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Rondello Bonatti T, Vidal Siqueira-Castro IC, Averaldo Guiguet Leal D, Durigan M, Pedroso Dias RJ, Bueno Franco RM. Molecular characterization of waterborne protozoa in surface water and sediment in Brazil: a taxonomic survey of ciliated protozoa and their correlation with Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:470. [PMID: 36922479 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. was performed, along with the identification of the ciliated protozoa biodiversity, to evaluate the correlation between these protozoa in freshwater quality monitoring. Water and sediment samples from two sites in the Atibaia River (Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil) were collected monthly for 2 years (n = 96). Pathogenic protozoa in water and sediment were detected by using immunomagnetic separation, followed by visualization by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). All positive aliquots in IFA were subjected to DNA extraction and subsequently nested PCR. Qualitative (in vivo observation and silver impregnation) and quantitative (in vivo enumeration) analyses were performed for the ciliated protozoa. Giardia cysts were detected in 62.5% of the surface water samples and Cryptosporidium spp. in 25.0%. In the sediment, cysts were detected in 35.4% samples and oocysts in 16.6%. A total of 57 samples positive for Giardia cysts were subjected to sequencing, 40 of which were harboring G. duodenalis (24 were characterized as sub-assemblage AII). For ciliated protozoa, 73 taxa belonging to 53 genera were identified over the period of the study. These results revealed a high degree of contamination by waterborne protozoa in the main water source which supplies drinking water for more than one million people in Campinas (São Paulo), highlighting the need for continuous monitoring of this catchment site. In addition, the present study provides important data regarding the sources of the water body degradation, i.e., fecal contamination of human origin, in addition to the survey of the ciliated protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Rondello Bonatti
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Durigan
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fradette MS, Charette SJ. Working toward improved monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in water samples: testing alternatives to elution and immunomagnetic separation from USEPA Method 1623.1. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:254. [PMID: 35841071 PMCID: PMC9284717 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to find a method to enhance the recovery of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. parasites from water samples for research purposes compared to the results that can be achieved with USEPA Method 1623.1. Four different approaches were used to test water samples that were artificially spiked with parasites. The approaches were: (i) Method 1623.1 itself, (ii) elution of Method 1623.1 combined with microfiltration, (iii) an elution technique based on grinding the filter membrane in a blender before the eluent was concentrated by immunomagnetic separation, and (iv) the blender elution followed by microfiltration. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine which approach led to the highest parasite recovery rates. RESULTS Method 1623.1 gave the best results for Giardia, while all four approaches were statistically equivalent for Cryptosporidium. We evaluated the costs and laboratory time requirements for each protocol to give readers a complete comparison of the methods tested. Elution of Method 1623.1 combined with microfiltration resulted in lower costs and less laboratory work time without compromising the recovery of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Stéphanie Fradette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Laval University, 1030, avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Laval University, 1045, avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche en Aménagement et Développement du Territoire (CRAD), 2325, allée Des Bibliothèques, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Steve J Charette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Laval University, 1030, avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Laval University, 1045, avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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Medeiros RC, Sammarro Silva KJ, Daniel LA. Wastewater treatment performance in microbiological removal and (oo)cyst viability assessed comparatively to fluorescence decay. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:962-970. [PMID: 32799634 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1811396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater is a source of pathogenic protozoan (oo)cysts and may play a significant role in spreading waterborne diseases. This scenario becomes more critical as treated sewage from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is discharged into springs, which are often used for water supply, irrigation, recreation and, further downstream, indirect potable reuse, quite common in Brazil. This study aimed to elucidate, regarding microbiological quality, the performance of a full-scale WWTP, consisting of preliminary treatment, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, activated sludge system and ultraviolet (UV) radiation disinfection. Pathogenic protozoa (Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts), as well as microbiological indicators (Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens), were evaluated in terms of their removal. In addition, (oo)cyst viability and fluorescence reduction were assessed. By using the data obtained from this research, the prevalence of infection estimated for the population served by the WWTP was between 7.4% and 14.8% for giardiasis, and between 0.055% and 0.11% for cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Corrêa Medeiros
