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Hernández-Freyle C, Castilla-Acevedo SF, Harders AN, Acosta-Herazo R, Acuña-Bedoya JD, Santoso M, Torres-Ceron DA, Amaya-Roncancio S, Mueses MA, Machuca-Martínez F. Ultraviolet activation of monochloramine to treat contaminants of emerging concern: reactions, operating parameters, byproducts, and opportunities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:40758-40777. [PMID: 38819507 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The presence of CECs in aquatic systems has raised significant concern since they are potentially harmful to the environment and human health. Eliminating CECs has led to the development of alternatives to treat wastewater, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The ultraviolet-mediated activation of monochloramine (UV/NH2Cl) is a novel and relatively unexplored AOPs for treating pollutants in wastewater systems. This process involves the production of amino radicals (•NH2) and chlorine radicals (Cl•) from the UV irradiation of NH2Cl. Studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in mitigating various CECs, exhibiting advantages, such as the potential to control the amount of toxic disinfection byproducts (TDBPs) formed, low costs of reagents, and low energy consumption. However, the strong influence of operating parameters in the degradation efficiency and existence of NH2Cl, the lack of studies of its use in real matrices and techno-economic assessments, low selectivity, and prolonged treatment periods must be overcome to make this technology more competitive with more mature AOPs. This review article revisits the state-of-the-art of the UV/NH2Cl technology to eliminate pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), micropollutants from the food industry, pesticides, and industrial products in aqueous media. The reactions involved in the production of radicals and the influence of operating parameters are covered to understand the formation of TDBPs and the main challenges and limitations of the UV/NH2Cl to degrade CECs. This review article generates critical knowledge about the UV/NH2Cl process, expanding the horizon for a better application of this technology in treating water contaminated with CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernández-Freyle
- Natural and Exact Sciences Department, Universidad de La Costa, Calle 58 #55 - 66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Samir F Castilla-Acevedo
- Natural and Exact Sciences Department, Universidad de La Costa, Calle 58 #55 - 66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia.
- Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA.
| | - Abby N Harders
- Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Raúl Acosta-Herazo
- Photocatalysis and Solar Photoreactors Engineering, Modeling & Applications of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Cartagena, Zip code 1382 - Postal 195, Cartagena, Colombia
- Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico en Ingeniería Sostenible, Laboratorio de Simulación y Procesos - Simprolab, Turbaco, Colombia
| | - Jawer D Acuña-Bedoya
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad S/N. C. P., 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Melvin Santoso
- Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Darwin A Torres-Ceron
- Laboratorio de Física del Plasma, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, 170003, Manizales, Colombia
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), 660003, Pereira, Colombia
- Gestión & Medio Ambiente, 170004, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Amaya-Roncancio
- Natural and Exact Sciences Department, Universidad de La Costa, Calle 58 #55 - 66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Miguel A Mueses
- Photocatalysis and Solar Photoreactors Engineering, Modeling & Applications of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Cartagena, Zip code 1382 - Postal 195, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Fiderman Machuca-Martínez
- Escuela de Ingeniería Química, CENM, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 #100-00, 76001 GAOX, Cali, Colombia
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Arbiv I, Almuhtaram H, Andrews RC. Comparison of pipe loop and pipe section reactor methods for estimating chloramine decay in harvested distribution system pipes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163722. [PMID: 37116810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To assess chloramine decay, this study compared the use of pipe loops, which incorporate continuously flowing water, to static pipe section reactors (PSRs). Unlined cast iron (UCI) and cement-lined ductile iron (CLDI) were harvested from distribution systems. These were directly compared to virgin polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe at low (0.03 m/s) and high (0.09 m/s) water velocities as well as hydraulic residence times (HRT) of 6 and 24 h. Pipe material was observed to exert the greatest impact on chloramine decay, followed by flow velocity. First-order decay coefficients obtained using pipe loops were statistically similar to those for PSR trials when considering UCI and CLDI pipe, irrespective of pipe velocity or water age. Overall results suggest that the use of PSRs may serve as a viable and cost-effective alternative to pipe loops for assessing the impact of operational variables on disinfectant decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Arbiv
