increase in fiber generated a clear modification in the final shades of the pieces, reaching colors very similar to dark woods for percentages higher than 20% HF. Finally, the incorporation of an increasing percentage of fibers also increased water absorption due to its lignocellulosic nature in a linear way, which drastically improved the polarity of the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Dolçà
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eloi Gonga
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - David Garcia-Sanoguera
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (R.B.)
| | - Rafael Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (R.B.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-528-433
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Sherwani SFK, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Leman Z, Khalina A. Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Treated Sugar Palm/Glass Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3620. [PMID: 34771176 PMCID: PMC8587872 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was performed to evaluate the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of treated sugar palm fiber (SPF)/glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) hybrid composites. Morphological investigations of tensile and flexural fractured samples of composites were conducted with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Alkaline and benzoyl chloride (BC) treatments of SPFs were performed. A constant weight fraction of 30% total fiber loading and 70% poly(lactic acid) were considered. The composites were initially prepared by a Brabender Plastograph, followed by a hot-pressing machine. The results reported that the best tensile and flexural strengths of 26.3 MPa and 27.3 MPa were recorded after alkaline treatment of SPF, while the highest values of tensile and flexural moduli of 607 MPa and 1847 MPa were recorded after BC treatment of SPF for SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites. The novel SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites could be suitable for fabricating automotive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. K. Sherwani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Z. Leman
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - A. Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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de Albuquerque TL, Marques Júnior JE, de Queiroz LP, Ricardo ADS, Rocha MVP. Polylactic acid production from biotechnological routes: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:933-951. [PMID: 34273343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) has been highlighted as an important polymer due to its high potential for applicability in various areas, such as in the chemical, medical, pharmaceutical or biotechnology field. Very recently, studies have reported its use as a basic component for the production of personal protective equipment (PPE) required for the prevention of Sars-Cov-2 contamination, responsible for the cause of coronavirus disease, which is currently a major worldwide sanitary and social problem. PLA is considered a non-toxic, biodegradable and compostable plastic with interesting characteristics from the industrial point of view, and it emerges as a promising product under the concept of "green plastic", since most of the polymers produced currently are petroleum-based, a non-renewable raw material. Biotechnology routes have been mentioned as potential methodologies for the production of this polymer, especially by enzymatic routes, in particular by use of lipases enzymes. The availability of pure lactic acid isomers is a fundamental aspect of the manufacture of PLA with more interesting mechanical and thermal properties. Due to the technological importance that PLA-based polymers are acquiring, as well as their characteristics and applicability in several fields, especially medical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology, this review article sought to gather very recent information regarding the development of research in this area. The main highlight of this study is that it was carried out from a biotechnological point of view, aiming at a totally green bioplastic production, since the obtaining of lactic acid, which will be used as raw material for the PLA synthesis, until the degradation of the polymer obtained by biological routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Lima de Albuquerque
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Departament of Chemical Engineering, Bloco 709, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Edvan Marques Júnior
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Departament of Chemical Engineering, Bloco 709, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lívia Pinheiro de Queiroz
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Departament of Chemical Engineering, Bloco 709, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Anderson Diógenes Souza Ricardo
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Departament of Chemical Engineering, Bloco 709, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Departament of Chemical Engineering, Bloco 709, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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