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Zhang Y, Zuo S, Zheng Q, Yu G, Wang Y. Removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes by an electrochemically driven UV/chlorine process for decentralized water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 265:122298. [PMID: 39173362 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine (UV/Cl2) process is a developing advanced oxidation process and can efficiently remove antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the transportation and storage of chlorine solutions limit the application of the UV/Cl2 process, especially for decentralized water treatment. To overcome the limitation, an electrochemically driven UV/Cl2 process (E-UV/Cl2) where Cl2 can be electrochemically produced in situ from anodic oxidation of chloride (Cl-) ubiquitously present in various water matrices was evaluated in this study. >5-log inactivation of the ARB (E. coli) was achieved within 5 s of the E-UV/Cl2 process, and no photoreactivation of the ARB was observed after the treatment. In addition to the ARB, intracellular and extracellular ARGs (tetA, sul1, sul2, and ermB) could be effectively degraded (e.g., log(C0/C) > 4 for i-ARGs) within 5 min of the E-UV/Cl2 process. Atomic force microscopy showed that the most of the i-ARGs were interrupted into short fragments (< 30 nm) during the E-UV/Cl2 process, which can thus effectively prevent the self-repair of i-ARGs and the horizontal gene transfer. Modelling results showed that the abatement efficiencies of i-ARG correlated positively with the exposures of •OH, Cl2-•, and ClO• during the E-UV/Cl2 process. Due to the short treatment time (5 min) required for ARB and ARG removal, insignificant concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) were generated during of the E-UV/Cl2 process, and the energy consumption (EEO) of ARG removal was ∼0.20‒0.27 kWh/m3-log, which is generally comparable to that of the UV/Cl2 process (0.18-0.23 kWh/m3-log). These results demonstrate that the E-UV/Cl2 process can provide a feasible and attractive alternative to the UV/Cl2 process for ARB and ARG removal in decentralized water treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqiao Zhang
- State of Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sijin Zuo
- State of Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Quan Zheng
- China State Construction Hailong Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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2
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Huang T, Deng L, Wang S, Tan C, Hu J, Zhu B, Li M, Lu L, Yin Z, Fu B. Effects of Fe(III) on the formation and toxicity alteration of halonitromethanes, dichloroacetonitrile, and dichloroacetamide from polyethyleneimine during UV/chlorine disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121844. [PMID: 38824795 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Trace iron ions (Fe(III)) are commonly found in water and wastewater, where free chlorine is very likely to coexist with Fe(III) affecting the disinfectant's stability and N-DBPs' fate during UV/chlorine disinfection, and yet current understanding of these mechanisms is limited. This study investigates the effects of Fe(III) on the formation and toxicity alteration of halonitromethanes (HNMs), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) from polyethyleneimine (PEI) during UV/chlorine disinfection. Results reveal that the maxima concentrations of HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm during UV/chlorine disinfection with additional Fe(III) were 1.39, 1.38, and 1.29 times higher than those without additional Fe(III), instead of being similar to those of Fe(III) inhibited the formation of HNMs, DCAN and DCAcAm during chlorination disinfection. Meanwhile, higher Fe(III) concentration, acidic pH, and higher chlorine dose were more favorable for forming HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm during UV/chlorine disinfection, which were highly dependent on the involvement of HO· and Cl·. Fe(III) in the aquatic environment partially hydrolyzed to the photoactive Fe(III)‑hydroxyl complexes Fe(OH)2+ and [Fe(H2O)6]3+, which undergone UV photoactivation and coupling reactions with HOCl to achieve effective Fe(III)/Fe(II) interconversion, a process that facilitated the sustainable production of HO·. Extensive product analysis and comparison verified that the HO· production enhanced by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) internal cycle played a primary role in increasing HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm productions during UV/chlorine disinfection. Note that the incorporation of Fe(III) increased the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm formed during UV/chlorine disinfection, and yet Fe(III) did not have a significant effect on the acute toxicity of water samples before, during, and after UV/chlorine disinfection. The new findings broaden the knowledge of Fe(III) affecting HNMs, DCAN, and DCAcAm formation and toxicity alteration during UV/chlorine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Huang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Shui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Bingqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengya Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianghua Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Bowen Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
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3
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Xiao S, Liu T, Li N, Ding J, Chen J, Xu Y, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhou X, Ren N, Zhang Y. Chloride-mediated enhancement in Cu(II)-catalyzed Fenton-like reaction: The overlooked reactive chlorine species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124586. [PMID: 39033841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The practical application of Cu(II)-catalyzed Fenton-like reaction (Cu(II)/H2O2) exhibits a low efficiency in the degradation of refractory compounds of wastewater. The impact of chloride ions (Cl-) on Fenton-like reactions have been investigated, but the influence mechanism is still unclear. Herein, the presence of Cl- (5 mM) significantly accelerated the degradation of benzoic acid (BA) under neutral conditions. The degradation of BA follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a degradation rate 7.3 times higher than the Cu(II)/H2O2 system. Multiple evidences strongly demonstrated that this reaction enables the production of reactive chlorine species (RCS) rather than HO• and high-valent copper (Cu(III)). The kinetic model revealed that Cl- could shift reactive species from the key intermediate (Cu(III)-chloro complexes) to RCS. Dichlorine radicals (Cl2•-) was discovered to play a crucial role in BA degradation, which was largely overlooked in previous reports. Although the reaction rate of Cl2•- with BA (k = 2.0 × 106 M-1 s-1) is lower than that of other species, its concentration is 10 orders of magnitude higher than that of Cu(III) and HO•. Furthermore, the exceptional efficacy of the Cu(II)/H2O2 system in BA degradation was observed in saline aquatic environments. This work sheds light on the previously unrecognized role of the metal-chloro complexes in production the RCS and water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoze Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Tongcai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Longlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Libin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Seo G, Narendra Kumar AV, Shin WS. Periodate activation and pH regulation using ball-milled metal-oxide-mineral-biochar composite for removal of antibiotics from contaminated water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119611. [PMID: 39029726 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The inclusion of mineral salts in carbon activators are beneficial for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Herein, we present the application of ball-milled biochar with phosphate salt for periodate (IO4-) activation and degradation of antibiotics in contaminated water. Physical characterization results showed that the catalyst is infused with Mg3(PO4)2 and ball-milling increased the specific surface area to 216 m2 g-1 from 46 m2 g-1 while reducing the particle size to less than 1.0 μ. The optimized system successfully eliminated >99% of diclofenac while maintaining the pH of the reaction medium to circumneutral levels. Scavenger and ESR experiments revealed the degradation is triggered by O2•-, 1O2 and •OH species within the system. Electrochemical studies confirmed electron transfer during diclofenac degradation. The reported system demonstrated high degradation efficiency under both neutral and acidic pH conditions. Based on the by-product analysis, the degradation pathway of diclofenac was elucidated. Further, the toxicity assessment for the identified intermediates showed minimum toxicity of the degraded products. This mineral-biochar composite exhibited promising performance in eliminating other antibiotic substances. Therefore, the present finding highlights the importance of raw materials selection for producing mineral-biochar composite that provide new insights into IO4- activation for antibiotic removal by maintaining the natural pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giung Seo
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Alam Venugopal Narendra Kumar
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sik Shin
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Dong F, Zhu J, Lou J, Chen Z, He Z, Song S, Zhu L, Crittenden JC. Unveiling the Mechanism and Kinetics of Pollutant Attenuation by Free Radicals Triggered from Goethite in Water Distribution Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12664-12673. [PMID: 38953777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the fate of persistent organic pollutants in water distribution systems (WDSs) is of great significance for preventing human health risks. The role of iron corrosion scales in the migration and transformation of organics in such systems remains unclear. Herein, we determined that hydroxyl (•OH), chlorine, and chlorine oxide radicals are generated by Fenton-like reactions due to the coexistence of oxygen vacancy-related Fe(II) on goethite (a major constituent of iron corrosion scales) and hypochlorous acid (HClO, the main reactive chlorine species of residual chlorine at pH ∼ 7.0). •OH contributed mostly to the decomposition of atrazine (ATZ, model compound) more than other radicals, producing a series of relatively low-toxicity small molecular intermediates. A simplified kinetic model consisting of mass transfer of ATZ and HClO, •OH generation, and ATZ oxidation by •OH on the goethite surface was developed to simulate iron corrosion scale-triggered residual chlorine oxidation of organic compounds in a WDS. The model was validated by comparing the fitting results to the experimental data. Moreover, the model was comprehensively applicable to cases in which various inorganic ions (Ca2+, Na+, HCO3-, and SO42-) and natural organic matter were present. With further optimization, the model may be employed to predict the migration and accumulation of persistent organic pollutants under real environmental conditions in the WDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jiani Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jinxiu Lou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Zefang Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhiqiao He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Peoples Republic of China
| | - John C Crittenden
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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6
