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Sun X, Jiang F. Periodate oxidation-mediated nanocelluloses: Preparation, functionalization, structural design, and applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 341:122305. [PMID: 38876711 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the remarkable progress in nanotechnology has ignited considerable interest in investigating nanocelluloses, an environmentally friendly and sustainable nanomaterial derived from cellulosic feedstocks. Current research primarily focuses on the preparation and applications of nanocelluloses. However, to enhance the efficiency of nanofibrillation, reduce energy consumption, and expand nanocellulose applications, chemical pre-treatments of cellulose fibers have attracted substantial interest and extensive exploration. Various chemical pre-treatment methods yield nanocelluloses with diverse functional groups. Among these methods, periodate oxidation has garnered significant attention recently, due to the formation of dialdehyde cellulose derived nanocellulose, which exhibits great promise for further modification with various functional groups. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive and in-depth examination of periodate oxidation-mediated nanocelluloses (PONCs), including their preparation, functionalization, hierarchical structural design, and applications. We believe that PONCs stand as highly promising candidates for the development of novel nano-cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sun
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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2
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Modified Cellulose with BINAP-Supported Rh as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis is the preferred method for the synthesis of pure chiral molecules in the fine chemical industry. Cellulose has long been sought as a support in enantioselective catalysis. Dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) is produced by the selective oxidation of cellulose and is used to bind 5,5′-diamino Binap by forming a Schiff base. Here, we report the synthesis of modified cellulose-supported Rh as a novel biomass-supported catalyst and the characterization of its morphology, composition, and thermal stability. DAC-BINAP-Rh was a very effective catalyst in the asymmetric hydrogenation of enamides and could be easily recycled. This work provides a novel supported catalyst that broadens the applications of cellulose in asymmetric catalysis.
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3
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Afacan C, Narain R, Soares JBP. Flocculating and dewatering of kaolin suspensions with different forms of poly(acrylamide‐co‐diallyl dimethylammonium chloride). CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Afacan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Donadeo Innovation Centre in Engineering Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Donadeo Innovation Centre in Engineering Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Donadeo Innovation Centre in Engineering Edmonton Alberta Canada
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4
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Grenda K, Gamelas JAF, Arnold J, Pellizzer L, Cayre OJ, Rasteiro MG. Evaluation of Anionic Eco-Friendly Flocculants Prepared from Eucalyptus Pulps with Diverse Lignin Contents for Application in Effluent Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E25. [PMID: 33374710 PMCID: PMC7793496 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of cellulosic-rich materials for the production of cellulose-based polyelectrolytes (PELs) can bring several benefits, such as high biodegradability and low or no toxicity, for numerous applications, when compared with the use of traditional, synthetic PELs. Moreover, cellulose-based PELs originating from wood wastes, contribute to the valorisation of such wastes. In this work, Eucalyptus pulps with diverse lignin contents, extracted from Eucalyptus wood wastes, were anionized by a two-step reaction procedure (periodate oxidation followed by sulfonation). Applying different reaction times (24-144 h) in the sulfonation step allowed for producing a range of cellulose-based anionic polyelectrolytes with different characteristics. PELs obtained after 24 and 72 h of sulfonation were thoroughly characterized (Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, zeta potential and degree of substitution (elemental analysis) and hydrodynamic diameter (dynamic light scattering)) and subsequently evaluated as flocculants in decolouration processes of model effluents (Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet) and an industrial effluent from a textile industry. Furthermore, possible flocculation mechanisms induced by the use of the various PELs are discussed. Results are compared with those obtained with a commonly applied, synthetic flocculant (polyacrylamide). It is demonstrated that it was possible to obtain water-soluble lignocellulosic PELs starting from raw materials with different degrees of purity and that those PELs are promising eco-friendly alternative flocculation agents for the decolouration of effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Grenda
- CIEPQPF–Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (K.G.); (J.A.F.G.); (L.P.)
- AQUA+TECH Specialities, Chemin du Chalet-du-Bac 4, Avully, CH-1237 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - José A. F. Gamelas
- CIEPQPF–Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (K.G.); (J.A.F.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Julien Arnold
- AQUA+TECH Specialities, Chemin du Chalet-du-Bac 4, Avully, CH-1237 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Lorenzo Pellizzer
- CIEPQPF–Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (K.G.); (J.A.F.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Olivier J. Cayre
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Maria G. Rasteiro
- CIEPQPF–Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (K.G.); (J.A.F.G.); (L.P.)
