1
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Cai Y, Li X, Feng M, Chovelon JM, Lu J, Chen J, Ji Y. Photochemical degradation of bisphenol S and its tetrahalogenated derivatives in water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122131. [PMID: 39067277 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS), a widely used plasticizer, is known to have potential endocrine disrupting effects to organisms. Its tetrahalogenated derivatives, tetrachlorobisphenol S (TCBPS) and tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS), are flame retardants exhibiting high neurodevelopmental toxicity and cytotoxicity. Halogen substitution has been shown to significantly affect the optical and photochemical properties of organic compounds. In this study, we conducted a comparative investigation into the photochemical behaviors of BPS, TCBPS, and TBBPS in aqueous solutions under both laboratory UV and natural sunlight irradiation. Spectroscopic titration results indicated that the pKa of TCBPS (4.16) and TBBPS (4.13) are approximately 3.7 units smaller than that of BPS (7.85), indicating that the halogenated derivatives are mainly present as the phenolate anions under circumneutral conditions. The halogen substituents also cause a significant bathochromic shift in the absorption spectra of TCBPS and TBBPS compared to BPS, leading to the enhanced absorption of sunlight. Meanwhile, TCBPS and TBBPS showed higher quantum yields than BPS, attributed to the "heavy atom" effect of halogen substituents. GCSOLAR modeling predicted half-lives for BPS, TCBPS, and TBBPS in surface water in Nanjing (32°2'7.3''N, 118°50'21''E) under noon sunlight in clear mid-autumn days as 810.2, 3.4, and 0.7 min, respectively. Toxicity evaluation suggest potential ecological risks of BPS/TCBPS/TBBPS and their photoproducts to aquatic organisms. Our findings highlight direct photolysis as an important mechanism accounting for the attenuation of tetrahalogenated bisphenols in both sunlit surface waters and UV based water treatment processes.engineered (e.g., UV disinfection) and natural aquatic environments (e.g., surface fresh waters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaoci Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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2
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Li X, Cai Y, Chen J, Lu J, Chovelon JM, Zhou Q, Ji Y. Aqueous photolysis of naproxen exposed to UV and natural sunlight: Formation of excited triplet and photosensitizing product. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134841. [PMID: 38852251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical transformation is an important attenuation process for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NPX) in both engineered and natural waters. Herein, we investigated the photolysis of NPX in aqueous solution exposed to both ultraviolet (UV, 254 nm) and natural sunlight irradiation. Results show that N2 purging significantly promoted NPX photolysis under UV irradiation, suggesting the formation of excited triplet state (3NPX*) as a critical transient. This inference was supported by benzophenone photosensitization and transient absorption spectra. Sunlight quantum yield of NPX was only one fourteenth of that under UV irradiation, suggesting the wavelength-dependence of NPX photochemistry. 3NPX* formed upon irradiation of NPX underwent photodecarboxylation leading to the formation of 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-methoxynaphthalene (2HE6MN), 2-(1-hydroperoxyethyl)-6-methoxynaphthalene (2HPE6MN), and 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene (2A6MN). Notably, the conjugation and spin-orbit coupling effects of carbonyl make 2A6MN a potent triplet sensitizer, therefore promoting the photodegradation of the parent NPX. In hospital wastewater, the photolysis of NPX was influenced because the photoproduct 2A6MN and wastewater components could competitively absorb photons. Bioluminescence inhibition assay demonstrated that photoproducts of NPX exhibited higher toxicity than the parent compound. Results of this study provide new insights into the photochemical behaviors of NPX during UV treatment and in sunlit surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoci Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Cai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Quansuo Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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3
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Sun J, Li S, Wang H, Zhu L, Chen Y, Zhu J, Ma H, Xiao X, Liu T. Nitro-functionalization on MIL-53(Fe) for PCMX degradation: Elevating Fenton-like catalytic propelled by abundant reaction sites and iron cycle. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142707. [PMID: 38942245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