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Husein Almuhtaram
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Robert C Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
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Dong F, Zhu J, Li J, Fu C, He G, Lin Q, Li C, Song S. The occurrence, formation and transformation of disinfection byproducts in the water distribution system: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161497. [PMID: 36634528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an effective process to inactivate pathogens in drinking water treatment. However, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) will inevitably form and may cause severe health concerns. Previous research has mainly focused on DBPs formation during the disinfection in water treatment plants. But few studies paid attention to the formation and transformation of DBPs in the water distribution system (WDS). The complex environment in WDS will affect the reaction between residual chlorine and organic matter to form new DBPs. This paper provides an overall review of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS. Firstly, the occurrence of DBPs in the WDS around the world was cataloged. Secondly, the primary factors affecting the formation of DBPs in WDS have also been summarized, including secondary chlorination, pipe materials, biofilm, deposits and coexisting anions. Secondary chlorination and biofilm increased the concentration of regular DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) in the WDS, while Br- and I- increased the formation of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) and iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs), respectively. The mechanism of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS was systematically described. Aromatic DBPs could be directly or indirectly converted to aliphatic DBPs, including ring opening, side chain breaking, chlorination, etc. Finally, the toxicity of drinking water in the WDS caused by DBPs transformation was examined. This review is conducive to improving the knowledge gap about DBPs formation and transformation in WDS to better solve water supply security problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiani Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chuyun Fu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guilin He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Wu Z, Lou F, Tang Y, Dong H, Qiang Z. Accelerated transformation of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate surfactant in the UV/chlorine process: Kinetics and formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136820. [PMID: 36241113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The degradation kinetics of Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant in the UV/chlorine process was comprehensively investigated, and the formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) were determined. Results showed that the degradation of SDBS by UV, chlorine and UV/chlorine all followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate constant by UV/chlorine in ultrapure water was approximately 3 times higher than the sum of those by UV and chlorine, and decreased from 0.297 to 0.063 min-1 with pH increasing from 5.0 to 9.0. Water matrices such as NO3-, HCO3- and natural organic matter (NOM) inhibited the degradation efficiency to a certain extent. The second-order rate constant of SDBS with HO• was determined as 2.84 × 109 M-1 s-1. Through using different probes, the main contributors to SDBS degradation were found to be UV, HO• and reactive chlorine species (RCS). Meanwhile, 64.0 μg L-1 trichloromethane (TCM) and 8.7 μg L-1 chloral hydrate (CH) were simultaneously formed within 30 min of UV/chlorine treatment. The concentration of total organic chlorine (TOCl) (424.0 μg L-1) was obviously higher than those of TCM and CH. In addition, 414 unknown by-products formed during UV/chlorine treatment were detected by mass spectrometry at a high confidence level, including 64 monochloro-DBPs and 2 dichloro-DBPs. Although UV/chlorine process accelerated SDBS degradation, the associated DBP formation deserves enough attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Fei Lou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yubin Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Wang J, Qu D, Bu L, Zhu S. Inactivation efficiency of P. Aeruginosa and ARGs removal in UV/NH2Cl process: Comparisons with UV and NH2Cl. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Xu L, Li C, Wei G, Ji J, Lichtfouse E, García A, Zhang Y. Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by chlorination in water distribution systems: Kinetics, toxicity, and antibiotic resistance genes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10817. [PMID: 36524464 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is one of veterinary drugs and food additives, which has been frequently detected in surface waters in recent years and will cause damage to organisms. Therefore, SMX was selected as a target to be investigated, including the degradation kinetics, evolution of toxicity, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of SMX during chlorination in batch reactors and water distribution systems (WDS), to determine the optimal factors for removing SMX. In the range of investigated pH (6.3-9.0), the SMX degradation had the fastest rate at close to neutral pH. The chlorination of SMX was affected by the initial total free chlorine concentration, and the degradation of SMX was consistent with second-order kinetics. The rate constants in batch reactors are (2.23 ± 0.07) × 102 M-1 s-1 and (5.04 ± 0.30) × 10 M-1 s-1 for HClO and ClO-1 , respectively. Moreover, the rate constants in WDS are (1.76 ± 0.07) × 102 M-1 s-1 and (4.06 ± 0.62) × 10 M-1 s-1 , respectively. The degradation rate of SMX was also affected by pipe material, and the rate followed the following order: stainless-steel pipe (SS) > ductile iron pipe (DI) > polyethylene pipe (PE). The degradation rate of SMX in the DI increased with increasing flow rate, but the increase was limited. In addition, SMX could increase the toxicity of water initially, yet the toxicity reduced to the level of tap water after 2-h chlorination. And the relative abundance of ARGs (sul1 and sul2) of tap water samples was significantly increased under different chlorination conditions. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The degradation rate of SMX in batch reactor and WDS is different, and they could be described by first- or second-order kinetics. The degradation of SMX had the fastest rate at neutral pH. The degradation rate of SMX was also affected by pipe material and flow velocity. SMX increased the toxicity of water initially, yet the toxicity reduced after a 2-h chlorination. SMX increased the relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes sul1 and sul2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Xu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guozijian Wei
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ji
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Andreina García
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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7
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Visible-light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli by titanium dioxide anchored on natural pyrite. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Kong Q, Fan M, Yin R, Zhang X, Lei Y, Shang C, Yang X. Micropollutant abatement and byproduct formation during the co-exposure of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) and UVC radiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126424. [PMID: 34174627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of ClO2 by UVC radiation occurs in several drinking water treatment scenarios (e.g., pre-oxidation by ClO2 with post-UVC disinfection or a multi-barrier disinfection system comprising ClO2 and UVC disinfection in sequence). However, whether micropollutants are degraded and undesired byproducts are formed during the co-exposure of ClO2 and UVC radiation remain unclear. This study demonstrated that four micropollutants (trimethoprim, iopromide, caffeine, and ciprofloxacin) were degraded by 14.4-100.0% during the co-exposure of ClO2 and UVC radiation in the synthetic drinking water under the environmentally relevant conditions (UV dose of 207 mJ cm-2, ClO2 dose of 1.35 mg L-1, and pH of 7.0). Trimethoprim and iopromide were predominantly degraded by ClO2 oxidation and direct UVC photolysis, respectively. Caffeine and ciprofloxacin were predominantly degraded by the radicals (HO• and Cl•) and the in-situ formed free chlorine from ClO2 photolysis, respectively. The yields of total organic chlorine (12.5 µg L-1 from 1.0 mg C L-1 of NOM) and chlorate (0.14 mg L-1 From 1.35 mg L-1 of ClO2) during the co-exposure were low. However, the yield of chlorite was high (0.76 mg L-1 from 1.35 mg L-1 of ClO2), which requires attention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mengge Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Advanced Oxidation Processes Coupled with Nanomaterials for Water Treatment. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082045. [PMID: 34443876 PMCID: PMC8400743 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Water quality management will be a priority issue in the near future. Indeed, due to scarcity and/or contamination of the water, regulatory frameworks will be increasingly strict to reduce environmental impacts of wastewater and to allow water to be reused. Moreover, drinking water quality standards must be improved in order to account for the emerging pollutants that are being detected in tap water. These tasks can only be achieved if new improved and sustainable water treatment technologies are developed. Nanomaterials are improving the ongoing research on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). This work reviews the most important AOPs, namely: persulfate, chlorine and NH2Cl based processes, UV/H2O2, Fenton processes, ozone, and heterogeneous photocatalytic processes. A critical review of the current coupling of nanomaterials to some of these AOPs is presented. Besides the active role of the nanomaterials in the degradation of water contaminants/pollutants in the AOPs, the relevance of their adsorbent/absorbent function in these processes is also discussed.