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5
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Nyamayaro K, Keyvani P, D'Acierno F, Poisson J, Hudson ZM, Michal CA, Madden JDW, Hatzikiriakos SG, Mehrkhodavandi P. Toward Biodegradable Electronics: Ionic Diodes Based on a Cellulose Nanocrystal-Agarose Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52182-52191. [PMID: 33166106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioderived cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are used to create light, flexible, biocompatible, and biodegradable electronic devices. Herein, surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals was employed to fabricate cationic and anionic CNCs. Subsequently, we demonstrated rectification behavior from a fixed junction between two agarose hydrogels doped with cationic and anionic cellulose nanocrystals. The current rectification ratio reaches 70 reproducibly, which is significantly higher than that for analogous diodes generated with microfibrillated cellulose (∼15) and the first polyelectrolyte gel diode (∼40). The current-voltage characteristics of the CNC-hydrogel diode are influenced by concentration, gel thickness, scanning frequency, and applied voltage. The high surface area of CNC resulted in high charge density after surface modification, which in turn resulted in good rectification behavior from only small amounts of dopant material.
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6
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Ferasat Z, Panahi R, Mokhtarani B. Natural polymer matrix as safe flocculant to remove turbidity from kaolin suspension: Performance and governing mechanism. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 255:109939. [PMID: 31790872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional flocculants bear environmental and health concerns which could be avoided by applying natural materials, particularly polysaccharide and glycoprotein-containing ones. In the present study, yeast cell wall (YCW), a natural polymer matrix, was used as natural flocculant. To prepare YCW, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultivated in bench scale fermenter. After characterization, YCW was employed as anionic flocculant in jar tests to remove turbidity from kaolin suspensions at different conditions where either alum or poly aluminum chloride (PAC) was coagulant. Generally, the lower coagulant consumption, higher turbidity removal or faster sedimentation was observed by using YCW as flocculant. The developed flocculant was more effective in the presence of PAC compared to alum. At best, by applying 300 mg/L YCW, the highest turbidity removals of 98 and 97% were achieved using 10 ppm PAC at pH 6.5 and 50 ppm alum at pH 7.5, respectively. The presence of the flocculant in the structure of the flocs was proved by FTIR analysis. The final pH of the treated suspensions was suitable for discharge purpose without the need for neutralization. The excess positive charge neutralization and bridging were the governing mechanism in coagulation-flocculation process. YCW with proper performance, GRAS designation and readily availability can be considered as natural alternative to chemical anionic flocculants where the process needs safe compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ferasat
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI), 14968-13151, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Panahi
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI), 14968-13151, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Babak Mokhtarani
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI), 14968-13151, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Grenda K, Gamelas JAF, Arnold J, Cayre OJ, Rasteiro MG. Evaluation of Anionic and Cationic Pulp-Based Flocculants With Diverse Lignin Contents for Application in Effluent Treatment From the Textile Industry: Flocculation Monitoring. Front Chem 2020; 8:5. [PMID: 32083051 PMCID: PMC7002540 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In wastewater treatment, flocculation is a widely used solid/liquid separation technique, which typically employs a charged polymer, a polyelectrolyte (PEL). Polyelectrolytes features, such as charge type, charge density and molecular weight, are essential parameters affecting the mechanism of flocculation and subsequent floc sedimentation. The effectiveness of the process is also influenced by the characteristics of the system (e.g., type, size, and available surface area of suspended particles, pH of the medium, charge of suspended particles). Thus, a good understanding of the flocculation kinetics, involved mechanisms and flocs structure is essential in identifying the most adequate treatment conditions, having also into consideration possible subsequent treatments. In this study, Eucalyptus bleached pulp and a cellulosic pulp with high lignin content (~4.5 wt%) obtained from Eucalyptus wood waste were used for bio-PELs production. Firstly, a pre-treatment with sodium periodate increased the pulps reactivity. To produce cationic cellulose the oxidation step was followed by the introduction of cationic groups in the cellulose chains, through reaction with Girard's reagent T. Applying different molar ratios (0.975 and 3.9) of Girard's reagent T to aldehyde groups led to cationic PELs with diverse charge density. On the other hand, to obtain anionic cellulose a sulfonation reaction with sodium metabisulfite was applied to the intermediate dialdehyde cellulose-based products, during 24 or 72 h, and anionic-PELs with diverse features were obtained. The developed water soluble, anionic and cationic bio-PELs were characterized and tested as flocculation agents for a textile industry effluent treatment. Initially, jar-tests were used to tune the most effective flocculation procedure (pH, flocculant dosage, etc.). Flocculation using these conditions was then monitored continuously, over time, using laser diffraction spectroscopy (LDS). Due to the small size of the dyes molecules, a dual system with an inorganic complexation agent (bentonite) was essential for effective decolouration of the effluent. Performance in the treatment was monitored first by turbidity removal evaluation (75-88% with cationic-PELs, 75-81% with anionic-PELs) and COD reduction evaluation (79-81% with cationic-PELs, 63-77% with anionic-PELs) in the jar tests. Additionally, the evolution of flocs characteristics (structure and size) during their growth and the flocculation kinetics, were studied using the LDS technique, applying the different PELs produced and for a range of PEL concentration. The results obtained through this monitoring procedure allowed to discuss the possible flocculation mechanisms involved in the process. The results obtained with the bio-PELs were compared with those obtained using synthetic PELs, commonly applied in effluents treatment, polyacrylamides. The developed bio-PELs can be competitive, eco-friendly flocculation agents for effluents treatment from several industries, when compared to traditional synthetic flocculants with a significant environmental footprint. Moreover, LDS proved to be a feasible technique to monitor flocculation processes, even when a real industrial effluent is being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Grenda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF—Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- AQUA+TECH Specialities, Chemin du Chalet-du-Bac 4, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - José A. F. Gamelas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF—Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Julien Arnold