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Wang X, Lu Y, Yan Y, Wang R, Wang Y, Li H, Zhou L, Zheng G, Zhang Y. Pivotal role of intracellular oxidation by HOCl in simultaneously removing antibiotic resistance genes and enhancing dewaterability during conditioning of sewage sludge using Fe 2+/Ca(ClO) 2. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121414. [PMID: 38461604 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Pre-acidification has been shown to be crucial in attenuating antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during the conditioning of sewage sludge. However, it is of great significance to develop alternative conditioning approaches that can effectively eliminate sludge-borne ARGs without relying on pre-acidification. This is due to the high investment costs and operational complexities associated with sludge pre-acidification. In this study, the effects of Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2 conditioning treatment on the enhancement of sludge dewaterability and the removal of ARGs were compared with other conditioning technologies. The dose effect and the associated mechanisms were also investigated. The findings revealed that Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2 conditioning treatment had the highest potential, even surpassing Fenton treatment with pre-acidification, in terms of eliminating the total ARGs. Moreover, the effectiveness of the treatment was found to be dose-dependent. This study also identified that the •OH radical reacted with extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and extracellular ARGs, and the HOCl, the production of which was positively correlated with the dose of Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2, could infiltrate the EPS layer and diffuse into the cell of sludge flocs, inducing the oxidation of intracellular ARGs. Furthermore, this study observed a significant decrease in the predicted hosts of ARGs and MGEs in sludge conditioned with Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2, accompanied by a significant downregulation of metabolic pathways associated with ARG propagation, thereby contributing to the attenuation of sludge-borne ARGs. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2 conditioning treatment holds great potential for the removal of sludge-borne ARGs while also enhancing sludge dewaterability, which mainly relies on the intracellular oxidation by HOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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7
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Hong W, Zou J, Zhao M, Yan S, Song W. Development of a Five-Chemical-Probe Method to Determine Multiple Radicals Simultaneously in Hydroxyl and Sulfate Radical-Mediated Advanced Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5616-5626. [PMID: 38471100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as hydroxyl radical (HO•)- and sulfate radical (SO4•-)-mediated oxidation, are attractive technologies used in water and wastewater treatments. To evaluate the treatment efficiencies of AOPs, monitoring the primary radicals (HO• and SO4•-) as well as the secondary radicals generated from the reaction of HO•/SO4•- with water matrices is necessary. Therefore, we developed a novel chemical probe method to examine five key radicals simultaneously, including HO•, SO4•-, Cl•, Cl2•-, and CO3•-. Five probes, including nitrobenzene, para-chlorobenzoic acid, benzoic acid, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid, and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, were selected in this study. Their bimolecular reaction rate constants with diverse radicals were first calibrated under the same conditions to minimize systematic errors. Three typical AOPs (UV/H2O2, UV/S2O82-, and UV/HSO5-) were tested to obtain the radical steady-state concentrations. The effects of dissolved organic matter, Br-, and the probe concentration were inspected. Our results suggest that the five-probe method can accurately measure radicals in the HO•- and SO4•--mediated AOPs when the concentration of Br- and DOM are less than 4.0 μM and 15 mgC L-1, respectively. Overall, the five-probe method is a practical and easily accessible method to determine multiple radicals simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Hong
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Zou
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Mengzhe Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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8
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Hu CY, Xiong C, Lin YL, Zhang TY. Degradation kinetics and disinfection by-products formation of benzophenone-4 during UV/persulfate process. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38164528 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2298669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The degradation kinetics, reaction pathways, and disinfection by-products formation of an organic UV filter, benzophenone-4 (BP4) during UV/persulfate oxidation were investigated. BP4 can hardly be degraded by UV alone, but can be effectively decomposed by UV/persulfate following pseudo-first order kinetics. BP4 degradation rate was enhanced with increasing persulfate dosage and decreasing pH from 8 to 5. However, the degradation rate of BP4 at pH 9 was higher than that at pH 8 because of the presence of phenolic group in BP4 structure. and SO 4 - ⋅ were confirmed as the major contributors to BP4 decomposition in radical scavenging experiments, and the second-order rate constants between HO ⋅ and BP4 as well as those between SO 4 - ⋅ and BP4 were estimated by establishing and solving a kinetic model. The presence of B r - and humic acid inhibited the decomposition of BP4, while N O 3 - promoted it. The mineralisation of BP4 was only 9.1% at the persulfate concentration of 50 μM. Six degradation intermediates were identified for the promulgation of the reaction pathways of BP4 during UV/persulfate oxidation were proposed as a result. In addition, the formation of DBP in the sequential chlorination was evaluated at different persulfate dosages, pH values, and water matrix. The results of this study can provide essential knowledge for the effective control of DBP formation with reducing potential hazard to provide safe drinking water to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy-Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cun Xiong
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy-Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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9
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Yan Z, Kuang W, Lei Y, Zheng W, Fu H, Li H, Lei Z, Yang X, Zhu S, Feng C. Boosting Ammonium Oxidation in Wastewater by the BiOCl-Functionalized Anode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20915-20928. [PMID: 38016695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes are commonly used for electrochlorination of ammonium (NH4+) in wastewater treatment, but they suffer from low efficiency due to inadequate chlorine generation at low Cl- concentrations and sluggish reaction kinetics between free chlorine and NH4+ under acidic pH conditions. To address this challenge, we develop a straightforward wet chemistry approach to synthesize BiOCl-functionalized MMO electrodes using the MMO as an efficient Ohmic contact for electron transfer. Our study demonstrates that the BiOCl@MMO anode outperforms the pristine MMO anode, exhibiting higher free chlorine generation (24.6-60.0 mg Cl2 L-1), increased Faradaic efficiency (75.5 vs 31.0%), and improved rate constant of NH4+ oxidation (2.41 vs 0.76 mg L-1 min-1) at 50 mM Cl- concentration. Characterization techniques including electron paramagnetic resonance and in situ transient absorption spectra confirm the production of chlorine radicals (Cl• and Cl2•-) by the BiOCl/MMO anode. Laser flash photolysis reveals significantly higher apparent second-order rate constants ((4.3-4.9) × 106 M-1 s-1 at pH 2.0-4.0) for the reaction between NH4+ and Cl•, compared to the undetectable reaction between NH4+ and Cl2•-, as well as the slower reaction between NH4+ and free chlorine (102 M-1 s-1 at pH < 4.0) within the same pH range, emphasizing the significance of Cl• in enhancing NH4+ oxidation. Mechanistic studies provide compelling evidence of the capacity of BiOCl for Cl- adsorption, facilitating chlorine evolution and Cl• generation. Importantly, the BiOCl@MMO anode exhibits excellent long-term stability and high catalytic activity for NH4+-N removal in a real landfill leachate. These findings offer valuable insights into the rational design of electrodes to improve electrocatalytic NH4+ abatement, which holds great promise for wastewater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenjian Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shishu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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10
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Guo K, Zhang Y, Wu S, Qin W, Wang Y, Hua Z, Chen C, Fang J. Comprehensive Assessment of Reactive Bromine Species in Advanced Oxidation Processes: Differential Roles in Micropollutant Abatement in Bromide-Containing Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20339-20348. [PMID: 37946521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive bromine species (RBS) are gaining increasing attention in natural and engineered aqueous systems containing bromide ions (Br-). However, their roles in the degradation of structurally diverse micropollutants by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were not differentiated. In this study, the second-order rate constants (k) of Br•, Br2•-, BrO•, and ClBr•- were collected and evaluated. Br• is the most reactive RBS toward 21 examined micropollutants with k values of 108-1010 M-1 s-1. Br2•-, ClBr•-, and BrO• are selective for electron-rich micropollutants with k values of 106-108 M-1 s-1. The specific roles of RBS in aqueous micropollutant degradation in AOPs were revealed by using simplified models via sensitivity analysis. Generally, RBS play minimal roles in the UV/H2O2 process but are significant in the UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS) and UV/chlorine processes in the presence of trace Br-. In UV/PDS with ≥1 μM Br-, Br• emerges as the major RBS for removing electron-rich micropollutants. In UV/chlorine, BrO• contributes to the degradation of specific electron-rich micropollutants with removal percentages of ≥20% at 1 μM Br-, while the contributions of BrO• and Br• are comparable to those of reactive chlorine species as Br- concentration increases to several μM. In all AOPs, Br2•- and ClBr•- play minor roles at 1-10 μM Br-. Water matrix components such as HCO3-, Cl-, and natural organic matter (NOM) significantly inhibit Br•, while BrO• is less affected, only slightly scavenged by NOM with a k value of 2.1 (mgC/L)-1 s-1. This study sheds light on the differential roles of multiple RBS in micropollutant abatement by AOPs in Br--containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Sining Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuge Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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11
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Hua Z, Liang J, Wang D, Zhou Z, Fang J. Formation Mechanisms of Nitro Products from Transformation of Aliphatic Amines by UV/Chlorine Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18754-18764. [PMID: 37294018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Formation of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts from aliphatic amines is a widespread concern owing to the serious health risks associated with them. However, the mechanisms of transforming aliphatic amines and forming nitro products in the UV/chlorine process have rarely been discussed, which are investigated in this work. Initially, secondary amines (R1R2NH) are transformed into secondary organic chloramines (R1R2NCl) via chlorination. Subsequently, radicals, such as HO• and Cl•, are found to contribute predominantly to such transformations. The rate constants at which HO•, Cl•, and Cl2•- react with R1R2NCl are (2.4-5.1) × 109, (1.5-3.8) × 109, and (1.2-6.1) × 107 M-1 s-1, respectively. Consequently, R1R2NCl are transformed into primary amines (R1NH2/R2NH2) and chlorinated primary amines (R1NHCl/R2NHCl and R1NCl2/R2NCl2) by excess chlorine. Furthermore, primarily driven by UV photolysis, chlorinated primary amines can be transformed into nitroalkanes with conversion rates of ∼10%. Dissolved oxygen and free chlorine play crucial roles in forming nitroalkanes, and post-chlorination can further form chloronitroalkanes, such as trichloronitromethane (TCNM). Radicals are involved in forming TCNM in the UV/chlorine process. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of transforming aliphatic amines and forming nitro products using the UV/chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jieying Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ding Wang
- General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Beijing 100120, China
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- Guangzhou Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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12