- Department of Engineering and Environmental Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria - campus Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sammarro Silva KJ, Sabogal-Paz LP. Analytical challenges and perspectives of assessing viability of Giardia muris cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by live/dead simultaneous staining. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:60-69. [PMID: 32463712 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1775712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium are pathogenic protozoa often present in the environment in their infective form(cysts and oocysts). These parasites are very resistant to disinfection, which makes them important target organisms in environmental quality monitoring and sanitation. Viability assessment provides an interpretation of cell inactivation, and it can be evaluated by membrane integrity as well as enzyme activity, using different staining methods. These are straightforward and adequate to laboratories that lack infrastructure for molecular-based technologies or animal infectivity tests. This study investigated simultaneous staining by a commercial live/dead kit, in order to assess viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia muris cysts, comparing it to propidium iodide (PI) incorporation, a common stain applied in viability estimation. Results suggested that, although the central hypothesis of one-panel visualization (α = 0.05) was met, simultaneous staining impaired (oo)cyst detection by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), which was found to be essential to enumeration, as the live/dead test led to poor (oo)cyst labelling or a 10-fold lower recovery when carried out concomitantly to IFA. As for the viability assessment itself, although red dye uptake occurred as expected by dead or weakened organisms, neither live G. muris cysts or C. parvum oocysts present any green fluorescence by esterase metabolism. This may have been caused by low enzyme activity in the infective form and/or wall thickness of these parasites. The results do not exclude the possibility of simultaneous fluorescence staining for protozoa, but it is a starting point for a broader analysis, that may consider, for instance, different incubation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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Saad M, Faucher SP. Aptamers and Aptamer-Coupled Biosensors to Detect Water-Borne Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643797. [PMID: 33679681 PMCID: PMC7933031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers can serve as efficient bioreceptors for the development of biosensing detection platforms. Aptamers are short DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that fold into specific structures, which enable them to selectively bind to target analytes. The method used to identify aptamers is Systematic Evolution of Ligands through Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). Target properties can have an impact on aptamer efficiencies. Therefore, characteristics of water-borne microbial targets must be carefully considered during SELEX for optimal aptamer development. Several aptamers have been described for key water-borne pathogens. Here, we provide an exhaustive overview of these aptamers and discuss important microbial aspects to consider when developing such aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Saad
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sebastien P. Faucher
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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6
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Sammarro Silva KJ, Sabogal-Paz LP. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts as target-organisms in sanitation and environmental monitoring: A review in microscopy-based viability assays. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116590. [PMID: 33166919 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysts and (oo)cysts are the infective forms of parasitic protozoa, as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which are widespread and associated to worldwide waterborne diseases outbreaks. These microorganisms pose a challenge to public health, as they are resistant to conventional disinfection methods, which make them important parameters when evaluating inactivation efficiency. However, when (oo)cysts are targets, it is challenging to infer inactivation efficacy, as it may require infectivity tests that are not often an option for laboratory routine analysis. In this scene, (oo)cyst viability based on induced excystation, membrane integrity and enzyme activity evaluated by dye inclusion and/or exclusion, as well as fluorescence reduction consist on microscopy-based techniques that may be options to estimate inactivation in the environmental context. This scoping review presents applications, advantages and limitations of these methodologies for viability assessment, in order to shed light on the (oo)cyst viability topic and provide insight strategies for choosing protocols in the environmental and sanitation field, in laboratory applications and novel research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil.
