1
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Tang Y, Sasaki K, Ihara M, Sugita D, Yamashita N, Takeuchi H, Tanaka H. Evaluation of virus removal in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes based on long-term monitoring at two wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121197. [PMID: 38341968 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The membrane bioreactor (MBR) process always offers better wastewater treatment than conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. However, the difference in their efficacy of virus reduction remains unknown. To investigate this, we monitored virus concentrations before and after MBR and CAS processes over 2 years. Concentrations of norovirus genotypes I and II (NoV GI and GII), aichivirus (AiV), F-specific RNA phage genotypes I, II, and III (GI-, GII-, and GIII-FRNAPHs), and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were measured by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method at two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs A and B) in Japan. Virus concentration datasets containing left-censored data were estimated by using both maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and robust regression on order statistics (rROS) approaches. PMMoV was the most prevalent at both WWTPs, with median concentrations of 7.5 to 8.8 log10 copies/L before treatment. Log10 removal values (LRVs) of all viruses based on means and standard deviations of concentrations before and after treatment were consistently higher following MBR than following CAS. We used NoV GII as a model pathogen in a quantitative microbial risk assessment of the treated water, and we estimated the additional reductions required following MBR and CAS processes to meet the guideline of 10-6 DALYs pppy for safe wastewater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
| | - Kenta Sasaki
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Daichi Sugita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Course of Rural Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Haruka Takeuchi
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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2
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Chaudhary A, Rana S, Singh R, Gurian PL, Betancourt W, Kumar A, Kumar A. Non-potable water reuse and the public health risks from protozoa and helminths: a case study from a city with a semi-arid climate. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:981-994. [PMID: 37632375 PMCID: wh_2023_283 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The study estimated the risk due to Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Ascaris, associated with non-potable water reuse in the city of Jaipur, India. The study first determined the exposure dose of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Ascaris based on various wastewater treatment technologies for various scenarios of reuse for six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the city. The exposure scenarios considered were (1) garden irrigation; (2) working and lounging in the garden; and (3) consumption of crops irrigated with recycled water. The estimated annual risk of infection varied between 8.57 × 10-7 and 1.0 for protozoa and helminths, respectively. The order of treatment processes, in decreasing order of annual risk of infection, was found to be: moving-bed bioreactor (MBBR) technology > activated sludge process (ASP) technology > sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology. The estimated annual risk was found to be in this order: Ascaris > Giardia > Cryptosporidium. The study also estimated the maximum allowable concentration (Cmax) of pathogen in the effluent for a benchmark value of annual infection of risk equal to 1:10,000, the acceptable level of risk used for drinking water. The estimated Cmax values were found to be 6.54 × 10-5, 1.37 × 10-5, and 2.89 × 10-6 (oo) cysts/mL for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Ascaris, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT Jaipur, Jaipur, India E-mail: ;
| | - Shubham Rana
- Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick L Gurian
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Walter Betancourt
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology Centre, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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3
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Li J, Liu J, Yu H, Zhao W, Xia X, You S, Zhang J, Tong H, Wei L. Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection/treatment systems: A review. DESALINATION 2022; 534:115798. [PMID: 35498908 PMCID: PMC9033450 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) throughout the world has severely threatened the global economy and public health. Due to receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a wide variety of sources (e.g., households, hospitals, slaughterhouses), urban sewage treatment systems are regarded as an important path for the transmission of waterborne viruses. This review presents a quantitative profile of the concentration distribution of typical viruses within wastewater collection systems and evaluates the influence of different characteristics of sewer systems on virus species and concentration. Then, the efficiencies and mechanisms of virus removal in the units of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are summarized and compared, among which the inactivation efficiencies of typical viruses by typical disinfection approaches under varied operational conditions are elucidated. Subsequently, the occurrence and removal of viruses in treated effluent reuse and desalination, as well as that in sewage sludge treatment, are discussed. Potential dissemination of viruses is emphasized by occurrence via aerosolization from toilets, the collection system and WWTP aeration, which might have a vital role in the transmission and spread of viruses. Finally, the frequency and concentration of viruses in reclaimed water, the probability of infection are also reviewed for discussing the potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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4
