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Mosquera-Romero S, Ntagia E, Rousseau DP, Esteve-Núñez A, Prévoteau A. Water treatment and reclamation by implementing electrochemical systems with constructed wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 16:100265. [PMID: 37101565 PMCID: PMC10123341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal or permanent water scarcity in off-grid communities can be alleviated by recycling water in decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Nature-based solutions, such as constructed wetlands (CWs), have become popular solutions for sanitation in remote locations. Although typical CWs can efficiently remove solids and organics to meet water reuse standards, polishing remains necessary for other parameters, such as pathogens, nutrients, and recalcitrant pollutants. Different CW designs and CWs coupled with electrochemical technologies have been proposed to improve treatment efficiency. Electrochemical systems (ECs) have been either implemented within the CW bed (ECin-CW) or as a stage in a sequential treatment (CW + EC). A large body of literature has focused on ECin-CW, and multiple scaled-up systems have recently been successfully implemented, primarily to remove recalcitrant organics. Conversely, only a few reports have explored the opportunity to polish CW effluents in a downstream electrochemical module for the electro-oxidation of micropollutants or electro-disinfection of pathogens to meet more stringent water reuse standards. This paper aims to critically review the opportunities, challenges, and future research directions of the different couplings of CW with EC as a decentralized technology for water treatment and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suanny Mosquera-Romero
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, BOX9050, Ecuador
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eleftheria Ntagia
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, PROSE, 92160, Antony, France
| | - Diederik P.L. Rousseau
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Abraham Esteve-Núñez
- Universidad de Alcalá, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Antonin Prévoteau
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Abd-Ur-Rehman HM, Prodanovic V, Deletic A, Khan SJ, McDonald JA, Zhang K. Removal of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and charged xenobiotic organic compounds from greywater using green wall media. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120290. [PMID: 37429135 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Green walls offer a novel on-site approach for greywater treatment and reuse in densely build urban environments. However, they need to be engineered for effective removal of a wide range of emerging contaminants such as xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs), which may be present in greywater due to extensive use of personal care products and household chemicals. This study used laboratory column design and batch experiments to investigate the performance of three lightweight green wall media (coco coir, zeolite, and perlite) and their mixture in three different combinations for the removal of twelve XOCs, covering wide range of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and charged pollutants in greywater. The experiments were designed to assess the removal of targeted XOCs under different operational condition (i.e., hydraulic loading, infiltration rate, drying) and uncover the dominant mechanisms of their removal. Results showed excellent removal (>90%) of all XOCs in coco coir and media mix columns at the start of the experiment (i.e., fresh media and initial 2 pore volume (PV) of greywater dosing). The removal of highly hydrophobic and positively charged XOCs remained high (>90%) under all operational conditions, while hydrophilic and negatively charged XOCs exhibited significant reduction in removal after 25 PV and 50 PV, possibly due to their low adsorption affinity and electrostatic repulsion from negatively charged media. The effect of infiltration rate on the removal of XOCs was not significant; however, higher removal was achieved after 2-weeks of drying in coco coir and media mix columns. The dominant removal mechanism for most XOCs was found to be adsorption, however, a few hydrophilic XOCs (i.e., acetaminophen and atrazine) exhibited both adsorption and biodegradation removal processes. While findings showed promising prospects of unvegetated media for removing XOCs from greywater, long term studies on vegetated green wall systems are needed to understand any synergetic contribution of plants and media in removing these XOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Abd-Ur-Rehman
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - V Prodanovic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - A Deletic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - S J Khan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - J A McDonald
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - K Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Sami M, Hedström A, Kvarnström E, McCarthy DT, Herrmann I. Greywater treatment in a green wall using different filter materials and hydraulic loading rates. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:117998. [PMID: 37121006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Green walls in urban environments can be both an aesthetic feature and be of practical use in greywater treatment. This study evaluates the effect of different loading rates (4.5 l/d, 9 l/d, and 18 l/d) on the efficiency of treating actual greywater from a city district in a pilot-scale green wall with five different filter materials as substrates (biochar, pumice, hemp fiber, spent coffee grounds (SCG), and composted fiber soil (CFS)). Three cool climate plant species, Carex nigra, Juncus compressus, and Myosotis scorpioides, were chosen for the green wall. The following parameters were evaluated: biological oxygen demand (BOD), fractions of organic carbon, nutrients, indicator bacteria, surfactants, and salt. Three of the five materials investigated - biochar, pumice, and CFS - showed promising treatment efficiencies. The respective overall reduction efficiencies of BOD, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were 99%, 75%, and 57% for biochar; 96%, 58%, and 61% for pumice; and 99%, 82% and 85% for CFS. BOD was stable in the biochar filter material with effluent concentrations of 2 mg/l across all investigated loading rates. However, higher loading rates had a significantly negative effect on hemp and pumice for BOD. Interestingly, the highest loading rate (18 l/d) flowing over pumice removed the highest levels of TN (80%) and TP (86%). Biochar was the most effective material in removing indicator bacteria, with a 2.2-4.0 Log10 reduction for E. coli and enterococci. SCG was the least efficient material, giving a higher BOD in the effluent than in the influent. Therefore, this study presents the potential of natural and waste-derived filter materials to treat greywater effectively and the results can contribute to the future development of nature-based greywater treatment and management practices in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sami
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - A Hedström
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - E Kvarnström
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - D T McCarthy
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, S Block, Level 7, S727, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - I Herrmann
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
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4
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Collivignarelli MC, Gomez FH, Caccamo FM, Sorlini S. Reduction of pathogens in greywater with biological and sustainable treatments selected through a multicriteria approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:38239-38254. [PMID: 36580251 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-potable reuse of greywater (GW) can represent a valid alternative to freshwater consumption, satisfying the Sustainable Development Goals promoted by United Nations. The Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) was applied to select the most suitable processes for the reduction of microbiological contamination in GW. A pilot plant, including horizontal flow constructed wetland (CW) and anaerobic filtration (AF) in parallel, best treatment options according to MCA results, was built to treat GW collected from a Venezuelan family. (i) The removal efficiency of microbiological parameters, and (ii) the turbidity as possible microbiological contamination indicator and possible influence factor of disinfection treatment, were investigated. Except for Escherichia coli (4.1 ± 0.9 log reduction with AF), CW achieved the best reductions yields for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and Salmonella, respectively equal to 3.1 ± 0.5 log, 4.3 ± 0.5 log, and 2.9 ± 0.4 log. In accordance with Venezuelan legislation and WHO guidelines, GW treated with CW was found to be suitable for irrigation reuse for non-edible crops. However, the reduction of pathogens by CW should be considered as a preliminary and not complete disinfection treatment. To reuse GW, especially in the irrigation of edible crops, stronger disinfection treatment should be considered as a complement to the preliminary disinfection performed by CW, to avoid any kind of risk. No significant correlation was found for turbidity either as a possible predictor of microbiological contamination or as an influence on biological disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Collivignarelli
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Water Research, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Franco Hernan Gomez
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Maria Caccamo
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Sorlini
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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5
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Petousi I, Thomaidi V, Kalogerakis N, Fountoulakis MS. Removal of pathogens from greywater using green roofs combined with chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:22560-22569. [PMID: 36289124 PMCID: PMC9938822 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Greywater is an important alternative water resource which could be treated and reused in buildings, reducing the freshwater demand in drought affected areas. For the successful implementation of this solution, it is important to ensure the microbial safety of treated greywater. This study examined the microbiological quality of treated greywater produced by an emergent nature-based technology (green roofs) and a chlorination process. Specifically, the effect of substrate, substrate depth, and vegetation on the removal of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci in experimental green roofs treating greywater was examined for a period of about 12 months. In addition, the ability of chlorination to inactivate the abovementioned pathogen indicators was evaluated and their potential regrowth was examined. Results shown that green roofs filled with 10 cm of perlite reduce total coliform concentration by about 0.4 log units while green roofs filled with 20 cm of vermiculite reduce total coliform concentration by about 1.2 log units. In addition, the use of vegetation in green roofs improves the removal of pathogenic bacteria by about 0.5 log units in comparison with unvegetated systems. In all cases, the effluents of green roofs failed to satisfy the criteria for indoor reuse of treated greywater for non-potable uses such as toilet flushing without a disinfection process. The addition of 3 mg/L of chlorine in the effluent provided safe greywater microbiological quality for storage periods of less than 24 h, while longer periods resulted in the significant regrowth of pathogens. In contrast, a chlorination dose of 7 mg/L completely secured inactivation of pathogen indicators for periods of up to 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Petousi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Thomaidi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kalogerakis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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6