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7
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de Oliveira GL, Daniel LA. Removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporididum spp. oocysts from anaerobic effluent by dissolved air flotation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:141-147. [PMID: 31136251 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1625447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lab-scale studies were carried out to investigate the efficiency of dissolved air flotation (DAF) for the removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts from anaerobic effluent from the pilot UASB reactor. Raw wastewater, UASB and DAF effluent samples were collected weekly and protozoan (oo)cysts were concentrated using IMS followed by protozoa detection using immunofluorescense assay (IFA). The number of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the raw wastewater was always lower than that of Giardia spp. cysts with 28-33 oocysts L-1 and 3177-4267 cysts L-1, respectively. Log10 removal of Giardia cysts utilising polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was higher than that with FeCl3, but no statistically significant difference between the two coagulants was observed. Cryptosporidium was absent in most of the treated effluent samples. The results indicate that DAF reached more than 2 log of cyst removal. In addition, the results demonstrated that these parasites are prevalent in the study area and E. coli and total coliforms were not good indicator microorganisms in terms of cyst and oocysts numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Laila de Oliveira
- Hydraulic and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Hydraulic and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Chique C, Hynds PD, Andrade L, Burke L, Morris D, Ryan MP, O'Dwyer J. Cryptosporidium spp. in groundwater supplies intended for human consumption - A descriptive review of global prevalence, risk factors and knowledge gaps. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 176:115726. [PMID: 32247994 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the leading causes of diarrhoeal illness and mortality induced by protozoan pathogens worldwide. As a largely waterborne disease, emphasis has been given to the study of Cryptosporidium spp. in surface waters, readily susceptible to pathogenic contamination. Conversely, the status of Cryptosporidium in potable groundwater sources, generally regarded as a pristine and "safe" drinking-water supply owing to (sub)-soil protection, remains largely unknown. As such, this investigation presents the first literature review aimed to ascertain the global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in groundwater supply sources intended for human consumption. Thirty-seven peer-reviewed studies were identified and included in the review. Groundwater sample and supply detection rates (estimated 10-20%) indicate Cryptosporidium is frequently present in domestic groundwater sources, representing a latent health concern for groundwater consumers. Specifically, sample (10.4%) and source (19.1%) detection rates deriving from comprehensive "temporal" investigations are put forward as representative of a contamination 'baseline' for Cryptosporidium in 'domestic' groundwater supplies. Proposed 'baseline' prevalence figures are largely applicable in preventive risk-based catchment and groundwater quality management including the formulation of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Notwithstanding, a large geographical disparity in available investigations and lack of standardized reporting restrict the transferability of research findings. Overall, the mechanisms responsible for Cryptosporidium transport and ingress into groundwater supplies remain ambiguous, representing a critical knowledge gap, and denoting a distinctive lack of integration between groundwater and public-health sub-disciplines among investigations. Key recommendations and guidelines are provided for prospective studies directed at more integrative and multi-disciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chique
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science (BEES), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - P D Hynds
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESIH), Technological University Dublin, Ireland.
| | - L Andrade
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science (BEES), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Burke
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine and Centre for Health from Environment, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - D Morris
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine and Centre for Health from Environment, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M P Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - J O'Dwyer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science (BEES), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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9
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Lass A, Ma L, Kontogeorgos I, Xueyong Z, Li X, Karanis P. Contamination of wastewater with Echinococcus multilocularis - possible implications for drinking water resources in the QTP China. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115334. [PMID: 31794889 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is a parasite that causes a dangerous zoonosis, alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Its presence in water sources, however, has scarcely been studied heretofore. Accordingly, 222 samples of different origin including wastewater from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (n = 137), slaughterhouse (n = 49) as well as water from rivers (n = 26) and a cattle farm (n = 10) were collected from Xining City and a rural area in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), an endemic area. Material obtained after processing of 10 L volume samples was subsequently analysed using three molecular detection methods: nested PCR, real-time PCR and LAMP. E. multilocularis DNA was found in 13 (5.85%) water samples; including 8 (5.8%), 3 (6%), 2 (20%) and 0 positive samples found in WWTPs, a slaughterhouse, a cattle farm and rivers, respectively. All three (LAMP, PCR, RT-PCR) molecular tools displayed high agreement and effectiveness in their ability of detecting the parasite's DNA in environmental material. This is the first investigation describing E. multilocularis detection in wastewater samples, using three sensitive molecular diagnostic tools. Results indicate the role of wastewater in dissemination of E. multilocularis and the risk of contamination of water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lass
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China; Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Medical University of Gdansk, 9b Powstania Styczniowego Str, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Liqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Ioannis Kontogeorgos
- Marine Sciences Department, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 88 100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Zhang Xueyong
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Xiuping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Nicosia University Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Nicosia, 2408, Cyprus.
