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Armstrong LE, Johnson EC, Adams WM, Jardine JF. Hyperthermia and Exertional Heatstroke During Running, Cycling, Open Water Swimming, and Triathlon Events. Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:111-127. [PMID: 39345935 PMCID: PMC11438465 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s482959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Few previous epidemiological studies, sports medicine position statements, and expert panel consensus reports have evaluated the similarities and differences of hyperthermia and exertional heatstroke (EHS) during endurance running, cycling, open water swimming, and triathlon competitions. Accordingly, we conducted manual online searches of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using pre-defined inclusion criteria. The initial manual screenings of 1192 article titles and abstracts, and subsequent reviews of full-length pdf versions identified 80 articles that were acceptable for inclusion. These articles indicated that event medical teams recognized hyperthermia and EHS in the majority of running and triathlon field studies (range, 58.8 to 85.7%), whereas few reports of hyperthermia and EHS appeared in cycling and open water swimming field studies (range, 0 to 20%). Sports medicine position statements and consensus reports also exhibited these event-specific differences. Thus, we proposed mechanisms that involved physiological effector responses (sweating, increased skin blood flow) and biophysical heat transfer to the environment (evaporation, convection, radiation, and conduction). We anticipate that the above information will help race directors to distribute pre-race safety advice to athletes and will assist medical directors to better allocate medical resources (eg, staff number and skill sets, medical equipment) and optimize the management of hyperthermia and EHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Evan C Johnson
- Division of Kinesiology & Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough, UK
| | - John F Jardine
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Mougin L, Bougault V, Racinais S, Mountjoy ML, Stephenson B, Carter S, James LJ, Mears SA, Taylor L. Environmental challenges facing athletes, stakeholders and spectators at Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games: an evidence-based review of mitigation strategies and recommendations. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:870-881. [PMID: 38955507 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The upcoming Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games could face environmental challenges related to heat, air quality and water quality. These challenges will pose potential threats to athletes and impact thousands of stakeholders and millions of spectators. Recognising the multifaceted nature of these challenges, a range of strategies will be essential for mitigating adverse effects on participants, stakeholders and spectators alike. From personalised interventions for athletes and attendees to comprehensive measures implemented by organisers, a holistic approach is crucial to address these challenges and the possible interplay of heat, air and water quality factors during the event. This evidence-based review highlights various environmental challenges anticipated at Paris 2024, offering strategies applicable to athletes, stakeholders and spectators. Additionally, it provides recommendations for Local Organising Committees and the International Olympic Committee that may be applicable to future Games. In summary, the review offers solutions for consideration by the stakeholders responsible for and affected by the anticipated environmental challenges at Paris 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Mougin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Sébastien Racinais
- Environmental Stress Unit, CREPS Montpellier Font-Romeu, Montpellier, France
- DMEM, UMR 866 INRAE / University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Margo L Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Stephenson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- UK Sports Institute, Loughborough, UK
| | - Sarah Carter
- Faculty of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen A Mears
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Fujimoto T, Matsuura Y, Baba Y, Hara R. Thermal Sensation After the 10-km Open-Water Swimming in Cool Water Depends on the Skin's Thermal Sensitivity Rather Than Core Temperature. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:28-33. [PMID: 37857384 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the core temperature fluctuations during 10-km open-water swimming (OWS) in cool water and the relationship between thermal sensation (TS) after 10-km OWS, core temperature, and local skin thermal sensitivity. METHODS Nine highly trained OWS swimmers (4 female; age 22 [3] y) completed a single 10-km trial in cool water (22.3 °C) wearing swimsuits for OWS. During the trial, core temperature was continuously recorded via ingestible temperature sensors, and TS after trial was also measured. Then, local skin warm/cool sensitivity was measured in the forearm. RESULTS All swimmers completed the 10-km OWS. Mean swimming speed for males and females were 1.39 (1.37-1.42 m/s) and 1.33 m/s (1.29-1.38 m/s), respectively. Core temperature increased in 8 out of 9 swimmers during 10-km OWS (P = .047), with an average increase of 0.8 °C. TS after 10-km OWS varied among swimmers. There were no correlations between post-OWS TS and post-OWS core temperature (P = .9333), whereas there was a negative correlation between post-OWS TS and local skin cool sensitivity (P = .0056). CONCLUSION These results suggest that core temperature in elite swimmers might not decrease during 10-km OWS in the cool water temperature of official OWS. In addition, individual differences in TS after 10-km OWS may be related to skin cool sensitivity rather than core temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Fujimoto
