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Huang J, Gu P, Cao X, Miao H, Wang Z. Mechanistic study on the increase of Microcystin-LR synthesis and release in Microcystis aeruginosa by amino-modified nano-plastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134767. [PMID: 38820757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Ecological risk of micro/nano-plastics (MPs/NPs) has become an important environmental issue. Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) produced by Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) is the most common and toxic secondary metabolites (SM). However, the influencing mechanism of MPs and NPs exposure on MC-LR synthesis and release have still not been clearly evaluated. In this work, under both acute (4d) and long-term exposure (10d), only high-concentration (10 mg/L) exposure of amino-modified polystyrene NPs (PS-NH2-NPs) promoted MC-LR synthesis (32.94 % and 42.42 %) and release (27.35 % and 31.52 %), respectively. Mechanistically, PS-NH2-NPs inhibited algae cell density, interrupted pigment synthesis, weakened photosynthesis efficiency, and induced oxidative stress, with subsequent enhancing the MC-LR synthesis. Additionally, PS-NH2-NPs exposure up-regulated MC-LR synthesis pathway genes (mcyA, mcyB, mcyD, and mcyG) combined with significantly increased metabolomics (Leucine and Arginine), thereby enhancing MC-LR synthesis. PS-NH2-NPs exposure enhanced the MC-LR release from M. aeruginosa via up-regulated MC-LR transport pathway genes (mcyH) and the shrinkage of plasma membrane. Our results provide new insights into the long-time coexistence of NPs with algae in freshwater systems might pose a potential threat to aquatic environments and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Huang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Peng Gu
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Taihu Water Environment Research Center, Changzhou 213169, PR China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hengfeng Miao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
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2
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Rahnama A, Vaithiyanathan M, Briceno-Mena L, Dugas TM, Yates KL, Romagnoli JA, Melvin AT. A microfluidic approach to study variations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alkaline phosphatase activity in response to phosphate availability. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 38895826 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00619d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Algal growth depends strongly on phosphorus (P) as a key nutrient, underscoring the significance of monitoring P levels. Algal species display a sensitive response to fluctuations in P availability, notably through the expression of alkaline phosphatase (AP) when challenged with P-depletion. As such, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) serves as a valuable metric for P availability, offering insights into how algae utilize and fix available P resources. However, current APA quantification methods lack single cell resolution, while also being time- and reagent consuming. Microfluidics offers a promising cost-effective solution to these limitations, providing a platform for precise single-cell analysis. In this study, a trap-based microfluidic device was integrated with a commercially available AP live stain to study the single cell APA response of a model algae strain, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, when exposed to different exogenous P levels. A three-step culture-starve-spike process was used to induce APA in cells cultured under two different basal P levels (1 and 21 mM). When challenged with different spiked P levels (ranging from 0.1-41 mM), C. reinhardtii cells demonstrated a highly heterogeneous APA response. Two-way ANOVA confirmed that this response is influenced by both spiked and basal P levels. Utilizing an unsupervised machine learning approach (HDBSCAN), distinct subpopulations of C. reinhardtii cells were identified exhibiting varying levels of APA at the single-cell level. These subpopulations encompass significant groups of individual cells with either notably high or low APA, contributing to the overall behavior of the cohorts. Considerable intrapopulation differences in APA were observed across cohorts with similar average behavior. For instance, while some cohorts exhibited a concentrated distribution around the overall average APA, others displayed subpopulations dispersed across a wider range of APA levels. This underscores the potential bias introduced by analyzing a small number of cells in bulk, which may skew results by overrepresenting extreme behavioral subpopulations. The findings if this study highlight the need for analytical approaches that account for single cell heterogeneity in APA and demonstrate the utility of microfluidics as a well-suited means for such investigations. This study illuminates the complexities of APA regulation at the single cell level, providing crucial insights that advance our understanding of algal phosphorus metabolism and environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rahnama
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Manibarathi Vaithiyanathan
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Luis Briceno-Mena
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Travis M Dugas
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Kelly L Yates
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Jose A Romagnoli
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
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Cao M, Wang F, Ma S, Bashir S, Liu S, Sun K, Xing B. Deciphering the Impact of ZnO Nanoparticles and a Sunscreen Product Containing ZnO on Phosphorus Dynamics and Release in Chlorella pyrenoidosa in Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10262-10274. [PMID: 38809112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) expedite the conversion of organic phosphorus (OP) into PO4-P (Pi), facilitating phosphorus (P) absorption by algae. Our study explored the mechanisms of converting OP (2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) and β-glycerol phosphate (β-GP)) into Pi in Chlorella pyrenoidosa under P deficiency with sunscreen and ZnO NPs. Cell density followed the order of K2HPO4 > β-GP+ZnO > β-GP > AEP+ZnO > AEP > P-free. ZnO NPs promoted the conversion of β-GP, containing C-O-P bonds (0.028-0.041 mg/L), into Pi more efficiently than AEP, which possesses C-P bonds (0.022-0.037 mg/L). Transcriptomics revealed Pi transport/metabolism (phoB (3.99-12.01 fold), phoR (2.20-5.50 fold), ppa (4.49-10.40 fold), and ppk (2.50-5.40 fold)) and phospholipid metabolism (SQD1 (1.85-2.79 fold), SQD2 (2.60-6.53 fold), MGD (2.13-3.21 fold), and DGD (4.08-7.56 fold)) were up-regulated compared to K2HPO4. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified intracellular P as polyphosphate, orthophosphate, and pyrophosphate. Synchrotron radiation-based X-ray near-edge structure spectroscopy indicated that K2HPO4 and Zn3(PO4)2 in β-GP+ZnO were increased by 8.09% and 7.28% compared to AEP+ZnO, suggesting superior P storage in β-GP+ZnO. Overall, ZnO NPs improved photoinduced electron-hole pair separation and charge separation efficiency and amplified the ·OH and ·O2- levels, promoting OP photoconversion into Pi and algae growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Cao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street Beijing 100875, China