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Yamashiro S, Foco MLR, Pineda CO, José J, Nour EAA, Siqueira-Castro ICV, Franco RMB. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. removal efficiency of a combined fixed-film system treating domestic wastewater receiving hospital effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22756-22771. [PMID: 31172433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium have caused numerous outbreaks of diarrhea as a result of the ingestion of water contaminated with sewage. In Brazil, the efficiency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium removal by combined fixed-film systems has rarely been studied. The aims of the present study were therefore to verify the removal efficiency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium by a combined system (anaerobic/anoxic filter and aerated submerged biofilter) and to perform the genetic characterization of these parasites. The (oo)cysts were detected by centrifuge concentration and membrane filtration from raw sewage, effluents, adhered biomass, and sludge samples. Immunofluorescence assay and differential interference contrast microscopy were used for the visualization of the (oo)cysts. Nested PCR was applied to confirm Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in 27% and 5.5% of the 144 analyzed samples of raw sewage and effluents, respectively. A total of 33,000 cysts/L were recovered in the adhered biomass samples (n = 25) from different points of the aerated submerged biofilter, while 6000 oocysts/L were registered in a single point. An average of 11,800 cysts/L were found in the sludge samples (n = 5). The combined system exhibited a removal efficiency of Giardia cysts of 1.8 ± 1.0 log removal. The C and BIV assemblages of Giardia were identified in the raw sewage while AII was found in the treated effluent sample. It was not possible to calculate the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium oocysts by the combined system. The combined system exhibited some potential as a suitable treatment for the removal of parasites from sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Mário Luiz Rodrigues Foco
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ortiz Pineda
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
- Department of Sanitation and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, n°255, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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Lejard-Malki R, Follet J, Vlandas A, Senez V. Selective electrohydrodynamic concentration of waterborne parasites on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3310-3322. [PMID: 30283951 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00840j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrating diluted samples is a key step to improve detection capabilities. The wise use of scaling laws shows the advantages of working with sub-microliter-sized samples. Rapid progress in MEMS technologies has driven the design of integrated platforms performing many biochemical operations. Here we report a new concentrator device based on electro-hydrodynamic forces which can be easily integrated into electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) platforms. This approach is label-free and applicable to a wide range of micro-objects. The detection and analysis of two common waterborne parasites, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, is a perfect test case due to their global health relevance. By fully controlling the interplay of the various forces acting on the micron-sized Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris oocysts, we show that it is possible to concentrate them on the side of a 10 μL initial drop and then extract them efficiently from a droplet of a few hundred nanoliters. We performed a finite element modeling of the forces acting on the parasites' oocysts to optimize the electrodes' shapes. We obtained state-of-the-art concentration factors of 12 ± 0.4 times and 2 to 4 times in the sub-region of the drop and the extracted droplet, respectively, with an efficiency of 70 ± 6%. Furthermore, this device had the ability to selectively concentrate parasites of different species out of a mix. We demonstrated this by segregating C. parvum oocysts from either Giardia lamblia cysts or its related species, C. muris oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Lejard-Malki
- CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Univ. Lille, Avenue Poincaré, C.S. 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, Lille F-59000, France.
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12
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Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts-A practical and sensitive method for counting and manipulating small numbers. Acta Trop 2017; 169:119-121. [PMID: 28192081 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and inexpensive method is described for accurate and reproducible counting and manipulating small numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. From a suspension of oocysts or cysts at concentration from 1000 to 5000/mL (1-5/μL), replicate 5μL droplets are micro pipetted onto the edge of a microscope slide. Unstained oocysts or cysts in each droplet can be counted in a few minutes and replicated for statistical strength. The concentration of the suspension can then be verified by pipetting desired volumes containing approximately desired numbers onto confined 13mm membranes for IFA staining and counting with replication as desired. Requiring only a micropipette, analytical balance, and a microscope, this provides a useful tool accessible to virtually any microbiology laboratory.