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Qian X, Wang S, Cheng H, Jia Z, Wang D, Xie Y, Duan J, Tian Y, Ma J. Mn(II) oxidation by the UV/chlorine system under near-neutral pH conditions: The important role of ClO · and ClO 2. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120673. [PMID: 37844341 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation kinetics of Mn(II) by free chlorine is relatively low under near-neutral pH conditions which limits the Mn removal efficiency in drinking water treatment. Therefore, this study investigated the oxidation efficiency of Mn(II) by the UV-enhanced chlorination (UV/chlorine) system and identified the responsible reactive radical species. The results show that the oxidation kinetic of Mn(II) was greatly enhanced by the UV/chlorine system under near-neutral pH or even acidic conditions. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate of Mn(II) at pH 8.0 (within the first 20 min) increased from 2.60 × 10-5 s-1 to 3.41 × 10-4 s-1. Based on the scavenging experiments and the steady-state kinetic modeling, ClO· and ClO2, whose steady-state concentration (∼10-10 M and ∼10-9 M, respectively at pH 8.0) was at least 4 orders of magnitude higher than that of HO· and Cl·, were recognized as the dominant reactive species contributing to the oxidation of Mn(II). Kinetic model calculations indicate that the contribution of ClO· to the oxidation of Mn(II) was consistently maintained above 70 %, and ClO2 also played an important role in the oxidation of Mn(II) especially under acidic and alkaline conditions. In addition, the background components of HCO3- and Cl- had negligible influence on the oxidation efficiency because they barely changed the concentration of the ClO· and ClO2. This study first demonstrates the important role of ClO2 in the oxidation of Mn(II) in the UV/chlorine system, and the possible role of ClO2 in the degradation of some organic pollutants needs to be carefully evaluated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haijun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Ziye Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Da Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yandong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jinhao Duan
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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13
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He H, Sun N, Li L, Ai J, Zhou H, Yang X, Yang X, Wang D, Zhang W. Effects of dissolved organic matter removal and molecular transformation in different water treatment processes on formation of disinfection byproducts. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120626. [PMID: 37713793 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in molecular composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during water treatments can influence the composition and toxicity of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in subsequent chlorination disinfection process. In this study, the impacts of DOM composition after various water treatment techniques (coagulation, adsorption, nanofiltration, biological aerated filter (BAF), and their integrated processes) on the generation mechanisms of DBPs were comprehensively explored by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in combination with GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. The results indicated that coagulation preferentially removed unsaturated (low H/C) and oxidized (high O/C) compounds, whereas adsorption was prone to remove the reduced (low O/C) component that was more reactive with chlorine, leading to lower yields (μg DBP/mg DOC) of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during subsequent chlorination. The coagulation-adsorption technique exhibited a relatively high removal of both known and unknown DBPs, demonstrating that coagulation and adsorption were complementary for DOM removal at the molecular level. Nanofiltration selectively removed molecules with relatively high O/C, however, those with very low O/C that were more reactive with chlorine could pass through the nanofiltration membrane, resulting in the highest yields of THMs and HAAs. Although BAF was inefficient in removing DBPs precursors, it could convert molecules with low degree of oxidation and unsaturation into highly oxidized and unsaturated ones, thereby significantly enhancing the removal of DBPs precursors in the subsequent coagulation-adsorption process. These findings are instrumental in developing and selecting more effective techniques to minimize the formation of DBPs in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Niannian Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Lanfeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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14
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Ren J, Huang Y, Yao J, Zheng S, Zhao Y, Hou Y, Yang B, Lei L, Li Z, Dionysiou DD. The role of reactive phosphate species in the abatement of micropollutants by activated peroxymonosulfate in the treatment of phosphate-rich wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120341. [PMID: 37625213 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanisms of forming reactive species to degrade micropollutants through the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by phosphate, a prevalent ion in wastewater. Considering the density functional theory results, the formation of hydrogen bonds between phosphate and PMS molecules might be the crucial step in the overall reactions, which prefers producing ⋅OH and reactive phosphate species (RPS, namely H2PO4⋅, HPO4⋅-, and PO4⋅2-) to yielding SO4⋅-. Besides, in the phosphate (5 mM)/PMS system at pH = 8, HPO4⋅- was modeled to be the dominant radical with a steady-state concentration of 3.6 × 10-12 M, which was 666 and 773 times higher than those of ⋅OH and SO4⋅-. The contributions of 1O2, ⋅OH, SO4⋅-, and RPS to the micropollutant decomposition in phosphate/PMS were studied, and RPS were found to be selective for micropollutants with electron-donating moieties (such as phenolic and aniline groups). Additionally, the degradation pathways of bisphenol A, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and atrazine in phosphate/PMS were proposed according to the detected transformation products. Cytotoxicity analysis was carried out to evaluate the potential environmental impacts resulting from the degradation of micropollutants by phosphate/PMS. This study confirmed the significance of RPS for micropollutant degradation during PMS-based treatment in phosphate-rich scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ren
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiani Yao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shujie Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Yang Hou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Lecheng Lei
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Zhongjian Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China; Academy of Ecological Civilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
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15
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Yan Y, Wei Z, Duan X, Long M, Spinney R, Dionysiou DD, Xiao R, Alvarez PJJ. Merits and Limitations of Radical vs. Nonradical Pathways in Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12153-12179. [PMID: 37535865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and industrialization have exerted significant adverse effects on water quality, resulting in a growing need for reliable and eco-friendly treatment technologies. Persulfate (PS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are emerging as viable technologies to treat challenging industrial wastewaters or remediate groundwater impacted by hazardous wastes. While the generated reactive species can degrade a variety of priority organic contaminants through radical and nonradical pathways, there is a lack of systematic and in-depth comparison of these pathways for practical implementation in different treatment scenarios. Our comparative analysis of reaction rate constants for radical vs. nonradical species indicates that radical-based AOPs may achieve high removal efficiency of organic contaminants with relatively short contact time. Nonradical AOPs feature advantages with minimal water matrix interference for complex wastewater treatments. Nonradical species (e.g., singlet oxygen, high-valent metals, and surface activated PS) preferentially react with contaminants bearing electron-donating groups, allowing enhancement of degradation efficiency of known target contaminants. For byproduct formation, analytical limitations and computational chemistry applications are also considered. Finally, we propose a holistically estimated electrical energy per order of reaction (EE/O) parameter and show significantly higher energy requirements for the nonradical pathways. Overall, these critical comparisons help prioritize basic research on PS-based AOPs and inform the merits and limitations of system-specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Yan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC) & Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA5005, Australia
| | - Mingce Long
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, 77005, United States
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16
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Moore N, Wang C, Andrews S, Hofmann R. On the increasing competitiveness of UV/Cl to UV/H 2O 2 advanced oxidation as the organic carbon concentration increases. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120227. [PMID: 37354844 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
UV/Cl and UV/H2O2 are advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) used for drinking water treatment and water reuse. This work explored the hypothesis that UV/Cl becomes more competitive to UV/H2O2 at neutral-to-high pH as the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) increases. Lab experiments and kinetic modelling were used to compare initial pseudo first-order contaminant decay rate coefficients between the AOPs at various pH and TOC conditions. The relative effect of increasing TOC concentrations on UV/Cl vs. UV/H2O2 depended on the pH, contaminant, and organic matter reactivity towards radicals. For example, while the reaction rate coefficients during both AOPs generally decreased with increasing TOC, the UV/Cl reaction rate coefficients for the solely •OH-reactive sucralose decreased 41-138% less than the UV/H2O2 coefficients as the TOC concentration was increased from 0 to 5 mg-C L-1. However, UV/Cl was more affected than UV/H2O2 when targeting caffeine (a contaminant reactive to chlorine radicals). The data were used to define TOC-pH conditions for which either AOP would be more energy-efficient, under a set of standard conditions. The results suggest that UV/Cl may be competitive to UV/H2O2 under a wider range of treatment scenarios than has been conventionally thought based on tests in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Moore
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Susan Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ron Hofmann
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
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17
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Shan P, Lin J, Zhai Y, Dong S, How ZT, Qin R. Transformation and toxicity studies of UV filter diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate in the swimming pools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163498. [PMID: 37068670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), an ultraviolet (UV) filter, can be found in sunscreens and other personal care products and thus can be introduced into swimming pools through the swimmers. In outdoor pools, DHHB will inevitably interact with free chlorine and sunlight. Therefore, the mechanism of solar‑chlorine chemical transformation of DHHB, as well as the environmental risk, were investigated in this work. In chlorinated with solar (Cl + solar) process, free chlorine was the dominant contributor to 85% of the DHHB degradation, while hydroxyl radicals and reactive chlorine species contributed only 15% because of low free radical generation and fast DHHB and free chlorine reaction rates. Scavenging matrices, such as Cl-, NH4+, and dissolved organic matter (DOM), inhibited the degradation of DHHB in the Cl + solar process, while Br-, HCO3-, NO3-, and urea promoted DHHB degradation. DHHB degradation was inhibited in tap water swimming pool samples, while it was enhanced in seawater pool samples by the Cl + solar process. Seven transformation by-products (TBPs) including mono-, dichlorinated, dealkylate, and monochloro-hydroxylated TBPs were identified. Three degradation pathways, chlorine substitution, chlorine and hydroxyl substitution, and dealkylation were proposed for DHHB transformation in the Cl + solar process. Both Quantitative structure-activity relationship and Aliivibrio fischeri toxicity tests demonstrated increased toxicity for the chlorinated TBPs. A risk assessment of the DHHB and its TBPs suggested that both DHHB and its chlorinated TBPs pose a significant health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panduo Shan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Jiayi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Yanbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Marine Drugs of Haikou, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Rui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China.