| | - Safdar Bashir
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32000, Pakistan
| | - Shuhu Liu
- Laboratory of Synchrotron Radiation, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ke Sun
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Massachusetts 01003, United States
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4
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Jin Y, Zhu W, Li J, Cui D, Zhang Z, Sun G, Zhu Y, Yang H, Zhang X. Arsenic pollution concerning surface water and sediment of Jie River: A pilot area where gold smelting enterprises are concentrated. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118384. [PMID: 38307180 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive monitoring and risk assessment of arsenic (As) pollution concerning surface water and sediment is performed in the Jie River basin, where gold smelting enterprises are concentrated. The study area is divide into six regions, labeled as A, B, C, D, E, and F, from sewage outlets to downstream. Results shows that with far away from the sewage outlets, the total As concentrations in water and sediment gradually decrease from regions A to F. However, in region F, the concentration of bioavailable As significantly increases in the sediment due to the higher pH, leading to the transformation of As(V) into more mobile As(III). In sediment, Paracladius sp. exhibits strong resistance to As pollution in sediment, which can potentially elevate the risk of disease transmission. In water bodies, diatoms and euglena are the main phytoplankton in the Jie River while toxic cyanobacteria exhibits lower resistance to As pollution. Overall, measures should be taken to ecologically remediate the sediment in downstream while implementing appropriate isolation methods to prevent the spread of highly contaminated sediments from regions near sewage outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China; Resources and Environmental Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Weichen Zhu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China; Resources and Environmental Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Dayong Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Guoxin Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongguan Zhu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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5
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Cai H, McLimans CJ, Jiang H, Chen F, Krumholz LR, Hambright KD. Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs play important roles in nutrient cycling within cyanobacterial Microcystis bloom microbiomes. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:88. [PMID: 38741135 PMCID: PMC11089705 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the bloom season, the colonial cyanobacterium Microcystis forms complex aggregates which include a diverse microbiome within an exopolymer matrix. Early research postulated a simple mutualism existing with bacteria benefitting from the rich source of fixed carbon and Microcystis receiving recycled nutrients. Researchers have since hypothesized that Microcystis aggregates represent a community of synergistic and interacting species, an interactome, each with unique metabolic capabilities that are critical to the growth, maintenance, and demise of Microcystis blooms. Research has also shown that aggregate-associated bacteria are taxonomically different from free-living bacteria in the surrounding water. Moreover, research has identified little overlap in functional potential between Microcystis and members of its microbiome, further supporting the interactome concept. However, we still lack verification of general interaction and know little about the taxa and metabolic pathways supporting nutrient and metabolite cycling within Microcystis aggregates. RESULTS During a 7-month study of bacterial communities comparing free-living and aggregate-associated bacteria in Lake Taihu, China, we found that aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria were significantly more abundant within Microcystis aggregates than in free-living samples, suggesting a possible functional role for AAP bacteria in overall aggregate community function. We then analyzed gene composition in 102 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of bloom-microbiome bacteria from 10 lakes spanning four continents, compared with 12 complete Microcystis genomes which revealed that microbiome bacteria and Microcystis possessed complementary biochemical pathways that could serve in C, N, S, and P cycling. Mapping published transcripts from Microcystis blooms onto a comprehensive AAP and non-AAP bacteria MAG database (226 MAGs) indicated that observed high levels of expression of genes involved in nutrient cycling pathways were in AAP bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide strong corroboration of the hypothesized Microcystis interactome and the first evidence that AAP bacteria may play an important role in nutrient cycling within Microcystis aggregate microbiomes. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Cai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Helong Jiang
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lee R Krumholz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA
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Li Y, Ke S, Xu D, Zhuo H, Liu X, Gao B. Preferential deposition of buoyant small microplastics in surface sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China: Insights from biomineralization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133693. [PMID: 38367432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Sediments act as sinks of microplastics (MPs) derived from terrestrial ecosystems. However, the fate and transport of MPs at the zone of sediment-overlying water in reservoir environment are poorly understood. Here, the MPs distribution patterns in surface sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) and dominant mechanisms responsible for the sinking of MPs at the zone of sediment-overlying water were comprehensively investigated. The predominant occurrence of small microplastics (<300 µm, SMPs) in surface sediments of the TGR was found, with buoyant polyethene (PE) was dominant polymer types. Interestingly, the high abundance of SMPs in sediments correlated well with the Ca2+/Mg2+ in overlying water, suggesting that divalent cations in overlying water may enhance the preferential deposition of SMPs. Simulation sinking experiments under the presence of Microcystis aeruginosa and two divalent cations using different-sized PE MPs demonstrated that the greater deposition of SMPs was mainly the result of the formation of biogenic calcite on the surface of MPs rather than magnesium minerals, which provides stronger ballasting effects for SMPs than for large MPs. This study first highlights that the impact of biomineralization on preferential sinking of SMPs and enhances the understanding of the transport behaviour of MPs in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Sun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Haihua Zhuo
- Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.
