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Huang W, Liu S, Zhang T, Wu H, Pu S. Bibliometric analysis and systematic review of electrochemical methods for environmental remediation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 144:113-136. [PMID: 38802224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods are increasingly favored for remediating polluted environments due to their environmental compatibility and reagent-saving features. However, a comprehensive understanding of recent progress, mechanisms, and trends in these methods is currently lacking. Web of Science (WoS) databases were utilized for searching the primary data to understand the knowledge structure and research trends of publications on electrochemical methods and to unveil certain hotspots and future trends of electrochemical methods research. The original data were sampled from 9080 publications in those databases with the search deadline of June 1st, 2022. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software facilitated data visualization and analysis of document quantities, source journals, institutions, authors, and keywords. We discussed principles, influencing factors, and progress related to seven major electrochemical methods. Notably, publications on this subject have experienced significant growth since 2007. The most frequently-investigated areas in electrochemical methods included novel materials development, heavy metal remediation, organic pollutant degradation, and removal mechanism identification. "Advanced oxidation process" and "Nanocomposite" are currently trending topics. The major remediation mechanisms are adsorption, oxidation, and reduction. The efficiency of electrochemical systems is influenced by material properties, system configuration, electron transfer efficiency, and power density. Electro-Fenton exhibits significant advantages in achieving synergistic effects of anodic oxidation and electro-adsorption among the seven techniques. Future research should prioritize the improvement of electron transfer efficiency, the optimization of electrode materials, the exploration of emerging technology coupling, and the reduction in system operation and maintenance costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Huang
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Shibin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Qinghai Province, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning 530022, China.
| | - Shengyan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China.
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Rafaqat S, Ali N, Torres C, Rittmann B. Recent progress in treatment of dyes wastewater using microbial-electro-Fenton technology. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17104-17137. [PMID: 35755587 PMCID: PMC9178700 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01831d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, textile dyeing and manufacturing are one of the largest industrial units releasing huge amount of wastewater (WW) with refractory compounds such as dyes and pigments. Currently, wastewater treatment has been viewed as an industrial opportunity for rejuvenating fresh water resources and it is highly required in water stressed countries. This comprehensive review highlights an overall concept and in-depth knowledge on integrated, cost-effective cross-disciplinary solutions for domestic and industrial (textile dyes) WW and for harnessing renewable energy. This basic concept entails parallel or sequential modes of treating two chemically different WW i.e., domestic and industrial in the same system. In this case, contemporary advancement in MFC/MEC (METs) based systems towards Microbial-Electro-Fenton Technology (MEFT) revealed a substantial emerging scope and opportunity. Principally the said technology is based upon previously established anaerobic digestion and electro-chemical (photo/UV/Fenton) processes in the disciplines of microbial biotechnology and electro-chemistry. It holds an added advantage to all previously establish technologies in terms of treatment and energy efficiency, minimal toxicity and sludge waste, and environmental sustainable. This review typically described different dyes and their ultimate fate in environment and recently developed hierarchy of MEFS. It revealed detail mechanisms and degradation rate of dyes typically in cathodic Fenton system under batch and continuous modes of different MEF reactors. Moreover, it described cost-effectiveness of the said technology in terms of energy budget (production and consumption), and the limitations related to reactor fabrication cost and design for future upgradation to large scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Rafaqat
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Naeem Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Cesar Torres
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University USA
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University USA
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3
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Tian X, Huang H, Zhang H, Yan Y. Preparation of structured N-CNTs/PSSF composite catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate for phenol degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Saravanan A, Kumar PS, Srinivasan S, Jeevanantham S, Kamalesh R, Karishma S. Sustainable strategy on microbial fuel cell to treat the wastewater for the production of green energy. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133295. [PMID: 34914952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is one of the promising alternative energy systems where the catalytic conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy takes places with the help of microorganisms. The basic configuration of MFC consists of three major components such as electrodes (anode and cathode), catalyst (microorganism) and proton transport/exchange membrane (PEM). MFC classified into four types based on the substrate utilized for the catalytic energy conversion process such as Liquid-phase MFC, Solid-phase MFC, Plant-MFC and Algae-MFC. The core performance of MFC is organic substrate oxidation and electron transfer. Microorganisms and electrodes are the key factors that decide the efficiency of MFC system for electricity generation. Microorganism catalysis degradation of organic matters and assist the electron transfer to anode surface, the conductivity of anode material decides the rate of electron transport to cathode through external circuit where electrons are reduced with hydrogen and form water with oxygen. Not limited to electricity generation, MFC also has diverse applications in different sectors including wastewater treatment, biofuel (biohydrogen) production and used as biosensor for detection of biological oxygen demand (BOD) of wastewater and different contaminants concentration in water. This review explains different types of MFC systems and their core performance towards energy conversion and waste management. Also provides an insight on different factors that significantly affect the MFC performance and different aspects of application of MFC systems in various sectors. The challenges of MFC system design, operations and implementation in pilot scale level and the direction for future research are also described in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanan
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - S Jeevanantham
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India
| | - R Kamalesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India
| | - S Karishma
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India
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5
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Soltani F, Navidjouy N, Rahimnejad M. A review on bio-electro-Fenton systems as environmentally friendly methods for degradation of environmental organic pollutants in wastewater. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5184-5213. [PMID: 35425537 PMCID: PMC8982105 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08825d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-electro-Fenton (BEF) systems have been potentially studied as a promising technology to achieve environmental organic pollutants degradation and bioelectricity generation. The BEF systems are interesting and constantly expanding fields of science and technology. These emerging technologies, coupled with anodic microbial metabolisms and electrochemical Fenton's reactions, are considered suitable alternatives. Recently, great attention has been paid to BEFs due to special features such as hydrogen peroxide generation, energy saving, high efficiency and energy production, that these features make BEFs outstanding compared with the existing technologies. Despite the advantages of this technology, there are still problems to consider including low production of current density, chemical requirement for pH adjustment, iron sludge formation due to the addition of iron catalysts and costly materials used. This review has described the general features of BEF system, and introduced some operational parameters affecting the performance of BEF system. In addition, the results of published researches about the degradation of persistent organic pollutants and real wastewaters treatment in BEF system are presented. Some challenges and possible future prospects such as suitable methods for improving current generation, selection of electrode materials, and methods for reducing iron residues and application over a wide pH range are also given. Thus, the present review mainly revealed that BEF system is an environmental friendly technology for integrated wastewater treatment and clean energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Soltani
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Nahid Navidjouy
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran +98 9143489617
| | - Mostafa Rahimnejad
- Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol Iran
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6
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CuNiN@C coupled with peroxymonosulfate as efficient catalytic system for the removal of norfloxacin by adsorption and catalysis. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Rodríguez-González V, Obregón S, Patrón-Soberano OA, Terashima C, Fujishima A. An approach to the photocatalytic mechanism in the TiO 2-nanomaterials microorganism interface for the control of infectious processes. APPLIED CATALYSIS. B, ENVIRONMENTAL 2020; 270:118853. [PMID: 32292243 DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The approach of this timely review considers the current literature that is focused on the interface nanostructure/cell-wall microorganism to understand the annihilation mechanism. Morphological studies use optical and electronic microscopes to determine the physical damage on the cell-wall and the possible cell lysis that confirms the viability and microorganism death. The key parameters of the tailoring the surface of the photoactive nanostructures such as the metal functionalization with bacteriostatic properties, hydrophilicity, textural porosity, morphology and the formation of heterojunction systems, can achieve the effective eradication of the microorganisms under natural conditions, ranging from practical to applications in environment, agriculture, and so on. However, to our knowledge, a comprehensive review of the microorganism/nanomaterial interface approach has rarely been conducted. The final remarks point the ideal photocatalytic way for the effective prevention/eradication of microorganisms, considering the resistance that the microorganism could develop without the appropriate regulatory aspects for human and ecosystem safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Rodríguez-González
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science & Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Materiales Avanzados, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a, Sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sergio Obregón
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, CICFIM-Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Av. Universidad S/N, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Olga A Patrón-Soberano
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a, Sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Chiaki Terashima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science & Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Fujishima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science & Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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8