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Hamadieh Z, Hamilton KA, Silverman AI. Systematic review of the relative concentrations of noroviruses and fecal indicator bacteria in wastewater: considerations for use in quantitative microbial risk assessment. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:918-932. [PMID: 34874900 PMCID: wh_2021_068 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are a leading cause of food- and water-borne disease, which has led to an interest in quantifying norovirus health risks using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Given the limited availability of quantitative norovirus data to input to QMRA models, some studies have applied a conversion factor to estimate norovirus exposure based on measured fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations. We conducted a review of peer-reviewed publications to identify the concentrations of noroviruses and FIB in raw, secondary-treated, and disinfected wastewater. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the ratios of norovirus-FIB pairs in each wastewater matrix and the variables that significantly impact these ratios. Norovirus-to-FIB ratios were found to be significantly impacted by the norovirus genotype, month of sample collection, geographic location, and the extent of wastewater treatment. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of using a FIB-to-virus conversion factor in QMRA and found that the choice of conversion ratio has a great impact on estimated health risks. For example, the use of a conversion ratio previously used in the World Health Organization Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater predicted health risks that were significantly lower than those estimated with measured norovirus concentrations used as inputs. This work emphasizes the gold standard of using measured pathogen concentrations directly as inputs to exposure assessment in QMRA. While not encouraged, if one must use a FIB-to-virus conversion ratio to estimate norovirus dose, the ratio should be chosen carefully based on the target microorganisms (i.e., strain, genotype, or class), prevalence of disease, and extent of wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelfa Hamadieh
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA E-mail:
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Andrea I Silverman
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA E-mail: ; School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Ali W, Zhang H, Wang Z, Chang C, Javed A, Ali K, Du W, Niazi NK, Mao K, Yang Z. Occurrence of various viruses and recent evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125439. [PMID: 33684818 PMCID: PMC7894103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are omnipresent and persistent in wastewater, which poses a risk to human health. In this review, we summarise the different qualitative and quantitative methods for virus analysis in wastewater and systematically discuss the spatial distribution and temporal patterns of various viruses (i.e., enteric viruses, Caliciviridae (Noroviruses (NoVs)), Picornaviridae (Enteroviruses (EVs)), Hepatitis A virus (HAV)), and Adenoviridae (Adenoviruses (AdVs))) in wastewater systems. Then we critically review recent SARS-CoV-2 studies to understand the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic through wastewater surveillance. SARS-CoV-2 genetic material has been detected in wastewater from France, the Netherlands, Australia, Italy, Japan, Spain, Turkey, India, Pakistan, China, and the USA. We then discuss the utility of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to estimate the occurrence, distribution, and genetic diversity of these viruses and generate human health risk assessment. Finally, we not only promote the prevention of viral infectious disease transmission through wastewater but also highlight the potential use of WBE as an early warning system for public health assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China.
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Chuanyu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Asif Javed
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ali
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Nabeel Khan Niazi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China.
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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6
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Kadoya SS, Nishimura O, Kato H, Sano D. Predictive water virology using regularized regression analyses for projecting virus inactivation efficiency in ozone disinfection. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 11:100093. [PMID: 33665597 PMCID: PMC7903012 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reclamation and reuse have been practically applied to water-stressed regions, but waterborne pathogens remaining in insufficiently treated wastewater are of concern. Sanitation Safety Planning adopts the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) approach to manage human health risks upon exposure to reclaimed wastewater. HACCP requires a predetermined reference value (critical limit: CL) at critical control points (CCPs), in which specific parameters are monitored and recorded in real time. A disinfection reactor of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is regarded as a CCP, and one of the CCP parameters is the disinfection intensity (e.g., initial disinfectant concentration and contact time), which is proportional to the log reduction value (LRV) of waterborne pathogens. However, the achievable LRVs are not always stable because the disinfection intensity is affected by water quality parameters, which vary among WWTPs. In this study, we established models for projecting virus LRVs using ozone, in which water quality and operational parameters were used as explanatory variables. For the model construction, we used five machine learning algorithms and found that automatic relevance determination with interaction terms resulted in better prediction performances for norovirus and rotavirus LRVs. Poliovirus and coxsackievirus LRVs were predicted well by a Bayesian ridge with interaction terms and lasso with quadratic terms, respectively. The established models were relatively robust to predict LRV using new datasets that were out of the range of the training data used here, but it is important to collect LRV datasets further to make the models more predictable and flexible for newly obtained datasets. The modeling framework proposed here can help WWTP operators and risk assessors determine the appropriate CL to protect human health in wastewater reclamation and reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syun-suke Kadoya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
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7
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8
