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Peter KT, Gilbreath A, Gonzalez M, Tian Z, Wong A, Yee D, Miller EL, Avellaneda PM, Chen D, Patterson A, Fitzgerald N, Higgins CP, Kolodziej EP, Sutton R. Storms mobilize organophosphate esters, bisphenols, PFASs, and vehicle-derived contaminants to San Francisco Bay watersheds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 39291694 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In urban to peri-urban watersheds such as those surrounding San Francisco Bay, stormwater runoff is a major pathway by which contaminants enter aquatic ecosystems. We evaluated the occurrence of 154 organic contaminants via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and a suite of novel urban stormwater tracers (SWCECs; i.e., vehicle-derived chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals/personal care products, benzothiazoles/benzotriazoles). Time-averaged composite sampling focused on storms in highly developed watersheds over four wet seasons, with complementary sampling in less-urban reference watersheds, near-shore estuarine sites, and the open Bay. Of the targeted contaminants, 68 (21 SWCECs, 29 OPEs, 3 bisphenols, 15 PFASs) were detected in ≥10 of 26 urban stormwater samples. Median concentrations exceeded 500 ng L-1 for 1,3-diphenylguanidine, hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine, and caffeine, and exceeded 300 ng L-1 for 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole, 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, pentachlorophenol, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate. Median individual PFAS concentrations were <10 ng L-1, with highest concentrations for PFHxA (180 ng L-1), PFOA (110 ng L-1), and PFOS (81 ng L-1). In six of eight urban stormwater samples analyzed for 6PPD-quinone (a tire rubber-derived transformation product), concentrations exceeded coho salmon acute toxicity thresholds, suggesting (sub)lethal impacts for sensitive species. Observed concentrations were generally significantly higher in highly developed watersheds relative to reference watersheds, but not statistically different in near-shore estuarine sites, suggesting substantial transient exposure potential at stormwater outfalls or creek outflows. Results emphasized the role of stormwater in contaminant transport, the importance of vehicles/roadways as contaminant sources, and the value of monitoring broad multi-analyte contaminant suites to enable comprehensive source and toxicity evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | | | - Melissa Gonzalez
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Wong
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Don Yee
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Ezra L Miller
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | | | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | | | - Nicole Fitzgerald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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Forero-López AD, Colombo CV, Loperena AP, Morales-Pontet NG, Ronda AC, Lehr IL, De-la-Torre GE, Ben-Haddad M, Aragaw TA, Suaria G, Rimondino GN, Malanca FE, Botté SE. Paint particle pollution in aquatic environments: Current advances and analytical challenges. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:135744. [PMID: 39270584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Paints, coatings and varnishes play a crucial role in various industries and daily applications, providing essential material protection and enhancing aesthetic characteristics. However, they sometimes present environmental challenges such as corrosion, wear, and biofouling which lead to economic losses and ecological harm. Paint particles (PPs), including antifouling/anticorrosive paint particles (APPs), originate from marine, industrial, and architectural activities, primarily due to paint leakage, wear, and removal, thus significantly contributing to marine pollution. These particles are often misclassified as microplastics (MPs) because of their polymeric content, so the abundance of these materials is often underestimated. Standardized assessment methodologies are imperative to accurately differentiate and quantify them. Since PPs/APPs incorporate hazardous substances like metals, biocides, and additives that leach into the environment, further investigation into their potential impacts on organisms is of utmost importance to understand their complex composition and toxicity. While essential characterization techniques are needed, a holistic approach, focusing on sustainable paint formulations, is crucial for effective pollution mitigation. This review delves into the intricate structure of paint systems, elucidating the mechanisms governing the aging and formation of PPs/APPs, their prevalence and subsequent environmental and ecotoxicological repercussions. Additionally, it addresses challenges in sampling, processing, and characterizing PPs/APPs, advocating standardized approaches to mitigate their environmental threats, and proposing new perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Forero-López
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires B8000FWB, Argentina.