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Xu P, Zheng D, Xie Z, Ma J, Yu J, Hou B. The mechanism and oxidation efficiency of bio-electro-Fenton system with Fe@Fe2O3/ACF composite cathode. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Zou R, Angelidaki I, Jin B, Zhang Y. Feasibility and applicability of the scaling-up of bio-electro-Fenton system for textile wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105352. [PMID: 31778935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Textile wastewater entering natural water bodies could cause serious environment and health issues. Bio-electro-Fenton (BEF) as an efficient and energy saving wastewater treatment technology has recently attracted widespread attention. So far, there is no research available on the scaling-up of BEF process. In this work, an innovative 20 L up-scaled BEF system was constructed for the treatment of methylene blue (MB) containing wastewater. The system was first tested in batch mode. The results showed that the system performance was majorly related to the operating parameters including initial MB concentration, catholyte pH and concentration, cathodic aeration rate, Fe2+ dosage, and applied voltage. At the optimal condition, 20 mg L-1 of MB was efficiently removed following the apparent first order kinetics. The corresponding rate constants for the decolorization and mineralization were 0.68 and 0.20 h-1, respectively. Furthermore, MB decolorization efficiency of 99% and mineralization efficiency of 74% were observed when the hydraulic retention time was 28 h in continuous mode. This work demonstrates the scaling-up potential of BEF for recalcitrant wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusen Zou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Biao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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10
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Peng J, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Miao D, Li J, Liu H, Wang L, Gao S. Removal of triclosan in a Fenton-like system mediated by graphene oxide: Reaction kinetics and ecotoxicity evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:726-733. [PMID: 31003100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a typical nanomaterial, graphene oxide (GO) can be easily dispersed in water and may affect the aqueous environment. In this paper, the degradation of triclosan (TCS) in a Fenton-like system Fe3+/H2O2 in GO aqueous solution was investigated. Interestingly, it was observed that GO at low concentration (2.0 mg/L) could exhibit significant catalytic effect on TCS removal. Meanwhile, results of XPS, Raman and TEM spectroscopy suggested the structure and chemical composition of GO did not exhibit significant change after the oxidation process within 30 min. As per the radical quenching experiments and ESR tests, hydroxyl radical (·OH) was mainly responsible for the decomposition of TCS. Further mechanism study indicated that the reaction activation energy (Ea) could be lowered and the production of ·OH be promoted in the presence of GO, respectively. A total of nine intermediates of TCS degradation were detected by TOF-LC-MS after SPE procedure. Finally, ecotoxicity assessment revealed that degradation of TCS by Fe3+/H2O2 system in GO aqueous solution could yield by-products of smaller toxicity compared with parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Peng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Yaozong Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Dong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Haijin Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Lianhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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11
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Xiong Z, Wang Z, Muthu M, Zhang Y. Construction of an in-situ Fenton-like system based on a g-C 3N 4 composite photocatalyst. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:565-571. [PMID: 30952001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, g-C3N4/PDI/Fe (gCPF) composite material was prepared by incorporating Fe ion on the composite catalyst of g-C3N4/PDI (gCP). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the Fe was successfully incorporated on the pristine g-C3N4/PDI. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (UV-vis DRS) and Photoluminescence spectral (PL) analysis confirmed the enhancement of the visible absorption band following a decline in the photoelectron/hole recombination rate with gCPF. A preparatory experiment was performed on photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) to examine the activity of gCPF. Results obtained in the radical quenching and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic studies indicated that an in-situ Fenton-like system has been successfully established and the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) changed from O2- to both O2- and OH in the gCPF system. However, a competition toward conduction band electrons between Fe3+ and O2 caused an inhibitory effect on PNP degradation. To overcome the effect, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) was introduced as a reducing agent for Fe3+. Upon adding NTA, the efficiency of PNP degradation greatly enhanced from 33 to 80%. The effect of initial pH, dosage of NTA and content of dissolved O2 on PNP degradation was also studied. The photocatalytic stability was confirmed by recycling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xiong
- Environmental Science Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Environmental Science Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Murugananthan Muthu
- Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Technology, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641004, India
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- Environmental Science Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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12