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18
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Zhang Y, Guo Y, Fang J, Guo K, Yu G, Wang Y. Characterization of UV/chlorine process for micropollutant abatement by probe compound-based kinetic models. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 237:119985. [PMID: 37098285 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutant (MP) abatement efficiencies are critical information for optimizing water treatment process for cost-effective operations. Nevertheless, due to the vast number of MPs in real water matrices, it is infeasible to measure their abatement efficiencies individually in practical applications. In this study, a probe compound-based kinetic model was developed for generalized prediction of MP abatement in various water matrices by the ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine process. The results show that by measuring the depletion of three probe compounds (ibuprofen, primidone, and dimetridazole) spiked in the water matrix, the exposures of main reactive chlorine species (RCS including chlorine radicals (Cl•), dichloride radicals (Cl2-•) and chlorine oxide radicals (ClO•)) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) during the UV/chlorine process could be calculated using the model. Based on the determined exposures, the abatement efficiencies of various MPs in different water matrices (e.g., surface water, groundwater, and wastewater) could generally be predicted with acceptable accuracy by the model without prior water-specific calibration. In addition, the relative contribution of UV photolysis and oxidation with active chlorine, RCS, and •OH to MP abatement could be quantitatively simulated using the model to clarify the abatement mechanism of MPs during the UV/chlorine process. The probe-based kinetic model can thus offer a useful tool to guide practical water and wastewater treatment for MP abatement and to explore the mechanism of UV/chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqiao Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China; School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Guo
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiheng Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, 519087 Zhuhai, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
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19
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Ye WK, Tian FX, Chen C, Ye J, Liu FW, Wang B, Hu XJ, Xu B. Performance evaluation of the UV activated chlorite process on trimethoprim: Degradation efficiency, energy consumption and disinfection by-products formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138540. [PMID: 36996925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As the primary inorganic by-product species of ClO2, chlorite is believed to have negative toxicological effects on human health and therefrom greatly limits the wide application of ClO2 in water treatment. The synergistic trimethoprim (TMP) removal concerning degradation efficiency, energy consumption and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation in the UV activated chlorite process accompanied by the simultaneously elimination of chlorite was comprehensively evaluated. UV/chlorite integrated process removed TMP far more rapidly than UV (1.52%) or chlorite (3.20%) alone due to the endogenous radicals (Cl•, ClO• and •OH), the contributing proportions of which were 31.96%, 19.20% and 44.12%. The second-order rate constants of TMP reaction with Cl•, ClO• and •OH were determined to be 1.75 × 1010, 1.30 × 109 and 8.66 × 109 M-1 s-1. The effects of main water parameters including chlorite dosage, UV intensity, pH as well as water matrixes (nature organic matter, Cl- and HCO3-) were examined. kobs obeyed the order as UV/Cl2>UV/H2O2≈UV/chlorite>UV, and the cost ranking via electrical energy per order (EE/O, kWh m-3 order-1) parameter was UV/chlorite (3.7034) > UV/H2O2 (1.1625) >UV/Cl2 (0.1631). The operational scenarios can be optimized to achieve the maximum removal efficiencies and the minimum energy costs. The destruction mechanisms of TMP were proposed by LC-ESI-MS analysis. The overall weighted toxicity in subsequent disinfection was assessed as UV/Cl2>UV/chlorite > UV, the values of which in post-chlorination were 6.2947, 2.5806 and 1.6267, respectively. Owing to the vital roles of reactive chlorine species (RCS), UV/chlorite displayed far higher TMP degradation efficiency than UV, and concurrently presented much less toxicity than UV/Cl2. In an effort to determine the viability of the promising combination technology, this study was devoted to reduce and reuse chlorite and synchronously realize the contaminants degradation efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Fu-Xiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Fu-Wen Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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20
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Jiang P, Zhou T, Bai J, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhou C, Zhou B. Nitrogen-containing wastewater fuel cells for total nitrogen removal and energy recovery based on Cl•/ClO• oxidation of ammonia nitrogen. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119914. [PMID: 37028212 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The excess nitrogen discharge into water bodies has resulted in extensive water pollution and human health risks, which has become a critical global issue. Moreover, nitrogenous wastewater contains considerable chemical energy contributed by organic pollutants and nitrogenous compounds. Therefore, the treatment of various kinds of nitrogen-containing wastewater for nitrogen removal and energy recovery is of significance. Biological methode and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are the main methods for nitrogen removal. However, biological treatment is easily inhibited by high-salinity, high ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N/NH4+-N), nitrite and toxic organics in wastewater, which limits its application. AOPs mainly induce in situ generation of highly reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical (HO•), sulfate radical (SO4•-) and chlorine radicals (Cl•, ClO•, Cl2•-), for nitrogen removal. Nevertheless, HO• shows low reactivity and N2 selectivity towards NH3-N/NH4+-N oxidation, and SO4•- also demonstrates unsatisfactory NH3-N/NH4+-N removal. It has been shown that Cl•/ClO• can efficiently remove NH3-N/NH4+-N with high N2 selectivity. The generation of Cl•/ClO• can be triggered by various techniques, among which the PEC technique shows great potential due to its higher efficiency for Cl•/ClO• generation and eco-friendly approach for pollutants degradation and energy recovery by utilizing solar energy. Cl•/ClO• oxidation of NH3-N/NH4+-N and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) reduction can be strengthened through the design of photoanode and cathode materials, respectively. Coupling with this two pathways, an exhaustive total nitrogen (TN) removal system is designed for complete TN removal. When introducing the mechanism into photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs), the concept of nitrogen-containing wastewater fuel cells (NFCs) is proposed to treat several typical types of nitrogen-containing wastewater, achieving high-efficiency TN removal, organics degradation, toxic chlorate control, and energy recovery simultaneously. Recent research progress in this field is reviewed, summarized and discussed, and in-depth perspectives are proposed, providing new ideas for the resource treatment of nitrogen-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyu Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Tingsheng Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Changhui Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Baoxue Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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21
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Chen C, Zhao X, Chen H, Li M, Cao L, Wang Y, Xian Q. Degradation of natural organic matter and disinfection byproducts formation by solar photolysis of free available chlorine. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 239:120020. [PMID: 37167852 PMCID: PMC10149525 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Environment disinfection effectively curbs transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, elevated concentration of free available chlorine (FAC) in disinfectants can be discharged into surface water, generating toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The impact of solar photolysis of FAC on natural organic matter (NOM) to form DBPs has not been well studied. In this work, solar photolysis of FAC was found to result in higher formation of DBPs, DBPs formation potential (DBPsFP), total organic chlorine (TOCl) and lower specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254), compared to dark chlorination. In solar photolysis of FAC, formation of total DBPs was promoted by pH=8, but hindered by the addition of HCO3-, radical scavenger or deoxygenation, while addition of NO3-and NH4+both enhanced the formation of nitrogenous DBPs. Differences in the formation of DBPs in solar photolysis of FAC under various conditions were influenced by reactive species. The formation of trichloromethane (TCM) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in solar photolysis of FAC positively correlated with the steady-state concentrations of ClO• and O3. The steady-state concentrations of •NO and •NH2 positively correlated with the formation of halonitromethanes (HNMs). HAAs and haloacetonitriles (HANs) mainly contributed to calculated cytotoxicity of DBPs. This study demonstrates that solar photolysis of FAC may significantly impact the formation of DBPs in surface water due to extensive use of disinfectants containing FAC during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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22
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Wang YH, Chuang YH, Lin AYC. Evolution of reactive species and their contribution to the removal of ketamine and amine-containing pharmaceuticals during the sunlight/chlorine process. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119738. [PMID: 36858017 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight-induced photoirradiation of chlorine (sunlight/chlorine) can be observed in outdoor swimming pools and open-channel disinfection units for wastewater treatment. In this study, the degradation of ketamine, an environmentally persistent pharmaceutical, under sunlight irradiation in the presence of a low concentration of chlorine (1 mg/L as Cl2) was investigated to elucidate the evolution of reactive species and their contribution to ketamine removal. •OH dominates the initial stage of sunlight/chlorine; however, after chlorine depletion, reactions still progress with an observed rate constant (kobs = 7.6 ± 0.50 × 10-3 min-1) an order of magnitude higher than photolysis alone (kobs = 2.9 ± 0.15 × 10-4 min-1). When chlorine is depleted, O3 becomes the major reactant that degrades ketamine. High O3 yields were found in both sunlight/HOCl (12.5 ± 0.5% at pH 5) and sunlight/ClO- (10 ± 1% at pH 10) systems. At sub-µM levels, O3 resulted in substantial removal of ketamine, and even faster rates were observed in the presence of sunlight. A kinetic model was also established, and evaluate time-dependent concentration levels during sunlight/chlorine. The model simulation showed that the cumulative O3 concentration could reach 0.91 μM, and O3 contributed 31% ketamine removal during the sunlight/chlorine process. Primary and secondary amine functional groups were demonstrated to be the reaction sites of O3; other pharmaceuticals, such as atenolol and metoprolol, underwent similar phenomena. In addition, the experimental and model results further indicated that sunlight/ClO2- or ClO2 also participates in the degradation of ketamine with a minor role; trace amounts (below nM level) of ClO2- and ClO2 were estimated by the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University. No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City, Taiwan 106
| | - Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University. 1001 University Rd., East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan 300.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University. No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City, Taiwan 106.
