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You X, Shen L, Zhao Y, Zhao DL, Teng J, Lin H, Li R, Xu Y, Zhang M. Quantifying interfacial interactions for improved membrane antifouling: A novel approach using triangulation and surface element integration method. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:775-783. [PMID: 37441970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
To gain a thorough understanding of interfacial behaviors such as adhesion and flocculation controlling membrane fouling, it is necessary to simulate the actual membrane surface morphology and quantify interfacial interactions. In this work, a new method integrating the rough membrane morphology reconstruction technology (atomic force microscopy (AFM) combining with triangulation technique), the surface element integration (SEI) method, the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory, the compound Simpson's approach, and the computer programming was proposed. This new method can exactly mimic the real membrane surface in terms of roughness and shape, breaking the limitation of previous fractal theory and Gaussian method where the simulated membrane surface is only statistically similar to the real rough surface, thus achieving a precise description of the interfacial interactions between sludge foulants and the real membrane surface. This method was then applied to assess the antifouling propensity of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane modified with Ni-ZnO particles (NZPs). The simulated results showed that the interfacial interactions between sludge foulants in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and the modified PVDF-NZPs membrane transformed from an attractive force to a repulsive force. The phenomenon confirmed the significant antifouling propensity of the PVDF-NZPs membrane, which is highly consistent with the experimental findings and the interfacial interactions described in previous literature, suggesting the high feasibility and reliability of the proposed method. Meanwhile, the original programming code of the quantification was also developed, which further facilitates the widespread use of this method and enhances the value of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujia You
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Liguo Shen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ying Zhao
- Teachers' Colleges, Beijing Union University, 5 Waiguanxiejie Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100011, China.
| | - Die Ling Zhao
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jiaheng Teng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Renjie Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Yanchao Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Meijia Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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2
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Barbhuiya NH, Misra U, Singh SP. Biocatalytic membranes for combating the challenges of membrane fouling and micropollutants in water purification: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131757. [PMID: 34371356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the list of water contaminants has grown tremendously due to many anthropogenic activities. Various conventional technologies are available for water and wastewater treatment. However, micropollutants of emerging concern (MEC) are posing a great threat due to their activity at trace concentration and poor removal efficiency by the conventional treatment processes. Advanced technology like membrane technology can remove MEC to some extent. However, issues like the different chemical properties of MEC, selectivity, and fouling of membranes can affect the removal efficiency. Moreover, the concentrate from the membrane filtration may need further treatment. Enzymatic degradation of pollutants and foulants is one of the green approaches for removing various contaminants from the water as well as mitigating membrane fouling. Biocatalytic membranes (BCMs), in which enzymes are immobilized on membranes, combines the advantages of membrane separation and enzymatic degradation. This review article discussed various commonly used enzymes in BCMs for removing MEC and fouling. The majorly used enzymes were oxidoreductases and hydrolases for removing MEC, antifouling, and self-cleaning ability. The various BCM synthesis processes based on entrapment, crosslinking, and binding have been summarized, along with the effects of the addition of the nanoparticles on the performances of the BCMs. The scale-up, commercial viability, challenges, and future direction for improving BCMs have been discussed and shown bright possibilities for these new generation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmul Haque Barbhuiya
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Utkarsh Misra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Swatantra P Singh
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies (IDPCS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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3
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Xiao W, Xu G, Li G. Effect of nanobubble application on performance and structural characteristics of microbial aggregates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142725. [PMID: 33069472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein an investigation on the performance and structural properties with aspects of stability, composition, functional group, and three-dimensional distribution were approached to evaluate the influence of nanobubble aeration to the two most common microbial aggregates, activated sludge and biofilm. This study found that applying nanobubble effectively provided extra oxygen for microbial aggregates and achieved a 10.58% improvement in total nitrogen removal. The structure of microbial aggregates was enhanced, where extracellular protein and polysaccharides respectively increased as maximum as 3.40 and 1.70 times in biofilm and activated sludge, accompanied by the development of activated sludge floc size and the thickness of biofilm. Further investigation on extracellular polymeric substance and surface of microbial aggregates showed the composition of functional substances of microbial aggregates were shifted by the application of nanobubble, especially the oxygen-sensitive ones. Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging visualized that the nanobubble changed the morphology of biofilm to a more evenly one. However, an adaptive process was more needed for activated sludge rather than biofilm, it suggested application of NB optimized the distribution of functional microorganisms in-depth and the metabolism pathway of them by accelerating the structure development of microbial aggregates, especially for biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Xiao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Guoren Xu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Guibai Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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4
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High-Loaded Bioflocculation Membrane Reactor of Novel Structure for Organic Matter Recovery from Sewage: Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Bioflocculation and Membrane Fouling. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new structure of high-load membrane bioreactor (HLB-MR) was used to treat urban sewage, and the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) on biological flocculation and membrane pollution were researched. Parallel comparative experiments were used to investigate the concentration and recovery efficiency of organic matter, the bioflocculation effect, the content of extracellular polymer substance (EPS), the concentration of metal cations, membrane fouling status and microbial community structure in the reactors under the conditions of 1–2 and 6–8 mg/L. The flocculation efficiency of HLB-MR was 83% and 89% when DO was 1–2 and 6–8 mg/L, respectively. Under DO of 6–8 mg/L, the contents of bound and free EPS in the HLB-MR were 15.64 mg/gVSS and 8.71 mg/L, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those obtained when DO was 1–2 mg/L (11.83 mg/gVSS and 6.56 mg/L, respectively). Moreover, the concentrations of magnesium and aluminum in the concentrate of the HLB-MR were significantly higher when DO was 6–8 mg/L. Under higher DO concentration, there would be more EPS combined with metal cations, and thus fixed in the sludge substrate, the process of which promoted the bioflocculation. Changes in the transmembrane pressure (TMP) showed that the HLB-MR at a higher DO concentration suffered more serious membrane fouling. The species difference between the supernatant and precipitate was more significant under a higher DO concentration. The plankton species in the supernatant, e.g., norank_p__Saccharibacteria, norank_f__Neisseriaceae, and 12up, were likely to exacerbate membrane fouling. However, the species in the precipitate like Trichococcus, Ornithinibacter, and norank_f__Saprospiraceae may have a positive effect on bioflocculation.
