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Han C, You J, Zhao A, Liao K, Ren H, Hu H. Intermittent polarization: A promising strategy for microbial electricity driven reduction of DOM toxicity in actual industrial wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122099. [PMID: 39024670 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in actual industrial wastewater comprises various compounds that trigger toxicity in aquatic organisms; thus, advanced treatment for reducing DOM toxicity is urgently needed to ensure safe effluent discharge. Herein, we successfully reduced the toxicity of DOM in actual industrial wastewater without external chemical addition by applying intermittent polarization to electrochemical bioreactors. The bioreactor operated under intermittent polarization effectively reduced the toxicity of DOM by 76.7 %, resulting in the toxicity of effluent DOM (determined by malformation rate of zebrafish larvae) reaching less than 3.5 %. Notably, DOM compounds with high double-bond equivalence (DBE ≥ 8) were identified as the key components responsible for the toxicity of DOM through ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. Insight into microbe-DOM interactions revealed that intermittent polarization promoted the microbial consumption of high-DBE components of DOM by both affecting microbial composition (β = -0.5421, p < 0.01) and function (β = -0.4831, p < 0.01), thus regulating effluent DOM toxicity. The study findings demonstrate that intermittent polarization is a promising strategy for microbial electricity-driven reduction of DOM toxicity in actual industrial wastewater to meet the increasing safety requirements of receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiaqian You
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Aixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kewei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haidong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Kim D, Shin Y, Park JI, Lim D, Choi H, Choi S, Baek YW, Lim J, Kim Y, Kim HR, Chung KH, Bae ON. A systematic review and BMD modeling approach to develop an AOP for humidifier disinfectant-induced pulmonary fibrosis and cell death. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:143010. [PMID: 39098349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Dosimetry modeling and point of departure (POD) estimation using in vitro data are essential for mechanism-based hazard identification and risk assessment. This study aimed to develop a putative adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for humidifier disinfectant (HD) substances used in South Korea through a systematic review and benchmark dose (BMD) modeling. We collected in vitro toxicological studies on HD substances, including polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG-HCl), PHMG phosphate (PHMG-p), a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT/MIT), CMIT, and MIT from scientific databases. A total of 193 sets of dose-response data were extracted from 34 articles reporting in vitro experimental results of HD toxicity. The risk of bias (RoB) in each study was assessed following the office of health assessment and translation (OHAT) guideline. The BMD of each HD substance at different toxicity endpoints was estimated using the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) BMD software (BMDS). Interspecies- or interorgan differences or most critical effects in the toxicity of the HD substances were analyzed using a 95% lower confidence limit of the BMD (BMDL). We found a critical molecular event and cells susceptible to each HD substance and constructed an AOP of PHMG-p- or CMIT/MIT-induced damage. Notably, PHMG-p induced ATP depletion at the lowest in vitro concentration, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation, leading to fibrosis. CMIT/MIT enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in cell death. Our approach will increase the current understanding of the effects of HD substances on human health and contribute to evidence-based risk assessment of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Yusun Shin
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Jong-In Park
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Donghyeon Lim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Seongwon Choi
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Baek
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research, National Institute of Envrironmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyun Lim
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research, National Institute of Envrironmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Kim
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research, National Institute of Envrironmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea.
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3
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Schmiemann D, Bicks F, Bartels I, Cordes A, Jäger M, Gutmann JS, Hoffmann-Jacobsen K. Enzymatic degradability of diclofenac ozonation products: A mechanistic analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142112. [PMID: 38677613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of waterborne micropollutants, such as diclofenac, presents a significant challenge to wastewater treatment plants due to their incomplete removal by conventional methods. Ozonation is an effective technique for the degradation of micropollutants. However, incomplete oxidation can lead to the formation of ecotoxic by-products that require a subsequent post-treatment step. In this study, we analyze the susceptibility of micropollutant ozonation products to enzymatic digestion with laccase from Trametes versicolor to evaluate the potential of enzymatic treatment as a post-ozonation step. The omnipresent micropollutant diclofenac is used as an example, and the enzymatic degradation kinetics of all 14 detected ozonation products are analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2). The analysis shows that most of the ozonation products are responsive to chemo-enzymatic treatment but show considerable variation in enzymatic degradation kinetics and efficiencies. Mechanistic investigation of representative transformation products reveals that the hydroxylated aromatic nature of the ozonation products matches the substrate spectrum, facilitating their rapid recognition as substrates by laccase. However, after initiation by laccase, the subsequent chemical pathway of the enzymatically formed radicals determines the global degradability observed in the enzymatic process. Substrates capable of forming stable molecular oxidation products inhibit complete detoxification by oligomerization. This emphasizes that it is not the enzymatic uptake of the substrates but the channelling of the reaction of the substrate radicals towards the oligomerization of the substrate radicals that is the key step in the further development of an enzymatic treatment step for wastewater applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Schmiemann
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and CENIDE (Center for Nanointegration), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Bicks
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Indra Bartels
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Arno Cordes
- ASA Spezialenzyme GmbH, Am Exer 19c, 38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Martin Jäger
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Jochen Stefan Gutmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and CENIDE (Center for Nanointegration), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hoffmann-Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany.