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23
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Hu J, Lim FY, Hu J. Characteristics and behaviors of microplastics undergoing photoaging and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) initiated aging. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119628. [PMID: 36774752 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fact that 94% of microplastics (MPs) ubiquitous in the environment are subject to natural weathering makes the aging study currently a research hotspot. This review summarized the physicochemical characteristics of MPs undergoing natural and artificial aging and evaluated current analytical methods used in aging studies. Besides, the differences in photoaging and aging induced by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were discussed, leading to a conclusion that AOPs composed of oxidant and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can better facilitate the alteration of MPs compared to UV irradiation alone. In addition, the environmental behavior of aged MPs was outlined and their adsorption properties for organics and metals were highlighted as a result of combined effects of hydrophobic, π-π, diffusion, and hydrogen bond interaction. Furthermore, the mechanisms of photoaging and AOPs-initiated aging were analyzed, mainly the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). Finally, the applications of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra using excitation emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) were discussed for the aging process analysis. This overview plays an important role in explaining the aging characteristics of MPs and provides a theoretical foundation for further investigations into their toxicity and removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Fang Yee Lim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
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24
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Ekwong S, Boonnorat J, Lin KYA, Phattarapattamawong S. Synergistic degradation of trimethoprim and its phytotoxicity via the UV/chlorine process: Influencing factors on removal and kinetic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:314-325. [PMID: 36899452 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2186649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of trimethoprim (TMP), recalcitrant antibiotic, and its adverse effect on ecosystem have been reported in several countries. The study aims to remove the TMP and its phytotoxicity via a UV/chlorine process, compared with chlorination and UV irradiation alone. Various treatment conditions including chlorine doses, pHs, and TMP concentrations was conducted with synthetic waters and effluent waters. The UV/chlorine process exhibited a synergistic effect on the TMP removal, compared with chlorination and UV irradiation alone. The UV/chlorine process was the most effective in removing TMP, followed by chlorination. The UV irradiation slightly affected the TMP removal (less than 5%). The UV/chlorine process completely removed TMP by 15 min contact time, while chlorination for 60 min could achieve 71% of TMP removal. The TMP removal fitted well with the pseudo first-order kinetics, and the rate constant (k') increased with higher chlorine doses, lower TMP concentrations and low pH. HO• was the major oxidant affecting the TMP removal and its degradation rate, compared with other reactive chlorine species (e.g., Cl•, OCl•). The TMP exposure increased the phytotoxicity by decreasing a germination rate of Lactuca sativa and Vigna radiata seeds. The use of UV/chlorine process could effectively detoxify the TMP, resulting in the phytotoxicity level of treated waters equivalent or lower than those of TMP-free effluent water. The detoxification level depended on the TMP removal, and it was about 0.43-0.56 times of TMP removal. The findings indicated the potential use of UV/chlorine process in removing TMP residual and its phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluk Ekwong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarungwit Boonnorat
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Songkeart Phattarapattamawong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Velo-Gala I, Farré MJ, Radjenovic J, Gernjak W. Influence of water matrix components on the UV/chlorine process and its reactions mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114945. [PMID: 36463999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine system has become an attractive alternative Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants in the last decade due to the simultaneous formation of chlorine and hydroxyl radicals. However, there is no consensus regarding the results and trends obtained in previous micropollutant removal studies by AOPs, highlighting the complexity of the UV/chlorine process and the need for further research. This study investigates the degradation of acetaminophen (ACTP) by UV/chlorine and the effects of the water matrix in the reaction kinetics. In particular, the effects of natural organic matter (NOM), alkalinity and mineral salts on the kinetics and reactive species were elucidated. The complexity of the system was revealed by the analysis of the radical generation and transformation in different water matrices, applying the kinetic modelling approach to complement the scavenger tests. The higher kinetic rates of ACTP at alkaline pH provided new insights into the chlorine reactions under UV radiation, where secondary and tertiary reactive oxygen species including ozone were proven to play the major role in degradation. On the contrary, at acidic pH, reaction kinetic modelling demonstrated that ClO• radical occurs at high concentrations in the order of 10-10 M, being therefore the main oxidant, followed by other chlorine radicals. It is noteworthy that at alkaline pH the presence of typical inorganic ions such as carbonate had little impact on ACTP degradation, contrary to the observed reduction of degradation rates at acidic pH. The expected detrimental effect of the NOM in AOPs was also evidenced, although the use of chlorine as radical source reduces the relevance of the inner filter effect in comparison to UV/H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Velo-Gala
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Jaén. Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - María J Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Spain
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Lu S, Li X, Liao Y, Zhang Z, Luo H, Zhang G. Boosting generation of reactive oxygen and chlorine species on TNT photoanode and Ni/graphite fiber cathode towards efficient oxidation of ammonia wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137363. [PMID: 36423725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) process combining the merits of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis is considered as a promising ammonia oxidation technology for water treatment. However, some key issues, such as the limited in situ generation of oxidants on photoanode, slow mass transfer problem and generation of nitrate/nitrite by-products hinder the further application of PEC process in the treatment of ammonia pollutant. In this study, the graphite felt (GF) cathodes modified by different transition metals (Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu) were screened by physicochemical and photoelectrochemical characterizations. The results show that the Ni-GF cathode with more Ni0 uniformly distributed on the GF surface had the best electrocatalytic activity to generate H2O2. The PEC system composed of 10.0 wt% Ni-GF cathode and optimized titania nanotubes (TNTs) photoanode selectively converted about 96.1% ammonia to N2 within 90 min. Compared with the single TNTs photoanode system, the ammonia oxidation reaction rate constant of the synergistic PEC oxidation system was increased by about two times, which demonstrated the role of the oxidants simultaneously generated on both anode and cathode. The in situ generated reactive oxygen-based oxidants and chlorine-based oxidants interacted together, and ClO• acted a leading role in the ammonia oxidation which were confirmed by quenching and probe experiments. In addition, the contributions of •OH and ClO• were significantly improved in the synergistic PEC oxidation system, compared with the single TNTs photoanode system. Furthermore, the nitrate by-products generated by the ammonia oxidation were further reduced on the Ni-GF cathode. The large amount of active chlorine and active oxygen generated on the electrode diffused into the bulk, effectively overcoming the mass transfer limitation of direct oxidation. Therefore, the developed TNTs photoanode/Ni-GF cathode system can continuously and efficiently convert ammonia to N2 without the formation of nitrate/nitrite by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xuechuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yunkai Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zhenghua Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Haijian Luo
- Education Center of Experiments and Innovations, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Guan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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27
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Wu Z, Lou F, Tang Y, Dong H, Qiang Z. Accelerated transformation of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate surfactant in the UV/chlorine process: Kinetics and formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136820. [PMID: 36241113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The degradation kinetics of Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant in the UV/chlorine process was comprehensively investigated, and the formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) were determined. Results showed that the degradation of SDBS by UV, chlorine and UV/chlorine all followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate constant by UV/chlorine in ultrapure water was approximately 3 times higher than the sum of those by UV and chlorine, and decreased from 0.297 to 0.063 min-1 with pH increasing from 5.0 to 9.0. Water matrices such as NO3-, HCO3- and natural organic matter (NOM) inhibited the degradation efficiency to a certain extent. The second-order rate constant of SDBS with HO• was determined as 2.84 × 109 M-1 s-1. Through using different probes, the main contributors to SDBS degradation were found to be UV, HO• and reactive chlorine species (RCS). Meanwhile, 64.0 μg L-1 trichloromethane (TCM) and 8.7 μg L-1 chloral hydrate (CH) were simultaneously formed within 30 min of UV/chlorine treatment. The concentration of total organic chlorine (TOCl) (424.0 μg L-1) was obviously higher than those of TCM and CH. In addition, 414 unknown by-products formed during UV/chlorine treatment were detected by mass spectrometry at a high confidence level, including 64 monochloro-DBPs and 2 dichloro-DBPs. Although UV/chlorine process accelerated SDBS degradation, the associated DBP formation deserves enough attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Fei Lou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yubin Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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28
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Xu J, Zhang Z, Hong J, Wang D, Fan G, Zhou J, Wang Y. Co-doped Fe 3O 4/α-FeOOH for highly efficient peroxymonosulfate activation to degrade trimethoprim: Occurrence of hybrid non-radical and radical pathways. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116459. [PMID: 36244291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trimethoprim (TMP), as a widely used chemotherapeutic antibiotic agent, has caused potential risks to the aquatic environment. In this study, magnetic Co-doped Fe3O4/α-FeOOH was fabricated by a facile one-step ageing method and used for activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in TMP degradation. It was found that low catalyst (0.5 g/L) and PMS addition (0.2 mM) led to the high degradation efficiency of TMP (97.2%, kobs = 0.11211 min-1) over a wide range of pH. The oxidation of active radical (SO4·-) and non-radical singlet oxygen (1O2) co-acted on TMP degradation. Besides, PMS was activated through the cycles between Co(II)/Co(III) and Fe(II)/Fe(III). Fifteen degradation intermediates of TMP were identified by LC-MS, and three possible degradation pathways including hydroxylation, demethylation, and cleavage were proposed. The recovered catalysts exhibited high stability and reusability, maintaining 80% TMP removal efficiency with inappreciable metal leaching (0.012 mg/L of Co, 0.113 mg/L of Fe) after six cycles. Besides, the Co-Fe3O4/α-FeOOH/PMS system was highly tolerant to inorganic anions and actual water bodies (river water, lake water, tap water, and sewage plant effluent). Overall, this work provided a promising way to the potential application of Fe-based binary metal oxide for PMS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junge Xu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Junxian Hong
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China; State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yingmu Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China.
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Larbi Djaballah M, Belghit A, Dehane A, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O, Ashokkumar M. Radicals (●OH, Cl●, ClO● and Cl2●–) concentration profiles in the intensified degradation of reactive green 12 by UV/chlorine process: Chemical kinetic analysis using a validated model. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Cao Y, Yao J, Knudsen TŠ, Pang W, Zhu J, Liu B, Li H, Li M, Su J. Radical chemistry, degradation mechanism and toxicity evolution of BPA in the UV/chlorine and UV/H 2O 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137169. [PMID: 36402353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UV-assisted advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used and studied in degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). However, detailed information on their radical chemistry and degradation mechanisms is still lacking. In this study, degradation of BPA was comparatively evaluated to investigate the radical mechanisms, products and the toxicity variation in UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 processes. In comparison with UV/H2O2, UV/chlorine had a higher BPA degradation efficiency and higher pH-dependency due to chlorination and the synergy of •OH and RCS. The •OH and Cl• played a pivotal role as the primary radicals in BPA degradation by UV/chlorine process at all pH investigated (6-8). The relative contributions of the secondary radicals ClO• gradually decreased with a variation of pH from 6 to 8 in this process. Presence of HCO3─ and HA inhibited BPA degradation to different extents in UV/chlorine process, while the effect of Cl─ could be neglected. According to the identified transformation products, chlorination (major), hydroxylation and breakage of the isopropylidene chain were BPA decomposition pathways in the UV/chlorine system. In the UV/H2O2 system, only hydroxylation (major) and breakage of the isopropylidene chain occurred. The toxicity analysis, based on the proposed degradation pathways, indicated that the generation of chlorinated products in the UV/chlorine system led to a higher toxicity of the resulting mixture than in the UV/H2O2 system. Although UV/chlorine has an excellent BPA degradation effect and it is cost-effective, the possible environmental risk should be carefully considered when UV/chlorine system is used to remove BPA in real waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Tatjana Šolević Knudsen