To address the issue of excessive residues of 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol (PCMX) in the water environment. In a one-step solvothermal process, iron-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) material MIL-53(Fe) undergoes a synthetic modification strategy. 2-Nitroterephthalic acid as an organic ligand reacted with Fe3+ in a solvothermal process lasting 18 h to yield the nitro-functionalized MIL-53(Fe)-NO2(18h). The objective was to augment the abundance of Fe central unsaturated coordination sites (Fe CUCs) and expedite the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox cycle, thereby enhancing the heterogeneous Fenton-like treatment capability of pollutants. MIL-53(Fe)-NO2(18h) has excellent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) catalytic activity and PCMX degradation across a broad pH spectrum (4.0∼8.0). Almost complete removal of PCMX was achieved within 30 min, while pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constants (kobs) increased 4.37 times over MIL-53(Fe). The confirmation of increased Fe CUCs abundance in MIL-53(Fe)-NO2(18h) was achieved through Lewis acidity, oxygen vacancies (OVs) signals, and Fe-O coordination characterization results. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that Fe CUCs in MIL-53(Fe)-NO2(18h) exhibits heightened affinity for H2O2 adsorption, showcasing stronger charge transfer and enhanced H2O2 dissociation ability. The Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox cycle, a driving force of Fenton-like reactions, was notably improved in the nitro-modified materials. These enhancements significantly expedited the Fenton-like process, resulting in the generation of increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), with hydroxyl radicals (OH·) being pivotal components in degradation. The MIL-53(Fe)-NO2(18h)/H2O2 system has demonstrated versatility in treating a variety of emerging contaminants, achieving removal efficiencies exceeding 99.7% for other antibiotics and endocrine disruptors within 60 min. Furthermore, MIL-53(Fe)-NO2(18h) demonstrated outstanding reusability and adaptability in actual water environments. This study introduces a straightforward and environmentally friendly strategy for remediating environmental pollution using Fe-MOF-catalysed heterogeneous Fenton-like technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Li
- Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Huan Wang
- Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Zhu
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Hang Ma
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Shenzhen Xiaping Environmental Park, Shenzhen, 518047, PR China
| | - Tongzhou Liu
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Yu Q, Wang C, Zhang X, Chen H, Wu MX, Lu M. Photochemical Strategies toward Precision Targeting against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14085-14122. [PMID: 38775446 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose a serious threat and a substantial economic burden on global human and public health security, especially with the frequent emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in clinical settings. In response to this urgent need, various photobased anti-infectious therapies have been reported lately. This Review explores and discusses several photochemical targeted antibacterial therapeutic strategies for addressing bacterial infections regardless of their antibiotic susceptibility. In contrast to conventional photobased therapies, these approaches facilitate precise targeting of pathogenic bacteria and/or infectious microenvironments, effectively minimizing toxicity to mammalian cells and surrounding healthy tissues. The highlighted therapies include photodynamic therapy, photocatalytic therapy, photothermal therapy, endogenous pigments-based photobleaching therapy, and polyphenols-based photo-oxidation therapy. This comprehensive exploration aims to offer updated information to facilitate the development of effective, convenient, safe, and alternative strategies to counter the growing threat of MDR bacteria in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Haoyi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mei X Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Ao X, Zhang X, Sun W, Linden KG, Payne EM, Mao T, Li Z. What is the role of nitrate/nitrite in trace organic contaminants degradation and transformation during UV-based advanced oxidation processes? WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121259. [PMID: 38377923 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) in degrading trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) can be significantly influenced by the ubiquitous presence of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) in water and wastewater. Indeed, NO3-/NO2- can play multiple roles of NO3-/NO2- in UV-AOPs, leading to complexities and conflicting results observed in existing research. They can inhibit the degradation of TrOCs by scavenging reactive species and/or competitively absorbing UV light. Conversely, they can also enhance the elimination of TrOCs by generating additional •OH and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Furthermore, the presence of NO3-/NO2- during UV-AOP treatment can affect the transformation pathways of TrOCs, potentially resulting in the nitration/nitrosation of TrOCs. The resulting nitro(so)-products are generally more toxic than the parent TrOCs and may become precursors of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) upon chlorination. Particularly, since the impact of NO3-/NO2- in UV-AOPs is largely due to the generation of RNS from NO3-/NO2- including NO•, NO2•, and peroxynitrite (ONOO-/ONOOH), this review covers the generation, properties, and detection methods of these RNS. From kinetic, mechanistic, and toxicologic perspectives, future research needs are proposed to advance the understanding of how NO3-/NO2- can be exploited to improve the performance of UV-AOPs treating TrOCs. This critical review provides a comprehensive framework outlining the multifaceted impact of NO3-/NO2- in UV-AOPs, contributing insights for basic research and practical applications of UV-AOPs containing NO3-/NO2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Ao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China.