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Muñoz-Marín MDC, López-Lozano A, Moreno-Cabezuelo JÁ, Díez J, García-Fernández JM. Mixotrophy in cyanobacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 78:102432. [PMID: 38325247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria evolved the oxygenic photosynthesis to generate organic matter from CO2 and sunlight, and they were responsible for the production of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. This made them a model for photosynthetic organisms, since they are easier to study than higher plants. Early studies suggested that only a minority among cyanobacteria might assimilate organic compounds, being considered mostly autotrophic for decades. However, compelling evidence from marine and freshwater cyanobacteria, including toxic strains, in the laboratory and in the field, has been obtained in the last decades: by using physiological and omics approaches, mixotrophy has been found to be a more widespread feature than initially believed. Furthermore, dominant clades of marine cyanobacteria can take up organic compounds, and mixotrophy is critical for their survival in deep waters with very low light. Hence, mixotrophy seems to be an essential trait in the metabolism of most cyanobacteria, which can be exploited for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Muñoz-Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Ángel Moreno-Cabezuelo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Díez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - José Manuel García-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Universitario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, planta 1, ala Este, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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8
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Wang M, Chen J, Wei Y, Hu L, Xu Y, Liu Y, Wang R. "Needle" hidden in silk floss: Inactivation effect and mechanism of melamine sponge loaded bismuth oxide composite copper-metal organic framework (MS/Bi 2O 3@Cu-MOF) as floating photocatalyst on Microcystis aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133273. [PMID: 38113729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic technology showed significant potential for addressing the issue of cyanobacterial blooms resulting from eutrophication in bodies of water. However, the traditional powder materials were easy to agglomerate and settle, which led to the decrease of photocatalytic activity. The emergence of floating photocatalyst was important for the practical application of controlling harmful algal blooms. This study was based on the efficient powder photocatalyst bismuth oxide composite copper-metal organic framework (Bi2O3 @Cu-MOF), which was successfully loaded onto melamine sponge (MS) by sodium alginate immobilization to prepare a floating photocatalyst MS/Bi2O3 @Cu-MOF for the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) under visible light. When the capacity was 0.4 g (CA0.4), MS/Bi2O3 @Cu-MOF showed good photocatalytic activity, and the inactivation rate of M. aeruginosa reached 74.462% after 120 h. MS/Bi2O3 @Cu-MOF-CA0.4 showed a large specific surface area of 30.490 m2/g and an average pore size of 22.862 nm, belonging to mesoporous materials. After 120 h of treatment, the content of soluble protein in the MS/Bi2O3 @Cu-MOF-CA0.4 treatment group decreased to 0.365 mg/L, the content of chlorophyll a (chla) was 0.023 mg/L, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased to 3.168 nmol/mgprot, and the contents of various antioxidant enzymes experienced drastic changes, first increasing and then decreasing. The photocatalytic process generated·OH and·O2-, which played key role in inactivating the algae cells. Additionally, the release of Cu2+ and adsorption of the material also contributed to the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
| | - Yushan Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Lijun Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yuling Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Renjun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
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9
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Kim W, Park Y, Jung J, Jeon CO, Toyofuku M, Lee J, Park W. Biological and Chemical Approaches for Controlling Harmful Microcystis Blooms. J Microbiol 2024; 62:249-260. [PMID: 38587591 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa has become an increasingly serious problem in freshwater ecosystems due to climate change and eutrophication. Microcystis-blooms in freshwater generate compounds with unpleasant odors, reduce the levels of dissolved O2, and excrete microcystins into aquatic ecosystems, potentially harming various organisms, including humans. Various chemical and biological approaches have thus been developed to mitigate the impact of the blooms, though issues such as secondary pollution and high economic costs have not been adequately addressed. Red clays and H2O2 are conventional treatment methods that have been employed worldwide for the mitigation of the blooms, while novel approaches, such as the use of plant or microbial metabolites and antagonistic bacteria, have also recently been proposed. Many of these methods rely on the generation of reactive oxygen species, the inhibition of photosynthesis, and/or the disruption of cellular membranes as their mechanisms of action, which may also negatively impact other freshwater microbiota. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of anticyanobacterial chemicals and antagonistic bacteria remain unclear. This review thus discusses both conventional and innovative approaches for the management of M. aeruginosa in freshwater bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjae Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerim Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejoon Jung
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Masanori Toyofuku
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-0006, Japan