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wancheng Pang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junjie Zhu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bang Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianchao Su
- School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Zhang H, Li Z, Zhou X, Lu X, Gu H, Ma J. Insight into the performance of UV/chlorine/TiO 2 on carbamazepine degradation: The crucial role of chlorine oxide radical (ClO •). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158345. [PMID: 36037890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine (UC) system is a homogeneous advanced oxidation process with increasing attention in water decontamination. The addition of TiO2 is a newly found strategy to enhance the generation of hydroxyl radical (HO•) and chlorine radical (Cl•) in the UC system. However, the crucial role of chlorine oxide radical (ClO•, generated by the reactions of HO• and Cl• with chlorine) on pollutant degradation, has not been noticed in UV/chlorine/TiO2 (UCT), the heterogeneous photocatalytic system for chlorine activation. Herein, the role of ClO• in UCT was clarified through quenching experiments combined with model simulations during carbamazepine degradation. Tert-butyl alcohol completely inhibited while bicarbonate only partly suppressed carbamazepine degradation in UCT, indicating the important role of ClO•. The second-order reaction rate constant between ClO• and carbamazepine (kClO•,carbamazepine) was fitted to be (1.21 ± 0.08) × 107 M-1 s-1 by the kinetic model, which avoided the influence of carbonate radical (CO3•-), whose contribution couldn't be excluded during kClO•,carbamazepine determination in commonly used competitive kinetic methods with bicarbonate. With the obtained kClO•,carbamazepine, model simulation suggested that ClO• contributed about 50 % to carbamazepine degradation in UCT, and its concentration was less affected under varied conditions (solution pH, chlorine, bicarbonate, and chloride concentration) to keep an efficient carbamazepine degradation. On the contrary, pollutant degradation dominated by HO• in UCT was largely inhibited with the increase of pH, chlorine, and bicarbonate concentration. In addition to the promotion of degradation efficiency, less disinfection byproducts and lower energy requirement were found in UCT compared with UC. Furthermore, UCT could maintain satisfactory degradation efficiency and energy saving in ground water and surface water samples. Results of this study unraveled the crucial role of ClO• for pollutant degradation in UCT, and showed bright prospects and great potentials of the system in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haiteng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Ren H, Bi Y, Liu F, Zhang C, Wei N, Fan L, Zhou R. Removal of ofloxacin from wastewater by chloride electrolyte electro-oxidation: Analysis of the role of active chlorine and operating costs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157963. [PMID: 35952871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electro-oxidation (EO) has received increasing attention as an efficient and green method for removing pollutants from wastewater. Chloride anions (Cl-), which commonly exist in wastewater, can act as an electrolyte for the EO process. However, the role of reactive chlorine species (RCS) generated near electrodes is often underestimated. In this study, we generated hydroxyl radicals (OH) and RCS in a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode system and investigated its degradation mechanism for ofloxacin (OFX) removal. The findings suggested that OFX degradation was dominated by OH existing near the anode in solution, with RCS playing a supporting role. Based on the produced intermediates, we proposed an OFX decomposition pathway. The biological toxicities of the intermediates were evaluated through the ECOSAR and T.E.S.T. procedure. Nearly half of the intermediates are less toxic than the parent compound. After optimizing the operating parameters by the response surface methodology, 20 mg/L OFX was almost completely degraded after 10 min of reaction in 1.45 g/L NaCl with a current density (j) of 18 mA/cm2, and the total organic carbon was decreased by 30.55 %. The energy consumption and current efficiency were 0.648 kW·h/gTOC and 8.65 %, respectively. Comparing the operating costs of the proposed and other EO methods, our method emerged as a viable new treatment scheme for similar polluted wastewaters. This study aims to comprehensively understand the potential application value of BDD electrodes in the treatment of Cl- containing organic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuhang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chunpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Nan Wei
- Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lujian Fan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resource and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resource and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Lu S, Li X, Liao Y, Zhang G. Optimized titania nanotubes photoanode mediated photoelectrochemical oxidation of ammonia in highly chlorinated wastewater via Cl-based radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113972. [PMID: 35952744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient removal of low-concentration ammonia from chlorinated wastewater is a challenge for decentralized wastewater treatment due to its notorious environmental effect and lethal influence on aquaculture. Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) oxidation process is considered as an efficient and environment-friendly approach, whereas a low-cost and stable photoanode is crucial. In this study, TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) photoanode (Ar-TNT-500 °C) with excellent physicochemical and photoelectrochemical properties was prepared by optimizing the parameters of anodization, including the voltage/times of anodization and the atmosphere/temperature of heat treatment. During the synthesis, the electrochemical and heat treatment processes promoted the formation of oxygen vacancies (OV) on the TNTs surface and enhanced its electrocatalytic activity. The optimized Ar-TNT-500 °C photoanode could selectively convert ammonia to N2 (86%) and a small amount of nitrate (14%). Radical quenching and probe experiments confirmed that the ClO produced by rapid quenching of OH and Cl by free chlorine dominated the selective degradation of ammonia in the synergistic process of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. The cycle of chlorine-based radicals (ClO and Cl) and Cl- provided a continuous and efficient ammonia oxidation system, because chlorine-based radicals could efficiently and selectively oxidize ammonia and reduce the production of toxic (per) chlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xuechuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yunkai Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Guan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Guan C, Guan C, Guo Q, Huang R, Duan J, Wang Z, Wei X, Jiang J. Enhanced oxidation of organic contaminants by Mn(VII) in water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119265. [PMID: 36279614 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies that promote chemical oxidation by permanganate (MnO4-; Mn(VII)) as a viable technology for water treatment and environmental purification have been quickly accumulating over the past decades. Various methods to activate Mn(VII) have been proposed and their efficacy in destructing a wide range of emerging organic contaminants has been demonstrated. This article aims to present a state-of-art review on the development of Mn(VII) activation methods, including photoactivation, electrical activation, the addition of redox mediators, carbonaceous materials, and other chemical agents, with a particular focus on the potential activation mechanism and critical influencing factors. Different reaction mechanisms are involved in activated Mn(VII) oxidation processes, including the generation of reactive intermediates derived from Mn(VII) (e.g., Mn(III), Mn(V), and Mn(VI)) or activators (e.g., intermediates of redox mediators and Ru catalysts), reactive oxygen species (ROS) (e.g., •OH, O2•-, and 1O2), as well as electron transfer from organics to Mn(VII) via catalysts as the electron mediator. Except •OH that is generated as one of co-oxidants in UV/Mn(VII) process, other reactive species are relatively mild oxidants, which are more selective toward organic substrates and highly tolerant toward various water matrices (e.g., inorganic ions and natural organic matter) compared to strongly oxidizing radical species. Therefore, activated Mn(VII) oxidation processes show a good prospect for efficient removal of target contaminants in natural and complex environmental matrices. However, there are some disputes about the dominant reactive species generated in these processes, and their identification methods may be not appropriate, causing serious confusion in the mechanistic understanding. So, further efforts are still needed to fill the knowledge gap and also to address the application challenges of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoting Guan
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Chaoxu Guan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Run Huang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Jiebin Duan
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xipeng Wei
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Li D, Feng Z, Zhou B, Chen H, Yuan R. Impact of water matrices on oxidation effects and mechanisms of pharmaceuticals by ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation technologies: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157162. [PMID: 35798102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The binding between water components (dissolved organic matters, anions and cations) and pharmaceuticals influences the migration and transformation of pollutants. Herein, the impact of water matrices on drug degradation, as well as the electrical energy demands during UV, UV/catalysts, UV/O3, UV/H2O2-based, UV/persulfate and UV/chlorine processes were systemically evaluated. The enhancement effects of water constituents are due to the powerful reactive species formation, the recombination reduction of electrons and holes of catalyst and the catalyst regeneration; the inhibition results from the light attenuation, quenching effects of the excited states of target pollutants and reactive species, the stable complexations generation and the catalyst deactivation. The transformation pathways of the same pollutant in various AOPs have high similarities. At the same time, each oxidant also can act as a special nucleophile or electrophile, depending on the functional groups of the target compound. The electrical energy per order (EEO) of drugs degradation may follow the order of EEOUV > EEOUV/catalyst > EEOUV/H2O2 > EEOUV/PS > EEOUV/chlorine or EEOUV/O3. Meanwhile, it is crucial to balance the cost-benefit assessment and toxic by-products formation, and the comparison of the contaminant degradation pathways and productions in the presence of different water matrices is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhuqing Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Beihai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huilun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongfang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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36
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Gao YQ, Rao YY, Ning H, Chen JX, Zeng Q, Tian FX, Gao NY. Comparative investigation of diclofenac degradation by Fe2+/chlorine and Fe2+/PMS processes. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lu Z, Ling Y, Sun W, Liu C, Mao T, Ao X, Huang T. Antibiotics degradation by UV/chlor(am)ine advanced oxidation processes: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119673. [PMID: 35760199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are emerging contaminants in aquatic environments which pose serious risks to the ecological environment and human health. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on ultraviolet (UV) light have good application prospects for antibiotic degradation. As new and developing UV-AOPs, UV/chlorine and derived UV/chloramine processes have attracted increasing attention due to the production of highly reactive radicals (e.g., hydroxyl radical, reactive chlorine species, and reactive nitrogen species) and also because they can provide long-lasting disinfection. In this review, the main reaction pathways of radicals formed during the UV/chlor (am)ine process are proposed. The degradation efficiency, influencing factors, generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), and changes in toxicity that occur during antibiotic degradation by UV/chlor (am)ine are reviewed. Based on the statistics and analysis of published results, the effects caused by energy consumption, defined as electrical energy per order (EE/O), increase in the following order: UV/chlorine < UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS)< UV/H2O2 < UV/persulfate (PS) < 265 nm and 285 nm UV-LED/chlorine (EE/O). Some inherent problems that affect the UV/chlor (am)ine processes and prospects for future research are proposed. The use of UV/chlor (am)ine AOPs is a rich field of research and has promising future applications, and this review provides a theoretical basis for that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanchen Ling
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China.
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Beijing Waterworks Group Co., LTD, Beijing, 100031, China
| | - Ted Mao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; MW Technologies, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiuwei Ao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianyin Huang
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
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Wojnárovits L, Wang J, Chu L, Takács E. Rate constants of chlorine atom reactions with organic molecules in aqueous solutions, an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:55492-55513. [PMID: 35688978 PMCID: PMC9374632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Rate constants of chlorine atom (Cl•) reactions (kCl•) determined using a large variation of experimental methods, including transient measurements, steady-state and computation techniques, were collected from the literature and were discussed together with the reaction mechanisms. The kCl• values are generally in the 108-109 mol-1 dm3 s-1 range when the basic reaction between the Cl• and the target molecule is H-atom abstraction. When Cl• addition to double bonds dominates the interaction, the kCl• values are in the 1 × 109-2 × 1010 mol-1 dm3 s-1 range. In the kCl• = 1 × 1010-4 × 1010 mol-1 dm3 s-1 range, single-electron-transfer reactions may also contribute to the mechanism. The Cl• reactions with organic molecules in many respects are similar to those of •OH, albeit Cl• seems to be less selective as •OH. However, there is an important difference, as opposed to Cl• in the case of •OH single-electron-transfer reactions have minor importance. The uncertainty of Cl• rate constant determinations is much higher than those of •OH. Since Cl• reactions play very important role in the emerging UV/chlorine water purification technology, some standardization of the rate constant measuring techniques and more kCl• measurements are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Wojnárovits
- Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, Radiation Chemistry Department, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Chu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Erzsébet Takács
- Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, Radiation Chemistry Department, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary.