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
| | - Emma M Payne
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Ted Mao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; MW Technologies, Inc., Ontario L8N1E, Canada
| | - Zifu Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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6
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Wang L, Li X, Chen J, Lu J, Chovelon JM, Zhang C, Ji Y. Ketoprofen products induced photosensitization of sulfonamide antibiotics: The cocktail effects of pharmaceutical mixtures on their photodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123458. [PMID: 38290656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Indirect photolysis induced by naturally occurring sensitizers constitutes an important pathway accounting for the transformation and fate of many recalcitrant micropollutants in sunlit surface waters. However, the photochemical transformation of micropollutants by photosensitizing pharmaceuticals has been less investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen (KTF) and its photoproducts, 3-acetylbenzophenone (AcBP) and 3-ethylbenzophenone (EtBP), could sensitize the photodegradation of coexisting sulfonamide antibiotics, e.g., sulfamethoxazole (SMX), under artificial 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) and sunlight irradiation. Key reactive species including triplet excited state and singlet oxygen (1O2) responsible for photosensitization were identified by laser flash photolysis (LFP) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques, respectively. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and structure-related reactivity analyses revealed that the sensitized photolysis of SMX occurred mainly through single electron transfer. The rate constants of sulfonamides sensitized by AcBP photolysis followed the order of sulfisoxazole (SIX)>sulfathiazole (STZ)>SMX>sulfamethizole (SMT). Exposure to sunlight also enhanced the photolysis of SMX in the presence of KTF or AcBP, and water matrix had limited impact on such process. Overall, our results reveal the feasibility and mechanistic aspects of photosensitization of coexisting contaminants by pharmaceuticals (or their photoproducts) and provide new insights into the cocktail effects of pharmaceutical mixtures on their photochemical behaviors in aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoci Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Liao M, Li Y, Chen X, Ding S, Su S, Sun W, Gan Z. Photodegradation of anthelmintic drugs under natural sunlight and simulated irradiation: kinetics, mechanisms, transformation products, and toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8828-8841. [PMID: 38182950 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Albendazole (ALB) and bithionol (BIT) are two anthelmintic drugs (ADs) with high consumption from benzimidazole group and diphenylsulfide group, respectively. However, information on the transformation of the two anthelmintics under environmental condition is scare. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the natural attenuation of the two ADs in the aquatic environment, including biodegradation, hydrolysis, and direct and indirect photodegradation. The direct photodegradation occupied a vast portion among other degradation pathways of the two ADs in natural water, with near-surface summer half-lives of 0.272-0.387 h and 0.110-0.520 h for ALB and BIT, respectively. Suspended particles in water were found to facilitate the photodegradation of the two ADs. Study on the indirect photodegradation demonstrated the positive roles of singlet oxygen (1O2) and excited triplet dissolved organic matter (3DOM*) in the photolysis of the two ADs, whereas the hydroxyl radical (•OH) affected little on the overall photodegradation procedures of ALB due to the scavenging effect of HCO3-. Dual effects of DO, DOM, HCO3-, NO3-, and NO2- on the photodegradation of ALB and BIT were perceived. Transformation intermediates (TIs) of the two ADs during photodegradation were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Six TIs of ALB were identified, including a broad-spectrum fungicide carbendazim and another common AD ricobendazole. Two TIs of BIT yielded from dechlorination were also detected. Probable transformation mechanism and predicted aquatic ecotoxicity based on the identified TIs were unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Liao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xi Chen
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Weiyi Sun
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Wang J, Zheng M, Du E, Chu W, Guo H. A Novel Source of Radicals from UV/Dichloroisocyanurate for Surpassing Abatement of Emerging Contaminants Versus Conventional UV/Chlor(am)ine Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18452-18461. [PMID: 36668904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)/chlor(am)ine processes are emerging advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for water decontamination and raising continuous attention. However, limitations appear in the UV/hypochlorite and UV/monochloramine for removing specific contaminants ascribed to the differences in the sorts and yields of free radicals. Here, this study reports UV/dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) as a novel source of radicals. NaDCC was demonstrated to be a well-balanced compound between hypochlorite and monochloramine, and it had significant UV absorption and a medium intrinsic quantum yield. The UV/NaDCC produced more substantial hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and reactive chlorine species (RCSs, including Cl·, ClO·, and Cl2·-) than conventional UV/chlor(am)ine, thereby