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10
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Chow CH, Law JCF, Leung KSY. Degradation of acesulfame in UV/monochloramine process: Kinetics, transformation pathways and toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123935. [PMID: 33264984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UV/monochloramine (UV/NH2Cl) is an emerging advanced oxidation process that can generate various reactive species like reactive chlorine species (RCS) and hydroxyl radicals for micropollutant removal. This study investigated the potential toxicity of transformation products resulting from UV/NH2Cl treatment of acesulfame (ACE), as an example of micropollutant, found in worldwide aquatic environment. Compared with UV photolysis and chloramination, the UV/NH2Cl process more effectively degraded ACE. The transformation products of ACE treated with the UV/NH2Cl process were identified and characterized with high resolution mass spectrometry. The formation of chlorinated-TPs indicated the role of RCS in UV/NH2Cl transformation even though UV photolysis was predominantly responsible for the ACE degradation. The Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay revealed a higher toxicity of TPs derived from UV/NH2Cl than from UV photolysis. The increased toxicity could be attributed to most of the generated chlorinated-TPs (Cl-TPs), in particular those halo-alcohols. The ECOSAR program predicts that halo-alcohol TPs are more toxic than their non-chlorinated analogues and other Cl-TPs. This study provides insight into the important role of reactive species in the micropollutants' transformation of UV/NH2Cl process. It further provides information relevant to the potential risk when applying the process for micropollutant removal in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hang Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China.
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11
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Dong F, Lin Q, Li C, He G, Deng Y. Impacts of pre-oxidation on the formation of disinfection byproducts from algal organic matter in subsequent chlor(am)ination: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:141955. [PMID: 32920386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Algae cells and algal organic matter (AOM) present in algae impacted source water pose a serious threat to the safety of drinking water. Conventional water treatment processes poorly remove AOM that can transform to harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during ensuing disinfection. This article offers a comprehensive review on the impacts of pre-oxidation on the formation of DBPs from AOM in subsequent chlor(am)ination. Various characterization techniques for algal cells and AOM are first overviewed with an effort to better understanding of correlation between the AOM properties and downstream DBP formation. Then, the present work reviews recent studies on application of different pre-oxidation technologies, such as chlor(am) ination, UV irradiation, ozonation, ferrate (VI), permanganate oxidation and UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), to remove algal cells and degrade AOM. Pre-oxidation can reduce the stability of algal cells and inactivate algal cells for promoting cell aggregation and thus favoring coagulation. Meanwhile, pre-oxidation can mitigate and degrade AOM into small molecular weight organic compounds to reduce DBP formation potential during subsequent chlor(am)ination. Finally, this review provides an overall evaluation on the applicability of different pre-oxidation processes, and identifies future research demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guilin He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
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12
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Du B, Fan G, Yu W, Yang S, Zhou J, Luo J. Occurrence and risk assessment of steroid estrogens in environmental water samples: A five-year worldwide perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115405. [PMID: 33618485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous occurrence of steroid estrogens (SEs) in the aquatic environment has raised global concern for their potential environmental impacts. This paper extensively compiled and reviewed the available occurrence data of SEs, namely estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (17α-E2), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), based on 145 published articles in different regions all over the world including 51 countries and regions during January 2015-March 2020. The data regarding SEs concentrations and estimated 17β-estradiol equivalency (EEQ) values are then compared and analyzed in different environmental matrices, including natural water body, drinking and tap water, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluent. The detection frequencies of E1, 17β-E2, and E3 between the ranges of 53%-83% in natural water and WWTPs effluent, and the concentration of SEs varied considerably in different countries and regions. The applicability for EEQ estimation via multiplying relative effect potency (REPi) by chemical analytical data, as well as correlation between EEQbio and EEQcal was also discussed. The risk quotient (RQ) values were on the descending order of EE2 > 17β-E2 > E1 > 17α-E2 > E3 in the great majority of investigations. Furthermore, E1, 17β-E2, and EE2 exhibited high or medium risks in water environmental samples via optimized risk quotient (RQf) approach at the continental-scale. This overview provides the latest insights on the global occurrence and ecological impacts of SEs and may act as a supportive tool for future SEs investigation and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banghao Du