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Ramo A, Del Cacho E, Sánchez-Acedo C, Quílez J. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw and finished drinking water in north-eastern Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1007-1013. [PMID: 27993472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper collects the first large-sample-size study on the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in drinking water plants at the 20 most populated towns in Aragón (north-eastern Spain). Samples of influent raw water and effluent finished water were collected from each plant during different seasons and processed according to USEPA Method 1623. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected in samples collected from 55% and 70% plants, respectively, with nine plants being positive for both protozoa and only four plants being negative over the study period. Both parasites were identified in the raw water throughout the year, with a lower frequency in autumn and a peak in winter, at a mean concentration of 67±38 oocysts per 100l and 125±241 cysts per 100l. The turbidity of raw water was not related to the presence or concentration of (oo)cysts, and the (oo)cyst removal efficiency was not related to the type of water treatment. One or both pathogens were identified in the finished water in 7 out of 11 plants with a conventional treatment process (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection processes) compared to 4 out of 9 plants that did not apply one of the pre-chlorination treatment steps. Protozoa were detected in the finished water of positive plants at a mean concentration of 88±55 oocysts per 100l and 37±41 cysts per 100l, and most of them excluded propidium iodide so were considered potentially viable. The ubiquity of these parasites in the drinking water sources and the inefficiency of conventional water treatment in reducing/inactivating them may present a serious public health issue in this geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Emilio Del Cacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Caridad Sánchez-Acedo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Quílez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Aguirre J, Greenwood SJ, McClure JT, Davidson J, Sanchez J. Effects of rain events on Cryptosporidium spp. levels in commercial shellfish zones in the Hillsborough River, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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15
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Amorós I, Moreno Y, Reyes M, Moreno-Mesonero L, Alonso JL. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw and treated sewage sludges. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2898-904. [PMID: 27080207 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1168486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Treated sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is commonly used in agriculture as fertilizers and to amend soils. The most significant health hazard for sewage sludge relates to the wide range of pathogenic microorganisms such as protozoa parasites.The objective of this study was to collect quantitative data on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the treated sludge in wastewater treatment facilities in Spain. Sludge from five WWTPs with different stabilization processes has been analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the raw sludge and after the sludge treatment. A composting plant (CP) has also been assessed. After a sedimentation step, sludge samples were processed and (oo)cysts were isolated by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Results obtained in this study showed that Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were present in 26 of the 30 samples (86.6%) of raw sludge samples. In treated sludge samples, (oo)cysts have been observed in all WWTP's analysed (25 samples) with different stabilization treatment (83.3%). Only in samples from the CP no (oo)cysts were detected. This study provides evidence that (oo)cysts are present in sewage sludge-end products from wastewater treatment processes with the negative consequences for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Amorós
- a Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - Yolanda Moreno
- a Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - Mariela Reyes
- a Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - Laura Moreno-Mesonero
- a Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - Jose L Alonso
- a Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
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16
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Hadi M, Mesdaghinia A, Yunesian M, Nasseri S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Tashauoei H, Jalilzadeh E, Zarinnejad R. Contribution of environmental media to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis prevalence in Tehran: a focus on surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19317-19329. [PMID: 27370533 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface sources of drinking water in Tehran were monitored, using US EPA method 1623.1. The prevalence ratios (PR) of positive samples among other media (animal's stools, vegetables, and human's stools) were also estimated from literature data. The density of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water samples were 0.129 ± 0.069 cysts/L and 0.005 ± 0.002 oocysts/L, respectively. Estimated PR in vegetables, animal stools, surface waters, and human stools were 6.65, 20.42, 21.05, and 4.28 % for Cryptosporidium and 6.46, 17.13, 73.68, and 15.65 % for Giardia, respectively. These reveal the importance of surface waters' and animal stools' roles in the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Tehran's population. Giardia's prevalence in untreated surface waters in Tehran was found 3.5 times as much as Cryptosporidium while this found 2.3 times on a global scale. Moreover, the prevalence of giardiasis to cryptosporidiosis infections in Tehran's human population was 3.65. These values could be a clue to attribute the infections to the occurrence of parasites in surface waters. Significant (p < 0.05) associations were observed between rainfalls and presence of Giardia (r = 0.62) and Cryptosporidium (r = 0.60) in surface waters. In autumn, rainfalls can increase the parasites occurrences in surface waters. Significant (p < 0.05) difference on the density of parasites was found between some seasons using Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests. A significant correlation (r = 0.86) between Giardia and Cryptosporidium densities also confirms the common sources of pollution in surface waters. Findings suggest that untreated surface waters in Tehran may be a potential route of human exposure to protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Tashauoei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Islamic Azad University-Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esfandiar Jalilzadeh
- Department of Water and Wastewater Quality Control Laboratory, Water and Wastewater Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Zarinnejad
- Department of Water and Wastewater Quality Control Laboratory, Water and Wastewater Company, Tehran, Iran
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Medeiros RC, Daniel LA. Comparison of selected methods for recovery of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in wastewater. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:811-8. [PMID: 26322766 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