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Bai Y, Wu YH, Wang YH, Tong X, Zhao XH, Ikuno N, Hu HY. Membrane fouling potential of the denitrification filter effluent and the control mechanism by ozonation in the process of wastewater reclamation. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115591. [PMID: 32062226 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A process of denitrification filter (DNF) coupled with ultrafiltration (UF) and ozonation (DNF-UF-O3) has been widely applied to advanced nitrogen removal for wastewater reclamation. Despite of the effective removal of nitrogen by DNF, the influence of DNF stage on the operation of UF was still unclear. In this study, a laboratory filtration system was used to investigate the membrane fouling potential of DNF effluent and the fouling control of ozonation. The membrane fouling potential was proved to be increased significantly after DNF stage and alleviated with ozonation treatment. With the help of UV-vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular weight (MW) analysis, the change of DOM component characteristics was proved to be in accordance with the change of fouling potential. The water samples were further fractionated into six hydrophobic/hydrophilic acidic/basic/neutral fractions, among which hydrophobic acids (HOA) and hydrophobic neutrals (HON) dominated the membrane fouling potential of DNF effluent. Detailed study of each fraction revealed that higher MW components in HOA and HON played a crucial role in the fouling of UF membrane. The dominant component of membrane fouling could be degraded and removed by ozonation, and therefore significant fouling alleviation was achieved. These results indicated that in the process of wastewater reclamation, besides conventional water quality indexes, more detailed water features should also be taken into consideration to optimize the whole process. Moreover, the control effects by ozonation could be monitored simply according to the change of specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and fluorescence intensity as surrogates in engineering applications. According to these results, a modified DNF-O3-UF process with O3 dosage of 3 mg/L was proposed simply by reversing the sequence of UF and O3 with no more infrastructure. This modified DNF-O3-UF process was expected to enlarge the produce capacity of reclaimed water with much lower electricity costs and chemical consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Bai
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Yun-Hong Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xin Tong
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xue-Hao Zhao
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Nozomu Ikuno
- Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-0001, Japan
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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6
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Jeong SY, Lee CH, Yi T, Kim TG. Effects of Quorum Quenching on Biofilm Metacommunity in a Membrane Bioreactor. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:84-97. [PMID: 31250076 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quorum quenching (QQ) has received attention for the control of biofilms, e.g., biofilms that cause biofouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Despite the efficacy of QQ on biofouling, it is elusive how QQ influences biofilm formation on membranes. A pilot-scale QQ-MBR and non-QQ-MBR were identically operated for 4 days and 8 days to destructively sample the membranes. QQ prolonged the membrane filterability by 43% with no harmful influence on MBR performance. qPCR showed no effect of QQ on microbial density during either of these time periods. Community comparisons revealed that QQ influenced the bacterial and fungal community structures, and the fungal structure corresponded with the bacterial structure. Metacommunity and spatial analyses showed that QQ induced structural variation rather than compositional variation of bacteria and fungi. Moreover, QQ considerably enhanced the bacterial dispersal across membrane during the early development. As the dispersal enhancement by QQ counteracted the ecological drift, it eliminated the distance-decay relationship, reflecting a neutral theory archetype of metacommunity. Network analyses showed that QQ substantially reduced the amount and magnitude of interactions, e.g., competition and cooperation, for bacteria and fungi, and weakened their network structures, irrespective of time. Additionally, QQ suppressed the growth of specific microbial species (e.g., Acinetobacter), abundant and widespread at the early stage. These findings suggest that QQ influenced the community dynamics at the regional and local levels, correspondingly the ecological selection and dispersal processes, during the biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeon Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hak Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Yi
- National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Choongnam, 33657, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Gwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Arefi-Oskoui S, Khataee A, Safarpour M, Orooji Y, Vatanpour V. A review on the applications of ultrasonic technology in membrane bioreactors. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 58:104633. [PMID: 31450367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have received increasing attention in the field of wastewater treatment in recent years. However, membrane fouling is the main problem of MBRs, limiting their widespread and large applications. Membrane cleaning methods can be mainly classified into four types including chemical, physical, physico-chemical and biological clean the fouled membrane. In recent years, ultrasonication has been reported as a promising cleaning technique for the membranes fouled in MBRs. Ultrasonic irradiation can clean the fouled membrane by creating important physical phenomena including microjets, microstreams and shock waves. Moreover, the ultrasonic method can be combined with other cleaning methods e.g. chemical cleaning and backwashing in order to improve the cleaning efficiency. It should be noted that the application of ultrasonic in the MBR system is not limited to the cleaning of membrane. The pretreatment of the wastewater by ultrasonic irradiation or ultrasound coupled with other methods, e.g. ozonation, prior to MBR system, can decrease the organic loading of the wastewater and subsequently postpone the fouling of the membrane. This paper critically reviews the recent advances in the applications of ultrasound in MBR systems. Emerging issues associated with application of on-line ultrasound and also hybrid on-line ultrasound for controlling the membrane fouling in MBR systems are critically reviewed. Moreover, application of the ultrasound in ex-situ form for cleaning the fouled membranes and pretreatment of wastewater prior to the MBR system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Arefi-Oskoui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Mahdie Safarpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, 83714-161 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran
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Kimura K, Uchida H. Intensive membrane cleaning for MBRs equipped with flat-sheet ceramic membranes: Controlling negative effects of chemical reagents used for membrane cleaning. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:21-28. [PMID: 30503871 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intensive membrane cleaning can be used with ceramic membranes since they are physically/chemically robust. It might therefore be possible for membrane bioreactors (MBRs) to be operated under the condition of a high membrane flux when ceramic membranes are used with such intensive membrane cleaning. In this study, bench-scale MBRs equipped with flat-sheet ceramic membranes were operated for long periods. Circulation of granular materials (cylindrical polyurethane) in the tank and frequent chemically enhanced backwash (CEB) were used as intensive physical cleaning and chemical cleaning in this study, respectively. Experiments were carried out with synthetic wastewater. The use of granular materials, which can cause significant damage to polymeric membranes (Kurita et al., 2015), was effective for controlling the formation of cake (deposition of microbial flocs) on the surface of the ceramic membranes. When both mechanical cleaning using the granular materials and CEB with 1000 ppm of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) were applied, contrary to an expectation, evolution of reversible fouling (formation of a transparent gel layer on the membrane surface) became uncontrollable, whereas irreversible fouling was effectively controlled. The use of NaClO induced release of organic macromolecules via biomass decay, leading to the evolution of reversible fouling. When the intensity of CEB with NaClO was adequately lowered, with the aid of the mechanical cleaning using the granules, the bench-scale MBR could be operated stably under an elevated membrane flux for a long period (>70 days). It was postulated that the adjustment of CEB intensity preferably altered properties of organic macromolecules released from biomass: the structure of the gel layer was porous when the CEB intensity was lowered. When CEB is used in MBRs, it is thus important to balance cleaning efficiency and its harmful effect on biomass. When adequate CEB is used with intensive mechanical cleaning, MBRs with ceramic membranes can be operated under high flux conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Kimura
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Uchida
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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Ishizaki S, Papry RI, Miyake H, Narita Y, Okabe S. Membrane Fouling Potentials of an Exoelectrogenic Fouling-Causing Bacterium Cultured With Different External Electron Acceptors. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3284. [PMID: 30692973 PMCID: PMC6340052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated microbial fuel cell (MFC) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems are a promising cost-effective and energy-saving technology for wastewater treatment. Membrane fouling is still an important issue of such integrated systems in which aeration (oxygen) is replaced with anode electrodes (anodic respiration). Here, we investigated the effect of culture conditions on the membrane fouling potential of fouling-causing bacteria (FCB). In the present study, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae strain S05, which is an exoelectrogenic FCB isolated from a MBR treating municipal wastewater, was cultured with different external electron acceptors (oxygen, nitrate, and solid-state anode electrode). As results, the fouling potential of S05 was lowest when cultured with anode electrode and highest without any external electron acceptor (p < 0.05, respectively). The composition of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was also dependent on the type of electron acceptor. Protein and biopolymer contents in SMP were highly correlated with the fouling potential (R2 = 0.73 and 0.81, respectively). Both the fouling potential and yield of protein and biopolymer production were significantly mitigated by supplying electron acceptors sufficiently regardless of its types. Taken together, the aeration of MBR could be replaced with solid-state anode electrodes without enhancement of membrane fouling, and the anode electrodes must be placed sufficiently to prevent the dead spaces in the integrated reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ishizaki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rimana Islam Papry
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyake
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuko Narita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Fouling Development in A/O-MBR under Low Organic Loading Condition and Identification of Key Bacteria for Biofilm Formations. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11427. [PMID: 30061582 PMCID: PMC6065318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBR) remains a major issue and knowledge of microbes associated with biofilm formation might facilitate the control of this phenomenon, Thus, an anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR) was operated under an extremely low organic loading rate (0.002 kg-COD·m−3·day−1) to induce membrane fouling and the major biofilm-forming bacteria were identified. After operation under extremely low organic loading condition, the reactor showed accumulation of total nitrogen and phosphorus along with biofilm development on the membrane surface. Thus, membrane fouling induced by microbial cell lysis was considered to have occurred. Although no major changes were observed in the microbial community structure of the activated sludge in the MBR before and after membrane fouling, uncultured bacteria were specifically increased in the biofilm. Therefore, bacteria belonging to candidate phyla including TM6, OD1 and Gammaproteobacteria could be important biofilm-forming bacteria.