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4
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Jiao M, Luo Y, Zhang F, Wang L, Chang J, Croué JP, Zhang T. Transformation of 6PPDQ during disinfection: Kinetics, products, and eco-toxicity assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121070. [PMID: 38159542 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethyl butyl)-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPDQ) currently arouses broad concerns because of its acute lethality to coho salmon and rainbow trout at environmentally relevant concentrations and the wide occurrence in runoff-impacted water. Investigation on the fate and transformation of 6PPDQ in various treatment processes is necessary for its risk assessment and control. Here, we explored the transformation of 6PPDQ during disinfection with its precursor 6PPD as a reference, focusing on kinetics, products, and toxicity variation. 6PPDQ readily reacted with hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide with second-order rate constants of 2580 ± 143 M-1 s-1 and 614 ± 52 M-1 s-1 (pH 7.0 and 25 °C), which are slightly lower than the reactions of 6PPD. We tentatively identified thirteen transformation products for 6PPDQ and eight for 6PPD in reaction with the two disinfectants. It seems that the quinone ring of 6PPDQ and the p-phenylenediamine moiety of 6PPD are reactive sites. The transformation of these compounds probably proceeds through Cl-substitution, ring cleavage, hydroxylation, and amine oxidation and hydrolysis. Tests with zebrafish embryos revealed that the transformation products of 6PPDQ could have higher eco-toxicity than the parent compound, while the toxicity of the 6PPD products remained nearly unchanged. The increased toxicity of 6PPDQ during disinfection highlights the necessity to substantially reduce its content before the disinfection of runoff-impacted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiwen Luo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Tao Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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5
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Valenzuela A, Ballestero D, Gan C, Lorca G, Langa E, Pino-Otín MR. Hydroquinone Ecotoxicity: Unveiling Risks in Soil and River Ecosystems with Insights into Microbial Resilience. TOXICS 2024; 12:115. [PMID: 38393210 PMCID: PMC10891836 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite widespread industrial use, the environmental safety of hydroquinone (HQ), a benzene compound from plants used in processes like cosmetics, remains uncertain. This study evaluated the ecotoxicological impact of HQ on soil and river environments, utilizing non-target indicator organisms from diverse trophic levels: Daphnia magna, Aliivibrio fischeri, Allium cepa, and Eisenia fetida. For a more environmentally realistic assessment, microbial communities from a river and untreated soil underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with growth and changes in community-level physiological profiling assessed using Biolog EcoPlate™ assays. The water indicator D. magna exhibited the highest sensitivity to HQ (EC50 = 0.142 µg/mL), followed by A. fischeri (EC50 = 1.446 µg/mL), and A. cepa (LC50 = 7.631 µg/mL), while E. fetida showed the highest resistance (EC50 = 234 mg/Kg). Remarkably, microbial communities mitigated HQ impact in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. River microorganisms displayed minimal inhibition, except for a significant reduction in polymer metabolism at the highest concentration (100 µg/mL). Soil communities demonstrated resilience up to 100 µg/mL, beyond which there was a significant decrease in population growth and the capacity to metabolize carbohydrates and polymers. Despite microbial mitigation, HQ remains highly toxic to various trophic levels, emphasizing the necessity for environmental regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - María Rosa Pino-Otín
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.V.); (D.B.); (C.G.); (G.L.); (E.L.)