| | - C V Colombo
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires B8000FWB, Argentina
| | - A P Loperena
- Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión (INIEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - N G Morales-Pontet
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires B8000FWB, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - A C Ronda
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires B8000FWB, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - I L Lehr
- Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión (INIEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - G E De-la-Torre
- Grupo de Investigación de Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Sociedad, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - M Ben-Haddad
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments (AQUAMAR), Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - T A Aragaw
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - G Suaria
- Institute of Marine Sciences - National Research Council (CNR-ISMAR), Lerici, La Spezia 19032, Italy
| | - G N Rimondino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - F E Malanca
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - S E Botté
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires B8000FWB, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
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Ma X, Wang Y, Li W, Wang K, Zhang S. Bisphenol A Disrupts Ribosome Function during Ovarian Development of Mice. TOXICS 2024; 12:627. [PMID: 39330555 PMCID: PMC11435667 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12090627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the impact of Bisphenol A (BPA), a prevalent environmental estrogenic toxicant, on the ovarian development of mice. Mice were exposed to varying BPA doses from in utero to postnatal stages, up to weaning (day 21, PND 21) and puberty (day 45, PND 45). The BPA content in the serum of the offspring mice on PND 45 was higher than that of the mice sacrificed at PND 21. However, the ovary organ index of the mice of PND 21 was significantly increased, and the ovarian structure was damaged when exposed to BPA. In contrast, the mice with PND 45 did not show apparent ovarian lesions. On the other hand, granulosa cell apoptosis was detected in both PND 21 and PND 45 mice ovaries, and ERβ was increased under the influence of BPA. Transcriptomic analysis revealed BPA's significant impact on ribosomal gene expression, marked downregulation of Rpl21 and Rpsa, and upregulation of Rps2 in both age groups. These transcriptomic alterations were further corroborated by real-time PCR, highlighting a dose-dependent effect of BPA on Rps2. Our findings confirm BPA's detrimental effects on ovarian health, with more pronounced damage in younger mice, suggesting heightened vulnerability in this group. The study underscores ribosomes as critical targets in BPA-induced ovarian developmental disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Weiqi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Xinjiang Tycoon Group Co., Ltd., Changji 831100, China
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Zainuddin AH, Roslan MQJ, Razak MR, Yusoff FM, Haron DEM, Aris AZ. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of bisphenol analogues in marine ecosystem of urbanized coast and estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115019. [PMID: 37201347 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues are prevalent globally because of rampant usage and imprecise processing techniques, prompting alerts about environmental and health hazards. The method employed in this study by solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) for both quantification and qualitative analysis of the bisphenol compounds in the surface water samples. The coastal and estuarine surface water of Port Dickson and Lukut ranges from 1.32 ng/L to 1890.51 ng/L of bisphenol analogues. BPF mean concentration at 1143.88 ng/L is the highest, followed by BPA and BPS at 59.01 ng/L and 10.96 ng/L, respectively. Based on RQm for bisphenol analogues, the highest for BPF at 2.49 (RQ > 1, high risk), followed by BPS at 0.12 (0.1 < RQ < 1, medium risk) and BPA at 0.09 (0.1 < RQ < 1, medium risk). The presence and current risk of bisphenols analogues should alert the possible water quality degradation soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azim Haziq Zainuddin
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Qusyairi Jori Roslan
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Raznisyafiq Razak
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron
- Research Services Division, The Institute of Research Management and Services, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation), Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Kobetičová K, Böhm M, Jerman M, Dušek J, Černý R. Ecotoxicity and Biodegradation of Sustainable Environment-Friendly Bone-Glue-Based Adhesive Suitable for Insulation Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112209. [PMID: 35683882 PMCID: PMC9182703 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone glue with sodium lignosulfonate is a protein-based adhesive. Their combination leads to strong binding necessary for the achievement of adhesive properties. However, biodegradation and ecotoxicity of materials composed of bone glue and sodium lignosulfonate has never been studied before. In this paper, the biodegradation potential of the mixture of bone glue, lignosulfonate and rape straw modified by water or NaOH on an agar test with aerial molds and in acute aquatic tests with mustard, yeasts, algae and crustaceans was analyzed. Epoxy resin as an ecologically unfriendly binder was used as a negative control and pure rape straw as a background. The results indicated that all samples were covered by molds, but the samples containing straw treated by NaOH showed lower biodegradability. The ecotoxicological effects varied among the applied model organisms. Artemia salina was not able to survive and S. alba could not prolong roots in the eluates of all samples (100% inhibition). Freshwater algae (D. subspicatus) were not significantly affected by the samples (max. 12% inhibition, max. 16% stimulation). The biomass of yeasts (S. cerevisae) was strongly stimulated in the presence of eluates in a comparison to control (max. 38% stimulation).
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Mu X, Qi S, Liu J, Wang H, Yuan L, Qian L, Li T, Huang Y, Wang C, Guo Y, Li Y. Environmental level of bisphenol F induced reproductive toxicity toward zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:149992. [PMID: 34844315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol F (BPF), as an important bisphenol A substitute, is being increasingly used for industrial production. Here we performed large scale fecundity test for zebrafish that are continuous exposed to environmental levels of BPF (0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L) from embryonic stage, and identified suppressed spawning capacity of females and reduced fertility rate of males in adulthood. Although pathological change is only observed in female gonads, the transcriptional change in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis genes occurred in the gonads of both female and male fish at 150 days post-exposure. F1 generation embryos showed abnormal developmental outcomes including decreased heart rate, reduced body length, and inhibition of spontaneous movement after parental exposure to BPF. RNA-sequencing showed that the genes involved in skeletal/cardiac muscle development were significantly altered in F1 embryos spawned by BPF-treated zebrafish. The advanced pathway analysis showed that cancer and tumour formation were the most enriched pathways in the offspring of 0.5 and 5.0 μg/L groups; organismal development and cardiovascular system development were mainly affected after parental exposure to 50 μg/L of BPF; these changes were mediated by several involved regulators such as GATA4, MYF6, and MEF2C. These findings confirmed that long-term exposure to BPF at environment relevant concentration would result in reproductive toxicity among zebrafish indicating the urgent demand for the control of BPA substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Mu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China.