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Chen T, Chen X, Sun H, Zhang H, Bai J. Unveiling the responses of Alexandrium pacificum to phosphorus utilization by physiological and transcriptomic analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168759. [PMID: 37996019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient impacting bloom formation of marine dinoflagellates. The dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum is a cosmopolitan species known to frequently cause dense blooms in estuarine and coastal waters worldwide, while the physiological and molecular responses of A. pacificum to P utilization are still not well understood. Herein, the growth, P utilization, toxin production and transcriptomes of A. pacificum grown under P-deficient, inorganic P-replete, and organic P-replete conditions were compared. The results indicated that P-deficient adversely affected the growth of A. pacificum and significantly down-regulated the expression of genes related to P transport and material metabolism, but enhanced the production of toxin. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed in growth and toxin production between the organic and inorganic P-replete treatments. However, genes involved in P transport, utilization and TCA cycle were significantly changed in the organic P-replete compared with the inorganic P-replete group, and the mechanisms underlying the use of various organic P compounds were different. These findings suggested that A. pacificum evolved diverse organic P utilization strategies to adapt to low P conditions, which might be a crucial factor driving bloom formation in a low inorganic P environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huichen Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jie Bai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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11
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Huang W, Dong X, Tu C, Yang H, Chang Y, Yang X, Chen H, Che F. Response mechanism of sediment endogenous phosphorus release to functional microorganisms and its cyanobacterial growth and disappearance effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167676. [PMID: 37816408 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous phosphorus (P) release from lake sediments is an important factor in the eutrophication of overlying waters, as P is the limiting nutrient salt affecting cyanobacterial growth. Microorganisms are also key to the evolution of cyanobacterial growth and disappearance, as they can influence the release of endogenous P. Meanwhile, endogenous phosphorus can also have an impact on microbial structure. However, there is a lack of studies on the response mechanisms between endogenous P release and microorganisms, as well as the exploration of endogenous P release on the whole cyanobacterial growth and disappearance evolution process. In this study, metagenome sequencing was used to characterize the microbial community structure at different times and to explain the P cycle from the perspective of functional genes. The results showed that the number of sediment microorganisms (genes) gradually increased with the P release capacity, and the outbreak with the strongest P release capacity possessed the most abundant microorganisms (genes). Proteobacteria with P solubilizing functions were consistently the most abundant phylum in all four periods and were positively correlated with P release potential assessment factors EPC0, EPC0F, and NAP. Functional genes affect the P cycle by acting primarily on inorganic P solubilization, organic P mineralization, and P transport. These P-functional genes are mainly found in Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteria microorganisms. In addition, the P form in the sediments was dominated by IP, with the highest concentration (704.86 mg/kg) occurring during the dormant period. Sediments from this period acted as a strong P "sink", creating a precondition for cyanobacterial recovery and outbreaks to provide a source of P. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for controlling endogenous P release at the microscopic level of cyanobacterial growth and disappearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chengqi Tu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoran Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yongsheng Chang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xixi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haojie Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Feifei Che
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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12
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Wei N, Chen A, Guo X, Zhang S, Song L, Gan N, Zheng L, Jia Y, Li J. Changes in nitrogen metabolism of phosphorus-starved bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa: Implications for nutrient management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166832. [PMID: 37673240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The surplus of nitrogen plays a key role in the maintenance of cyanobacterial bloom when phosphorus has already been limited. However, the interplay between high nitrogen and low phosphorus conditions is not fully understood. Nitrogen metabolism is critical for the metabolism of cyanobacteria. Transcriptomic analysis in the present study suggested that nitrogen metabolism and ribosome biogenesis were the two most significantly changed pathways in long-term phosphorus-starved bloom-forming cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905. Notably, the primary glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycle, crucial for nitrogen metabolism, was significantly downregulated. Concurrently, nitrogen uptake showed a marked decrease due to reduced expression of nitrogen source transporters. The content of intracellular nitrogen reservoir phycocyanin also showed a drastic decrease upon phosphorus starvation. Our study demonstrated that long-term phosphorus-starved cells also suffered from nitrogen deficiency because of the reduction in nitrogen assimilation, which might be limited by the reduced ribosome biogenesis and the shortage of adenosine triphosphate. External nitrogen supply will not change the transcriptions of nitrogen metabolism-related genes significantly like that under phosphorus-rich conditions, but still help to maintain the survival of phosphorus-starved cells. The study deepens our understanding about the survival strategies of Microcystis cells under phosphorus starvation and the mutual dependence between nitrogen and phosphorus, which would provide valuable information for nutrient management in the eutrophicated water body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wei
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Aifa Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiaohe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shubing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nanqin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lingling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yunlu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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13