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6
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Yu N, Wu Z, Wang Y, Zongo AWS, Nie X, Lu Y, Ye Q, Meng X. Formation of adducts during digestion triggered dietary protein for alleviating cytotoxicity of 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 183:114200. [PMID: 38029872 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TBBQ), a degradation product of lipid antioxidant Tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), is a new hazardous compound in foods. This study investigated whether co-ingestion of dietary protein and TBBQ can alleviate the toxicity of TBBQ. The results indicated that soy protein isolate, whey protein isolate, and rice protein significantly reduced the residual amount of TBBQ during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. This result was attributed to the excellent elimination capacity of the released amino acids for TBBQ through formation of adducts. Among 20 amino acids, histidine, lysine, glycine, and cysteine showed better elimination capacity for TBBQ; they can eliminate 92.1%, 89.4%, 86.1%, and almost 100%, respectively, in 5 min at pH 8.0. Further study indicated that amino acids with lower ionization constant exhibited greater TBBQ elimination capacity. In addition, incubation of the cells with 50 μM TBBQ for 12 h decreased the cell viability to 28.95 ± 3.25%; while amino acids intervention was involved in the alleviation of TBBQ cytotoxicity via decreasing ROS. Particularly, cysteine showed 100 times more TBBQ detoxifying capacity than other amino acids. This work could provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of amino acids for detoxifying TBBQ in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxiang Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeyi Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijue Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Abel Wend-Soo Zongo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Nie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanchao Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Ye
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Xianghe Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Minakata D, von Gunten U. Predicting Transformation Products during Aqueous Oxidation Processes: Current State and Outlook. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18410-18419. [PMID: 37824098 PMCID: PMC10691424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Water quality and its impacts on human and ecosystem health presents tremendous global challenges. While oxidative water treatment can solve many of these problems related to hygiene and micropollutants, identifying and predicting transformation products from a large variety of micropollutants induced by dosed chemical oxidants and in situ formed radicals is still a major challenge. To this end, a better understanding of the formed transformation products and their potential toxicity is needed. Currently, no theoretical tools alone can predict oxidatively induced transformation products in aqueous systems. Coupling experimental and theoretical studies has advanced the understanding of reaction kinetics and mechanisms significantly. This perspective article highlights the key progress made concerning experimental and computational approaches to predict transformation products. Knowledge gaps are identified, and the research required to advance the predictive capability is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Minakata
- Civil,
Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstraße 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
(EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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8
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Wei J, Wang S, Tang W, Xu Z, Ma D, Zheng M, Li J. Redox-directed identification of toxic transformation products during ozonation of aromatics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165929. [PMID: 37532054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity assessment of transformation products (TPs) formed in oxidative water treatment is crucial but challenging because of their low concentration, structural diversity, and mixture complexity. Here, this study developed a novel redox-directed approach for identification of toxic TPs without the individual toxicity and concentration information. This approach based on sodium borohydride reduction comprised an integrated process of toxicological evaluation, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix characterization, high-resolution mass spectrometry detection, followed by ecological toxicity assessment of identified TPs. The redox-directed identification of primary causative toxicants was experimentally tested for the increased nonspecific toxicity observations in the ozonated effluents of model aromatics. Reduction reaction caused a remarkable decrease in toxicity and increase in fluorescence intensity, obtaining a good linear relation between them. More than ten monomeric or dimeric p-benzoquinone (p-BQ) TPs were identified in the ozonated effluents. The occurrence of the p-BQ TPs was further verified through parallel sodium sulfite reduction and actual wastewater ozonation experiments. In vitro bioassays of luminescent bacteria, as well as in silico genotoxicity and cytotoxicity predictions, indicate that the toxicity of p-BQ TPs is significantly higher than that of their precursors and other TPs. These together demonstrated that the identified p-BQ TPs are primary toxicity contributors. The redox-directed approach facilitated the revelation of primary toxicity contribution, illustrating emerging p-BQs are a concern for aquatic ecosystem safety in the oxidative treatment of aromatics-contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weixu Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
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9