- AQUA+TECH Specialities, Chemin du Chalet-du-Bac 4, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. Cayre
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Maria G. Rasteiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF—Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Zou D, Meng Z, Drioli E, Da X, Chen X, Qiu M, Fan Y. Design and Efficient Construction of Bilayer Al2O3/ZrO2 Mesoporous Membranes for Effective Treatment of Suspension Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Enrico Drioli
- Institute on Membranes and Modeling of Chemical Reactors, CNR, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87030, Italy
| | - Xiaowei Da
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xianfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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9
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Afacan C, Narain R, Soares JBP. Water soluble polymeric nanofibres for rapid flocculation and enhanced dewatering of mature fine tailings. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Afacan
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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10
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Synthesis of a novel tunable lignin-based star copolymer and its flocculation performance in the treatment of kaolin suspension. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Grenda K, Gamelas JAF, Arnold J, Cayre OJ, Rasteiro MG. Cationization of Eucalyptus wood waste pulps with diverse lignin contents for potential application in colored wastewater treatment. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34814-34826. [PMID: 35530674 PMCID: PMC9074130 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05757a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of cellulosic-rich materials such as Eucalyptus wood waste and production of cellulose-based polyelectrolytes (PELs) presents several advantages for a variety of applications, when compared to the utilization of synthetic PELs, due to the nature, availability, high biodegradability and low or no toxicity of cellulosic materials. Moreover, valorization of the cellulosic waste itself to provide end products with higher added value is also an important aspect. In the present work, the objective was to evaluate the possibility of cationizing more complex and heterogeneous chemical pulps, obtained from Eucalyptus wood waste, with different cellulose purity and a relatively high lignin content (up to 4.5%). A two-step reaction (with sodium periodate and Girard's reagent T) was employed and a range of cellulose-based cationic polyelectrolytes were produced with different degrees of substitution. The final products were characterized by several analytical techniques and the bio-PELs with the highest and the lowest substitution degree by cationic groups were evaluated in a new application, as flocculants in the decoloration of model effluents, bentonite having been used as an inorganic aid. Also, possible mechanisms of flocculation were discussed and the results compared with those of a synthetic flocculant, often used in these treatments, cationic polyacrylamide. Lignocellulosic-PELs proved to be very favorable eco-friendly flocculation agents for the decoloration of dye-containing waters with potential application in several industries. Eucalyptus wood waste has been used to produce cationic lignocellulose-based polyelectrolytes (PELs) and the new PELs proved to be efficient flocculants in the decoloration of dye-containing waters with potential application in several industries.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Grenda
- Chemical Engineering Department
- CIEPQPF
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - José A. F. Gamelas
- Chemical Engineering Department
- CIEPQPF
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | | | - Olivier J. Cayre
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
| | - Maria G. Rasteiro
- Chemical Engineering Department
- CIEPQPF
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
- Portugal
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12
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An Effective Flocculation Method to the Kaolin Wastewater Treatment by a Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM): Preparation, Characterization, and Flocculation Performance. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/5294251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
P(AM-DMC) (PAD) was synthesized by ultraviolet- (UV-) initiated copolymerization with methacryloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) and acrylamide (AM) as the monomers and initiator 2,2-azobis [2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] dihydrochloride (VA-044) as the photoinitiator. Parameters that affect the molecular weight were reviewed by using the single-factor approach. The results showed that the molecular weight (MW) of PAD could come to 7.88 × 106 Da with the optimum polymerization conditions as follows: monomer concentration of 30%, monomer mass ratio m(AM) : m(DMC) of 3 : 1, initiator concentration of 0.6‰, illumination time of 80 min, solution pH value of 4.5, and incident light intensity of 1000 μW cm−2. The PAD was represented by several instruments. The results of FTIR and 1H NMR showed that PAD was indeed polymerized by AM and DMC. The results of TGA showed that PAD was very stable at room temperature while the result of SEM revealed that PAD had a porous structure and rough surface. For PAD used as flocculant in kaolin wastewater treatment, the results confirmed that, at optimal conditions, the turbidity and the floc size d50 could reach to 5.9 NTU and 565.936 μm, respectively, at the optimal conditions (pH = 7.0 and dosage = 2 mg l−1). Kaolin wastewater flocculation test outcome reveals that the PAD with high cationic degree and intrinsic viscosity could boost the charge neutralization and bridging capability. Consequently, the result is an excellent flocculation performance of treating kaolin wastewater.