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | - Lilai Yuan
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | - Le Qian
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Yuanming Guo
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, China
| | - Yingren Li
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
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Analysis of Indirect Biomarkers of Effect after Exposure to Low Doses of Bisphenol A in a Study of Successive Generations of Mice. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030300. [PMID: 35158624 PMCID: PMC8833323 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Living beings are constantly and inadvertently exposed to a series of environmental and food pollutants, triggering effects on health that are transmitted over generations. Bisphenol A is a compound produced in large amounts world-wide and used in the manufacture of plastic containers and other utensils for daily use. It is an environmental and food pollutant with a demonstrated capacity to produce effects on the health of organisms exposed to it. The objective of our study was to identify possible indirect biomarkers of effect by means of the analysis of the blood biochemistry, and of certain reproductive parameters of animals exposed to Bisphenol A in doses considered to be safe over different generations. Our results did not show any modifications in the reproduction parameters evaluated, such as the duration of the estrous cycle, the size of the litters, or the percentage of the young alive at weaning time. However, they showed that there were alterations in biochemical parameters like glucose, total proteins, and albumin, which could therefore, be regarded as indirect indicators of an early effect of alterations in health caused by this compound. Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered as being an emerging pollutant, to which both animal and human populations are continuously and inadvertently exposed. The identification of indirect biomarkers of effect could be a key factor in determining early adverse outcomes from exposure to low doses of BPA. Thus, this study on mice aims to evaluate and identify indirect biomarkers of effect through the analysis of their blood biochemistry, and of certain reproduction parameters after exposure to different BPA concentrations (0.5, 2, 4, 50, and 100 µg/kg BW/day) in drinking water over generations. Our results showed that there were no modifications in the reproductive parameters evaluated, like estrous cycle duration, litter size, or the percentage of the young alive at reaching the weaning stage, at the exposure levels evaluated. However, there were modifications in the biochemical parameters, e.g., alterations in the glucose levels, that increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the breeders at the higher exposure doses (50 and 100 µg/kg BW/day in F1; 50 µg/kg BW/day in F2 and 100 µg/kg BW/day in F3), that would suggest that the BPA could induce hyperglycemia and its complications in adult animals, probably due to some damage in the pancreas cells; albumin, that increased in the breeders exposed to the highest dose in F1 and F3, inferring possible hepatic alterations. Further, total proteins showed a diminution in their values in F1 and F2, except the group exposed to 100 µg/kg BW/day, whereas in F3 the values of this parameter increased with respect to the control group, this aspect likely being related to a possible hepatic and renal alteration. Based on these results, glucose, albumin, and total proteins could initially be considered as early indicators of indirect effect after prolonged exposure to low BPA doses over generations.
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Environmental Impact of Construction Products on Aquatic Systems—Principles of an Integrated Source–Path–Target Concept. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Buildings exposed to water can release undesirable substances which, once transported to environmental compartments, may cause unwanted effects. These exposure pathways need to be investigated and included in risk assessments to safeguard water quality and promote the sustainability of construction materials. The applied materials, exposure conditions, distribution routes and resilience of receiving compartments vary considerably. This demonstrates the need for a consistent concept that integrates knowledge of emission sources, leaching processes, transport pathways, and effects on targets. Such a consistent concept can serve as the basis for environmental risk assessment for several scenarios using experimentally determined emissions. Typically, a source–path–target concept integrates data from standardized leaching tests and models to describe leaching processes, the distribution of substances in the environment and the occurrence of substances at different points of compliance. This article presents an integrated concept for assessing the environmental impact of construction products on aquatic systems and unravels currently existing gaps and necessary actions. This manuscript outlines a source–path–target concept applicable to a large variety of construction products. It is intended to highlight key elements of a holistic evaluation concept that could assist authorities in developing procedures for environmental risk assessments and mitigation measures and identifying knowledge gaps.
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Thermally Assisted Machine Hammer Peening of Arc-Sprayed ZnAl-Based Corrosion Protective Coatings. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp5040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Structural elements of offshore facilities, e.g., offshore wind turbines, are subject to static and dynamic mechanical and environmental loads, for example, from wind, waves, and corrosive media. Protective coatings such as thermal sprayed ZnAl coatings are often used for protection, mainly against corrosive stresses. The Machine Hammer Peening (MHP) process is an innovative and promising technique for the post-treatment of ZnAl coating systems that helps reducing roughness and porosity and inducing compressive residual stresses. This should lead to an enhancement of the corrosion fatigue behavior. In this paper, the effect of a thermally assisted MHP process was investigated. The softening of the coating materials will have a direct effect on the densification, residual porosity and the distribution of cracks. The investigation results showed the influence of thermally assisted MHP on the surface properties, porosity, residual stresses, and hardness of the post-treated coatings. The best densification of the coating, i.e., the lowest porosity and roughness and the highest compressive residual stresses, were achieved at a process temperature of 300 °C. A further increase in temperature on the other hand caused a higher porosity and, in some cases, locally restricted melting of the coating and consequently poorer coating properties.