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Wu H, Zhang W, Huang X, Gu P, Li Q, Luo X, Zheng Z. Phosphorus conditions change the cellular responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to perfluorooctanoic acid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166707. [PMID: 37660808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a widespread and emerging organic contaminant of aquatic environments, has high bioaccumulation potential and high toxicity. Consequently, major concerns have been raised worldwide regarding the management of this pollutant in aquatic ecosystems. To thoroughly understand PFOA's toxic effects on aquatic organisms, systematic investigations were conducted on the cellular responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to the environmental concentrations of PFOA under various concentrations as well as phosphorus (P) conditions (concentrations and forms). The results showed that P conditions remarkably affected cyanobacterial growth as well as photosynthetic pigment content, triggered oxidative stress to disrupt the function and structure of the cell membrane, and caused changes in the extracellular and intracellular contents of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Furthermore, PFOA (100 μg/L) was absorbed by cyanobacterial cells through the stimulation of the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by M. aeruginosa. After entering the cyanobacterial cells, PFOA inhibited photosynthesis, reduced P absorption, induced oxidative damage, lead to a loss of cell integrity evident in scanning electron microscope images, and increased mcyA gene expression to promote MC-LR production. Moreover, the limited P concentration and forms conditions led to increased PFOA absorption by cyanobacterial cells, which further upregulated mcyA gene expression and increased the risk of MC-LR diffusion into the aquatic environment. Our present study provided a theoretical basis and new ideas for understanding and addressing safety issues related to the presence of PFOA in aquatic environments with varying nutritional statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqi Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Weizheng Zhang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Peng Gu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China
| | - Xingzhang Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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14
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Li X, Fan S, Zhang Y, Li D, Su C, Qi Z, Liang H, Gao S, Chen M. Performance and microbial metabolic mechanism of imidacloprid removal in a microbial electrolysis cell-integrated adsorption biological coupling system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129513. [PMID: 37468017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Coke used as a filler to treat imidacloprid (IMI) wastewater by both adsorption biological coupling and microbial electrolysis cells (MEC)-adsorption biological coupling technologies, the removal efficiencies on pollutions in wastewater containing IMI were investigated, and the key functional genes related to IMI degradation pathways were also revealed. Results showed that the removal rates of COD, ammonia nitrogen, TP, and IMI under the adsorption biological coupling treatment and MEC-adsorption biological coupling treatment were 94.61-95.54%, 93.37-95.79%, 73.69-83.80%, and 100%, respectively. MEC increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria by 9.01% and transformed the dominant bacteria from Lysobacter and Reyranella to Brevundimonas and Aquincola. Moreover, MEC up-regulated the abundance of the coding genes PK (9.30%), narG (2.26%), pstS (3.63%), and phnD (1.32%), and converted the IMI degradation products to smaller molecular weight C6H8N2 and C6H6ClNO. This study provided an important reference information for efficient treatment of IMI wastewater using the MEC-adsorption biological coupling technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Shuo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Yunnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Daoning Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China; College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Zhifei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Huayu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Shu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Menglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China
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15
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Hou Z, Zhou Q, Xie Y, Mo F, Kang W, Wang Q. Potential contribution of chlorella vulgaris to carbon-nitrogen turnover in freshwater ecosystems after a great sandstorm event. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116569. [PMID: 37422116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban lakes represent important land-water and nature-human dual interfaces that promote the cycling of elements from terrestrials to sediments and consequently modulating the stabilization of regional climate. However, whether disturbances caused by extreme weather events can have substantial effects on carbon-nitrogen (C-N) cycling in these ecosystems are vague. To explore the impact of phytoplankton on the ecological retention time of C-N, two kinds of freshwater (natural and landscape) were collected and conducted a microcosm experiment using a freshwater algal species Chlorella vulgaris. Sandstorm events increased dissolved inorganic carbon in freshwater (65.55 ± 3.09 and 39.46 ± 2.51 mg·L-1 for samples from Jinyang and Nankai, respectively) and significantly affected the relevant pathways of photosynthesis in Chlorella vulgaris, including enhancing chlorophyll fluorescence (The effective quantum yield of PSII at the fifth day of incubation was 0.34 and 0.35 for Nankai and Jinyang, respectively), promoting the synthesis of sugars and inhibiting the synthesis of glycine and serine related proteins. Besides, carbon from plant biomass accumulation and cellular metabolism (fulvic acid-like, polyaromatic-type humic acid and polycarboxylate-type humic acid, etc.) was enriched into residues and become a kind of energy source for the decomposer (TC mass increased by 1.63-2.13 times after 21 days of incubation). This means that the accumulation and consumption of carbon and nitrogen in the residue can be used to track the processes controlling the long-term C-N cycle. Our findings shed light on the plant residues were key factors contributing to the formation of water carbon pool, breaks the traditional theory that dissolved carbonates cannot produce carbon sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yingying Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Fan Mo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Weilu Kang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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16