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Hu Z, Zheng M, Hu S, Hong PY, Zhang X, Prodanovic V, Zhang K, Pikaar I, Ye L, Deletic A, Yuan Z. Electrochemical iron production to enhance anaerobic membrane treatment of wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119202. [PMID: 36215837 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although iron salts such as iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) have widespread application in wastewater treatment, safety concerns limit their use, due to the corrosive nature of concentrated solutions. This study demonstrates that local, electrochemical generation of iron is a viable alternative to the use of iron salts. Three laboratory systems with anaerobic membrane processes were set up to treat real wastewater; two systems used the production of either in-situ or ex-situ electrochemical iron (as Fe2+ and Fe2+(Fe3+)2O4, respectively), while the other system served as a control. These systems were operated for over one year to assess the impact of electrochemically produced iron on system performance. The results showed that dosing of electrochemical iron significantly reduced sulfide concentration in effluent and hydrogen sulfide content in biogas, and mitigated organics-based membrane fouling, all of which are critical issues inherently related to sustainability of anaerobic wastewater treatment. The electrochemical iron strategy can generate multiple benefits for wastewater management including increased removal efficiencies for total and volatile suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and phosphorus. The rate of methane production also increased with electrochemically produced iron. Economic analysis revealed the viability of electrochemical iron with total cost reduced by one quarter to a third compared with using FeCl3. These benefits indicate that electrochemical iron dosing can greatly enhance the overall operation and performance of anaerobic membrane processes, and this particularly facilitates wastewater management in a decentralized scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhetai Hu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Min Zheng
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Shihu Hu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pei-Ying Hong
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, SA 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Veljko Prodanovic
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kefeng Zhang
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ilje Pikaar
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Liu Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ana Deletic
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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7
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Khajvand M, Mostafazadeh AK, Drogui P, Tyagi RD. Management of greywater: environmental impact, treatment, resource recovery, water recycling, and decentralization. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:909-937. [PMID: 36358037 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater generated from households can be classified into greywater and blackwater. Greywater makes up a substantial portion of household wastewater. Such water consists of wastewater released from kitchen sinks, showers, laundries, and hand basins. Since the greywater is not mixed with human excreta and due to the low levels of pathogenic contamination and nitrogen, it has received more attention for recycling and reusing in recent decades. Implementing decentralized greywater treatment systems can be an effective solution to overcome water scarcity by supplying a part of water requirement, at least non-potable demand, and decreasing pollutant emissions by eliminating long-distance water transportation in remote regions, like rural and isolated areas. This review focuses on greywater management in terms of reducing environmental risks as well as the possibility of treatment. Effective management of water reclamation systems is essential for a decentralized approach and to ensure the protection of public health. In this regard, the environmental impacts of disposal or reusing the untreated greywater are discussed. Furthermore, the most appropriate technologies that can be employed for the decentralized treatment of greywaters like constructed wetlands, waste stabilization ponds, membrane systems, and electrochemical technologies are described. Finally, this review summarizes resource recovery and sustainable resource reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Khajvand
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre-Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), Université du Québec, Québec, Canada E-mail:
| | | | - Patrick Drogui
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre-Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), Université du Québec, Québec, Canada E-mail:
| | - Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi
- School of Technology, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China; BOSK Bioproducts, Québec, Québec, Canada
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8