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Cantoni B, Cappello Riguzzi A, Turolla A, Antonelli M. Bisphenol A leaching from epoxy resins in the drinking water distribution networks as human health risk determinant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146908. [PMID: 33866179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and management of drinking water distribution networks (DWDNs), including possible leaching from materials in contact with drinking water, have been stressed as crucial to avoid re-contamination of drinking water leading to a potential increase of human health risk. Recent scientific studies and regulations clearly highlighted the leaching of bisphenol A (BPA) from plastic materials used to renovate DWDNs pipelines as one of the major hazardous source, resulting in severe consequences for human health. In this study, lab migration tests were performed on three commercial epoxy resins, designed with the Design of Experiments (DoE) method in order to build a BPA migration model as a function of water chemical stability, evaluated as aggressivity index (AI), and residual chlorine concentration. Tests lasted about 170 days to account for both short and long-term leaching. BPA migration over time was well described by a combination of two 1st-order kinetic models with an initial peak of leaching, a decrease and, then, a second increase due to resins' deterioration. Initial BPA concentration in the contact water and BPA integral migration over time showed inverse proportionality with both chlorine concentration and AI values. However, measurements of free BPA content in epoxy resins proved that this is due to BPA transformation, not to a reduced leaching. The validated BPA migration model was combined with the hydraulic model of the DWDN in an urban area, through EPANET-MSX software. The model allowed to simulate the propagation of BPA in the DWDN, after the execution of a relining intervention, identifying the most vulnerable areas and permitting to customize a site-specific monitoring and intervention plan to minimize the health risk for final consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Cantoni
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Anastasia Cappello Riguzzi
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonelli
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Bell AM, Keltsch N, Schweyen P, Reifferscheid G, Ternes T, Buchinger S. UV aged epoxy coatings - Ecotoxicological effects and released compounds. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 12:100105. [PMID: 34189451 PMCID: PMC8219897 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic coatings can guarantee long-term protection of steel structures due to causing a physical barrier against water and oxygen. Because of their mechanical properties and resistances to heat and chemicals, epoxy resin-based coatings are widely used for corrosion protection. Despite of the aromatic backbone and the resulting susceptibility to UV degradation, epoxy resins are frequently used as binding agent in top layers of anti-corrosion coating systems. Consequently, these organic polymers are directly exposed to sunlight and thus UV radiation. The present study was designed to investigate if toxic effects of epoxy resin-based-coatings are changed by UV-A irradiation. For this purpose, two epoxide-based top coatings were examined with and without UV aging for their bacterial toxicity and estrogenicity. In addition, chemical analyses were performed to identify released compounds as well as photolytic degradation products and to assign toxic effects to individual substances. UV-A irradiation of epoxy resin based top coatings resulted in an overall decrease of acute and specific ecotoxicological effects but as well to the formation of toxic transformation products. Both, in leachates of untreated and UV-A irradiated coatings, 4tBP was identified as the main driver of estrogenicity and toxicity to luminescent bacteria. BPA and structural analogs contributing to estrogenic effects in leachates were formed by UV-A irradiation. The combination of HPTLC coupled bioassays and LC-MS analyses supported the identification of bioactive compounds in terms of an effect-directed analysis. The present findings indicate that epoxide-based coatings are less suitable for the application as top coatings and more UV stable coatings like aliphatic polyurethanes should be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Corresponding author at: Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department G3 - Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
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Kalogiouri NP, Pritsa A, Kabir A, Furton KG, Samanidou VF. A green molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction protocol for bisphenol A monitoring with HPLC-UV to guarantee the quality and safety of walnuts under different storage conditions. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1633-1640. [PMID: 33448130 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the residual toxicant concentrations in foods is the key step for minimizing potential hazards. The huge interest about food contamination and exposure to endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A has emerged the development of sensitive analytical methodologies to guarantee the safety and quality of foods. In this work, a green molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction protocol coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was optimized following the principles of green analytical chemistry. An imprinted sol-gel silica-based hybrid inorganic-organic polymeric sorbent was used to monitor the leaching of bisphenol A from different packaging materials (glass vessels, cans, and polypropylene containers) in walnuts stored within a period of 6 months at 25 and 4°C. Extraction parameters including loading time (5-20 min), solvent type (acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile:methanol, 50:50, v/v), and elution flow rate (0.2-1 mL/min) were optimized with one-factor-at-a-time method. The selected extraction optimum parameters incorporated elution with acetonitrile at 0.2 mL/min flow rate, for 10 min sample holding time. The imprinting factor was equal to 4.55 ± 0.26 (n = 3). The optimized method presented high recovery (94.3 ± 4.2%, n = 3), good linearity (>0.999), intra-assay repeatability (90.2-95.6%, n = 3), and interassay precision (86.7-93.1%, n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa P Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Agathi Pritsa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kalogiouri NP, Tsalbouris A, Kabir A, Furton KG, Samanidou VF. Synthesis and application of molecularly imprinted polymers using sol–gel matrix imprinting technology for the efficient solid-phase extraction of BPA from water. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Brand S, Veith L, Baier R, Dietrich C, Schmid MJ, Ternes TA. New methodical approaches for the investigation of weathered epoxy resins used for corrosion protection of steel constructions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 395:122289. [PMID: 32361174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resin coatings applied to steel constructions for corrosion protection purposes are often exposed to UV-irradiation and weathering during the construction process. Chemical alteration of the hardened coating might lead to i) the release of potentially harmful substances into the environment and ii) delamination of the polyurethane top layer. However, chemical processes and mechanisms occurring on the surfaces of exposed epoxy resin coatings are not fully understood yet. Herein, we present an innovative approach combining time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) enabling the elucidation of underlying chemical processes and the identification of released organic and inorganic photolytic products. IR-spectroscopy and experiments targeting the acidity/pH-value changes on top of weathered surfaces complement our investigations. It was confirmed that UV-A irradiation leads to photooxidative degradation of the epoxy resin and that inorganic photolytic products are exposed on the weathered surfaces. Polar moieties (hydroxyls, carbonyls, carboxyls, amines) and released metalloids form a hydrophilic surface layer, which hinders adhesion and eventually prevents profound chemical linkage of the polyurethane top layer. Thus, an early delamination of the top layer might occur very likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brand
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department of Aquatic Chemistry, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Lothar Veith
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roland Baier
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Dietrich
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department of Aquatic Chemistry, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Matthias J Schmid
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department of Aquatic Chemistry, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
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16
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Bell AM, Baier R, Kocher B, Reifferscheid G, Buchinger S, Ternes T. Ecotoxicological characterization of emissions from steel coatings in contact with water. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115525. [PMID: 32036289 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to prevent corrosion damage, steel structures need to be protected. Coating systems achieve this by the isolation of the steel from its environment. Common binding agents are epoxide and polyurethane resins which harden by polyaddition reactions. In contact with water, various organic substances might be leached out and released into the aquatic environment potentially causing adverse effects. So far, no legal requirements are mandatory for the environmental sustainability of coating systems. To characterize emissions from steel coatings, recommendations for the ecotoxicological assessment of construction products were utilized. Seven different coating systems based on epoxide or polyurethane resins were leached in 8 steps (6 h-64 d), followed by the testing of acute toxic effects on bacteria and algae as well as estrogen-like and mutagenic effects. In addition, chemical analysis by GC-MS was performed to identify potentially toxic compounds released from the coating systems. Two systems tested did not show any significant effects in the bioassays. One coating system caused significant algal toxicity, none was found to cause mutagenic effects. The other coating systems mainly showed estrogenic effects and bacterial toxicity. The effects increased with increasing leaching time. 4-tert-butylphenol, which is used in epoxy resins as a hardener, was identified as the main contributor to acute and estrogenic effects in two coatings. The release mechanism of 4-tert-butylphenol was characterized by two different modelling approaches. It was found that the release from the most toxic coating is not explainable by an elevated content of 4-tert-butylphenol but more likely by the release mechanism that - in contrast to the less toxic coating - is controlled not only by diffusion. This finding might indicate a sub-optimal formulation of this coating system resulting in a less stable layer and thus an increased release of toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Bell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Roland Baier
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute, Section B2 - Steel Structures and Corrosion Protection, Kußmaulstr. 17, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Birgit Kocher
- Federal Highway Research Institute, Department V3 - Environmental Protection, Brüderstr. 53, 51427, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
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Pais M, Rao P. Maltodextrin for corrosion mitigation of zinc in sulfamic acid: Electrochemical, surface and spectroscopic studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:575-585. [PMID: 31887385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maltodextrin (MLD), a biopolymer was introduced as a novel green inhibitor to mitigate the corrosion of zinc in sulfamic acid medium by weight loss and by electrochemical methods. Conditions were optimized to obtain maximum inhibition efficiency. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. The surface morphology was studied by SEM, EDX, AFM analysis. Adsorption of inhibitor was re-affirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Maximum efficiency of 72% was observed for the addition of 400 ppm of MLD. Surface morphology and spectroscopic studies confirmed the adsorption of MLD onto the surface of zinc. Results obtained by classical and electrochemical methods are in good agreement with one another. Maltodextrin emerged as an effective eco -friendly green inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikitha Pais
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Padmalatha Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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18
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Lee J, Park J, Lee YY, Lee Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against the influence of bisphenol A in the liver and uterus of ovariectomized mice. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:519-526. [PMID: 32372874 PMCID: PMC7195581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bisphenol A (BPA), known as an endocrine disruptor, is widely used in the world. BPA is reported to cause inflammation-related diseases. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been used safely in human for a long time for the treatment of diverse diseases. KRG has been reported of its mitigating effect on menopausal symptoms and suppress adipose inflammation. Here, we investigate the protective effect of orally administered KRG on the impacts of BPA in the liver and uterus of menopausal mice model. Methods The transcriptome analysis for the effects of BPA on mice liver was evaluated by Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database–based data (GSE26728). In vivo assay to evaluate the protective effect of KRG on BPA impact in ovariectomized (OVX) mice were designed and analyzed by RNA sequencing. Results We first demonstrated that BPA induced 12 kinds of gene set in the liver of normal mice. The administration of BPA and KRG did not change body, liver, and uterine weight in OVX mice. KRG downregulated BPA-induced inflammatory response and chemotaxis-related gene expression. Several gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)–derived inflammatory response genes increased by BPA were inhibited by KRG in OVX mice. Conclusion Our data suggest that BPA has commonly influenced inflammatory response effects on both normal and OVX mice. KRG protects against BPA impact of inflammatory response and chemotaxis in OVX mouse models. Our comparative analysis will provide new insight into the efficacy of KRG on endocrine disrupting chemicals and OVX mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonggeun Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwoo Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungJoo Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yao J, Qu R, Wang X, Sharma VK, Shad A, Dar AA, Wang Z. Visible light and fulvic acid assisted generation of Mn(III) to oxidize bisphenol A: The effect of tetrabromobisphenol A. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115273. [PMID: 31733622 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), are of increasing concerns for many years. This paper presents the elimination of BPA under visible light (VL) (λ ≥ 420 nm) irradiated solutions containing fulvic acid (FA) and MnSO4 (Mn(II)), and examines the possible effects of TBBPA on the transformation of BPA. After 72 h of reaction time, the removal efficiency of BPA in the studied system was 69%. Results of different experiments to identify oxidative species suggested the dominate role of soluble manganese (III) (Mn(III)) in the conversion of BPA. The transformation of BPA by the VL/FA/Mn(II) system was through self-oligomerization in absence of co-existence of TBBPA. In the co-existence of BPA with TBBPA, the removal of BPA was largely inhibited due to the competition with available Mn(III) and the possible occurrence of cross-coupling reactions between the two EDCs. This phenomenon was further elucidated by product analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The energy difference (ΔE) for generating a cross-coupling product was calculated as -23.4 kJ mol-1, much lower than the positive values of ΔE for self-coupling products of BPA or TBBPA, demonstrating that cross-coupling reactions between BPA and TBBPA likely occurred easier than the respective self-coupling reactions. The toxicity test showed that the overall estrogenic activity of BPA reaction solution was significantly decreased by the VL/FA/Mn(II) system. In general, our study provided new insights into the transformation of co-existing EDCs by in situ formed Mn(III) in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Xinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Asam Shad
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Afzal Ahmed Dar
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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20
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Glycerin-Grafted Starch as Corrosion Inhibitor of C-Mn Steel in 1 M HCl solution. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9214684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
C-Mn steels, commonly employed in structural applications, are often exposed to near-neutral aerated environments and hence subjected to general corrosion. In broader contexts, for example during pickling, acidizing treatments, or acid-releasing processes, where steel comes in contact with more aggressive solutions, the use of corrosion inhibitors is a supplementary strategy to cathodic protection and/or coating. This work focuses on the C-Mn steel corrosion protection in the presence of HCl, either as process fluid or by product. In order to avoid the toxicological issues related to conventional synthetic products, a bio-copolymer containing glycerin-grafted starch, synthesized by modification of maize starch, was studied as a “green” corrosion inhibitor by the weight loss method and electrochemical techniques (open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). Corrosion-related parameters, such as inhibitor concentration and temperature, were varied and optimized to characterize the corrosion process. Results showed that inhibition efficiency increases with increasing bio-copolymer concentration, reaching a maximum of 94%at the concentration of 300 mg L−1. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were determined and discussed. The obtained values of corrosion potential and corrosion current density, Ecorr and icorr, obtained by potentiodynamic polarization, are in agreement with the weight loss method. The corrosion current densities decrease when the concentration of the inhibitor increases.
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21
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Richaud E, Guinault A, Baiz S, Nizeyimana F. Epoxidized linseed oils based networks. Case of thermal degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Heisterkamp I, Gartiser S, Kalbe U, Bandow N, Gloßmann A. Assessment of leachates from reactive fire-retardant coatings by chemical analysis and ecotoxicity testing. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:85-93. [PMID: 30921640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The environmental compatibility of reactive fire-retardant coatings (intumescent paints) was investigated by a combination of leaching and ecotoxicological tests. Three representative fire-retardant coating systems were tested using two leaching procedures: "Horizontal Dynamic Surface Leaching Test" (DSLT) and the "Intermittent Immersion Test" (IIT). All eluate fractions (8 for DSLT and 9 for IIT) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, concentration of total organic carbon and selected anions und cations. Additionally, a GC-MS screening of selected fractions was conducted for identification of organic compounds. Eluate fractions 1 + 2 and fraction 7 of the DSLT were analyzed in four ecotoxicological tests (algae, daphnia, fish egg, luminescent bacteria) and in one genotoxicity test (umu). Concentration of most analytes was rather low or below limit of detection for many eluates. Analytes detected in eluates of all three products are Zn, Ba, SO42- and PO43-. Release patterns do not indicate a general trend: some compounds show maximum release in the first fractions while for others the maximum was observed in later test stages. Ecotoxic effects in eluates were found, which were higher in the eluate fraction 7 (maximum lowest ineffective dilution for luminescent bacteria (LIDL) 256) than in the eluate fraction 1 + 2 (maximum LIDL = 24). The sensitivity of the test systems was very different with highest effects for luminescent bacteria, followed by algae and daphnia and without effects in the fish egg test and umu test. A biotest battery for the comprehensive assessment is therefore advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ute Kalbe
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Bandow
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Gloßmann
- Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, Kolonnenstraße 30 B, 10829 Berlin, Germany