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Shak KPY, Pang YL, Mah SK. Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2479-2498. [PMID: 30345212 PMCID: PMC6176822 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Among many other sustainable functional nanomaterials, nanocellulose is drawing increasing interest for use in environmental remediation technologies due to its numerous unique properties and functionalities. Nanocellulose is usually derived from the disintegration of naturally occurring polymers or produced by the action of bacteria. In this review, some invigorating perspectives on the challenges, future direction, and updates on the most relevant uses of nanocellulose in environmental remediation are discussed. The reported applications and properties of nanocellulose as an adsorbent, photocatalyst, flocculant, and membrane are reviewed in particular. However, additional effort will be required to implement and commercialize nanocellulose as a viable nanomaterial for remediation technologies. In this regard, the main challenges and limitations in working with nanocellulose-based materials are identified in an effort to improve the development and efficient use of nanocellulose in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Pui Yee Shak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yean Ling Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Shee Keat Mah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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14
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Zhang K, Liimatainen H. Hierarchical Assembly of Nanocellulose-Based Filaments by Interfacial Complexation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801937. [PMID: 30151995 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, interfacial complexation spinning of oppositely charged cellulose-materials is applied to fabricate hierarchical and continuous nanocellulose based filaments under aqueous conditions by using cationic cellulose nanocrystals with different anionic celluloses including soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and insoluble 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy radical-oxidized cellulose nanofibers and dicarboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (DC-CNC). The morphologies of the wet and dry nanocellulose based filaments are further investigated by optical and electron microscopy. All fabricated continuous nanocellulose based filaments display a hierarchical structure similar to the natural cellulose fibers in plant cells. As far as it is known, this is not only the first report about the fabrication of nanocellulose based filaments by interfacial complexation of cationic CNCs with anionic celluloses but also the first demonstration of fabricating continuous fibers directly from oppositely charged nanoparticles by interfacial nanoparticle complexation (INC). This INC approach may provide a new route to design continuous filaments from many other oppositely charged nanoparticles with tailored characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitao Zhang
- Fiber and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Henrikki Liimatainen
- Fiber and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
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15
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Wang D, Yu H, Fan X, Gu J, Ye S, Yao J, Ni Q. High Aspect Ratio Carboxylated Cellulose Nanofibers Cross-linked to Robust Aerogels for Superabsorption-Flocculants: Paving Way from Nanoscale to Macroscale. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20755-20766. [PMID: 29846056 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Charged nanocellulose (NC) with a high aspect ratio (larger than 100) extracted from animal or bacterial cellulose and chemical cross-linked NC aerogels have great promising applicability in material science, but facile fabrication of such NC aerogels from plant cellulose by physical cross-linking still remains a major challenge. In this work, carboxylated cellulose nanofiber (CNF) with the highest aspect ratio of 144 was extracted from wasted ginger fibers by a simple one-step acid hydrolysis. Our approach could easily make the carboxylated CNF assemble into robust bulk aerogels with tunable densities and desirable shapes on a large scale (3D macropores to mesopores) by hydrogen bonds. Excitingly, these CNF aerogels had better compression mechanical properties (99.5 kPa at 80% strain) and high shape recovery. Moreover, the CNF aerogels had strong coagulation-flocculation ability (87.1%), removal efficiency of MB dye uptake (127.73 mg/g), and moderate Cu2+ absorption capacity (45.053 mg/g), which were due to assistance mechanisms of charge neutralization, network capture effect, and chain bridging of high aspect ratio carboxylated CNF. This provided a novel physical cross-linking method to design robust aerogels with modulated networked structures to be a general substrate material for industrial applications such as superabsorbent, flocculation, oil-water separation, and potential electrical energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanchao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No. 928 , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Houyong Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No. 928 , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Xuemeng Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No. 928 , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Jiping Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No. 928 , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Shounuan Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No. 928 , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Juming Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No. 928 , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Qingqing Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Xiasha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No. 928 , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Robotics , Shinshu University , Tokida, Ueda 386-8576 , Japan
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16