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He Z, Li Y, Qi B. Recent insights into greywater treatment: a comprehensive review on characteristics, treatment technologies, and pollutant removal mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54025-54044. [PMID: 35641750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid socio-economic and industrial development, the problem of water shortage is becoming increasingly serious. Seeking alternative water sources to reduce the need for freshwater resources is an increasing concern. Household greywater production is high and accounts for about 50-80% of domestic wastewater. In recent years, the in situ treatment and reuse of greywater have received widespread attention. Treated greywater can be used for non-potable purposes such as toilet flushing and irrigation, which can greatly reduce the pressure of freshwater resource shortage. This paper reviews the sources and characteristics of greywater and analyzes its quantity and quality. In addition, this paper outlines and summarizes various greywater treatment technologies commonly used, including physical, biological, and chemical treatment technologies, as well as combination technologies. Understanding the mechanisms of contaminant removal is essential for effective greywater treatment. While discussing different treatment technologies, we focus on the removal mechanisms of pollutants from greywater, including organics, nutrients, surfactants, and emerging contaminants. Finally, future perspectives on greywater management and reuse are presented. Through a comprehensive review, we expect that this review will help the reader to better understand the characteristics of greywater and to more rationally select the appropriate treatment technology based on the removal mechanism of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin He
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Li
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Benkun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
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9
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Abd-Ur-Rehman HM, Deletic A, Zhang K, Prodanovic V. The comparative performance of lightweight green wall media for the removal of xenobiotic organic compounds from domestic greywater. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118774. [PMID: 35759846 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Green walls can provide an aesthetic approach to treat domestic greywater in urban landscapes. However, the widespread adoption of green walls for greywater treatment depends on its performance to remove the emerging contaminants from greywater such as xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs). In this study, the performance of five lightweight green wall media types (zeolite, perlite, date seeds, coffee grinds, and coco coir) was evaluated for the removal of six XOCs representing a range of hydrophilic to hydrophobic organic micropollutants in domestic greywater (acetaminophen, diethyltoluamide, bisphenol A, oxybenzone, triclosan, nonylphenol). The adsorption affinity of targeted XOCs on different green wall media types, the role of contact time on XOCs removal, and the impact of background pollutants in greywater matrix on the adsorption of XOCs were analysed. Results indicate that removal of XOCs was higher using carbonaceous waste materials (date seeds, coffee grinds, and coco coir) as compared to natural minerals (zeolite and perlite). Moreover, the adsorption of XOCs increased with the increase in pollutant hydrophobicity. All XOCs showed highest removal using coco coir with fast adsorption kinetics, achieving 90% of the removal in 30 min. The only exception was acetaminophen that showed best removal using zeolite but exhibited slow adsorption kinetics with 90% of the removal attained in 24 h. The initial adsorption kinetics (<30 min) of XOCs in greywater were adversely affected by the presence of background pollutants, indicating the need of higher residence time of greywater in green wall system for better removal of XOCs. Based on the findings of this batch study, it is recommended to design a green wall system with more than 30 min of greywater residence time using a mixture of coco coir and zeolite for effective removal of XOCs from domestic greywater.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Abd-Ur-Rehman
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - A Deletic
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - K Zhang
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - V Prodanovic
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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10
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Lu S, Zhang G. Recent advances on inactivation of waterborne pathogenic microorganisms by (photo) electrochemical oxidation processes: Design and application strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128619. [PMID: 35359104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Compared with other conventional water disinfection processes, (photo) electrochemical oxidation (P/ECO) processes have the characteristics of environmental friendliness, convenient installation and operation, easy control and high efficiency of inactivating waterborne pathogenic microorganisms (PMs), so that more and more research work has been focused on this topic, but there is still a huge gap between the research and practical application. Here, the research network of inactivating PMs by P/ECO processes has been comprehensively summarized, and the electrode/reactor/process design strategies based on strengthening direct and indirect oxidation, enhancing mass transfer efficiency and electron transfer efficiency, and improving the effective dose of electrogenerated oxidants are discussed. Furthermore, the factors affecting the inactivation of PMs and the issues regarding to stability and lifetime of the electrode are discussed respectively. Finally, the important research priorities and possible research challenges of P/ECO processes are put forward to make significant progress of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Guan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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11
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Zulfikar Z, Nasrullah N, Kartini K, Aditama W. Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solid with Simple Integrated Treatment as an Alternative to Meet the Household Needs for Clean Water. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.7828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Domestic wastewater can cause health problems and pollute groundwater sources. Such pollution not only has a negative impact on health and the environment, but also on the cost in providing clean water.