generating a higher oxidation efficiency. The reaction mechanisms, environmental applicability, and energy requirements of the UV/NaDCC process for emerging contaminants (ECs) abatement were further investigated. The results showed that ·OH and ·NH2 attacked ECs mostly through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and radical adduct formation, whereas Cl· destroyed ECs mainly through HAT and single electron transfer, with ClO· playing a certain role through HAT. Kinetic model analyses revealed that the UV/NaDCC outperformed the conventional UV/chlor(am)ine in a variety of water matrices with superior degradation efficiency, significantly saving up to 96% electrical energy per order. Overall, this study first demonstrates application prospects of a novel AOP using UV/NaDCC, which can compensate for the deficiency of the conventional UV/chlor(am)ine AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingquan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Erdeng Du
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongguang Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Yibin Industrial Technology Research Institute, Sichuan University, Yibin 644000, China
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Guo X, Qiu L, Liang Z, Lu Q, Wang S, Shim H. Isolation and characterization of Rhodococcus sp. GG1 for metabolic degradation of chloroxylenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139462. [PMID: 37437623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly increased the demand of disinfectant use. Chloroxylenol (para-chloro-meta-xylenol, PCMX) as the major antimicrobial ingredient of disinfectant has been widely detected in water environments, with identified toxicity and potential risk. The assessment of PCMX in domestic wastewater of Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) showed a positive correlation between PCMX concentration and population density. An indigenous PCMX degrader, identified as Rhodococcus sp. GG1, was isolated and found capable of completely degrading PCMX (50 mg L-1) within 36 h. The growth kinetics followed Haldane's inhibition model, with maximum specific growth rate, half-saturation constant, and inhibition constant of 0.38 h-1, 7.64 mg L-1, and 68.08 mg L-1, respectively. The degradation performance was enhanced by optimizing culture conditions, while the presence of additional carbon source stimulated strain GG1 to alleviate inhibition from high concentrations of PCMX. In addition, strain GG1 showed good environmental adaptability, degrading PCMX efficiently in different environmental aqueous matrices. A potential degradation pathway was identified, with 2,6-dimethylhydroquinone as a major intermediate metabolite. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) was found to play a key role in dechlorinating PCMX via hydroxylation and also catalyzed the hydroxylated dechlorination of other halo-phenolic contaminants through co-metabolism. This study characterizes an aerobic bacterial pure culture capable of degrading PCMX metabolically, which could be promising in effective bioremediation of PCMX-contaminated sites and in treatment of PCMX-containing waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lan Qiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhiwei Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihong Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hojae Shim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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10
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Cai Y, Li X, Feng M, Chovelon JM, Zhou L, Lu J, Chen J, Ji Y. Formation of halogenated chloroxylenols through chlorination and their photochemical activity. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120366. [PMID: 37494746 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Trace organic contaminants usually go through multiple treatment units in a modern water treatment train. Structural modification triggered by pretreatment (e.g., prechlorination) may influence the further transformation and fate of contaminants in downstream units. However, knowledge on this aspect is still limited. In this contribution, we investigated the chlorination of chloroxylenol (PCMX), an antimicrobial agent extensively used during COVID-19 pandemic, and the photoreactivity of its halogenated derivatives. Results indicate that chlorination of PCMX mainly proceeded through electrophilic substitution to give chlorinated products, including Cl- and 2Cl-PCMX. The presence of bromide (Br-) resulted in brominated analogues. Owing to the bathochromic and "heavy atom" effects of halogen substituents, these products show increased light absorption and photoreactivity. Toxicity evaluation suggest that these halo-derivatives have higher persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) than the parent PCMX. Results of this contribution advance our understanding of the transformation of PCMX during chlorination and the photochemical activity of its halogenated derivatives in subsequent UV disinfection process or sunlit surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoci Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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11
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Brahma B, Das M, Sarkar P, Sarkar U. Biosorption of p-chloro meta xylenol (PCMX) by bacterium-encapsulated calcium alginate beads in a novel plug flow process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 337:117764. [PMID: 36989918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