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Chen J, Dai C, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Chu W, Gao N, Wang Q. Degradation of sulfadiazine by UV/Oxone: roles of reactive oxidative species and the formation of disinfection byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54407-54420. [PMID: 35301631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a typical persistent sulfonamide antibiotic, which has been widely detected in natural drinking water sources. The degradation of SDZ by UV/Oxone (potassium monopersulfate compound) was explored in this study. The results showed that Cl- can effectively activate PMS to promote rapid degradation of SDZ in the Oxone process by forming chlorine in the system. Radical quenching tests suggested that radical oxidation, including HO•, SO4•-, and reactive chlorine species (RCS), played an important role by UV/Oxone. It further verified that concentration and distribution of HO•, SO4•-, and RCS were pH-dependent; RCS act as a major contributor at pH 6.0 and pH 7.0 to degrade SDZ in this process. The SDZ degradation rate was firstly increased and then decreased by Cl- and HCO3- (0-10 mM); HA (0-10 mg L-1) exhibited insignificant influence on SDZ degradation. The degradation pathways of SDZ during UV/Oxone and formation pathways of five disinfection byproducts during subsequent chlorination were proposed. The possible DBP precursors formed by SO2 extrusion, hydroxylation, and chlorination of SDZ during UV/Oxone pre-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiang Chen
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Caiqiong Dai
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Yuqiong Gao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qiongfang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201600, China
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40
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Lu Z, Ling Y, Wang X, Li S, Ao X, Wang W, Li C, Sun W, Huang T. Insight into the degradation of ciprofloxacin by medium-pressure UV-activated monochloramine process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154850. [PMID: 35351514 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The degradation efficiency and mechanisms of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a typical antibiotic, by a medium-pressure ultraviolet/chloramine (MPUV/NH2Cl) treatment were investigated. The results showed that CIP degradation by MPUV/NH2Cl was significantly higher than that by NH2Cl oxidation and MPUV photolysis, and that this degradation processes were consistent with pseudo-first-order kinetics. The initial CIP concentration (7.5-30.2 μM) and the presence of HCO3- (0.5-10 mM) significantly inhibited CIP degradation with kobs,CIP 0.0090-0.0069 and 0.0078-0.0048 cm2/mJ. In contrast, NO3- (50-500 μM) and Br- (0.5-10 mM) significantly promoted the degradation with kobs,CIP 0.0078-0.0102 and 0.0078-0.0124 cm2/mJ. The effect of Cl- (0.5-10 mM) and natural organic matter (1-5 mg/L) were negligible. The NH2Cl dosage (30-60 μM) presented a dual effect, in which its increase within the optimal concentration range (30-40 μM) accelerated CIP degradation due to the formation of reactive radicals, whereas an excessive increase (40-60 μM) quenched the free radicals, ultimately quenching the free radicals and inhibiting the degradation. The optimum pH for CIP degradation under MPUV/NH2Cl treatment was 7.0. The contribution of reactive halogen species (i.e., reactive chlorine species and reactive nitrogen species) to CIP degradation was substantially greater than that of hydroxyl radicals under acidic or neutral conditions. We identified the degradation products of CIP and proposed degradation pathways, which included defluorination and cracking of the piperazine ring, with the latter being dominant. Compared to haloacetic acid (HAA) and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), MPUV/NH2Cl significantly reduced trihalomethane (THM) production and theoretical cytotoxicity by 80.1% and 78.4% respectively, compared to the background experiment in natural water at a UV dose of 300 mJ/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanchen Ling
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Simiao Li
- Beijing General Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, China
| | - Xiuwei Ao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weibo Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
| | - Tianyin Huang
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
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Hoang NT, Nguyen VT, Minh Tuan ND, Manh TD, Le PC, Van Tac D, Mwazighe FM. Degradation of dyes by UV/Persulfate and comparison with other UV-based advanced oxidation processes: Kinetics and role of radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134197. [PMID: 35276111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of methylene blue (MeB), methyl orange (MeO), and rhodamin B (RhB) by the UV/Persulfate (UV/PS) process. The dye degradation in the investigated UV-based Advanced Oxidation Processes (UV/AOPs) followed the first-order kinetic model. The second-order rate constant of the dyes with •OH, SO4•-, and CO3•- were calculated and found to be: k•OH,MeB = 5.6 × 109 M-1 s-1, [Formula: see text] = 3.3 × 109 M-1 s-1, [Formula: see text] = 6.9 × 107 M-1 s-1; k•OH,MeO = 3.2 × 109 M-1 s-1, [Formula: see text] = 13 × 109 M-1 s-1, [Formula: see text] = 4.4 × 106 M-1 s-1; k•OH,RhB = 14.8 × 109 M-1 s-1, [Formula: see text] = 5 × 109 M-1 s-1, [Formula: see text] = 1 × 107 M-1 s-1. The steady-state concentrations of •OH and SO4•- (including other reactive species) were determined using both chemical probes and modeling methods (Kintecus® V6.8). In the UV/PS, the dye degradation depends on the pH of the solution with the order: kdye (at pH of 7) > kdye (in acidic conditions) > kdye (in alkaline conditions). The presence of water matrices had different impacts on dye degradation: 1) The HCO3- and Cl- promoted the degradation efficiency of one dye, but also inhibited the degradation of other dyes; 2) Humic acid (HA) inhibited dye degradation as it scavenged both •OH and SO4•-. The degradation of the dyes by UV/PS was also compared with the UV/Chlorine (UV/HOCl) and UV/H2O2 and it was established that: 1) In UV/PS and UV/HOCl, SO4•- and RCS contributed to dye degradation more than •OH, while •OH played a major role in dye degradation by UV/H2O2; 2) The calculated toxicity in UV/PS was the lowest probably due to the low toxicity of by-products; 3) For MeO and RhB, the UV/PS process is more beneficial for the total organic carbon (TOC) removal compared to that of the UV/HOCl and UV/H2O2 processes; 4) The UV/PS showed lower cost than the UV/HOCl and UV/H2O2 systems for MeO, and RhB degradation but higher cost for MeB removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Hoang
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Education, Da Nang, 550 000, Viet Nam.
| | - Vo Thang Nguyen
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Education, Da Nang, 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Dinh Minh Tuan
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Technology, Da Nang, 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Duc Manh
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Education, Da Nang, 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Phuoc-Cuong Le
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Technology, Da Nang, 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Dinh Van Tac
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Education, Da Nang, 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Fredrick M Mwazighe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Hu C, Xiong C, Lin YL, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Xu L, Huang D. Degradation of 2-phenylbenzimidazole 5-sulfonic acid by UV/chlorine advanced oxidation technology: Kinetic model, degradation byproducts and reaction pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128574. [PMID: 35278948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the degradation kinetic model and pathways of a UV filter, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) during UV/chlorination were investigated. PBSA hardly degraded under UV irradiation or chlorination alone, but its degradation in UV/chlorination was efficient and followed pseudo-first order kinetics at pH 7. Increasing the chlorine dosage from 12.5 to 200 μM can enhance PBSA degradation, while increasing pH from 5 to 9 caused opposite effect. The second-order rate constants between radicals (∙Cl, ∙ClO, and ∙OH) and PBSA and the contribution of ∙OH during UV/chlorination were determined. ∙Cl and ∙OH were confirmed to be the main contributors to PBSA degradation. The presence of background [Formula: see text] and humic acid can inhibit PBSA degradation, but the presence of Cl- showed negligible effect. Kinetic model was established, and the prediction correlated well to the experimental results. The mineralization rate in terms of total organic carbon increased with reaction time to 44.9% after 60 min UV/chlorination. The PBSA degradation intermediates in UV/chlorination were identified, and the transformation pathways were proposed accordingly. Furthermore, the formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) were evaluated in the sequential chlorination for comprehensively evaluation of the efficiency, mechanism, and safety of removing PBSA using UV/chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy, Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Cun Xiong
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy, Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yeye Zhu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy, Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Qiangbing Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy, Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Lin Xu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy, Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Dandan Huang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy, Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
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43
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Nichols F, Ozoemena KI, Chen S. Electrocatalytic generation of reactive species and implications in microbial inactivation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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Mechanistic Insight into Degradation of Cetirizine under UV/Chlorine Treatment: Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UV/chlorine treatment is an efficient technology for removing organic pollutants in wastewater. Nevertheless, degradation of antihistamines in the UV/chlorine system, especially the underlying reaction mechanism, is not yet clear. In this study, the degradation of cetirizine (CTZ), a representative antihistamine, under UV/chlorine treatment was investigated. The results showed that CTZ could undergo fast degradation in the UV/chlorine system with an observed reaction rate constant (kobs) of (0.19 ± 0.01) min−1, which showed a first-increase and then-decrease trend with its initial concentration increased. The degradation of CTZ during the UV/chlorine treatment was attributed to direct UV irradiation (38.7%), HO• (35.3%), Cl• (7.3%), and ClO• (17.1%). The kobs of CTZ decreased with the increase in pH and the increase in concentrations of a representative dissolved organic matter, Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM), due to their negative effects on the concentrations of reactive species generated in the UV/chlorine system. The detailed reaction pathways of HO•, ClO•, and Cl• with CTZ were revealed using quantum chemical calculation. This study provided significant insights into the efficient degradation and the underlying mechanism for the removal of CTZ in the UV/chlorine system.