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Marzorati S, Verotta L, Trasatti SP. Green Corrosion Inhibitors from Natural Sources and Biomass Wastes. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010048. [PMID: 30583586 PMCID: PMC6337343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, green chemistry has been emphasizing the importance of protecting the environment and human health in an economically beneficial manner aiming at avoiding toxins and reducing wastes. The field of metallic materials degradation, generally faced by using toxic compounds, found a fertile research field in green chemistry. In fact, the use of inhibitors is a well-known strategy when metal corrosion needs to be prevented, controlled, or retarded. Green inhibitors are biodegradable, ecologically acceptable and renewable. Their valorization expands possible applications in industrial fields other than ‘waste to energy’ in the perspective of circular economy. Although lot of experimental work has been done and many research papers have been published, the topic of green inhibitors is still an open issue. The great interest in the field expanded the research, resulting in high numbers of tested molecules. However, the most frequently adopted approaches are conventional and, hence, not suitable to fully characterize the potential efficacy of inhibitors. All the mentioned aspects are the object of the present review and are meant as a constructive criticism to highlight the weak points of the green inhibitors field as to re-evaluate the literature and address the future research in the field that still lacks rationalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luisella Verotta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefano P Trasatti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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24
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Wiest L, Baudot R, Lafay F, Bonjour E, Becouze-Lareure C, Aubin JB, Jame P, Barraud S, Kouyi GL, Sébastian C, Vulliet E. Priority substances in accumulated sediments in a stormwater detention basin from an industrial area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1669-1678. [PMID: 30300872 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most adopted solutions in developed countries to manage stormwater is detention/retention basins which generate large quantities of sediments that have to be removed regularly. In order to manage them properly, accurate data are needed about their physical and chemical characteristics, particularly on micropollutant concentrations and their associated risk. This work consisted in a two-year sampling of dry sediments from a detention-settling basin. Priority substances, including pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), alkylphenols and bisphenol A (BPA), were monitored. Different sites in the basin bottom were sampled in order to investigate spatial distribution of the contamination. Results show that the increase of the sediment thickness in the basin was heterogeneous with a maximum of 15 cm after two years. Pesticides and PBDE were, if detected, mainly found in low concentrations from 2 ng/g to 286 ng/g. Conversely, alkylphenols and bisphenol A were always quantified at concentrations varying from 6 ng/g to 3400 ng/g. These high levels suggest that these sediments should be managed with precautions. Spatial heterogeneity of alkylphenol ethoxylates and BPA concentrations was observed, with higher contamination of alkylphenol ethoxylates in anaerobic zones and BPA levels correlated with total organic carbon and in a lesser extent to fine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Robert Baudot
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florent Lafay
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Erik Bonjour
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Patrick Jame
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvie Barraud
- University of Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | - Christel Sébastian
- University of Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
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25
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Kirchgeorg T, Weinberg I, Hörnig M, Baier R, Schmid MJ, Brockmeyer B. Emissions from corrosion protection systems of offshore wind farms: Evaluation of the potential impact on the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:257-268. [PMID: 30509806 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Offshore wind energy is a fast growing sector of renewable energies worldwide. This will change the marine environment and thus, a wide range of environmental impacts of offshore wind farms are subject of current research. Here we present an overview about chemical emissions from corrosion protection systems, discuss their relevance and potential impact to the marine environment, and suggest strategies to reduce their emissions. Corrosion is a general problem for offshore infrastructures and corrosion protection systems are necessary to maintain the structural integrity. These systems are often in direct contact with seawater and have different potentials for emissions, e.g. galvanic anodes emitting substantial amounts of metals. Organic coatings may release organic substances due to weathering and/or leaching. Current assumptions suggesting a low environmental impact, but monitoring data is not sufficient to assess the environmental impact of this new source.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kirchgeorg
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Department of Marine Science, Section of Marine Sediments, Wüstland 2, DE-22589 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - I Weinberg
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Department of Marine Science, Section of Marine Sediments, Wüstland 2, DE-22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Hörnig
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), Department of Structural Engineering, Steel Structures & Corrosion Protection Section, Kußmaulstr. 17, DE-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Baier
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), Department of Structural Engineering, Steel Structures & Corrosion Protection Section, Kußmaulstr. 17, DE-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Schmid
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), Department of Structural Engineering, Steel Structures & Corrosion Protection Section, Kußmaulstr. 17, DE-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Brockmeyer
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Department of Marine Science, Section of Environmentally Hazardous Substances, Wüstland 2, DE-22589 Hamburg, Germany