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Salehizadeh H, Yan N, Farnood R. Recent advances in polysaccharide bio-based flocculants. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:92-119. [PMID: 28993221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides, derived from biomass feedstocks, marine resources, and microorganisms, have been attracting considerable attention as benign and environmentally friendly substitutes for synthetic polymeric products. Besides many other applications, these biopolymers are rapidly emerging as viable alternatives to harmful synthetic flocculating agents for the removal of contaminants from water and wastewater. In recent years, a great deal of effort has been devoted to improve the production and performance of polysaccharide bio-based flocculants. In this review, current trends in preparation and chemical modification of polysaccharide bio-based flocculants and their flocculation performance are discussed. Aspects including mechanisms of flocculation, biosynthesis, classification, purification and characterization, chemical modification, the effect of physicochemical factors on flocculating activity, and recent applications of polysaccharide bio-based flocculants are summarized and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Salehizadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Ramin Farnood
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
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17
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Grenda K, Arnold J, Gamelas JAF, Rasteiro MG. Environmentally friendly cellulose-based polyelectrolytes in wastewater treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:1490-1499. [PMID: 28953475 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural-based polyelectrolytes (PELs), with all the advantages coming from being produced from renewable and biodegradable sources, are a potential solution for the removal of dyes from wastewater. In this work, surplus Eucalyptus bleached cellulose fibres from a paper mill were modified to increase the charge and solubility of cellulose. First, reactive aldehyde groups were introduced in the cellulose backbone by periodate oxidation of cellulose. Further modification with alkylammonium produced positively charged cellulose-based PELs. The final products were characterized by several analytical techniques. The PEL with the highest substitution degree of cationic groups was evaluated for its performance in decolouration processes, bentonite being used as aid. This was found to be effective for colour removal of either anionic or cationic dyes. Bio-PELs can thus be considered as very favourable eco-friendly flocculation agents for decolouration of harsh effluents from several industries, considering their biodegradable nature and thus the ability to produce less sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Grenda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF - Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: ; AQUA + TECH Specialities, Chemin du Chalet-du-Bac 4, CH-1237 Avully, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Arnold
- AQUA + TECH Specialities, Chemin du Chalet-du-Bac 4, CH-1237 Avully, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - José A F Gamelas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF - Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail:
| | - Maria G Rasteiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF - Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail:
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18
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Kemppainen K, Suopajärvi T, Laitinen O, Ämmälä A, Liimatainen H, Illikainen M. Flocculation of fine hematite and quartz suspensions with anionic cellulose nanofibers. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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20
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Wang S, Konduri MKR, Hou Q, Fatehi P. Cationic xylan–METAC copolymer as a flocculant for clay suspensions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The work presented herein focused on the flocculation of kaolin and bentonite clay suspensions using cationic copolymerized xylan under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujuan Wang
- Papermaking Science & Technology College
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin
- China
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Education
| | | | - Qingxi Hou
- Papermaking Science & Technology College
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Lakehead University
- Ontario
- Canada
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21
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Zhang H, Guo H, Wang B, Xiong L, Shi S, Chen X. Homogeneous synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamide-grafted cationic cellulose flocculants. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xuyi 211700 People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xuyi 211700 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xuyi 211700 People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xuyi 211700 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Silan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xuyi 211700 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinde Chen
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xuyi 211700 People's Republic of China
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22
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Ionic dextran derivatives for removal of Fastac 10 EC from its aqueous emulsions. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Zhu H, Zhang Y, Yang X, Liu H, Zhang X, Yao J. An Eco-friendly One-Step Synthesis of Dicarboxyl Cellulose for Potential Application in Flocculation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie503020n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hangcheng Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced
Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of
Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced
Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of
Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced
Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of
Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced
Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of
Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced
Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of
Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Juming Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced
Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of
Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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24
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Laitinen O, Kemppainen K, Ämmälä A, Sirviö JA, Liimatainen H, Niinimäki J. Use of Chemically Modified Nanocelluloses in Flotation of Hematite and Quartz. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie503415t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ossi Laitinen
- Fiber and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, P.