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45
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Teo YS, Jafari I, Liang F, Jung Y, Van der Hoek JP, Ong SL, Hu J. Investigation of the efficacy of the UV/Chlorine process for the removal of trimethoprim: Effects of operational parameters and artificial neural networks modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152551. [PMID: 34952077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The UV/Cl2 process (also known as chlorine photolysis, which is the combination of chlorine and simultaneous irradiation of UV light) is conventionally applied at acidic mediums for drinking water treatment and further treatment of wastewater effluents for secondary reuse. This is because the quantum yield of HO• from HOCl (ϕHO•, 254 = 1.4) is greater than the one from OCl- (ϕHO•, 254 = 0.278) by approximately 5 times. Moreover, chlorine photolysis in acidic mediums also tends to have lower radical quenching rates than that of their alkaline counterparts by up to 1000 times. The aim of this research is to investigate the applicability of the UV/Cl2 process by assessing its efficacy on the removal of trimethoprim (TMP) at not only acidic to neutral conditions (pH 6-7), but also alkaline mediums (pH 8-9). At alkaline pH, free chlorine exists as OCl- and since OCl- has a higher molar absorption coefficient as compared to HOCl at higher wavelengths, there would be higher reactive chlorine species (RCS) formation and contribution. TMP removal followed pseudo-first order kinetics and depicted that a maximum fluence based constant (kf' = 0.275 cm2/mJ) was obtained using 42.25 μM (3 mg/L) of chlorine at pH 9, with an irradiation of 275 nm. At alkaline conditions, chlorine photolysis performance followed the trend of UV (275)/Cl2 > UV (265)/Cl2 > UV (310)/Cl2 > UV (254)/Cl2. RCS like Cl•, Cl2-• and ClO• contributed to the degradation of TMP. When the pH was increased from 6 to 8, contribution from hydroxyl radicals (HO• ) was decreased whilst that of RCS was increased. Application of UV (310)/Cl2 had the highest HO• generation, contributing to TMP removals up to 13% to 48% as compared to 5% to 27% in UV (254, 265, 275)/Cl2 systems at pH 6-9. Artificial neural networks modelling was found to be able to verify and predict the contribution of HO• and RCS conventionally calculated via the general kinetic equations in the UV/Cl2 system at 254, 265, 275 and 310 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen Teo
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Iman Jafari
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Fei Liang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Youmi Jung
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jan Peter Van der Hoek
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Say Leong Ong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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46
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Li Q, Lai C, Yu J, Luo J, Deng J, Li G, Chen W, Li B, Chen G. Degradation of diclofenac sodium by the UV/chlorine process: Reaction mechanism, influencing factors and toxicity evaluation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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47
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Cao Z, Yu X, Zheng Y, Aghdam E, Sun B, Song M, Wang A, Han J, Zhang J. Micropollutant abatement by the UV/chloramine process in potable water reuse: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127341. [PMID: 34634702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The need in using reclaimed water increased significantly to address the water shortage and its continuing quality deterioration in sustaining societal development. Degrading micropollutants in wastewater treatment plant effluents is one of the most important tasks in supplying safe drinking water, which is often achieved by full advanced treatment technologies (FATs), including reverse osmosis (RO) and the UV-based advanced oxidation process (AOP). As an emerging AOP, UV/chloramine process shows many noteworthy advantages in the scenario of potable water reuse, including membrane biological fouling control by chloramine, producing highly reactive radicals (e.g., Cl•, HO•, Cl2•-, and reactive nitrogen-containing species) to degrade the RO permeated pollutants, and acting as long-lasting disinfectant in the potable water distribution system. In addition, chloramine is often designedly produced by taking advantage of the ammonia in source. Thus, UV/chloramine processes gather much attention from researcher and published papers on UV/chloramine process have drastically increased since 2016, which were thoroughly reviewed in this paper. The fundamentals of chloramine photolysis, including the photolysis kinetics, the quantum yield, the generation and transformation of radicals and the final products, were scrutinized. Further, the impacts of reaction conditions such as pH, chloramine dosage and water matrix on the degradation of micropollutants by the UV/chloramine process are discussed. Moreover, the formation potential of disinfection by-products is debated. The opportunity of application of the UV/chloramine process in real-world practice is also presented, emphasizing the need for extensive efforts to remove currently prevalent knowledge roadblocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Cao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Ximing Yu
- Taiwei Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250001, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Zheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Ehsan Aghdam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Mingming Song
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, PR China
| | - Aijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jinglong Han
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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48
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Peng T, Xu C, Yang L, Yang B, Cai WW, Gu F, Ying GG. Kinetics and Mechanism of Degradation of Reactive Radical-Mediated Probe Compounds by the UV/Chlorine Process: Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Verification. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5053-5063. [PMID: 35187321 PMCID: PMC8851629 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine process, by combining chlorination with UV irradiation, has been recently considered as a highly efficient advanced oxidation process (AOP) technology in water treatment. Nitrobenzene (NB), benzoic acid (BA), and p-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) are widely used as model probe compounds in the UV/chlorine system to calculate the second-order rate constants of the specific radical reaction with target contaminates by a competitive kinetics method. A comprehensive understanding of probe compounds' reaction mechanism with reactive radicals is critical for investigation of the UV/chlorine reaction system. Here, we evaluated the radical-mediated reaction kinetics and mechanism of NB, BA, and pCBA in the UV/chlorine process using theoretical calculations and experimental studies. The main reactive radicals •OH, •ClO, and •Cl in the UV/chlorine process for the initial reaction with NB, BA, and pCBA can be explained by H-abstraction and addition pathways. The ΔE 0,≠ values for the •OH reaction with NB, BA, and pCBA were in the range of 5.0-8.0, 3.7-8.2, and 3.4-8.2 kcal mol-1, respectively. The ΔE 0,≠ values for •ClO and •Cl reactions with these three probe compounds were higher than those of •OH, indicating slower •ClO- and •Cl-initiated reactions than that of the •OH-initiated reaction. The theoretically calculated radical-mediated reaction kinetic rate constants (k CP C) for NB, BA, and pCBA were 4.58 × 10-3, 1.28 × 10-2, and 1.6 × 10-2 s-1, respectively, which was consistent with the experimentally determined pseudo-first-order rate constant (k CP RR) in the UV/chlorine process. Interestingly, theoretical calculations showed that •ClO and •Cl played an important role in subsequent reactions of NB-OH radicals, converting to hydroxylated and chlorinated products, which were further confirmed by experimental products' identification. The findings from this study indicated that quantum chemistry calculations provide an effective means to investigate the reaction kinetics and mechanism of chemicals in the UV/chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- SCNU
Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory
of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Xu
- SCNU
Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory
of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School
of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Yang
- SCNU
Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory
of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School
of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Wen Cai
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fenglong Gu
- SCNU
Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory
of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School
of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU
Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory
of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School
of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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49
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Wang J, Zhu S, Wu Y, Sheng D, Bu L, Zhou S. Insights into the wavelength-dependent photolysis of chlorite: Elimination of carbamazepine and formation of chlorate. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132505. [PMID: 34627813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous removal of chlorite (ClO2-) and organic micro-pollutants (OMPs) by the irradiation of UV is a novel process. In this study we used UV light emitting diode (UV-LED) as a new UV source to systematically investigate the effect of UV wavelength (255, 285, 365 nm) on the simultaneous removal of carbamazepine (CBZ) and ClO2-. Removal of both CBZ and ClO2- followed the order of 255, 285, and 365 nm. Formation of hydroxyl radical and reactive chlorine species (RCS) were confirmed during the photolysis of ClO2- using probe compounds. RCS were always the predominant contributor to the degradation of CBZ in UV-LED/ClO2- system. The impacts of ClO2- dosage, pH, bicarbonate/carbonate (HCO3-/CO32-), and the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on CBZ degradation were also evaluated. This study identified the products produced by CBZ through possible degradation pathways during the transformation process. Further, the amount of ClO2- may affect the amount of chlorate produced in UV/ClO2- system. Overall, our research provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of UV wavelength on the simultaneous removal of ClO2- and OMPs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Da Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Guo K, Wu Z, Chen C, Fang J. UV/Chlorine Process: An Efficient Advanced Oxidation Process with Multiple Radicals and Functions in Water Treatment. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:286-297. [PMID: 35025201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of the deterioration of global water quality, the occurrence of chemical and microbial contaminants in water raises serious concerns for the health of the population. Identifying and developing effective and environmentally friendly water treatment technologies are critical to obtain clean water. Among the various technologies for the purification of water, ultraviolet photolysis of chlorine (UV/chlorine), an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP), has multiple functions for the control of contaminants via the production of hydroxyl radicals (HO·) and reactive chlorine species (RCS), such as Cl·, ClO·, and Cl2·-.This Account centers around the radical chemistry of RCS and HO· in different water matrices and their roles and mechanisms in the abatement of contaminants. The concentrations of Cl·, ClO·, and Cl2·- are comparable to or higher than those of HO· (10-14 to 10-13 M). The reactivities of RCS are more selective than HO· with a broader range of second-order rate constants (k). The k values of Cl· toward most aromatics are higher or similar as compared to those of HO·, while those of Cl2·- and ClO· are less reactive but more selective toward aromatics containing electron-donating functional groups. Their major reaction mechanisms with Cl· are electron transfer and addition, while those with ClO· and Cl2·- primarily involve electron transfer. As for aliphatics, their reactivities with both HO· and RCS are much lower than those of aromatics. The reaction mechanisms for most of them with Cl· and Cl2·- are hydrogen abstraction, except for olefins, which are addition. In addition, RCS greatly contribute to the inactivation of microbial contaminants.Toward future application, the UV/chlorine process has both pros and cons. Compared with the traditional HO·-based AOP of UV/H2O2, UV/chlorine is more efficient and energy-saving for oxidation and disinfection, and its efficiency is less affected by water matrix components. However, the formation of toxic byproducts in UV/chlorine limits its application scenarios. In dissolved organic matter (DOM)-rich water, the formation of halogenated byproducts is enhanced in UV/chlorine. In the presence of ammonia, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) (e.g., ·NO and ·NO2) are involved, and highly toxic nitro(so) products such as nitro(so)-phenolics and N-nitrosodimethylamine are generated. For a niche application, the UV/chlorine process is recommended to be utilized in water with low levels of DOM and ammonia.Strategies should be developed to make full use of highly reactive species (RCS and HO·) for the abatement of target contaminants and to reduce the formation of toxic byproducts. For example, the UV/chlorine process can be used in tandem with other treatments to create multiple barriers for the production of safe water. In addition, halogen radicals are very important in ecosystems as well as other areas such as medical therapy and organic synthesis. UV/chlorine is the most efficient homogeneous system to generate halogen radicals, and thus it provides a perfect system to investigate the fates of halogen radicals for interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Wu
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai Zhuhai 519087, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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