AIM: The outcome of domestic wastewater treatment through a proper technique is expected to meet the clean water quality standard for sanitation purposes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) on the levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) of domestic wastewater. The experiment was carried out with 6 variations of HRT, namely 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours with 4 repetitions. The media running process was carried out for 14 days until the reactor condition was in steady state.
RESULTS: The results showed that the removal values for COD, Oil and Fat, Ammonia and Total Coliform parameters were 68.03%, 46.51%, 69.64% and 68.99%, respectively. Based on the variation of HRT of 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours on the BOD parameter, the removal values obtained were 11.7%, 21.3%, 34.7%, 49.0% and 64.1%, respectively. Furthermore, for the TSS parameter, the values obtained were 17.3%, 25.4%, 30.6%, 42.3% and 50.4%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: HRT was proven to have a significant effect on the levels of BOD and TSS of domestic wastewater with a p-value of <0.05 at the 95% confidence level
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12
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Li M, Song G, Liu R, Huang X, Liu H. Inactivation and risk control of pathogenic microorganisms in municipal sludge treatment: A review. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 16:70. [PMID: 34608423 PMCID: PMC8482957 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-021-1504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security. The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance. Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens, and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity, exposure risks, assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. Based on this consideration, this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies, including composting, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and microwave irradiation, and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed. Additionally, this study reviews the diversity, detection methods, and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ge Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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13
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Boano F, Costamagna E, Caruso A, Fiore S, Chiappero M, Galvão A, Pisoeiro J, Rizzo A, Masi F. Evaluation of the influence of filter medium composition on treatment performances in an open-air green wall fed with greywater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113646. [PMID: 34509128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
According to the European Research and Innovation Policy Agenda, nature-based solutions (NBSs) are key technologies to improve the sustainability of urban areas. Among NBSs, green walls have been recently studied for several applications, among the others the treatment of lowly polluted wastewater flows as greywater (GW, e.g. domestic wastewater excluding toilet flushes). This work is aimed at the evaluation of the influence of four additives (compost, biochar, granular activated carbon, polyacrylate) mixed with a base filter medium made of coconut fibre and perlite, on the performances of a green wall fed in batch mode with synthetic GW. The green wall was operated with a high hydraulic loading rate of GW (740.8 L/m2/day) in open-air winter conditions (3.5-15 °C measured for GW) between January and April. The performances of the green wall have been assessed though the monitoring every 1-2 weeks of physicochemical and biological parameters (pH, electric conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD5 and COD, nitrogen and phosporus compounds, chlorides and sulphates, anionic surfactants and E. coli). Removal performances were excellent for BOD5 (>95%) and E.coli (>98%) for all additives; compared to the base medium, biochar was the best performing additive over the highest number of parameters, achieving removals equal to 51% for COD, 47% for TKN and nitric nitrogen and 71% for anionic surfactants. Compost also achieved high removal performances, but the frequent clogging events occurred during the monitoring period do not make its use recommendable. Granular activated carbon and the combination of biochar and polyacrylate performed better than the base medium, but only about the removal of nitric nitrogen. These results demonstrated that, in the considered experimental boundaries, biochar could improve the overall treatment performances of a green wall fed by GW and operated in challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Boano
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy; CleanWaterCenter@PoliTo, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
| | - Elisa Costamagna
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Caruso
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Fiore
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy; CleanWaterCenter@PoliTo, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Chiappero
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Ana Galvão
- CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Pisoeiro
- CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Fabio Masi
- IRIDRA Srl, Via La Marmora 51, 50121, Florence, Italy