P-Chloro-Meta-Xylenol (PCMX) is a widely used disinfectant. In the current pandemic scenario, its consumption has increased largely, and as a result, wastewater is loaded heavily with PCMX as a contaminant. Remediation of this ecologically toxic phenolic compound is therefore a burning issue. This study proposes an eco-friendly biosorption-based remediation technique to remove PCMX. A novel isolated phenol-resistant gram-negative bacterium, Pandoraea sp. strain BT102, is first encapsulated in biopolymeric calcium alginate beads. These beads are packed in a long adsorption tube and the contaminated water was passed through this packed tube resembling a plug flow reactor. This unique plug-flow set-up is capable of reducing PCMX concentration from 100 mg L-1 to 2.85 μg L-1 within 4 h using only 30 g of adsorbent, resulting in 99.99% removal efficiency. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics are studied using batch experimental data. A PCMX loading capacity of the encapsulated calcium alginate beads is found to be 961.7 mg g-1, and the Freundlich isotherm results suggested the phenomenon of cooperative adsorption. A good agreement of the pseudo-second-order kinetic model along with the intra-particle diffusion model suggests a multilayer diffusion-controlled adsorption process. Biosorption of PCMX by the bacterium-modified beads was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses. The application of multivariate model-based Response Surface Methodology (RSM) reveals flow rate to be the most important factor controlling the rate of bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanupriya Brahma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India; Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, A.P.C. Road Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Bineswar Brahma Engineering College, Kokrajhar, 783370, Assam, India
| | - Megha Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyabrata Sarkar
- Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, A.P.C. Road Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India; Calcutta Institute of Technology, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316, India
| | - Ujjaini Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India.
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12
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Yuan Y, Feng L, He X, Wu M, Ai Z, Zhang L, Gong J. Nitrate promoted defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid in UV/sulfite system: Coupling hydrated electron/reactive nitrogen species-mediated reduction and oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120172. [PMID: 36115490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A significantly accelerated defluorination of recalcitrant perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was explored with the co-present nitrate (20 mg L-1) by UV/sulfite treatment (UV/sulfite-nitrate). The deep defluorination of PFOA and complete denitrification of nitrate were simultaneously achieved in UV/sulfite-nitrate system. At the initial 30 min, PFOA defluorination exhibited an induction period, exactly corresponding to the removal of the co-existed nitrate. Upon the induction period passed, an accelerated removal of PFOA (5 mg L-1) occurred, nearly 100% defluorination ratio reached within 2 h. Compared with those in UV/sulfite, the kinetics of PFOA decay, defluorination, and transformation product formations were greatly enhanced in UV/sulfite-nitrate system. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated from eaq--induced reduction of nitrate were found to play significant roles on the promoted defluorination apart from eaq--mediated reductive defluorination. The investigations on solution pH (7.0-11.0) confirmed that the reductive defluorination of PFOA was more efficient under alkaline conditions, however, the presence of nitrate can promote the defluorination even under neutral pH. Theoretical calculations of Fukui function demonstrated that RNS could easily launch electrophilic attack toward H-rich moieties of fluorotelomer carboxylates (FTCAs, CnF2n+1-(CH2)m-COO-), more persistent intermediates (formed via H/F exchange), and convert FTCAs into shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids, thus facilitating the deep defluorination. Along with the analysis on the denitrification products, the liberation of fluoride ions and generated intermediates, possible decomposition pathways were proposed. This work highlights the indispensable synergy from eaq-/RNS with integrated reduction and oxidation on PFOA defluorination and will advance remediation technologies of perfluorinated compound contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Lizhen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Xianqin He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Mengsi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Zhihui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Jingming Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
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13