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11
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Rasool T, Rehman A, Naz I, Ullah R, Ahmed S. Efficiency of a locally designed pilot-scale trickling biofilter (TBF) system in natural environment for the treatment of domestic wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:1295-1306. [PMID: 28506117 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1329346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a cost-effective and simple stone media pilot-scale trickling biofilter (TBF) was designed, constructed and operated in a continuous recirculation mode for wastewater treatment with a hydraulic flow rate of 1.2 L/min (Q = 0.072 m3/h) and hydraulic loading (Q/A) of 0.147 m3/day for 15 weeks at a temperature range of 14.5-36°C. A substantial reduction in the average concentration of different pollution indicators, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) (85.6%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (85.6%), total dissolved solid (TDS) (62.8%), total suspended solid (TSS) (99.9%), electrical conductivity (EC) (15.1%), phosphates (63.22%), sulfates (28.5%) and total nitrogen (TN) (34.4%), was observed during 15 weeks of operational period. Whereas a considerable average increase in the levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) (63.2%) was found after treatment of wastewater by the TBF system. No significant reduction in most probable number (MPN) index of fecal coliforms was observed in the effluent in first 9 weeks of operation. However, a significant reduction in the MPN of fecal coliforms was observed, i.e. 80-90% in the last few weeks of treatment. Thus, overall results suggest that pilot-scale TBF has a great potential to be transferred to field scale for treating sewage for small communities in developing countries, in order to produce effluent of good quality, which can be safely used for irrigation as well as ornamental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Rasool
- a Department of Microbiology , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- a Department of Microbiology , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Iffat Naz
- a Department of Microbiology , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
- b Department of Biology , Qassim University , Buraidah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahat Ullah
- a Department of Microbiology , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Safia Ahmed
- a Department of Microbiology , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
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12
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Deng Q, Chen C, Lei Q, Liang J, Zhang T, Jiang J. Adsorption of aniline from aqueous solution using graphene oxide-modified attapulgite composites. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23382-23389. [PMID: 35540137 PMCID: PMC9081633 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adsorption is an efficient treatment method for aniline removal in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- P. R. China
| | - Chong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- P. R. China
| | - Qin Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- P. R. China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- P. R. China
| | - Tinghong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian
- P. R. China
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13
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A low energy gravity-driven membrane bioreactor system for grey water treatment: Permeability and removal performance of organics. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Hossain K, Quaik S, Ismail N, Rafatullah M, Avasan M, Shaik R. Bioremediation and Detoxification of the Textile Wastewater with Membrane Bioreactor Using the White-rot Fungus and Reuse of Wastewater. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 14:154-162. [PMID: 28959331 PMCID: PMC5458683 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of membrane technology to wastewater treatment has expanded over the last decades due to increasingly stringent legislation, greater opportunities for water reuse/recycling processes and continuing advancement in membrane technology. OBJECTIVES In the present study, a bench-scale submerged microfiltration membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to assess the treatment of textile wastewater. MATERIALS AND METHODS The decolorization capacity of white-rot fungus coriolus versicolor was confirmed through agar plate and liquid batch studies. The temperature and pH of the reactor were controlled at 29±1°C and 4.5±2, respectively. The bioreactor was operated with an average flux of 0.05 m.d-1 (HRT=15hrs) for a month. RESULTS Extensive growth of fungi and their attachment to the membrane led to its fouling and associated increase of the transmembrane pressure requiring a periodic withdrawal of sludge and membrane cleaning. However, stable decoloration activity (approx. 98%), BOD (40-50%), COD (50-67%) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal (>95%) was achieved using the entire system (fungi + membrane), while the contribution of the fungi culture alone for TOC removal, as indicated by the quality of the reactor supernatant, was 35-50% and 70%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The treated wastewater quality satisfied the requirement of water quality for dyeing and finishing process excluding light coloration. Therefore, textile wastewater reclamation and reuse is a promising alternative, which can both conserve or supplement the available water resource and reduce or eliminate the environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizar Hossain
- Department of School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Shlrene Quaik
- Department of School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Norli Ismail
- Department of School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Department of School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Maruthi Avasan
- Department of Environmental Studies, GITAM University, Vishakhapatnam, AP India
| | - Rameeja Shaik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, AP India
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15
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Singh NK, Kazmi AA, Starkl M. Treatment performance and microbial diversity under dissolved oxygen stress conditions: Insights from a single stage IFAS reactor treating municipal wastewater. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Qi C, Wang J, Lin Y. New insight into influence of mechanical stirring on membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor: Mixed liquor properties and hydrodynamic conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 211:654-663. [PMID: 27058400 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although membrane bioreactor is widely used in wastewater treatment, the problem of membrane fouling remains to be resolved. This paper focused on the influence of mechanical stirring on membrane fouling. Ammonium removal decreased with viscous bulking when stirring rates slowed down. Trans-membrane pressure increased more rapidly when the stirring rate decreased. The resistance of the gel layer increased significantly under low stirring rates, which indicated that the fouling rates of MBR in different stages were attributed to gel layer variation. The proportion of small particles increased when stirring rates slowed down. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were dominant in the mixed liquor. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria increased from 41% to 50% in the entire experiment. The computational fluid dynamics model was used to simulate the fluid flow characteristics. The model indicated velocities and directions of the fluid flow changes with different stirring rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse & School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse & School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Yancheng Institute of Environmental Technology and Engineering of Nanjing University, Yancheng, China.