More precise methods are needed to recover Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts from wastewater in order to advance research related to their inactivation, removal, quantification, and species differentiation. This study applied different methods to recover the maximum number of (oo)cysts from wastewater samples using ColorSeed®. Immunomagnetic separation assisted in capturing oocysts mainly in samples with medium and low turbidity. A triple centrifugation method reached recovery rates of 85% and 20%, for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, respectively, in raw wastewater, and 62.5 and 17.5% in secondary-treated effluent. For low turbidity-treated effluent, membrane filtration reached 67.5% recovery for Giardia cysts and 22.5% for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Simple, quick and low-cost methods do not involve much handling of the samples and could be useful, particularly in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Corrêa Medeiros
- Department of Agronomic and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Linha 7 de Setembro, BR 386, Km 40, 98400-000, Frederico Westphalen - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Hydraulics and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos - São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Al-Sabi M, Gad J, Riber U, Kurtzhals J, Enemark H. New filtration system for efficient recovery of waterborneCryptosporidiumoocysts andGiardiacysts. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:894-903. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.N.S. Al-Sabi
- Section for Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology; National Veterinary Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Frederiksberg C Denmark
- Centre for Medical Parasitology; Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J.A. Gad
- Grundfos Management A/S; Bjerringbro Denmark
| | - U. Riber
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology; National Veterinary Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - J.A.L. Kurtzhals
- Centre for Medical Parasitology; Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H.L. Enemark
- Section for Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology; National Veterinary Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Frederiksberg C Denmark
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19
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Integrated cryptosporidium assay to determine oocyst density, infectivity, and genotype for risk assessment of source and reuse water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3471-81. [PMID: 25769833 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00163-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium continues to be problematic for the water industry, with risk assessments often indicating that treatment barriers may fail under extreme conditions. However, risk analyses have historically used oocyst densities and not considered either oocyst infectivity or species/genotype, which can result in an overestimation of risk if the oocysts are not human infective. We describe an integrated assay for determining oocyst density, infectivity, and genotype from a single-sample concentrate, an important advance that overcomes the need for processing multiple-grab samples or splitting sample concentrates for separate analyses. The assay incorporates an oocyst recovery control and is compatible with standard primary concentration techniques. Oocysts were purified from primary concentrates using immunomagnetic separation prior to processing by an infectivity assay. Plate-based cell culture was used to detect infectious foci, with a monolayer washing protocol developed to allow recovery and enumeration of oocysts. A simple DNA extraction protocol was developed to allow typing of any wells containing infectious Cryptosporidium. Water samples from a variety of source water and wastewater matrices, including a semirural catchment, wastewater, an aquifer recharge site, and storm water, were analyzed using the assay. Results demonstrate that the assay can reliably determine oocyst densities, infectivity, and genotype from single-grab samples for a variety of water matrices and emphasize the varying nature of Cryptosporidium risk extant throughout source waters and wastewaters. This assay should therefore enable a more comprehensive understanding of Cryptosporidium risk for different water sources, assisting in the selection of appropriate risk mitigation measures.
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20
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Henry R, Schang C, Chandrasena GI, Deletic A, Edmunds M, Jovanovic D, Kolotelo P, Schmidt J, Williamson R, McCarthy D. Environmental monitoring of waterborne Campylobacter: evaluation of the Australian standard and a hybrid extraction-free MPN-PCR method. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:74. [PMID: 25709604 PMCID: PMC4321596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the leading agent of diarrheal disease worldwide. This study evaluates a novel culture-PCR hybrid (MPN-PCR) assay for the rapid enumeration of Campylobacter spp. from estuarine and wastewater systems. To first evaluate the current, culture-based, Australian standard, an inter-laboratory study was conducted on 69 subsampled water samples. The proposed Most-Probable Number (MPN)-PCR method was then evaluated, by analysing 147 estuarine samples collected over a 2 year period. Data for 14 different biological, hydrological and climatic parameters were also collated to identify pathogen-environment relationships and assess the potential for method specific bias. The results demonstrated that the intra-laboratory performance of the MPN-PCR was superior to that of AS/NZS (σ = 0.7912, P < 0.001; κ = 0.701, P < 0.001) with an overall diagnostic accuracy of ~94%. Furthermore, the analysis of both MPN-PCR and AS/NZS identified the potential for the introduction of method specific bias during assessment of the effects of environmental parameters on Campylobacter spp. numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Henry
- Environmental and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christelle Schang
- Environmental and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Gayani I. Chandrasena
- Environmental and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ana Deletic
- Environmental and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Edmunds
- Environmental and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dusan Jovanovic
- Environmental and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Kolotelo
- Environmental and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Richard Williamson
- Environmental and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