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Lu J, Zhou Y, Ling L, Zhou Y. Enhanced activation of PMS by a novel Fenton-like composite Fe 3O 4/S-WO 3 for rapid chloroxylenol degradation. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2022; 446:137067. [PMID: 36465814 PMCID: PMC9700388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chloroxylenol (PCMX) is widely used as disinfectant since the epidemic outbreak due to its effective killing of Covid-19 virus. Its stable chemical properties make it frequently detected in surface water. Herein, we successfully modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles with S-WO3 (X-Fe3O4/S-WO3) to accelerate the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle. The composite has outstanding PCMX degradation and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) decomposition efficiency over a wide pH range (3.0 ∼ 9.0). 80-Fe3O4/S-WO3/PMS system not only increased PMS decomposition efficiency from 27.7% to 100.0%, but also realized an enhancement of PCMX degradation efficiency by 16 times in comparison with that of Fe3O4 alone. The catalyst utilization efficiency reached 0.3506 mmol∙g-1∙min-1 which stands out among most Fenton-like catalysts. The composite has excellent degradation ability to a variety of emerging pollutants, such as antibiotics, drugs, phenols and endocrine disrupters, and at least a 90% removal efficiency reached in 10 min. The degradation of PCMX was dominated by HO•, SO4 •- and 1O2. The degradation pathways of PCMX were analyzed in detail. The component WS2 in S-WO3 plays a co-catalytic role instead of WO3. And the exposed active W4+ surf. efficiently enhanced the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle, thereby complete PMS decomposition and high catalytic efficiency were achieved. Our findings clarify that applying two-dimensional transition metal sulfide WS2 to modify heterogeneous Fe3O4 is a feasible strategy to improve Fenton-like reaction and provide a promising catalyst for PCMX degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liangxiong Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanbo Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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14
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Wang Y, Yin R, Tang Z, Liu W, He C, Xia D. Reactive Nitrogen Species Mediated Inactivation of Pathogenic Microorganisms during UVA Photolysis of Nitrite at Surface Water Levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12542-12552. [PMID: 35976624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UVA photolysis of nitrite (NO2-) occurs in a number of natural and engineered aquatic systems. This study reports for the first time that pathogenic microorganisms can be effectively inactivated during the coexposure of UVA irradiation and NO2- under environmentally relevant conditions. The results demonstrated that more than 3 log inactivation of Escherichia coli K-12, Staphylococcus aureus, and Spingopyxis sp. BM1-1 was achieved by UVA photolysis of 2.0 mg-N L-1 of NO2- in synthetic drinking water and real surface water. The inactivation was mainly attributed to the reactive species generated from UVA photolysis of NO2- rather than UVA irradiation or NO2- oxidation alone. The inactivation was predominantly contributed by the reactive nitrogen species (NO2• and ONOO-/HOONO) instead of the reactive oxygen species (HO• or O2•-). A kinetic model to simulate the reactive species generation from UVA photolysis of NO2- was established, validated, and used to predict the contributions of different reactive species to the inactivation under various environmental conditions. Several advanced tools (e.g., D2O - labeling with Raman spectroscopy) were used to demonstrate that the inactivation by the UVA/NO2- treatment was attributed to the DNA destruction by the reactive nitrogen species, which completely suppressed the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) states and the reactivation of bacteria. This study highlights a novel process for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in water and emphasizes the critical role of reactive nitrogen species in water disinfection and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuoyun Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiqi Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chun He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dehua Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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15
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Fu L, Lide F, Ding Y, Wang C, Jiang J, Huang J. Mechanism insights into activation of hydroxylamines for generation of multiple reactive species in photochemical degradation of bromophenols. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Wang L, Zheng Y, Zhou Y, Lu J, Chovelon JM, Ji Y. Aquatic photolysis of ketoprofen generates products with photosensitizing activity and toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117982. [PMID: 34954366 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ketoprofen (KTF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently detected in natural and engineering waters. Because KTF is particularly photolabile (half-life ∼4 min), knowledge of the fate and ecological risks of KTF photoproducts in the aquatic environment is especially essential. Herein, we systematically investigated the photophysics, photochemistry, and photosensitization of KTF photoproducts in aqueous solution under 365 nm irradiation (UV365). Results show that KTF photolyzed rapidly and formed 3-ethyl-α-hydroxylbenzophenone (EtOH-BP), 3-ethyl-α-hydroperoxylbenzophenone (EtOOH-BP), 3-acetylbenzophenone (AcBP), and 3-ethylbenzophenone (EtBP), as identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The presence of O2 significantly affected the evolution of photoproducts during KTF photolysis. The photophysical properties of EtBP and AcBP were characterized by spectroscopic approaches. In particular, transient absorption spectra obtained by nanosecond laser flash photolysis (LFP) indicated that EtBP and AcBP were excited to triplet states with lifetimes of 28 and 2.4 µs, respectively. EtBP underwent further photodegradation, giving rise to EtOH-BP, EtOOH-BP, and AcBP upon UV365 irradiation. The reaction is proposed to proceed through an excimer precursor (3[EtBP···EtBP]*) followed by intramolecular H-abstraction. In contrast, AcBP was relatively photostable, particularly under aerated condition. Both EtBP and AcBP have strong photosensitizing activity, as evidenced by the triplet probe 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN). ECOSAR program suggested that the photoproducts are more ecotoxic and bioaccumulative than the parent KTF. Results of this study underscore the need to scrutinize the formation and fate of KTF photoproducts in sunlit surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yajie Zheng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiran Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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17