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, Fuzhou University, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, 400074, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, 400074, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinjin Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Luo
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
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Removal of 17β-Estradiol (E2) from Aqueous Solutions Using Potassium Permanganate Combined with Ultraviolet (KMnO4/UV). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8877601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) has a significant health risk to humans, even at the ng/L level, and is discharged to the aqueous environment through wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes were proposed as an efficient process for the removal of E2. In this study, a combination of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) and KMnO4 was applied for the removal of E2. Results have shown that the removal efficiency of E2 in pH 4 (acidic condition) was 93.80 ± 0.42%. But, removal efficiency in neutral (7) and alkaline (10) conditions was 78.3 ± 2.12% and 84 ± 0.71%, respectively. The effect of Fe+2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, and Fe+3 ions (1 mg/L) was investigated in optimized pH (4). Mn+2, Fe+2, and Ca+2 ions enhanced the removal efficiency to 94.8 ± 0.84%, 95.55 ± 0.07%, and 94.7 ± 0.14%, respectively
, while Mg+2 and Fe+3 ions decreased the removal efficiency significantly to 76.15 ± 1% and 83.91 ± 0.3%
. The efficiency of E2 removal in the presence of 5 mg/L of PAC reduced significantly to 85 ± 4.24%
. Also, humic substances like humic acid, fulvic acid, and a combination of them could enhance the efficiency to 99.87 ± 0.01%, 99.9 ± 0.06%, and 99.93 ± 0.014%, respectively
. The result indicates that the rate of oxidation of E2 is related to the second exponent of the initial concentration of E2 for optimum pH and the presence of all ions. But, in the presence of humic substances, the first-order kinetic reaction was best applicable in describing oxidation of E2. Removal of chemical oxygen demand for E2 after 120 minutes’ of contact time at optimum pH (86 ± 4.2%) demonstrated mineralization of these compounds at acceptable levels. Results presented that the UV-C/KMnO4 process is efficient for the removal of hormones from the aqueous solution.
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Jantarakasem C, Kasuga I, Kurisu F, Furumai H. Temperature-Dependent Ammonium Removal Capacity of Biological Activated Carbon Used in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13257-13263. [PMID: 32969636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification is a key function of biological activated carbon (BAC) filters for drinking water treatment. It is empirically known that the nitrification activity of BAC filters depends on water temperature, potentially resulting in the leakage of ammonium from BAC filters when the water temperature decreases. However, the ammonium removal capacity of BAC filters and factors governing the capacity remain unknown. This study employed a bench-scale column assay to determine the volumetric ammonium removal rate (VARR) of BAC collected from a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. VARR was determined at a fixed loading rate under different conditions. Seasonal variations of the VARR as well as impacts of the water matrix and water temperature on ammonium removal were quantitatively analyzed. While the VARR in an inorganic medium at 25 °C was maintained even during low water temperature periods and during breakpoint chlorination periods, the water matrix factor reduced the VARR in ozonated water at 25 °C by 33% on average. The VARR in ozonated water was dependent on water temperature, indicating that the microbial activity of BAC did not adapt to low water temperature. The Arrhenius equation was applied to reveal the relationship between VARR and water temperature. The actual ammonium removal performance of a full-scale BAC filter was predicted. VARR is useful for water engineers to reexamine the loading and filter depth of BAC filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chotiwat Jantarakasem
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Occurrence of multiclass endocrine disrupting compounds in a drinking water supply system and associated risks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17755. [PMID: 33082440 PMCID: PMC7576597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination by endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) concerns the security and sustainability of a drinking water supply system and human exposure via water consumption. This study analyzed the selected EDCs in source (river water, n = 10) and supply (tap water, n = 155) points and the associated risks. A total of 14 multiclass EDCs was detected in the drinking water supply system in Malaysia. Triclosan (an antimicrobial agent) and 4-octylphenol (a plasticizer) were only detected in the tap water (up to 9.74 and 0.44 ng/L, respectively). Meanwhile, chloramphenicol and 4-nonylphenol in the system were below the method detection limits. Bisphenol A was observed to be highest in tap water at 66.40 ng/L (detection: 100%; median concentration: 0.28 ng/L). There was a significant difference in triclosan contamination between the river and tap water (p < 0.001). Overall, the life groups were estimated at no possible risk of EDCs (risk quotient < 1). Nonetheless, the results concern the transport and impact of EDCs on the drinking water supply system regarding treatment sustainability and water security. Further exploration of smart monitoring and management using Big Data and Internet of Things and the need to invent rapid, robust, sensitive, and efficient sensors is warranted.