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21
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Castro-Hermida JA, González-Warleta M, Mezo M. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis as pathogenic contaminants of water in Galicia, Spain: The need for safe drinking water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Suzuki Y, Takida T. Concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from river water by coagulation and foam separation combined with acid dissolution of ferric flocs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:311-316. [PMID: 25594124 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.981121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an extremely virulent microorganism; contamination of water works systems by Cryptosporidium oocysts is a serious issue in public health. However, a great deal of effort is required to detect oocysts in source water for drinking, because the oocysts have to be concentrated from a large volume of water before detection. In this study, the concentration of oocysts in oocyst-polluted artificial river water was examined by coagulation and foam separation. The oocysts concentrated in the foam water were purified using immunomagnetic separation and assessed using epifluorescence microscopy. When ferric coagulation was performed prior to foam separation, oocysts were effectively removed from the river water and concentrated in the foam within 10 min. The removal efficiency was greater than 96% at the optimum iron and casein concentrations of 5 mg-Fe L(-1) and 20 mg L(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the number of recovered oocysts in the solution obtained by the dissolution of the collected ferric flocs from foam water was the same as that obtained using the Japanese standard procedure for detection of Cryptosporidium in water using membrane filtration. This is a novel method of concentrating Cryptosporidium oocysts for detection in river water using a coagulation and foam separation combined with acid dissolution of ferric flocs; the method is easy to use, rapid, and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Suzuki
- a Faculty of Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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23
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Widerström M, Schönning C, Lilja M, Lebbad M, Ljung T, Allestam G, Ferm M, Björkholm B, Hansen A, Hiltula J, Långmark J, Löfdahl M, Omberg M, Reuterwall C, Samuelsson E, Widgren K, Wallensten A, Lindh J. Large outbreak of Cryptosporidium hominis infection transmitted through the public water supply, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:581-9. [PMID: 24655474 PMCID: PMC3966397 DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In November 2010, ≈27,000 (≈45%) inhabitants of Östersund, Sweden, were affected by a waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. The outbreak was characterized by a rapid onset and high attack rate, especially among young and middle-aged persons. Young age, number of infected family members, amount of water consumed daily, and gluten intolerance were identified as risk factors for acquiring cryptosporidiosis. Also, chronic intestinal disease and young age were significantly associated with prolonged diarrhea. Identification of Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2 in human and environmental samples and consistently low numbers of oocysts in drinking water confirmed insufficient reduction of parasites by the municipal water treatment plant. The current outbreak shows that use of inadequate microbial barriers at water treatment plants can have serious consequences for public health. This risk can be minimized by optimizing control of raw water quality and employing multiple barriers that remove or inactivate all groups of pathogens.
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Swaffer BA, Vial HM, King BJ, Daly R, Frizenschaf J, Monis PT. Investigating source water Cryptosporidium concentration, species and infectivity rates during rainfall-runoff in a multi-use catchment. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 67:310-320. [PMID: 25306487 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan pathogens present a significant human health concern, and prevention of contamination into potable networks remains a key focus for drinking water providers. Here, we monitored the change in Cryptosporidium concentration in source water during high flow events in a multi-use catchment. Furthermore, we investigated the diversity of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes present in the source water, and delivered an oocyst infectivity fraction. There was a positive and significant correlation between Cryptosporidium concentration and flow (ρ = 0.756) and turbidity (ρ = 0.631) for all rainfall-runoff events, despite variable source water pathogen concentrations. Cell culture assays measured oocyst infectivity and suggested an overall source water infectious fraction of 3.1%. No infectious Cryptosporidium parvum or Cryptosporidium hominis were detected, although molecular testing detected C. parvum in 7% of the samples analysed using PCR-based molecular techniques. Twelve Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified using molecular techniques, and were reflective of the host animals typically found in remnant vegetation and agricultural areas. The inclusion of molecular approaches to identify Cryptosporidium species and genotypes highlighted the diversity of pathogens in water, which originated from various sources across the catchment. We suggest this mixing of runoff water from a range of landuses containing diverse Cryptosporidium hosts is a key explanation for the often-cited difficulty forming strong pathogen-indicator relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Swaffer
- South Australia Water Corporation, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Hayley M Vial
- South Australia Water Corporation, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Brendon J King
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Robert Daly
- South Australia Water Corporation, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | | | - Paul T Monis