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Liu W, Zhang Y, Yu M, Xu J, Du H, Zhang R, Wu D, Xie X. Role of phosphite in the environmental phosphorus cycle. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163463. [PMID: 37062315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In modern geochemistry, phosphorus (P) is considered synonymous with phosphate (Pi) because Pi controls the growth of organisms as a limiting nutrient in many ecosystems. The researchers therefore realised that a complete P cycle is essential. Limited by thermodynamic barriers, P was long believed to be incapable of redox reactions, and the role of the redox cycle of reduced P in the global P cycling system was thus not ascertained. Nevertheless, the phosphite (Phi) form of P is widely present in various environments and participates in the global P redox cycle. Herein, global quantitative evidences of Phi are enumerated and the early origin and modern biotic/abiotic sources of Phi are elaborated. Further, the Phi-based redox pathway for P reduction is analysed and global multienvironmental Phi redox cycle processes are proposed on the basis of this pathway. The possible role of Phi in controlling algae in eutrophic lakes and its ecological benefits to plants are proposed. In this manner, the important role of Phi in the P redox cycle and global P cycle is systematically and comprehensively identified and confirmed. This work will provide scientific guidance for the future production and use of Phi products and arouse attention and interest on clarifying the role of Phi in the environmental phosphorus cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Mengqin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jinying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hu Du
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337000, China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resource and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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17
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Song Y, Li R, Song W, Tang Y, Sun S, Mao G. Microcystis spp. and phosphorus in aquatic environments: A comprehensive review on their physiological and ecological interactions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163136. [PMID: 37001662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms caused by eutrophication have become a major environmental problem in aquatic ecosystems worldwide over the last few decades. Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient that affects the growth of cyanobacteria and plays a role in dynamic changes in algal density and the formation of cyanobacterial blooms. Therefore, identifying the association between phosphorus sources and Microcystis, which is the most representative and harmful cyanobacteria, is essential for building an understanding of the ecological risks of cyanobacterial blooms. However, systematic reviews summarizing the relationships between Microcystis and phosphorus in aquatic environments are rare. Thus, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological and ecological interactions between phosphorus sources and Microcystis in aquatic environments from the following perspectives: (i) the effects of phosphorus source and concentration on Microcystis growth, (ii) the impacts of phosphorus on the environmental behaviors of Microcystis, (iii) mechanisms of phosphorus-related metabolism in Microcystis, and (iv) role of Microcystis in the distribution of phosphorus sources within aquatic environments. In addition, relevant unsolved issues and essential future investigations (e.g., secondary ecological risks) have been highlighted and discussed. This review provides deeper insights into the relationship between phosphorus sources and Microcystis and can serve as a reference for the evaluation, monitoring, and effective control of cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Song
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
| | - Ruikai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Wenjia Song
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Yulu Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shuangyan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Guannan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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18
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Li J, Chen Y, Wan Q, Zhang M. Phosphorus level impacts luteolin effect on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin-pollution risk - Novel perspective from correlation between exopolymers substances fractions and microcystin-production/release. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114794. [PMID: 36948014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Luteolin as a phytogenic algicide can inhibit the growth and microcystins (MCs) release of Microcystis, a dominant genus during cyanobacterial blooms, but how phosphorus (P) level impacts luteolin effect on its growth and MC-pollution risk is unclear. By employing Microcystis aeruginosa as test alga, this study addressed this concern and explored response mechanisms from novel insights of relationship between extracellular polysaccharide (ex-poly) and protein (ex-pro) contents and MC-production/release. At each P level (0.05-5 mg/L), rising luteolin dose more greatly inhibited Microcystis growth and MC-pollution risk, with growth inhibition ratio of around 10%-30%, 20%-50% and 40%-90% for 3, 6 and 12 mg/L luteolin, respectively, but almost increasingly enhanced cellular ability of MC-production/conservation and total and bound ex-poly/ex-pro production. Rising P level promoted Microcystis growth and intracellular/extracellular MCs content (IMC, EMC) in test system at each luteolin dose, thus higher P level weakened algicidal and MC-removal effects of luteolin, indicating that P-decrease was required for stronger application outcome of luteolin. Total