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Long Y, Li H, Jin H, Ni J. Interpretation of high perchlorate generated during electrochemical disinfection in presence of chloride at BDD anodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131418. [PMID: 34323797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a disinfection by-product (DBP) of serious health concern. Herein, the long sought mechanism of high perchlorate production during electrochemical disinfection at boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode in the presence of chloride was elucidated. The generated perchlorate at BDD during electrochemical disinfection (in 10 mM NaCl) in 60 min reached 0.125 mM, which was 830 times higher than the EPA standard. In contrast, perchlorate at PbO2 and SnO2 anodes was below the detection limit. Further experiments employing NaClO3 revealed that the conversion ratio from ClO3- to ClO4- in 10 h at BDD (98%) was considerably higher than PbO2 (13%) and SnO2 (12%). Such significant difference among anodes was fully interpreted with a two-step mechanism. The first step is essential to produce ·ClO3 by oxidizing ClO3- at electrodes. Otherwise, the conversion to perchlorate would be impossible even with excessive ·OH, which was verified with the photocatalysis process. The second step is the perchlorate generation with radical reaction between ·ClO3 and ·OH, where the primary role of ·OH was substantiated by scavenging test. Interestingly, the capability of perchlorate production was correlated with free ·OH instead of the total amount of ·OH. Despite the similar abilities of electron transfer between anodes and ClO3-, much higher free ·OH exists at BDD anode than at PbO2 and SnO2 anodes through chronoamperometry experiments and work function characterization, which reasonably provides interpretation of high perchlorate production at BDD anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Long
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongna Li
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmei Jin
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinren Ni
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China.
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15
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Mahmoudi A, Mousavi SA, Darvishi P. Greywater as a sustainable source for development of green roofs: Characteristics, treatment technologies, reuse, case studies and future developments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 295:112991. [PMID: 34346386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Municipal activities are one of the most important water users worldwide; thus, the treatment and reuse of greywater for non-potable purposes helps to reduce a remarkable amount of consumed water within urban communities. To achieve greywater reuse standards, and remove surfactants, micropollutants, organic matters, microorganisms and other pollutants various methods including physical, chemical and biological processes have been used. Treated greywater can be used on site for different purposes: carwash, toilet flushing, fire protection, green roofs, green walls, non-food irrigation etc. Among them, the use of greywater is very important in the expansion of the green roofs. Green roofs offer many benefits to urban areas such as decreasing air pollution, reducing building cooling needs, promoting mental health of habitants, noise reduction and aesthetics improvement. Therefore, this article provides an overview mainly from two aspects, the possibilities of greywater reuse by studying the characteristics and available options for greywater treatment and its benefits toward the developing green roofs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyyed Alireza Mousavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Parastoo Darvishi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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16
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Hand S, Cusick RD. Electrochemical Disinfection in Water and Wastewater Treatment: Identifying Impacts of Water Quality and Operating Conditions on Performance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3470-3482. [PMID: 33616403 PMCID: PMC7970539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical disinfection-a method in which chemical oxidants are generated in situ via redox reactions on the surface of an electrode-has attracted increased attention in recent years as an alternative to traditional chemical dosing disinfection methods. Because electrochemical disinfection does not entail the transport and storage of hazardous materials and can be scaled across centralized and distributed treatment contexts, it shows promise for use both in resource limited settings and as a supplement for aging centralized systems. In this Critical Review, we explore the significance of treatment context, oxidant selection, and operating practice on electrochemical disinfection system performance. We analyze the impacts of water composition on oxidant demand and required disinfectant dose across drinking water, centralized wastewater, and distributed wastewater treatment contexts for both free chlorine- and hydroxyl-radical-based systems. Drivers of energy consumption during oxidant generation are identified, and the energetic performance of experimentally reported electrochemical disinfection systems are evaluated against optimal modeled performance. We also highlight promising applications and operational strategies for electrochemical disinfection and propose reporting standards for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hand
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2352, United States
| | - Roland D. Cusick
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2352, United States
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