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Lalancette C, Papineau I, Payment P, Dorner S, Servais P, Barbeau B, Di Giovanni GD, Prévost M. Changes in Escherichia coli to Cryptosporidium ratios for various fecal pollution sources and drinking water intakes. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 55:150-161. [PMID: 24607521 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the presence of human pathogenic Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface water remains a significant water treatment and public health challenge. Most drinking water suppliers rely on fecal indicators, such as the well-established Escherichia coli (E. coli), to avoid costly Cryptosporidium assays. However, the use of E. coli has significant limitations in predicting the concentration, the removal and the transport of Cryptosporidium. This study presents a meta-analysis of E. coli to Cryptosporidium concentration paired ratios to compare their complex relationships in eight municipal wastewater sources, five agricultural fecal pollution sources and at 13 drinking water intakes (DWI) to a risk threshold based on US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulations. Ratios lower than the USEPA risk threshold suggested higher concentrations of oocysts in relation to E. coli concentrations, revealing an underestimed risk for Cryptosporidium based on E. coli measurements. In raw sewage (RS), high ratios proved E. coli (or fecal coliforms) concentrations were a conservative indicator of Cryptosporidium concentrations, which was also typically true for secondary treated wastewater (TWW). Removals of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and parasites were quantified in WWTPs and their differences are put forward as a plausible explanation of the sporadic ratio shift. Ratios measured from agricultural runoff surface water were typically lower than the USEPA risk threshold and within the range of risk misinterpretation. Indeed, heavy precipitation events in the agricultural watershed led to high oocyst concentrations but not to E. coli or enterococci concentrations. More importantly, ratios established in variously impacted DWI from 13 Canadian drinking water plants were found to be related to dominant fecal pollution sources, namely municipal sewage. In most cases, when DWIs were mainly influenced by municipal sewage, E. coli or fecal coliforms concentrations agreed with Cryptosporidium concentrations as estimated by the meta-analysis, but when DWIs were influenced by agricultural runoff or wildlife, there was a poor relationship. Average recovery values were available for 6 out of 22 Cryptosporidium concentration data sets and concomitant analysis demonstrated no changes in trends, with and without correction. Nevertheless, recovery assays performed along with every oocyst count would have enhanced the precision of this work. Based on our findings, the use of annual averages of E. coli concentrations as a surrogate for Cryptosporidium concentrations can result in an inaccurate estimate of the Cryptosporidium risk for agriculture impacted drinking water intakes or for intakes with more distant wastewater sources. Studies of upstream fecal pollution sources are recommended for drinking water suppliers to improve their interpretation of source water quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Lalancette
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département des Génies Civil, Géologique et des Mines, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7; Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7.
| | - Isabelle Papineau
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département des Génies Civil, Géologique et des Mines, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Pierre Payment
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département des Génies Civil, Géologique et des Mines, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Pierre Servais
- Écologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, CP 221, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département des Génies Civil, Géologique et des Mines, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - George D Di Giovanni
- University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health, Center for Infectious Diseases, El Paso Regional Campus, 1101 N. Campbell CH 412, El Paso, TX 79902, United States
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département des Génies Civil, Géologique et des Mines, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7
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26
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Laczka O, Skillman L, Ditcham WG, Hamdorf B, Wong DK, Bergquist P, Sunna A. Application of an ELISA-type screen printed electrode-based potentiometric assay to the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:182-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ongerth JE. ICR SS protozoan data site-by-site: a picture of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in U.S. surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10145-10154. [PMID: 23944867 DOI: 10.1021/es4027503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Information Collection Rule Supplemental Survey (ICR SS) required analysis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in 10 L surface water samples twice a week for a year by USEPA Method 1623 at 80 representative U.S. public water systems (PWS). The resulting data are examined site-by-site in relation to objectives of the Federal drinking water regulation, The Long-Term (2) Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2), currently under formal 6-year review by the USEPA. The data describe Cryptosporidium and Giardia in watersheds nation-wide over a single annual cycle. Due to limited recovery efficiency measurement results are not fully quantified. In the required sample volumes of 10 L no Cryptosporidium were found in 86% of samples and no Giardia were found in 67% of samples. Yet, organisms were found in enough samples at 34 of 80 sites to detail a specrtum of occurrence and variability for both organisms. The data are shown to describe indivudual site risk essential for guidance of watershed and water treatment management by PWSs. The span of median occurrence for both organisms was about 2 orders of magnitude above the limit of detection (LD), ca. 0.05 raw no's/L for Cryptosporidium and ca. 0.10 raw no's/L for Giardia. Data analysis illustrates key features of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water: presence is continuous not intermittent; zeros indicate presence below the LD; occurrence level and variations depend on watershed sources; risk depends on both magnitude and variability of concentration; accurate estimation of risk requires routine measurement of recovery efficiency and calculation of concentration. The data and analysis illustrate features of Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence in surface water relevant to their effective regulation for public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry E Ongerth
- Civil, Mining, & Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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