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Fernández L, Gamallo M, González-Gómez MA, Vázquez-Vázquez C, Rivas J, Pintado M, Moreira MT. Insight into antibiotics removal: Exploring the photocatalytic performance of a Fe 3O 4/ZnO nanocomposite in a novel magnetic sequential batch reactor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 237:595-608. [PMID: 30826641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was the preparation and photocatalytic evaluation of a novel nanocomposite (NC) based on Fe3O4/ZnO, to eliminate four persistent antibiotics in surface waters: sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, erythromycin and roxithromycin. Prior to the operation of the photocatalytic reactor, the influence of pH (3-9), catalyst concentration (50-800 mg L-1), oxidant dose (0-100 mg L-1) and concentration of different targets (10-100 μg L-1) on the catalytic efficiency was evaluated. The analysis of reaction kinetics showed that degradation processes of the four antibiotics followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Antibiotics adsorption onto the nanocomposite surface depended on their electrostatic nature and played an important role when decreasing the initial concentration of antibiotics. In this context, kinetic rates were higher at lower initial levels of organic pollutants, which is a favourable effect from a practical application perspective. On the other hand, a synergistic effect of the available Fe in the nanocomposite was found, contributing to the oxidation of antibiotics by photo-Fenton as a secondary reaction. Then, a magnetic photocatalytic reactor was operated under optimal conditions. The enhanced photonic efficiency of Fe3O4/ZnO in the system, as well as the ease of the magnetic separation and catalyst reusability, indicate the viability of this reactor configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernández
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Gamallo
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M A González-Gómez
- Laboratory of Magnetism and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technological Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Vázquez-Vázquez
- Laboratory of Magnetism and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technological Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Rivas
- Laboratory of Magnetism and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technological Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Pintado
- Centre of Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4202-401, Porto, Portugal
| | - M T Moreira
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Liang P, Zhao X, Liang M, Zhou B. Combined photoelectrocatalytic microbial fuel cell (PEC-MFC) degradation of refractory organic pollutants and in-situ electricity utilization. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:669-678. [PMID: 30292049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) process was developed and applied to simultaneously remove refractory organic pollutants (i.e., phenol and aniline) from wastewater while recovering energy for in-situ utilization. The current generated by the MFC process was applied to drive the PEC reaction. Compared with single PEC or MFC processes, the PEC-MFC combined process showed higher pollutant and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal capacities and electricity production. Over 95% of the phenol or aniline was removed by these process, even at high initial concentrations. The COD removal efficiencies for phenol and aniline were ca. 96% (from 700 to 29 mg L-1) and 70% (from 165 to 49 mg L-1), respectively. Although the PEC process showed a limited contribution to phenol and aniline removals (16.5% and 43%, respectively), the utilization of PEC-treated phenol or aniline streams resulted in a MFC with higher voltage output, higher coulombic efficiency, maximal volumetric power density, and lower internal resistance as compared to untreated water. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry measurements revealed quinones/hydroquinones and low molecular weight organic acids to be produced as intermediates after the PEC process, which could improve the production of electricity in the MFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Peng Liang
- Environment Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Mingxing Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Bin Zhou
- The Administrative Center for China's Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, PR China
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Peng Q, Ding Y, Zhu L, Zhang G, Tang H. Fast and complete degradation of norfloxacin by using Fe/Fe3C@NG as a bifunctional catalyst for activating peroxymonosulfate. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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In-situ sulfur-doped carbon as a metal-free catalyst for persulfate activated oxidation of aqueous organics. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Nidheesh PV, Zhou M, Oturan MA. An overview on the removal of synthetic dyes from water by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:210-227. [PMID: 29366952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater containing dyes are one of the major threats to our environment. Conventional methods are insufficient for the removal of these persistent organic pollutants. Recently much attention has been received for the oxidative removal of various organic pollutants by electrochemically generated hydroxyl radical. This review article aims to provide the recent trends in the field of various Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) used for removing dyes from water medium. The characteristics, fundamentals and recent advances in each processes namely anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton, peroxicoagulation, fered Fenton, anodic Fenton, photoelectro-Fenton, sonoelectro-Fenton, bioelectro-Fenton etc. have been examined in detail. These processes have great potential to destroy persistent organic pollutants in aqueous medium and most of the studies reported complete removal of dyes from water. The great capacity of these processes indicates that EAOPs constitute a promising technology for the treatment of the dye contaminated effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Nidheesh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Mehmet A Oturan
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, (LGE), EA 4508, UPEM, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France.