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Zhou S, Wu Y, Zhu S, Sun J, Bu L, Dionysiou DD. Nitrogen conversion from ammonia to trichloronitromethane: Potential risk during UV/chlorine process. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 172:115508. [PMID: 31981900 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the potential formation of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) from model organic compounds in ammonia-containing water treated by UV/chlorine process was evaluated. Monochloramine generated from the reaction of chlorine and ammonia can be photolyzed to produce NO2- and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play important roles in the formation of TCNM during the subsequent chlorination. The results showed that increase of nitrogen to chlorine molar ratio (from 0 to 1.0) and pH (from 6.5 to 8.0) enhanced the formation of TCNM, mainly due to the increased yield of NO2- and RNS from the photolyzed monochloramine. The formation of TCNM was interestingly found to be linearly correlated with Hammett constants of the model precursors, which is theoretically related to the rate constants of RNS with model compounds. Enhanced formation of TCNM was also observed during the treatment of natural organic matter by UV/chlorine process in ammonia-containing water. The toxicity assessment showed that TCNM significantly increased the genotoxicity of formed DBPs. Furthermore, the electrophilic substitution reaction of •NO2 was proved to more likely occur on the ortho and para position of phenol according to the calculation of Gaussian program, and a possible reaction pathway of phenol and •NO2 was proposed based on the calculated results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Julong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
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Zhang T, He G, Dong F, Zhang Q, Huang Y. Chlorination of enoxacin (ENO) in the drinking water distribution system: Degradation, byproducts, and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 676:31-39. [PMID: 31029898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is widely used as a drinking water disinfectant to ensure water security. However, the transformation mechanisms of its degradation of emerging pollutants within the water distribution system (WDS) is insufficiently understood. Thus, the kinetics, degradation byproducts, and toxicity of the chlorination of enoxacin (ENO, a type of emerging pollutant) were explored in a pilot-scale WDS for the first time. It was found that the chlorination rate of ENO was higher in deionized water (DW) than in the pilot-scale WDS, and the degradation followed second-order kinetics in DW. The degradation efficiency was found to be sensitive to pH, and was highest at a pH of 7.4. The chlorination rate of ENO increased with increasing temperature in both DW and WDS. For different pipe materials, the relative performance of ENO chlorination efficiency followed the order of steel pipe > ductile iron pipe > polyethylene (PE) pipe. Seven intermediates were identified during ENO chlorination, and the primary oxidation reaction involved the cleavage of the piperazine group. Finally, it was found that the potential for chlorine toxicity in treated drinking water in the presence of ENO is higher than it is without this pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guilin He
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingzhou Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
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18
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Yu W, Du B, Yang L, Zhang Z, Yang C, Yuan S, Zhang M. Occurrence, sorption, and transformation of free and conjugated natural steroid estrogens in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9443-9468. [PMID: 30758794 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural steroid estrogens (NSEs), including free estrogens (FEs) and conjugated estrogens (CEs), are of emerging concern globally among public and scientific community due to their recognized adverse effects on human and wildlife endocrine systems in recent years. In this review, the properties, occurrence, sorption process, and transformation pathways of NSEs are clarified in the environment. The work comprehensively summarizes the occurrence of both free and conjugated estrogens in different natural and built environments (e.g., river, WWTPs, CAFOs, soil, and sediment). The sorption process of NSEs can be impacted by organic compounds, colloids, composition of clay minerals, specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and pH value. The degradation and transformation of free and conjugated estrogens in the environment primarily involves oxidation, reduction, deconjugation, and esterification reactions. Elaboration about the major, subordinate, and minor transformation pathways of both biotic and abiotic processes among NSEs is highlighted. The moiety types and binding sites also would affect deconjugation degree and preferential transformation pathways of CEs. Notably, some intermediate products of NSEs still remain estrogenic potency during transformation process; the elimination of total estrogenic activity needs to be addressed in further studies. The in-depth researches regarding the behavior of both free and conjugated estrogens are further required to tackle their contamination problem in the ecosystem. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Banghao Du
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China.