| | - Yaohua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse & School of the Environment Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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17
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Ding A, Liang H, Li G, Derlon N, Szivak I, Morgenroth E, Pronk W. Impact of aeration shear stress on permeate flux and fouling layer properties in a low pressure membrane bioreactor for the treatment of grey water. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Ronen A, Walker SL, Jassby D. Electroconductive and electroresponsive membranes for water treatment. REV CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2015-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn populated, water-scarce regions, seawater and wastewater are considered as potable water resources that require extensive treatment before being suitable for consumption. The separation of water from salt, organic, and inorganic matter is most commonly done through membrane separation processes. Because of permeate flux and concentration polarization, membranes are prone to fouling, resulting in a decline in membrane performance and increased energy demands. As the physical and chemical properties of commercially available membranes (polymeric and ceramic) are relatively static and insensitive to changes in the environment, there is a need for stimuli-reactive membranes with controlled, tunable surface and transport properties to decrease fouling and control membrane properties such as hydrophilicity and permselectivity. In this review, we first describe the application of electricity-conducting and electricity-responsive membranes (ERMs) for fouling mitigation. We discuss their ability to reduce organic, inorganic, and biological fouling by several mechanisms, including control over the membrane’s surface morphology, electrostatic rejection, piezoelectric vibrations, electrochemical reactions, and local pH changes. Next, we examine the use of ERMs for permselectivity modification, which allows for the optimization of rejection and control over ion transport through the application of electrical potentials and the use of electrostatically charged membrane surfaces. In addition, electrochemical reactions coupled with membrane filtration are examined, including electro-oxidation and electro-Fenton reactions, demonstrating the capability of ERMs to electro-oxidize organic contaminates with high efficiency due to high surface area and reduced mass diffusion limitations. When applicable, ERM applications are compared with commercial membranes in terms of energy consumptions. We conclude with a brief discussion regarding the future directions of ERMs and provide examples of several applications such as pore size and selectivity control, electrowettability, and capacitive deionization. To provide the reader with the current state of knowledge, the review focuses on research published in the last 5 years.
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19
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Hao L, Liao BQ. Effect of organic matter to nitrogen ratio on membrane bioreactor performance. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:2674-2680. [PMID: 25896854 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1043353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Effect of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrogen (COD:N) ratio in feed on the performance of aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) for treating a synthetic high-strength industrial waste water containing glucose was studied for over 370 days. The widely recommended nutrients ratio (COD:N:P = 100:5:1) is not necessary for aerobic biological industrial waste water treatment. An increased COD:N ratio from 100:5 to 100:2.5 and 100:1.8 had a limited impact on COD removal efficiency and further led to a significant improvement in membrane performance, a reduced sludge yield, and improved effluent quality in terms of residual nutrients. An increased COD:N ratio will benefit the industrial waste water treatment using MBRs by reducing membrane fouling and sludge yield, saving chemical costs, and reducing secondary pollution by nutrients addition. Optimization of nutrients usage should be conducted for specific industrial waste water streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hao
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Lakehead University , 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay , ON P7B 5E1 , Canada
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20
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Faust L, Temmink H, Zwijnenburg A, Kemperman AJB, Rijnaarts HHM. Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the bioflocculation process in high loaded MBRs. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 66:199-207. [PMID: 25213685 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High-loaded membrane bioreactors (HL-MBRs), i.e. MBRs which are operated at extremely short sludge and hydraulic retention times, can be applied to flocculate and concentrate sewage organic matter. The concentrated organics can be used for energy recovery, or for the production of more valuable organic chemicals. Little is known about the effect of the dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) on this bioflocculation process. To examine this effect, two HL-MBRs were operated, respectively at a low (1 mg L(-1)) and a higher (4 mg L(-1)) DO. The higher DO resulted in a better flocculation efficiency, i.e. 92% of the colloidal COD in the sewage flocculated compared to 69% at the lower DO. The difference was attributed to a higher microbial production of extracellular polymeric substances at a DO of 4 mg L(-1) and to more multivalent cations (calcium, iron and aluminium) being distributed to the floc matrix. In addition, the HL-MBR that was operated at a DO of 4 mg L(-1) gave a bigger mean floc size, a lower supernatant turbidity, better settleability and better membrane filterability than the HL-MBR that was operated at a DO of 1 mg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Faust
- Wetsus-Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - H Temmink
- Wetsus-Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Zwijnenburg
- Wetsus-Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - A J B Kemperman
- Membrane Science & Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - H H M Rijnaarts
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Sun FY, Lv XM, Li J, Peng ZY, Li P, Shao MF. Activated sludge filterability improvement by nitrifying bacteria abundance regulation in an adsorption membrane bioreactor (Ad-MBR). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 170:230-238. [PMID: 25146315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Autotrophic nitrifying bacteria have its intrinsic properties including low EPS production, dense colonial structure and slow-growth rate, favoring the sludge filterability improvement. An adsorption-MBR (Ad-MBR) was developed to enrich nitrifier abundance in the MBR chamber by inlet C/N regulation, and its possible positive effect on sludge filterability and underlying mechanisms were investigated. By DNA extraction, PCR amplification and Illumina high-throughput pyrosequencing, the abundance of nitrifying bacteria was accurately quantified. More than 8.29% nitrifier abundance was achieved in Ad-MBR sludge, which was above three times of that in conventional MBR. Regulated C/N ratio and thereafter nitrifier abundance enrichment improved sludge filterability by altering sludge mixture and its supernatant properties, reflected by a good sludge settleability, a low supernatant viscosity and turbidity, a low supernatant organic substances concentration, and a small amount of strong hydrophobic fractional components, thus to profoundly improve sludge filterability and decelerate membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yun Sun
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Lv
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ji Li
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zhong-Yi Peng
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pu Li
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming-Fei Shao
- Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
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22
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23
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Lee H, Lee D, Hong S, Yun GH, Kim S, Hwang JK, Lee W, Yun Z. Anoxic gas recirculation system for fouling control in anoxic membrane reactor. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:1289-1293. [PMID: 25079838 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anoxic gas recirculation system was applied to control the membrane fouling in pilot-scale 4-stage anoxic membrane bioreactor (MBR). In the anaerobic-anoxic-anoxic-aerobic flow scheme, hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane (0.2 μm, 7.2 m(2)/module) was submerged in the second anoxic zone. During 8 months operation, the average flux of the membrane was 21.3 L/(m(2)·hr). Chemical cleaning of the membrane was conducted only once with sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the second anoxic zone was maintained with an average of 0.19 ± 0.05 mg/L. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the headspace gas in the second anoxic reactor was mainly consisted of N2 (93.0% ± 2.5%), O2 (3.8% ± 0.6%), and CO2 (3.0% ± 0.5%), where the saturation DO concentration in liquid phase was 1.57 mg/L. Atmospheric O2 content (20.5% ± 0.8%) was significantly reduced in the anoxic gas. The average pH in the reactor was 7.2 ± 0.4. As a result, the recirculation of the anoxic gas was successfully applied to control the membrane fouling in the anoxic MBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansaem Lee
- Research Institute for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea.