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17
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Kahoush M, Behary N, Cayla A, Nierstrasz V. Bio-Fenton and Bio-electro-Fenton as sustainable methods for degrading organic pollutants in wastewater. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Yan S, Geng J, Guo R, Du Y, Zhang H. Hydronium jarosite activation of peroxymonosulfate for the oxidation of organic contaminant in an electrochemical reactor driven by microbial fuel cell. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 333:358-368. [PMID: 28410512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electro-assisted Fenton-like (EAFL) system based on sulfate radicals (SO4-) has been extensively explored for the degradation of recalcitrant organic contaminant. Nevertheless, external power supply should be provided uninterruptedly in the EAFL process and thus the high energy consumption is ineluctable. Recently, microbial fuel cell (MFC), a bio-electrochemical system where exoelectricigens are used to catalyze fuels into electricity energy has gained popularity mainly due to its renewability. Herein, a novel heterogeneous EAFL system, hydronium jarosite (HJ) activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in an electrochemical reactor driven by an uncoated single-chamber MFC (MFC/HJ/PMS), was employed to decolorize acid orange 7 (AO7). The results suggest that the MFC/HJ/PMS system can remove AO7 efficiently in a wide pH range (3-9). The concentration of total iron leached could meet European Union discharge standards and hydronium jarosite could be used at least three circles. The results of electron paramagnetic resonance analysis and radical scavenging experiments indicate SO4- is the major active species responsible for the AO7 elimination. The work provides an efficient, energy-saving and cost-effective approach to treat organic wastewater and develops the conceivable utilization of hydronium jarosite, precipitates produced in hydrometallurgical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suding Yan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
| | - Jinyao Geng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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19
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Effect of nitrogen doping on graphite cathode for hydrogen peroxide production and power generation in MFC. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Miran W, Nawaz M, Jang J, Lee DS. Chlorinated phenol treatment and in situ hydrogen peroxide production in a sulfate-reducing bacteria enriched bioelectrochemical system. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 117:198-206. [PMID: 28399481 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewaters are increasingly being considered as renewable resources for the sustainable production of electricity, fuels, and chemicals. In recent years, bioelectrochemical treatment has come to light as a prospective technology for the production of energy from wastewaters. In this study, a bioelectrochemical system (BES) enriched with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the anodic chamber was proposed and evaluated for the biodegradation of recalcitrant chlorinated phenol, electricity generation (in the microbial fuel cell (MFC)), and production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (in the microbial electrolysis cell (MEC)), which is a very strong oxidizing agent and often used for the degradation of complex organics. Maximum power generation of 253.5 mW/m2, corresponding to a current density of 712.0 mA/m2, was achieved in the presence of a chlorinated phenol pollutant (4-chlorophenol (4-CP) at 100 mg/L (0.78 mM)) and lactate (COD of 500 mg/L). In the anodic chamber, biodegradation of 4-CP was not limited to dechlorination, and further degradation of one of its metabolic products (phenol) was observed. In MEC operation mode, external voltage (0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 V) was added via a power supply, with 0.4 V producing the highest concentration of H2O2 (13.3 g/L-m2 or 974 μM) in the cathodic chamber after 6 h of operation. Consequently, SRB-based bioelectrochemical technology can be applied for chlorinated pollutant biodegradation in the anodic chamber and either net current or H2O2 production in the cathodic chamber by applying an optimum external voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Miran
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Li Y, Yang HY, Shen JY, Mu Y, Yu HQ. Enhancement of azo dye decolourization in a MFC-MEC coupled system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 202:93-100. [PMID: 26702516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have shown the potential for azo dye decolourization. In this study, a MFC-MEC (microbial electrolysis cell) coupled system was established in order to enhance azo dye decolourization, and the influence of several key factors on reactor performance was evaluated. Moreover, a theoretical analysis was conducted to find the essential preconditions for successfully develop this MFC-MEC coupled system. The results indicate that the decolourization rate in the coupled system had a 36.52-75.28% improvement compared to the single MFC. Anodic acetate concentration of both the MFC and the MEC showed a positive effect on azo dye decolourization, while the cathodic pH of both MEC and MFC in the range of 7.0-10.3 had an insignificant impact on reactor performance in the coupled system. The theoretical analysis reveals that the MFC should have higher short-circuit electricity generation than the MEC before connecting together for a successful coupled system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hou-Yun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-You Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Chachou L, Gueraini Y, Bouhalouane Y, Poncin S, Li HZ, Bensadok K. Application of the electro-Fenton process for cutting fluid mineralization. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:1924-1932. [PMID: 25666104 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1016120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic compound is the main pollutant in industrial effluent. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are inefficient for the removal of toxic or non-biodegradable organic pollutants. Advanced electrochemical depollution is a very efficient and economic method, suitable when the wastewater contains toxic and recalcitrant organic pollutants. The aim of the present study was to investigate the application of the electro-Fenton (EF) process for the degradation and mineralization of a stable oil-in-water emulsion (0.01% in v/v). The effects of operating parameters such as cathode material (graphite, Ti/Pt and steel), nature (Na2SO4, NaNO3 and NaCl) and dose of electrolyte (25-75 mM), initial ferrous ions concentration (1-75 mM), current intensity (0.1-0.2 A) and operating time, on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, were studied. Results showed that the EF method can be used efficiently for the degradation of stable cutting oil emulsion. For considered initial conditions (bubbling compressed air at 1 L/min, 0.15 A, pH 3, [Na2SO4]=0.05 M, [FeSO4]=0.015 M, COD0=400 mg O2/L), the best removal efficiencies were obtained under the following conditions: graphite as cathode material, 180 min for treatment duration and 0.05 M [Na2SO4]. For these conditions, treatment of 250 mL of emulsion led to 93.6% of cutting fluid mineralization, which correspond to 25 mg O2/L of final COD, 19 kWh/m3 of treated wastewater and 24.039 kWh/kg of COD removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chachou
- a Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Industriels et de l'Environnement , Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene , B.P. 32 El Alia, 35111 Alger , Algerie
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Duan X, Ao Z, Sun H, Zhou L, Wang G, Wang S. Insights into N-doping in single-walled carbon nanotubes for enhanced activation of superoxides: a mechanistic study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15249-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped SWCNTs with enhanced carbocatalysis were investigated in the activation of superoxides by advanced oxidation and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Duan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Zhimin Ao
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
- University of Technology Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Hongqi Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
- University of Technology Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
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Liu Y, Shen J, Huang L, Wu D. Copper catalysis for enhancement of cobalt leaching and acid utilization efficiency in microbial fuel cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 262:1-8. [PMID: 24007993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of both cobalt leaching from LiCoO2 and acid utilization efficiency (AUE) in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was successfully achieved by the addition of Cu(II). A dosage of 10mg/L Cu(II) improved both cobalt leaching up to 308% and AUE of 171% compared to the controls with no presence of Cu(II). The apparent activation energy of cobalt leaching catalyzed by Cu(II) in MFCs was only 11.8 kJ/mol. These results demonstrate cobalt leaching in MFCs using Cu(II) as a catalyst may be an effective strategy for cobalt recovery and recycle of spent Li-ion batteries, and the evidence of influence factors including solid/liquid ratio, temperature, and pH and solution conductivity can contribute to improving understanding of and optimizing cobalt leaching catalyzed by Cu(II) in MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Fernández de Dios MÁ, del Campo AG, Fernández FJ, Rodrigo M, Pazos M, Sanromán MÁ. Bacterial-fungal interactions enhance power generation in microbial fuel cells and drive dye decolourisation by an ex situ and in situ electro-Fenton process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 148:39-46. [PMID: 24035817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the potential for sustainable energy production from wastes has been exploited using a combination fungus-bacterium in microbial fuel cell (MFC) and electro-Fenton technology. The fungus Trametes versicolor was grown with Shewanella oneidensis so that the bacterium would use the networks of the fungus to transport the electrons to the anode. This system generated stable electricity that was enhanced when the electro-Fenton reactions occurred in the cathode chamber. This configuration reached a stable voltage of approximately 1000 mV. Thus, the dual benefits of the in situ-designed MFC electro-Fenton, the simultaneous dye decolourisation and the electricity generation, were demonstrated. Moreover, the generated power was effectively used to drive an ex situ electro-Fenton process in batch and continuous mode. This newly developed MFC fungus-bacterium with an in situ electro-Fenton system can ensure a high power output and a continuous degradation of organic pollutants.
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Zhu X, Logan BE. Using single-chamber microbial fuel cells as renewable power sources of electro-Fenton reactors for organic pollutant treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 252-253:198-203. [PMID: 23523911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electro-Fenton reactions can be very effective for organic pollutant degradation, but they typically require non-sustainable electrical power to produce hydrogen peroxide. Two-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been proposed for pollutant treatment using Fenton-based reactions, but these types of MFCs have low power densities and require expensive membranes. Here, more efficient dual reactor systems were developed using a single-chamber MFC as a low-voltage power source to simultaneously accomplish H2O2 generation and Fe(2+) release for the Fenton reaction. In tests using phenol, 75 ± 2% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was removed in the electro-Fenton reactor in one cycle (22 h), and phenol was completely degraded to simple and readily biodegradable organic acids. Compared to previously developed systems based on two-chamber MFCs, the degradation efficiency of organic pollutants was substantially improved. These results demonstrate that this system is an energy-efficient and cost-effective approach for industrial wastewater treatment of certain pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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