O. Box 4300, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Kalle Kemppainen
- Fiber and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, P.
O. Box 4300, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Ari Ämmälä
- Fiber and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, P.
O. Box 4300, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Juho Antti Sirviö
- Fiber and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, P.
O. Box 4300, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Henrikki Liimatainen
- Fiber and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, P.
O. Box 4300, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Jouko Niinimäki
- Fiber and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, P.
O. Box 4300, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
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25
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Chai L, Yan X, Li Q, Yang B, Wang Q. A comparative study of abiological granular sludge (ABGS) formation in different processes for zinc removal from wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12436-12444. [PMID: 24943888 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abiological granular sludge (ABGS) formation is a potential and facile strategy for improving sludge settling performance during zinc removal from wastewater using chemical precipitation. In this study, the effect of pH, seed dosage, and flocculant dosage on ABGS formation and treated water quality was investigated. Results show that settling velocity of ABGS can reach up to 4.00 cm/s under optimal conditions, e.g., pH of 9.0, zinc oxide (ZnO) seeds dosage of 1.5 g/l, and polyacrylamide (PAM) dosage of 10 mg/l. More importantly, ABGS formation mechanism was investigated in NaOH precipitation process and compared with that in bio-polymer ferric sulfate (BPFS)-NaOH precipitation process regarding their sludge structure and composition. In the NaOH precipitation process, ABGS formation depends on some attractions between particles, such as van der Waals attraction and bridging attraction. However, during the BPFS-NaOH sludge formation process, steric repulsion becomes dominant due to the adsorption of BPFS on ZnO seeds. This repulsion further causes extremely loose structure and poor settling performance of BPFS-NaOH sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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26
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Flocculation performance of different cationic amphiphilic dextran derivatives in zirconium silicate suspension. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Sirviö JA, Kolehmainen A, Visanko M, Liimatainen H, Niinimäki J, Hormi OEO. Strong, self-standing oxygen barrier films from nanocelluloses modified with regioselective oxidative treatments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:14384-14390. [PMID: 25089516 DOI: 10.1021/am503659j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, three self-standing nanocellulose films were produced from birch pulp using regioselective oxidation and further derivatization treatments. The modified celluloses were synthesized using periodate oxidation, followed by chlorite oxidation, bisulfite addition, or reductive amination with amino acid taurine, which resulted in dicarboxylic acid cellulose (DCC), α-hydroxy sulfonic acid cellulose (HSAC), and taurine-modified cellulose (TC), respectively. The nanocelluloses were fabricated by mechanical disintegration using high-pressure homogenization. Mechanical and barrier properties of the nanocellulose films were characterized. Two (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation-based nanocellulose films were also produced, and their properties were compared to the periodate-based nanocellulose films. All of the periodate-based nanocellulose films showed high tensile strength (130-163 MPa) and modulus (19-22 GPa). Oxygen barrier properties of the films were superior to many synthetic and composite materials; in particular, the nanofibrillated DCC films had oxygen permeability as low as 0.12 cm(3) μm/(m(2) d kPa) at 50% relative humidity. Compared to films of TEMPO-oxidized nanocelluloses, all of the periodate-based nanocellulose films had similar or even better mechanical and barrier properties, demonstrating versatility of periodate oxidation to obtain nanocellulose films with adjustable properties. Also, for the first time, amino-acid-based cellulose modification was used in the production of nanocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Antti Sirviö
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Laboratory & Thule Institute, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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28
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Guan Q, Zheng H, Zhai J, Zhao C, Zheng X, Tang X, Chen W, Sun Y. Effect of Template on Structure and Properties of Cationic Polyacrylamide: Characterization and Mechanism. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404116k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Guan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, and ‡National Centre for International Research
of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Huaili Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, and ‡National Centre for International Research
of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun Zhai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, and ‡National Centre for International Research
of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Chun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, and ‡National Centre for International Research
of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xiaokai Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, and ‡National Centre for International Research
of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - XiaoMin Tang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, and ‡National Centre for International Research
of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, and ‡National Centre for International Research
of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, and ‡National Centre for International Research
of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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