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Li Y, Wang L, Xu H, Lu J, Chovelon JM, Ji Y. Direct and nitrite-sensitized indirect photolysis of effluent-derived phenolic contaminants under UV 254 irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:127-139. [PMID: 34981110 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00381j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UV254 photolysis has increasingly been utilized for disinfection of water-born pathogens in wastewater. During disinfection, wastewater-derived trace organic contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), may be subjected to direct photolysis and indirect photolysis sensitized by wastewater constituents such as nitrite (NO2-). Herein, we reported the direct photolysis and NO2--sensitized indirect photolysis of four phenolic contaminants commonly observed in wastewaters (i.e., bisphenol A (BPA), acetaminophen (ATP), salbutamol (SAL), and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP1)). Spectroscopic characterization and quantum yield measurement were carried out to evaluate the photochemical reactivity of these phenolic compounds. In NO2--sensitized photolysis, the relative contribution of direct and indirect photolysis was quantified by light screening factor calculation and radical quenching studies. The experimental results highlight the important roles of HO˙ and NO2˙ in the NO2--sensitized photolysis of phenolic compounds. A series of intermediate products, including hydroxylated, nitrated, nitrosated, dimerized, and alkyl chain cleavage products, were identified by solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. On the basis of identified products, the underlying mechanisms and transformation pathways for NO2--sensitized photolysis of these phenolic compounds were elucidated. The second-order rate constants of BPA, SAL, BP1 with NO2˙ were calculated to be 2.25 × 104, 1.35 × 104 and 2.44 × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively, by kinetic modeling. Suwanee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) played complex roles in the direct and NO2--sensitized photolysis of phenolic compounds by serving as a photosensitizer, light screening and radical quenching agent. Wastewater constituents, such as NO3- and EfOM, could accelerate direct and NO2--sensitized photolysis of BPA, SAL, and BP1 in the wastewater matrix. Our results suggest that NO2- at the WWTP effluent-relevant level can sensitize the photolysis of effluent-derived phenolic contaminants during the UV254 disinfection process; however, the formation of potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic nitrated/nitrosated derivatives should be scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lixiao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Haiyan Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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18
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Zhang S, Ye C, Li J, Yu X, Feng M. Treatment-driven removal efficiency, product formation, and toxicity evolution of antineoplastic agents: Current status and implications for water safety assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117729. [PMID: 34624659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic compounds, designed for chemotherapeutic anticancer therapy, have become emerging contaminants of global concern over the past decade due to their ubiquitous occurrence, environmental persistence, and multiple adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. Increasing efforts have been devoted to developing efficient strategies for remediating water containing these micropollutants. In this study, the physicochemical properties, natural attenuation, and chemical reactivity with aqueous oxidizing species of five antineoplastic drugs with the highest environmental prevalence (i.e., tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, 5-fluorouracil, and methotrexate) were summarized. The removal performance, transformation products (TPs) of varying structures, overall reaction pathways, and toxicity evolution during different treatments were evaluated and discussed. Additionally, the biodegradability and multi-endpoint toxicity of each TP were predicted using in silico QSAR software. Depending on their distinct inherent structures, the reactivity of the antineoplastics with oxidizing species varied, with hydroxyl radicals exhibiting unparalleled merits in rapid oxidation. Complete elimination of these contaminants was observed during oxidative treatments, but with inadequate mineralization. Notably, the increase in toxicity within multiple processes was determined based on both experimental bioassays and theoretical predictions. This may be attributed to the adverse effects induced by the large number of identified and unknown TPs individually and in combination. Together with the environmental persistence and low biodegradability of most TPs, these results necessitate the application of efficient post-treatments in conjunction with a more thorough water safety evaluation (e.g., using high-throughput screening) of the mixtures of treated water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
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