and bound ex-poly/ex-pro amount were positively correlated with cellular MC-production/conservation ability, IMC and EMC, which constituted cooperative stress-defense of Microcystis at each P level. Besides, rising luteolin dose posed stronger algicidal effect by inactivating gene expression involving peroxidase synthesis (especially at P-limitation), photosynthesis and P acquisition, while rising P level alleviated algicidal and MC-pollution inhibition effects of luteolin by enhancing gene expression involving N acquisition and peroxidase synthesis. This study shed novel insights for P-dependent effect and mechanisms of luteolin on toxigenic Microcystis growth and MC-pollution control, which guided to mitigating toxigenic Microcystis-dominated cyanobacterial blooms in different P-level water areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yanran Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianruo Wan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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19
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Luo Z, Chen Y, Huang X. Insights into the conversion of dissolved organic phosphorus favors algal bloom, arsenate biotransformation and microcystins release of Microcystis aeruginosa. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:205-214. [PMID: 36375906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available on influences of the conversion of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) to inorganic phosphorus (IP) on algal growth and subsequent behaviors of arsenate (As(V)) in Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). In this study, the influences factors on the conversion of three typical DOP types including adenosine-5-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP), β-glycerophosphate sodium (βP) and D-glucose-6-phosphate disodium salt (GP) were investigated under different extracellular polymeric secretions (EPS) ratios from M. aeruginosa, and As(V) levels. Thus, algal growth, As(V) biotransformation and microcystins (MCs) release of M. aeruginosa were explored in the different converted DOP conditions compared with IP. Results showed that the three DOP to IP without EPS addition became in favor of algal growth during their conversion. Compared with IP, M. aeruginosa growth was thus facilitated in the three converted DOP conditions, subsequently resulting in potential algal bloom particularly at arsenic (As) contaminated water environment. Additionally, DOP after conversion could inhibit As accumulation in M. aeruginosa, thus intracellular As accumulation was lower in the converted DOP conditions than that in IP condition. As(V) biotransformation and MCs release in M. aeruginosa was impacted by different converted DOP with their different types. Specifically, DMA concentrations in media and As(III) ratios in algal cells were promoted in converted βP condition, indicating that the observed dissolved organic compositions from βP conversion could enhance As(V) reduction in M. aeruginosa and then accelerate DMA release. The obtained findings can provide better understanding of cyanobacteria blooms and As biotransformation in different DOP as the main phosphorus source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation and Analysis Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation and Analysis Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
| | - Zhuanxi Luo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation and Analysis Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Xuguang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation and Analysis Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Zhangzhou 363000, China
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20
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Effect of pressure treatment on Microcystis blooms and the subsequent succession of bacterial community. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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21
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Zhao Y, Wang Z, Chen M, Huang X, Luo Z. Effects of nitrogen to phosphorus ratios on algal growth and arsenate metabolism by Microcystis aeruginosa with dissolved organic phosphorus and nitrate as nutrients. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Mao L, Huang J, Mao H, Xu M, Zhang W. Self-floating capsule of algicidal bacteria Bacillus sp. HL and its performance in the dissolution of Microcystis aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115837. [PMID: 35933879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Algicidal bacteria is considered as an efficient and environmentally friendly approach to suppress Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). However, algicidal bacteria in natural water is limited during the practical application due to the interference of external factors and the low reuse capability. In this study, a bio-degradation capsule for M. aeruginosa is prepared by bio-compatible sodium alginate (SA) compositing with eco-friendly ethyl cellulose (EC) to improve the property and reuse capability of algicidal bacteria. Bacterial strain HL was well immobilized and the capsule was obtained with 2% of SA, 3% of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 3% of EC. It has been proved that capsules immobilizing bacteria HL shows considerable advantage over traditional bio-treatment systems (free-living bacteria) and good reusable performance. A better algicidal rate of 77.67% ± 1.14% at 7th day was obtained with the use of capsule embedding 50 mL of algicidal bacteria, enhanced by 11.05% comparing with same amount of free-living bacteria. Moreover, the algicidal rate of M. aeruginosa still reached 68.57% ± 2.88% after three times repetitive use. The effect of capsules on the fluorescence and antioxidant system of M. aeruginosa indicated that the photosystems were irreversibly damaged and the antioxidant response of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly induced. Overall, capsules prepared in this study can provide a desirable environment for algicidal bacteria HL and ensure algicidal bacteria to in-situ work well in inhibiting booms of algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqiang Mao
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China.
| | - Jinjie Huang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Hongyan Mao
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, Shandong Province, 261061, China
| | - Mingchen Xu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China.