| | - Lun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Shaochun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Minne Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, No.66 Xuefu Rd., Nan'an Dist, Chongqing, 400074, China
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19
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Li C, Luo F, Duan H, Dong F, Chen X, Feng M, Zhang Z, Cizmas L, Sharma VK. Degradation of chloramphenicol by chlorine and chlorine dioxide in a pilot-scale water distribution system. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Li C, Lin Q, Dong F, Li Y, Luo F, Zhang K. Formation of iodinated trihalomethanes during chlorination of amino acid in waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:355-363. [PMID: 30419389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination is essential to provide safe drinking water. However, this process leads to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, tryptophan (Trp) has been selected as a precursor to conduct the chlorine disinfection. Moreover, the factors that affect the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) are investigated. The formation pathway of Trp chlorination is proposed based on the intermediate products identified. According to the experimental results, the formation of THMs and I-THMs during Trp chlorination fitted a new first-order kinetic model. The dosage of chlorine, temperature, pH and the ratio of bromide and iodide had major influence on the formation of THMs and I-THMs during chlorination. In addition, the inhibition of luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri in the water sample increased during Trp chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuanhao Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Feng Luo
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Bu L, Zhou S, Zhu S, Wu Y, Duan X, Shi Z, Dionysiou DD. Insight into carbamazepine degradation by UV/monochloramine: Reaction mechanism, oxidation products, and DBPs formation. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 146:288-297. [PMID: 30292129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UV/monochloramine (NH2Cl) process has attracted some attention for the elimination of contaminants of emerging concern as a novel advanced oxidation process. However, there is still much uncertainty on the performance and mechanisms of UV/NH2Cl process because of its complexity and generation of various species of radicals, including NH2•, HO•, Cl• and other reactive chlorine species (RCS). The mechanism and influence factors of degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) in the UV/NH2Cl process were investigated, and a synergistic effect was observed. Degradation of CBZ under all investigated conditions followed pseudo-first order kinetics. The corresponding rate constant increased along with the dosage of NH2Cl, and was affected significantly by the presence of bicarbonate and natural organic matter. The process has little pH-dependency, while the specific contribution of RCS and HO• changed with solution pH, and RCS always act as a major contributor to the degradation of CBZ. Eleven byproducts of CBZ were identified and their respective evolution profiles were determined. The participation of UV in chloramination can reduce the formation of nitrogenous DBPs, but promote the formation of carbonaceous DBPs. Furthermore, when influent, sand filtered, and granular activated carbon filtered water was respectively used as background, degradation of CBZ was inhibited to different degree and more disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were generated, compared to deionized water. The electrical energy per order for degradation of CBZ in the UV/NH2Cl process was also calculated to obtain some preliminary cost information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Shumin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaodi Duan
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Zhou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA.
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22
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Shao Y, Pan Z, Rong C, Wang Y, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Yu K. 17β-estradiol as precursors of Cl/Br-DBPs in the disinfection process of different water samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:9-18. [PMID: 29793109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During chlorine disinfection process, reactions between the disinfectant and 17β-estradiol (E2) lead to the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) which can be a risk to both ecosystem and human health. The degradation and transformation products of E2 in sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection processes of different water samples were investigated. The reaction kinetics research showed that the degradation rates of E2 were considerably dependent on the initial pH value and the types of water samples. In fresh water, synthetic marine aquaculture water and seawater, the reaction rate constant was 0.133 min-1, 2.067 min-1 and 2.592 min-1, respectively. The reasons for the above phenomena may be due to the different concentrations of bromide ions (Br-) in these three water samples which could promote the reaction between NaClO and E2. Furthermore, Br- could also cause the formation of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs). The main DBPs, reaction centers and conceivable reaction pathways were explored. Seven halogenated DBPs have been observed including three chlorinated DBPs (Cl-DBPs) and four Br-DBPs. The active sites of E2 were found to be the pentabasic cyclic ring and the ortho position of the phenol moiety as well as C9-C10 position. The identified Cl/Br-DBPs were also confirmed in actual marine aquaculture water from a shrimp pond. The comparison of bio-concentration factors (BCF) values based on calculation of EPI-suite showed that the toxicities of the Br-DBPs were stronger than that of their chloride analogues. The absorbable organic halogens (AOX) analysis also suggested that the DBPs produced in the marine aquaculture water were more toxic than that in the fresh water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zihan Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chuan Rong
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Plup & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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