| | - Daeju Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Seongwan Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Geum Hee Yun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Sungpyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | | | - Woojae Lee
- Dongbu Corporation, Seoul 135-523, Korea
| | - Zuwhan Yun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Korea.
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24
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Ji J, Li J, Qiu J, Li X. Polyacrylamide–starch composite flocculant as a membrane fouling reducer: Key factors of fouling reduction. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Zhou Z, Meng F, Lu H, Jia X. Denitrification-caused suppression of soluble microbial products (SMP) in MBRs used for biological nitrogen removal. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Zhou
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology (SHRCIET); School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology; Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
| | - Fangang Meng
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology (SHRCIET); School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology; Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
| | - Hui Lu
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology (SHRCIET); School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology; Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshan Jia
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology (SHRCIET); School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology; Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
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26
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Guo W, Ngo HH, Li J. A mini-review on membrane fouling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 122:27-34. [PMID: 22608938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the interest of using membrane technology has emerged in wastewater treatment as well as drinking water and process water production. However, the impediment of the membrane technology is the fouling problem and consequently higher operating and membrane replacement cost. Hence, better understanding of membrane fouling is not only the key to solve the problems, but also is one of the main factors driving membrane technology forward. This mini-review paper identifies the major foulants and the principal membrane fouling mechanisms such as pore blocking, cake formation, concentration polarization, organic adsorption, inorganic precipitation and biological fouling. It also gives a holistic review about different fouling phenomena during the application of membrane separation technologies in water and wastewater treatment, with specific references to various problems, membranes, treatment processes and its practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Microbial relevant fouling in membrane bioreactors: influencing factors, characterization, and fouling control. MEMBRANES 2012; 2:565-84. [PMID: 24958297 PMCID: PMC4021913 DOI: 10.3390/membranes2030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) play important roles on degradation of organic/inorganic substances in wastewaters, while microbial deposition/growth and microbial product accumulation on membranes potentially induce membrane fouling. Generally, there is a need to characterize membrane foulants and to determine their relations to the evolution of membrane fouling in order to identify a suitable fouling control approach in MBRs. This review summarized the factors in MBRs that influence microbial behaviors (community compositions, physical properties, and microbial products). The state-of-the-art techniques to characterize biofoulants in MBRs were reported. The strategies for controlling microbial relevant fouling were discussed and the future studies on membrane fouling mechanisms in MBRs were proposed.
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28
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Wu J, He C. Effect of cyclic aeration on fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:3507-3515. [PMID: 22507253 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to the inefficiency of aeration measures in preventing fouling by soluble and colloidal particles. The effect of alternating high/low cyclic aeration mode on the membrane fouling in the submerged membrane bioreactor was studied by comparing to fouling in a constant aeration mode. Results indicated a higher overall fouling rate in the cyclic aeration mode than in the constant aeration. However, a higher percentage of reversible fouling was observed for the cyclic aeration mode. The membrane permeability can be more easily recovered from physical cleaning such as backwashing in the cyclic aeration mode. The activated sludge floc size distribution analysis revealed a floc destruction and re-flocculation processes caused by the alternating high/low aeration. The short high aeration period could prevent the destruction of strong strength bonds within activated sludge flocs. Therefore, less soluble and colloidal material was observed in the supernatant due to the preservation of the strong strength bonds. The weak strength bonds damaged in the high aeration period could be recovered in the re-flocculation process in the low aeration period. The floc destruction and re-flocculation processes were suggested to be the main reason for the low irreversible fouling in the cyclic aeration mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- School of Environmental Engineering and Science, Yangzhou University, 196 West Huayang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China.