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Zhu Y, Chen R, Li YY, Sano D. Virus removal by membrane bioreactors: A review of mechanism investigation and modeling efforts. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116522. [PMID: 33091802 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing pressure on the global water supply calls for more advanced solutions with higher efficiency and better sustainability, leading to the promptly developing water reclamation and reuse schemes including treatment technologies and risk management strategies where microbial safety is becoming a crucial aspect in the interest of public health. Backed up by the development of membrane technology, membrane bioreactors (MBR) have received substantial attention for their superiority over conventional treatment methods in many ways and are considered promising in the water reclamation realm. This review paper provides an overview of the efforts made to manage and control the potential waterborne viral disease risks raised by the use of effluent from MBR treatment processes, including the mechanisms involved in the virus removal process and the attempts to model the dynamics of the removal process. In principle, generalized and integrated virus removal models that provide insight into real-time monitoring are urgently needed for advanced real-time control purpose. Future studies of approaches that can well handle the inherent uncertainty and nonlinearity of the complex removal process are crucial to the development and promotion of related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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9
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Islam MMM, Islam MA. Quantifying public health risks from exposure to waterborne pathogens during river bathing as a basis for reduction of disease burden. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:292-305. [PMID: 32589616 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) technique was applied to assess the public health risk from exposure to infectious microorganisms at bathing areas of three rivers in Bangladesh. The QMRA assessed the probability of illness due to the accidental ingestion of river water impacted by untreated sewage. The simplified QMRA was based on average concentrations of four reference pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, Cryptosporidium spp, norovirus and rotavirus relative to indicator bacterium E. coli. Public health risk was estimated as the probability of infection and illness from a single exposure of bathers. The risks of illness were ranged from 7 to 10% for E. coli O157:H7, 13 to 19% for Cryptosporidium, 7 to 10% for norovirus and 12 to 17% for rotavirus. The overall risk of illness at the rivers was slightly higher in children (9-19%) compared to adults (7-16%). The risks of illness in individuals exposed to the river bathing were unacceptably high, exceeding the USEPA acceptable risk of 3-6 illnesses per hundred bathing events. This study gives a basis for reducing the burden of disease in the population by applying appropriate risk management. Findings and methods of this study will be helpful for other countries with similar socio-economic and geographic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Majedul Islam
- Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail:
| | - Md Atikul Islam
- Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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10
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Lu S, Fenghua X, Zhang X, Pei L, Tang Y. Health evaluation on migration and distribution of heavy metal Cd after reclaimed water drip irrigation. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:841-848. [PMID: 31327109 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of reclaimed water is one of the effective measures to save water resources. The study of reclaimed water irrigation and the analysis of how heavy metals migrate in the soil, especially their movement laws, have important theoretical and practical significance. It helps to predict the risk of heavy metals in foods, which protects our health and safety. In this paper, we studied the accumulation and distribution of heavy metal Cd in soils with reclaimed water drip irrigation in greenhouses during growing season, comparing the effects with groundwater drip irrigation. The results show that the Cd concentration in the surface soil is the highest on the second day after drip irrigation. It will be the highest on the fourth day in the depth of 100 cm, and then, it will decrease slightly. During the period of the sixth day to the eighth day, the Cd concentrations are similar in each depth, and it is the highest in the depth of 0-40 cm and 80-120 cm, but the Cd concentration decreases with the lower depth below 120 cm. By utilizing proper ways of reclaimed water drip irrigation, the Cd concentration in the deep soil will not violate the standard limits of GB15618-1995, which will not cause Cd pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Lu
- School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xie Fenghua
- Business Administration College, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Public Policy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Liang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yao Tang
- School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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11
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Rachmadi AT, Kitajima M, Kato T, Kato H, Okabe S, Sano D. Required Chlorination Doses to Fulfill the Credit Value for Disinfection of Enteric Viruses in Water: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2068-2077. [PMID: 31927958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A credit value of virus inactivation has been assigned to the disinfection step in international and domestic guidelines for wastewater reclamation and reuse. To fulfill the credit value for water disinfection, water engineers need to apply an appropriate disinfection strength, expressed as a CT value (mg × min/L), which is a product of disinfectant concentration and contact time, against enteric viruses in wastewater. In the present study, we extracted published experimental data on enteric virus inactivation using free chlorine and monochloramine and applied the Tobit analysis and simple linear regression analysis to calculate the range of CT values (mg × min/L) needed for 4-log10 inactivation. Data were selected from peer-reviewed papers containing kinetics data of virus infectivity and chlorine residual in water. Coxsackie B virus and echovirus require higher CT values (lower susceptibility) for 4-log10 inactivation than adenovirus and a human norovirus surrogate (murine norovirus) with free chlorine. On the other hand, adenovirus has lower susceptibility to monochloramine compared to murine norovirus, coxsackievirus, and echovirus. The factors that influence the required CT value are virus type, pH, water temperature, and water matrix. This systematic review demonstrates that enteroviruses and adenovirus are appropriate representative enteric viruses to evaluate water disinfection using free chlorine and monochloramine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Taruna Rachmadi