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuiko Matsuura
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Baba
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Reira Hara
- College of Sports Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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Périard JD, DeGroot D, Jay O. Exertional heat stroke in sport and the military: epidemiology and mitigation. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1111-1121. [PMID: 36039024 PMCID: PMC9826288 DOI: 10.1113/ep090686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Exertional heat stroke epidemiology in sport and military settings, along with common risk factors and strategies and policies designed to mitigate its occurrence. What advances does it highlight? Individual susceptibility to exertional heat stroke risk is dependent on the interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Heat policies in sport should assess environmental conditions, as well as the characteristics of the athlete, clothing/equipment worn and activity level of the sport. Exertional heat stroke risk reduction in the military should account for factors specific to training and personnel. ABSTRACT Exertional heat illness occurs along a continuum, developing from the relatively mild condition of muscle cramps, to heat exhaustion, and in some cases to the life-threatening condition of heat stroke. The development of exertional heat stroke (EHS) is associated with an increase in core temperature stemming from inadequate heat dissipation to offset the rate of metabolically generated heat. Susceptibility to EHS is linked to the interaction of several factors including environmental conditions, individual characteristics, health conditions, medication and drug use, behavioural responses, and sport/organisational requirements. Two settings in which EHS is commonly observed are competitive sport and the military. In sport, the exact prevalence of EHS is unclear due to inconsistent exertional heat illness terminology, diagnostic criteria and data reporting. In contrast, exertional heat illness surveillance in the military is facilitated by standardised case definitions, a requirement to report all heat illness cases and a centralised medical record repository. To mitigate EHS risk, several strategies can be implemented by athletes and military personnel, including heat acclimation, ensuring adequate hydration, cold-water immersion and mandated work-to-rest ratios. Organisations may also consider developing sport or military task-specific heat stress policies that account for the evaporative heat loss requirement of participants, relative to the evaporative capacity of the environment. This review examines the epidemiology of EHS along with the strategies and policies designed to reduce its occurrence in sport and military settings. We highlight the nuances of identifying individuals at risk of EHS and summarise the benefits and shortcomings of various mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien D. Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and ExerciseUniversity of CanberraCanberraAustralia
| | - David DeGroot
- Army Heat CenterMartin Army Community HospitalFort BenningGAUSA
| | - Ollie Jay
- Thermal Ergonomics LaboratoryHeat and Health Research IncubatorFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneyCamperdownAustralia
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Stacey MJ, Hill NE, Parsons IT, Wallace J, Taylor N, Grimaldi R, Shah N, Marshall A, House C, O’Hara JP, Brett SJ, Woods DR. Relative changes in brain and kidney biomarkers with Exertional Heat Illness during a cool weather marathon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263873. [PMID: 35176088 PMCID: PMC8853487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Medical personnel may find it challenging to distinguish severe Exertional Heat Illness (EHI), with attendant risks of organ-injury and longer-term sequalae, from lesser forms of incapacity associated with strenuous physical exertion. Early evidence for injury at point-of-incapacity could aid the development and application of targeted interventions to improve outcomes. We aimed to investigate whether biomarker surrogates for end-organ damage sampled at point-of-care (POC) could discriminate EHI versus successful marathon performance.
Methods
Eight runners diagnosed as EHI cases upon reception to medical treatment facilities and 30 successful finishers of the same cool weather marathon (ambient temperature 8 rising to 12 ºC) were recruited. Emerging clinical markers associated with injury affecting the brain (neuron specific enolase, NSE; S100 calcium-binding protein B, S100β) and renal system (cystatin C, cysC; kidney-injury molecule-1, KIM-1; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, NGAL), plus copeptin as a surrogate for fluid-regulatory stress, were sampled in blood upon marathon collapse/completion, as well as beforehand at rest (successful finishers only).
Results
Versus successful finishers, EHI showed significantly higher NSE (10.33 [6.37, 20.00] vs. 3.17 [2.71, 3.92] ug.L-1, P<0.0001), cysC (1.48 [1.10, 1.67] vs. 1.10 [0.95, 1.21] mg.L-1, P = 0.0092) and copeptin (339.4 [77.0, 943] vs. 18.7 [7.1, 67.9] pmol.L-1, P = 0.0050). Discrimination of EHI by ROC (Area-Under-the-Curve) showed performance that was outstanding for NSE (0.97, P<0.0001) and excellent for copeptin (AUC = 0.83, P = 0.0066).