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29
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Zhou Z, Meng F, Liang S, Ni BJ, Jia X, Li S, Song Y, Huang G. Role of microorganism growth phase in the accumulation and characteristics of biomacromolecules (BMM) in a membrane bioreactor. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Sun C, Fiksdal L, Hanssen-Bauer A, Rye MB, Leiknes T. Characterization of membrane biofouling at different operating conditions (flux) in drinking water treatment using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and image analysis. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Ng KK, Lin CF, Panchangam SC, Andy Hong PK, Yang PY. Reduced membrane fouling in a novel bio-entrapped membrane reactor for treatment of food and beverage processing wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:4269-4278. [PMID: 21705038 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel Bio-Entrapped Membrane Reactor (BEMR) packed with bio-ball carriers was constructed and investigated for organics removal and membrane fouling by soluble microbial products (SMP). An objective was to evaluate the stability of the filtration process in membrane bioreactors through backwashing and chemical cleaning. The novel BEMR was compared to a conventional membrane bioreactor (CMBR) on performance, with both treating identical wastewater from a food and beverage processing plant. The new reactor has a longer sludge retention time (SRT) and lower mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) content than does the conventional. Three different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 6, 9, and 12 h were studied. The results show faster rise of the transmembrane pressure (TMP) with decreasing hydraulic retention time (HRT) in both reactors, where most significant membrane fouling was associated with high SMP (consisting of carbohydrate and protein) contents that were prevalent at the shortest HRT of 6 h. Membrane fouling was improved in the new reactor, which led to a longer membrane service period with the new reactor. Rapid membrane fouling was attributed to increased production of biomass and SMP, as in the conventional reactor. SMP of 10-100 kDa from both MBRs were predominant with more than 70% of the SMP <100 kDa. Protein was the major component of SMP rather than carbohydrate in both reactors. The new reactor sustained operation at constant permeate flux that required seven times less frequent chemical cleaning than did the conventional reactor. The new BEMR offers effective organics removal while reducing membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Kwang Ng
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Peter-Varbanets M, Margot J, Traber J, Pronk W. Mechanisms of membrane fouling during ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gao DW, Fu Y, Tao Y, Li XX, Xing M, Gao XH, Ren NQ. Linking microbial community structure to membrane biofouling associated with varying dissolved oxygen concentrations. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:5626-5633. [PMID: 21411316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate how dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration influenced the generation of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) in mixed liquor and biocake, 16S rDNA fingerprinting analyses were performed to investigate the variation of the microbial community in an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR). The function of microbial community structure was proved to be ultimately responsible for biofouling. Obvious microbial community succession from the subphylum of Betaproteobacteria to Deltaproteobacteria was observed in biocake. High concentration of EPS in biocake under the low DO concentration (0.5 mg L(-1)) caused severe biofouling. The correlation coefficient of membrane fouling rate with EPS content in biocake (0.9941-0.9964) was much higher than that in mixed liquor (0.6689-0.8004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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KANEKO H, FUNATSU K. Development of a Model Predicting Transmembrane Pressurein Membrane Bioreactors. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2011-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yang XL, Song HL, Lu JL, Fu DF, Cheng B. Influence of diatomite addition on membrane fouling and performance in a submerged membrane bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:9178-9184. [PMID: 20685114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper examined the effect of diatomite addition on membrane fouling and process performance in an anoxic/oxic submerged membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR). Particle size distribution, molecular weight distribution and microbial activity have been investigated to characterize the sludge mixed liquor. Results show that diatomite addition is a reliable and effective approach in terms of both membrane fouling mitigation and pollutants removal improvement. The MBR system with diatomite addition of 50 mg/L enhanced the removal of COD, TN and TP by 0.9%, 6.9% and 31.2%, respectively, as compared to the control MBR (without diatomite addition). The NH(4)-N removal always maintained at a high level of over 98% irrespective of diatomite addition. Due to the hybrid effect of adsorption and co-precipitation on fine colloids and dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the addition of diatomite, a reduction in foulants amount, an increase in microbial floc size and an improvement in sludge settleability have been achieved simultaneously. As a result, the membrane fouling rate was mitigated successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
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Okamura D, Mori Y, Hashimoto T, Hori K. Effects of microbial degradation of biofoulants on microfiltration membrane performance in a membrane bioreactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8644-8648. [PMID: 20977271 DOI: 10.1021/es102321m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for wastewater treatment, membrane fouling, particularly biofouling caused by soluble microbial products (SMP), is a nuisance problem causing decreases in permeation flux. In a previous study, we identified primary biofoulants of microfiltration (MF) membranes in SMP as polysaccharides containing uronic acids that undergo inter- and intramolecular ionic cross-linking by polyvalent cations, forming a gelatinous mass that clogs membrane pores. In the present study, we therefore attempted to isolate biofoulant-degrading microorganisms from activated sludge on a polygalacturonic acid-overlaid agar medium and evaluate their efficiency for preventing biofouling of MF membranes. Among the isolates, the fungal strain HO1 identified as Phialemonium curvatum degraded 30% of polysaccharides containing uronic acids into smaller molecules in a SMP solution containing a high concentration of saccharides after 30 days of cultivation. Microfiltration tests using a laboratory-scale submerged MBR indicated that the filtration resistance of this degraded SMP solution was lower than that of the control SMP solution without fungal inoculation. Importantly, accumulation of gelatinous mass on the membrane responsible for biofouling was avoided in the SMP solution augmented with P. curvatum HO1 during the microfiltration test. This is the first report to describe a new method for avoiding biofouling of MBRs by microbial degradation of primary biofoulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Okamura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Project Research Center for Interfacial Microbiology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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Meng F, Liao B, Liang S, Yang F, Zhang H, Song L. Morphological visualization, componential characterization and microbiological identification of membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). J Memb Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lee WN, Yeon KM, Hwang BK, Lee CH, Chang IS. Effect of PAC Addition on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Bio-Cake in a Membrane Bioreactor. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01496391003666999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang Z, Wu Z. A Review of Membrane Fouling in MBRs: Characteristics and Role of Sludge Cake Formed on Membrane Surfaces. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390903182578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Okamura D, Mori Y, Hashimoto T, Hori K. Identification of biofoulant of membrane bioreactors in soluble microbial products. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:4356-4362. [PMID: 19596130 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To reveal primary biofoulant in soluble microbial products (SMP) and/or soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), after removal of sludge particles, activated sludge samples were subjected to microfiltration tests in a submerged MBR. Filtration resistance directly correlates with the saccharide concentration. Saccharides in wastewater from several sources contained uronic acids, which increased the filtration resistance. When the microfiltration test liquids contained saccharides over 80mg l(-1), a gelatinous mass remained on the membrane surface after filtration and contained concentrations of saccharides and uronic acids 50 times higher than the original test liquid while only trace amounts of these substances were contained in the filtrate. The gelatinous mass contained high molecular weight substances of 10(6)-10(8)Da, suggesting the presence of polysaccharides. However, molecules of this size were calculated to be much smaller than the pore size of the membrane. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid decreased filtration resistance, suggesting that polysaccharides containing uronic acid units could undergo intermolecular or intramolecular ionic cross-linking by polyvalent cations and form the gel, thus clogging the membrane pores as an actual biofoulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Okamura
- Microza & Water Processing Division, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Co., Ltd., Fuji, Shizuoka 416-8501, Japan
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Erable B, Bergel A. First air-tolerant effective stainless steel microbial anode obtained from a natural marine biofilm. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:3302-3307. [PMID: 19289272 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbial anodes were constructed with stainless steel electrodes under constant polarisation. The seawater medium was inoculated with a natural biofilm scraped from harbour equipment. This procedure led to efficient microbial anodes providing up to 4A/m(2) for 10mM acetate oxidation at -0.1 V/SCE. The whole current was due to the presence of biofilm on the electrode surface, without any significant involvement of the abiotic oxidation of sulphide or soluble metabolites. Using a natural biofilm as inoculum ensured almost optimal performance of the biofilm anode as soon as it was set up; the procedure also proved able to form biofilms in fully aerated media, which provided up to 0.7A/m(2). The current density was finally raised to 8.2A per square meter projected surface area using a stainless steel grid. The inoculating procedure used here combined with the control of the potential revealed, for the first time, stainless steel as a very competitive material for forming bioanodes with natural microbial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Erable
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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42
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Lee WN, Cheong WS, Yeon KM, Hwang BK, Lee CH. Correlation between local TMP distribution and bio-cake porosity on the membrane in a submerged MBR. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Meng F, Chae SR, Drews A, Kraume M, Shin HS, Yang F. Recent advances in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): membrane fouling and membrane material. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:1489-1512. [PMID: 19178926 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 922] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been actively employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatments. So far, membrane fouling and the high cost of membranes are main obstacles for wider application of MBRs. Over the past few years, considerable investigations have been performed to understand MBR fouling in detail and to develop high-flux or low-cost membranes. This review attempted to address the recent and current developments in MBRs on the basis of reported literature in order to provide more detailed information about MBRs. In this paper, the fouling behaviour, fouling factors and fouling control strategies were discussed. Recent developments in membrane materials including low-cost filters, membrane modification and dynamic membranes were also reviewed. Lastly, the future trends in membrane fouling research and membrane material development in the coming years were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, MOE, School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China.
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Katagiri N, Chujo K, Takeuchi A, Iritani E, Kawasaki K. Effect of BOD Loading on Solid-Liquid Separation Properties of Activated Sludge. KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.35.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuniko Chujo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University
| | | | - Eiji Iritani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University
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Al-Halbouni D, Traber J, Lyko S, Wintgens T, Melin T, Tacke D, Janot A, Dott W, Hollender J. Correlation of EPS content in activated sludge at different sludge retention times with membrane fouling phenomena. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:1475-88. [PMID: 18023465 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, activated sludge characteristics were studied with regard to membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for two pilot plants and one full-scale plant treating municipal wastewater. For the full-scale MBR, concentrations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) bound to sludge flocs were shown to have seasonal variations from as low as 17mgg(-1) dry matter (DM) in summer up to 51mg(gDM)(-1) in winter, which correlated with an increased occurrence of filamentous bacteria in the colder season. Therefore, it was investigated at pilot-scale MBRs with different sludge retention times (SRTs) whether different EPS contents and corresponding sludge properties influence membrane fouling. Activated sludge from the pilot MBR with low SRT (23d) was found to have worse filterability, settleability and dewaterability. Photometric analysis of EPS extracts as well as LC-OCD measurements showed that it contained significantly higher concentrations of floc-bound EPS than sludge at higher SRT (40d) The formation of fouling layers on the membranes, characterised by SEM-EDX as well as photometric analysis of EPS extracts, was more distinct at lower SRT where concentrations of deposited EPS were 40-fold higher for proteins and 5-fold higher for carbohydrates compared with the membrane at higher SRT. Floc-bound EPS and metals were suggested to play a role in the fouling process at the full-scale MBR and this was confirmed by the pilot-scale study. However, despite the different sludge properties, the permeability of membranes was found to be similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Al-Halbouni
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Health, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Fouling mechanisms of deflocculated sludge, normal sludge, and bulking sludge in membrane bioreactor. J Memb Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Lee WN, Chang IS, Hwang BK, Park PK, Lee CH, Huang X. Changes in biofilm architecture with addition of membrane fouling reducer in a membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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