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies , Tohoku University , Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8579 , Japan
- Division of Environmental Engineering , Hokkaido University , North 13, West 8, Kita-ku , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC) , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering , Hokkaido University , North 13, West 8, Kita-ku , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Division of Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , Gunma University , Tenjin-cho 1-5-1 , Kiryu , Gunma 376-8515 , Japan
- Center for Research on Adoption of NextGen Transportation Systems (CRANTS) , Gunma University , Aramaki-machi 4-2 , Maebashi , Gunma 371-8510 , Japan
- Integrated Institute for Regulatory Science , Waseda University , Tsurumaki-cho 513, Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 162-0041 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering and Technology , 3-1 Suido-Cho, Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 162-0811 , Japan
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center , Tohoku University , Aoba 6-6-10, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8579 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering , Hokkaido University , North 13, West 8, Kita-ku , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies , Tohoku University , Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8579 , Japan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Tohoku University , Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8579 , Japan
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12
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Taboada-Santos A, Rivadulla E, Paredes L, Carballa M, Romalde J, Lema JM. Comprehensive comparison of chemically enhanced primary treatment and high-rate activated sludge in novel wastewater treatment plant configurations. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115258. [PMID: 31710915 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Novel wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are designed to be more energy efficient than conventional plants. One approach to becoming more energy efficient is the pre-concentration of organic carbon through chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) or high-rate activated sludge (HRAS). This study compares these approaches in terms of energy demand, operational costs, organic micropollutants (OMP), and virus removal efficiency. A CEPT pilot-scale plant was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 30 min, and a lab-scale HRAS reactor was operated at an HRT of 2 h and a solid retention time (SRT) of 1 d in continuous mode. A minimum dose of 150 mg/L ferric chloride (FeCl3) was required to achieve a threshold chemical oxygen demand (COD)-to-ammonium ratio below 2 g COD to 1 g of NH4+ -N (fulfilling the requirement for a partial nitritation-anammox reactor), reaching high phosphate (PO43-)-removal efficiency (>99%). A slightly lower COD recovery was attained in the HRAS reactor, due to the partial oxidation of the influent COD (15%). The lower PO43- removal efficiency achieved in the HRAS configuration (13%) was enhanced to a comparable value of that achieved in CEPT by the addition of 30 mg/L FeCl3 at the clarifier. The CEPT configuration was less energy-intensive (0.07 vs 0.13 kWh/m3 of wastewater) but had significantly higher operational costs than the HRAS-based configuration (6.0 vs 3.8 c€/m3 of wastewater). For OMPs with kbiol > 10 L/gVSS·d, considerably higher removal efficiencies were achieved in HRAS (80-90%) than in CEPT (4-55%). For the remaining OMPs, the biotransformation efficiencies were generally higher in HRAS than in CEPT but were below 55% in both configurations. Finally, CEPT was less efficient than HRAS for virus removal. HRAS followed by FeCl3 post-treatment appeared to be a more effective alternative than CEPT for COD pre-concentration in novel WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Taboada-Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Enrique Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Lidia Paredes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Marta Carballa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Jesús Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Juan M Lema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Haramoto E, Kitajima M, Hata A, Torrey JR, Masago Y, Sano D, Katayama H. A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:168-186. [PMID: 29471200 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and adenoviruses, are excreted in the feces of infected individuals and transmitted via the fecal-oral route including contaminated food and water. Since viruses are normally present at low concentrations in aquatic environments, they should be concentrated into smaller volumes prior to downstream molecular biological applications, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This review describes recent progress made in the development of concentration and detection methods of human enteric viruses in water, and discusses their applications for providing a better understanding of the prevalence of the viruses in various types of water worldwide. Maximum concentrations of human enteric viruses in water that have been reported in previous studies are summarized to assess viral abundances in aquatic environments. Some descriptions are also available on recent applications of sequencing analyses used to determine the genetic diversity of viral genomes in water samples, including those of novel viruses. Furthermore, the importance and significance of utilizing appropriate process controls during viral analyses are discussed, and three types of process controls are considered: whole process controls, molecular process controls, and (reverse transcription (RT)-)qPCR controls. Although no standards have been established for acceptable values of virus recovery and/or extraction-(RT-)qPCR efficiency, use of at least one of these appropriate control types is highly recommended for more accurate interpretation of observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jason R Torrey
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Road, My Dinh 1 Ward, Nam Tu Liem District, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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