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Grasse N, Seiwert B, Massei R, Scholz S, Fu Q, Reemtsma T. Uptake and Biotransformation of the Tire Rubber-derived Contaminants 6-PPD and 6-PPD Quinone in the Zebrafish Embryo ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15598-15607. [PMID: 37782849 PMCID: PMC10586378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is a widely used antioxidant in tire rubber known to enter the aquatic environment via road runoff. The associated transformation product (TP) 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) causes extreme acute toxicity in some fish species (e.g., coho salmon). To interpret the species-specific toxicity, information about biotransformation products of 6-PPDQ would be relevant. This study investigated toxicokinetics of 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ in the zebrafish embryo (ZFE) model. Over 96 h of exposure, 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ accumulated in the ZFE with concentration factors ranging from 140 to 2500 for 6-PPD and 70 to 220 for 6-PPDQ. A total of 22 TPs of 6-PPD and 12 TPs of 6-PPDQ were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. After 96 h of exposure to 6-PPD, the TPs of 6-PPD comprised 47% of the total peak area (TPA), with 4-hydroxydiphenylamine being the most prominent in the ZFE. Upon 6-PPDQ exposure, >95% of 6-PPDQ taken up in the ZFE was biotransformed, with 6-PPDQ + O + glucuronide dominating (>80% of the TPA). Among other TPs of 6-PPD, a reactive N-phenyl-p-benzoquinone imine was found. The knowledge of TPs of 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ from this study may support biotransformation studies in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Grasse
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Riccardo Massei
- Department
of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department
of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute
for Analytical Chemistry, University of
Leipzig, Linnestrasse
3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Ezugwu AL, Anaduaka EG, Chibuogwu CC, Ezeorba TPC. Meat tenderization using acetaminophen (paracetamol/APAP): A review on deductive biochemical mechanisms, toxicological implications and strategies for mitigation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15628. [PMID: 37159697 PMCID: PMC10163616 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Meats consist of edible portions originating from domestic and wild animals. Meat's palatability and sensory accessibility largely depend on its tenderness to consumers. Although many factors influence meat tenderness, the cooking method cannot be neglected. Different chemical, mechanical, and natural means of meat tenderization have been considered healthy and safe for consumers. However, many households, food vendors, and bars in developing countries engage in the unhealthy use of acetaminophen (paracetamol/APAP) in meat tenderization due to the cost reduction it offers in the overall cooking process. Acetaminophen (paracetamol/APAP) is one of the most popular, relatively cheap, and ubiquitous over-the-counter drugs that induce serious toxicity challenges when misused. It is important to note that acetaminophen during cooking is hydrolyses into a toxic compound known as 4-aminophenol, which damages the liver and kidney and results in organ failure. Despite the reports on the increase in the use of acetaminophen for meat tenderizing in many web reports, there have not been any serious scientific publications on this subject. This study adopted classical/traditional methodology to review relevant literature retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using relevant key terms (Acetaminophen, Toxicity, Meat tenderization, APAP, paracetamol, mechanisms) and Boolean operators (AND and OR). This paper provides in-depth information on the hazard and health implications of consuming acetaminophen tenderized meat via genetic and metabolic pathways deductions. Understanding these unsafe practices will promote awareness and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinze Linus Ezugwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Godwin Anaduaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Christian Chiazor Chibuogwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
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11
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Lou J, Lu H, Wang W, He S, Zhu L. Quantitative identification of halo-methyl-benzoquinones as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using a pseudo-targeted LC-MS/MS method. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118466. [PMID: 35483207 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water is prioritized for research due to their prevalent occurrence and high toxicity. However, only fifteen HBQs can be identified among a high diversity using targeted LC-MS/MS analysis in previous studies due to the lack of chemical standards. In this study, we developed a pseudo-targeted LC-MS/MS method for detecting and quantifying diverse HBQs. Distinct fragment characteristics of HBQs was observed according to the halogen substituent effects, and extended to the development of a multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) method for the quantification of the 46 HBQs that were observed in simulated drinking water using non-targeted analysis. The fragmentation mechanism was supported by the changes of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and a linear relationship between the ΔG and the ionization efficiency of analytes was developed accordingly for quantification of these 46 HBQs, 30 of which were lack of chemical standards. It is noted that 29 of the 30 newly-identified HBQs were halo-methyl-benzoquinones (HMBQs), which were predicted to be carcinogens related with drinking-water bladder cancer risk and be more toxic than non-methyl HBQs. Using the new method, twelve HMBQs were detected in actual drinking water samples with concentrations up to 100.4 ng/L, 3 times higher than that reported previously. The cytotoxicity in CHO cells of HMBQs was over 1-fold higher than that of non-methyl-HBQs. Therefore, HMBQs are an essential, highly toxic group of HBQs in drinking water, which deserve particular monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shichong He