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Yang Z, Hou J, Pan Z, Wu M, Zhang M, Wu J, Miao L. A innovative stepwise strategy using magnetic Fe 3O 4-co-graft tannin/polyethyleneimine composites in a coupled process of sulfate radical-advanced oxidation processes to control harmful algal blooms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129485. [PMID: 35868085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel co-graft tannin and polyethyleneimine co-coating magnetic composite (TP@Fe3O4) was prepared in the study. On this premise, an unique stepwise efficient strategy based on magnetic flocculation and Sulfate radical (SO4•-)-advanced oxidation processes (S-AOPs) for eliminating Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) and algal organic matters (AOMs) was presented. Due to the high positive charge of TP@Fe3O4, a > 99 % high algae removal rate was obtained at a modest TP@Fe3O4 dosage of 100 mg/L at pH = 8.0 with a short separation time of 5 min. Further, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) treatment was employed as a pre-oxidation method to lower cell stability and promote M. aeruginosa removal by subsequent TP@Fe3O4 flocculation. The PMS/TP@Fe3O4 system successfully cuts the optimum dose of TP@Fe3O4 in half (50 mg/L) without causing obvious cell damage. Following algal fast magnetic separation, ultraviolet (UV) was introduced to activate PMS to totally degrade AOM and microcystin. Response surface methodology (RSM) demonstrated that UV/PMS oxidation removed > 80 % of DOC and > 94 % of microcystin under optimal conditions. SO4•- was the main radical species that aided in the elimination of AOM. This is the first study to use magnetic flocculation in conjunction with AOPs to mitigate harmful algal blooms, which can enable the non-destructive eradication of M. aeruginosa while also efficiently degrading AOMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Zhengguo Pan
- Wuxi Delinhai Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Lingzhan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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Bai X, Jiang Z, Fang Y, Zhu L, Feng J. Effects of Environmental Concentrations of Total Phosphorus on the Plankton Community Structure and Function in a Microcosm Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148412. [PMID: 35886266 PMCID: PMC9324525 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The excessive nutrients in freshwater have been proven to promote eutrophication and harmful algae blooms, which have become great threats to water quality and human health. To elucidate the responses of the plankton community structure and function to total phosphorus (TP) at environmental concentrations in the freshwater ecosystem, a microcosm study was implemented. The results showed that plankton communities were significantly affected by the TP concentration ≥ 0.1 mg/L treatments. In terms of community structure, TP promoted the growth of Cyanophyta. This effect was transmitted to the zooplankton community, resulting in the promotion of Cladocera growth from day 42. The community diversities of phytoplankton and zooplankton had been continuously inhibited by TP. The principal response curve (PRC) analysis results demonstrated that the species composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton community in TP enrichment treatments significantly (p ≤ 0.05) deviated from the control. For community function, TP resulted in the decline in phytoplankton photosynthesis. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly inhibited when TP concentration reached 0.4 mg/L. In TP ≥ 0.1 mg/L treatments, the reductions in total phytoplankton abundances led to a continuous decrease in pH. This study can directly prove that the plankton community changes significantly when TP concentrations are greater than 0.1 mg/L and can help managers to establish specific nutrient management strategies for surface water.
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Hellweger FL, Martin RM, Eigemann F, Smith DJ, Dick GJ, Wilhelm SW. Models predict planned phosphorus load reduction will make Lake Erie more toxic. Science 2022; 376:1001-1005. [PMID: 35617400 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria are a global environmental problem, yet we lack actionable understanding of toxigenic versus nontoxigenic strain ecology and toxin production. We performed a large-scale meta-analysis including 103 papers and used it to develop a mechanistic, agent-based model of Microcystis growth and microcystin production. Simulations for Lake Erie suggest that the observed toxigenic-to-nontoxigenic strain succession during the 2014 Toledo drinking water crisis was controlled by different cellular oxidative stress mitigation strategies (protection by microcystin versus degradation by enzymes) and the different susceptibility of those mechanisms to nitrogen limitation. This model, as well as a simpler empirical one, predicts that the planned phosphorus load reduction will lower biomass but make nitrogen and light more available, which will increase toxin production, favor toxigenic cells, and increase toxin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdi L Hellweger
- Water Quality Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robbie M Martin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Falk Eigemann
- Water Quality Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Derek J Smith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J Dick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Han C, Ren J, Wang B, Wang Z, Yin H, Ke F, Xu D, Zhang L, Si X, Shen Q. Ignored effects of phosphite (P +III) on the growth responses of three typical algae species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118672. [PMID: 34896401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the ubiquitous distribution and increasing abundance of P+III in waterbodies have caused serious concerns regarding its bioavailability and potential toxicity. However, our knowledge on these issues is relatively limited. We addressed previously unknown effects of P+III on three dominate algae species i.e. Microcystic aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), Chlorella pyrenoidesa (C. pyrenoidesa) and Cyclotella. sp in eutrophic waterbodies in China. Remarkable declines in biomass, specific growth rate and Chl-a of algae cells treated with 0.01-0.7 mg/L P+III as sole or an alternative P source were observed, indicating P+III had an inhibitory effect on the algal growth. Besides, the intracellular enzyme activities e.g superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased with P+III stress. M. aeruginosa and Cyclotella. sp cells seemed to be more sensitive to P+III toxicity than C. pyrenoidesa since cell membrane suffered more serious stress and destruction. These findings combined, it confirmed P+III could not be utilized as bioavailable P, but had certain toxicity to the tested algae. It indicated that the increased P+III abundance in eutrophic waterbodies would accelerate the algal cell death, which could have a positive effect against algal blooms. Our results provide new insights into assessing the ecological risks of P+III in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring & Restoration Project on Land (arable), Ministry of Natural Resources, Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210018, China
| | - Baoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhaode Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hongbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Fan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Di Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaoxia Si
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qiushi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
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