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Krauklis AE, Echtermeyer AT. Mechanism of Yellowing: Carbonyl Formation during Hygrothermal Aging in a Common Amine Epoxy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10091017. [PMID: 30960942 PMCID: PMC6403735 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxies are often exposed to water due to rain and humid air environments. Epoxy yellows during its service time under these conditions, even when protected from UV radiation. The material’s color is not regained upon redrying, indicating irreversible aging mechanisms. Understanding what causes a discoloration is of importance for applications where the visual aspect of the material is significant. In this work, irreversible aging mechanisms and the cause of yellowing were identified. Experiments were performed using a combination of FT-NIR, ATR-FT-IR, EDX, HR-ICP-MS, pH measurements, optical microscopy, SEM, and DMTA. Such extensive material characterization and structured logic of investigation, provided the necessary evidence to investigate the long-term changes. No chain scission (hydrolysis or oxidation-induced) was present in the studied common DGEBA/HDDGE/IPDA/POPA epoxy, whilst it was found that thermo-oxidation and leaching occurred. Thermo-oxidation involved evolution of carbonyl groups in the polymeric carbon–carbon backbone, via nucleophilic radical attack and minor crosslinking of the HDDGE segments. Four probable reactive sites were identified, and respective reactions were proposed. Compounds involved in leaching were identified to be epichlorohydrin and inorganic impurities but were found to be unrelated to yellowing. Carbonyl formation in the epoxy backbone due to thermo-oxidation was the cause for the yellowing of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Krauklis
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Andreas T Echtermeyer
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Vermeirssen ELM, Campiche S, Dietschweiler C, Werner I, Burkhardt M. Ecotoxicological Assessment of Immersion Samples from Facade Render Containing Free or Encapsulated Biocides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2246-2256. [PMID: 29786148 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To protect house facades from fouling by microorganisms, biocides can be added to a render or paint before it is applied. During driving rain events, these biocides gradually leach out and have the potential to pollute soil or aquatic ecosystems. We studied the leaching behavior of biocides and toxicity of leachates from renders with either free or encapsulated biocides. Both render types contained equal amounts of terbutryn, 2-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolinone (OIT), and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolino-3-one (DCOIT). Nine leachate samples were generated over 9 immersion cycles according to a European standard, and biocides were quantified. The first and ninth leachate samples were tested using bioassays with algae, bacteria, and water fleas, the first sample was also tested with earthworms and springtails. Encapsulation reduced leaching of terbutryn, OIT, and DCOIT by 4-, 17-, and 27-fold. For aquatic organisms, the toxicity of water from render containing encapsulated biocides was always lower than that of render with free biocides. Furthermore, toxicity decreased by 4- to 5-fold over the 9 immersion cycles. Inhibition of photosynthesis was the most sensitive endpoint, followed by algal growth rate, bacterial bioluminescence, and water flea reproduction. Toxicity to algae was due to terbutryn and toxicity to bacteria was due to OIT. None of the samples affected soil organisms. Results demonstrate that combining standardized leaching tests with standardized bioassays is a promising approach to evaluate the ecotoxicity of biocides that leach from facade renders. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2246-2256. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Campiche
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Conrad Dietschweiler
- Institute of Environmental and Process Engineering (UMTEC), University of Applied Sciences, Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Inge Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Burkhardt
- Institute of Environmental and Process Engineering (UMTEC), University of Applied Sciences, Rapperswil, Switzerland
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Werner I. The Swiss Ecotox Centre: bridging the gap between research and application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:15. [PMID: 29780681 PMCID: PMC5956021 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Centre) was created in recognition of the urgent societal need to provide expertise, education and tools for assessing the risks and effects of anthropogenic chemicals in the environment. Founded in 2008, the Ecotox Centre conducts applied, practice-oriented research in the areas of aquatic (water and sediment) and terrestrial (with focus on soil) ecotoxicology, and provides further education and consulting services to its stakeholders. To date, its most important activities focus on (1) the validation and standardization of bioassays for use in monitoring of water, sediment or soil quality and (2) the development of tools for retrospective risk assessment, including approaches to assess mixture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Bandow N, Gartiser S, Ilvonen O, Schoknecht U. Evaluation of the impact of construction products on the environment by leaching of possibly hazardous substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:14. [PMID: 29780680 PMCID: PMC5954058 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Construction products are in contact with water (e.g., rain, seepage water) during their service lifetime and may release potentially harmful compounds by leaching processes. Monitoring studies showed that compounds attributed to construction products are found in storm water and the receiving bodies of water and that the release of biocides in urban areas can be comparable to the input of pesticides from agricultural uses. Therefore, a prospective risk assessment of such products is necessary. Laboratory leaching tests have been developed by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 351 and are ready to use. One major task in the future will be the evaluation of the leaching test results, as concentrations found in laboratory experiments are not directly comparable to the field situations. Another task will be the selection of compounds to be considered for construction products, which are often a complex mixture and contain additives, pigments, stabilization agents, etc. The formulations of the products may serve as a starting point, but total content is a poor predictor for leachability, and analysis of the eluates is necessary. In some cases, non-targeted approaches might be required to identify compounds in the eluates. In the identification process, plausibility checks referring to available information should be included. Ecotoxicological tests are a complementary method to test eluates, and the combined effects of all compounds-including degradation products-are included. A bio test battery has been applied in a round robin test and was published in a guidance document. Published studies on the ecotoxicity of construction products show the tests' suitability to distinguish between products with small and larger effects on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bandow
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Outi Ilvonen
- Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Ute Schoknecht
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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Choi JY, Choe JR, Lee TH, Choi CY. Effects of bisphenol A and light conditions on the circadian rhythm of the goldfish Carassius auratus. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1385977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ryeol Choe
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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