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Lim S, Shi JL, von Gunten U, McCurry DL. Ozonation of organic compounds in water and wastewater: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118053. [PMID: 35196612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation has been applied in water treatment for more than a century, first for disinfection, later for oxidation of inorganic and organic pollutants. In recent years, ozone has been increasingly applied for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for ecosystem protection and for potable water reuse. These applications triggered significant research efforts on the abatement efficiency of organic contaminants and the ensuing formation of transformation products. This endeavor was accompanied by developments in analytical and computational chemistry, which allowed to improve the mechanistic understanding of ozone reactions. This critical review assesses the challenges of ozonation of impaired water qualities such as wastewaters and provides an up-to-date compilation of the recent kinetic and mechanistic findings of ozone reactions with dissolved organic matter, various functional groups (olefins, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, aliphatic nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, carbanions, β-diketones) and antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Lim
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Jiaming Lily Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel L McCurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Huchthausen J, Henneberger L, Mälzer S, Nicol B, Sparham C, Escher BI. High-Throughput Assessment of the Abiotic Stability of Test Chemicals in In Vitro Bioassays. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:867-879. [PMID: 35394761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stability of chemicals is not routinely tested prior to performing in vitro bioassays, although abiotic degradation can reduce the concentration of test chemicals leading to the formation of active or inactive transformation products, which may lead to misinterpretation of bioassay results. A high-throughput workflow was developed to measure the abiotic stability of 22 test chemicals in protein-rich aqueous media under typical bioassay conditions at 37 °C for 48 h. These test chemicals were degradable in the environment according to a literature review. The chemicals were extracted from the exposure media at different time points using a novel 96-pin solid-phase microextraction. The conditions were varied to differentiate between various reaction mechanisms. For most hydrolyzable chemicals, pH-dependent degradation in phosphate-buffered saline indicated that acid-catalyzed hydrolysis was less important than reactions with hydroxide ions. Reactions with proteins were mainly responsible for the depletion of the test chemicals in the media, which was simulated by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glutathione (GSH). 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolinone, and l-sulforaphane reacted almost instantaneously with GSH but not with BSA, indicating that GSH is a good proxy for reactivity with electrophilic amino acids but may overestimate the actual reaction with three-dimensional proteins. Chemicals such as hydroquinones or polyunsaturated chemicals are prone to autoxidation, but this reaction is difficult to differentiate from hydrolysis and could not be simulated by the oxidant N-bromosuccinimide. Photodegradation played a minor role because cells are exposed in incubators in the dark and simulations with high light intensities did not yield realistic degradation. Stability predictions from various in silico prediction models for environmental conditions can give initial indications of the stability but were not always consistent with the experimental stability in bioassays. As the presented workflow can be performed in high throughput under realistic bioassay conditions, it can be used to provide an experimental database for developing bioassay-specific stability prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Huchthausen
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research─UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Henneberger
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research─UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia Mälzer
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research─UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate Nicol
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Chris Sparham
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research─UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, DE-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Gulde R, Clerc B, Rutsch M, Helbing J, Salhi E, McArdell CS, von Gunten U. Oxidation of 51 micropollutants during drinking water ozonation: Formation of transformation products and their fate during biological post-filtration. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117812. [PMID: 34839057 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants (MP) with varying ozone-reactive moieties were spiked to lake water in the influent of a drinking water pilot plant consisting of an ozonation followed by a biological sand filtration. During ozonation, 227 transformation products (OTPs) from 39 of the spiked 51 MPs were detected after solid phase extraction by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Based on the MS/MS data, tentative molecular structures are proposed. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of a large number of OTPs are suggested by combination of the kinetics of formation and abatement and state-of-the-art knowledge on ozone and hydroxyl radical chemistry. OTPs forming as primary or higher generation products from the oxidation of MPs could be differentiated. However, some expected products from the reactions of ozone with activated aromatic compounds and olefins were not detected with the applied analytical procedure. 187 OTPs were present in the sand filtration in sufficiently high concentrations to elucidate their fate in this treatment step. 35 of these OTPs (19%) were abated in the sand filtration step, most likely due to biodegradation. Only 24 (13%) of the OTPs were abated more efficiently than the parent compounds, with a dependency on the functional group of the parent MPs and OTPs. Overall, this study provides evidence, that the common assumption that OTPs are easily abated in biological post-treatment is not generally valid. Nevertheless, it is unknown how the OTPs, which escaped detection, would have behaved in the biological post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Gulde
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Clerc
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Moreno Rutsch
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | | | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland.
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