Conclusions
As novel biomarker candidates for EHI outcomes in cool-weather endurance exercise, early elevations in NSE and copeptin provided sufficient discrimination to suggest utility at point-of-incapacity. Further investigation is warranted in patients exposed to greater thermal insult, followed up over a more extended period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil E. Hill
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain T. Parsons
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rachael Grimaldi
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Nishma Shah
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carol House
- Environmental Medicine Services, Institute of Naval Medicine, Gosport, United Kingdom
| | - John P. O’Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Brett
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- General Intensive Care Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Chalmers S, Shaw G, Mujika I, Jay O. Thermal Strain During Open-Water Swimming Competition in Warm Water Environments. Front Physiol 2022; 12:785399. [PMID: 35002767 PMCID: PMC8733577 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.785399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Open-water swim racing in warm water is associated with significant physiological strain. However, existing international policy that governs safe participation during competition relies only on a fixed water temperature threshold for event cancellation and has an unclear biophysical rationale. The current policy does not factor other environmental factors or race distance, nor provide a stratification of risk (low, moderate, high, or extreme) prior to the threshold for cancellation. Therefore, the primary aim of this Perspectives article is to highlight considerations for the development of modernized warm-water competition policies. We highlight current accounts (or lack thereof) of thermal strain, cooling interventions, and performance in warm-water swimming and opportunities for advancement of knowledge. Further work is needed that systematically evaluate real-world thermal strain and performance during warm water competition (alongside reports of environmental conditions), novel preparatory strategies, and in-race cooling strategies. This could ultimately form a basis for future development of modernized policies for athlete cohorts that stratifies risk and mitigation strategies according to important environmental factors and race-specific factors (distance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chalmers
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory Shaw
- High Performance Unit, Swimming Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ollie Jay
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rois S, Zacharakis E, Kounalakis S, Soultanakis HN. Thermoregulatory responses during prolonged swimming with a Wetsuit at 25 °C. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1947018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Rois
- Aquatics Division, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Zacharakis
- Athletic Division, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, Greece
| | - Stylianos Kounalakis
- Department of Physical and Cultural Education, Hellenic Army Academy, Vari, Attiki, Greece
| | - Helen N. Soultanakis
- Aquatics Division, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, Greece
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Murphy M, Polston K, Carroll M, Alm J. Heat Injury in Open-Water Swimming: A Narrative Review. Curr Sports Med Rep 2021; 20:193-198. [PMID: 33790192 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Swimming is one of the most popular sports in the world with open-water swimming (OWS) gaining more and more prominence since being featured in the Federation Internationale De Natation World Aquatics Championships in 1992 and the Olympic Games in 2000. The aim of this review is to analyze the existing literature on heat injury in OWS. Relevant literature was located via computer-generated citations during November of 2020 through online computer searches of multiple major databases. Athletes participating in OWS are exposed to environmental conditions that place them at risk for unique medical conditions such as heat injury. Clinicians providing care for OWS athletes should be educated and trained to recognize these conditions and minimize risks to optimize athlete safety. This article identifies medical challenges related to heat injury in OWS while investigating water temperature recommendations, physiological effects of hyperthermia, risk mitigation strategies, and treatment measures.
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Knechtle B, Stjepanovic M, Knechtle C, Rosemann T, Sousa CV, Nikolaidis PT. Physiological Responses to Swimming Repetitive "Ice Miles". J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:487-494. [PMID: 29878984 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Knechtle, B, Stjepanovic, M, Knechtle, C, Rosemann, T, Sousa, CV, and Nikolaidis, PT. Physiological responses to swimming repetitive "Ice Miles." J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 487-494, 2021-"Ice Mile" swimming (i.e., 1,608 m in water of below 5° C) is becoming increasingly popular. Since the foundation of the International Ice Swimming Association (IISA) in 2009, official races are held as World Cup Races and World Championships. Ice swimming was a demonstration sport at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. This case study aimed to identify core body temperature and selected hematological and biochemical parameters before and after repeated "Ice Miles." An experienced ice swimmer completed 6 consecutive Ice Miles within 2 days. Three Ice Miles adhered to the strict criteria for the definition of Ice Miles, whereas the other 3 were very close (i.e., 5.2, 6.1, and 6.6° C) to the temperature limit. Swimming times, changes in core body temperatures, and selected urinary and hematological parameters were recorded. The athlete showed after each Ice Mile a metabolic acidosis (i.e., an increase in lactate and TCO2; a decrease in base excess and HCO3-) and an increase in blood glucose, cortisol, and creatine kinase concentration. The decrease in pH correlated significantly and negatively with the increase in cortisol level, indicating that this intense exercise causes a metabolic stress. The change in core body temperature between start and finish was negatively associated with metabolic acidosis. The increase in creatine kinase suggests skeletal muscle damages due to shivering after an Ice Mile. For athletes and coaches, swimming in cold water during Ice Miles leads to a metabolic acidosis, which the swimmer tries to compensate with a respiratory response. Considering the increasing popularity of ice swimming, the findings have practical value for swimmers and practitioners (e.g., coaches, exercise physiologists, and physicians) working with them because our results provide a detailed description of acute physiological responses to repeated swimming in cold conditions. These findings are of importance for athletes and coaches for National Championships and World Championships in Ice Swimming following the IISA rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Stjepanovic
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio V Sousa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil ; and
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Manolis AS, Manolis SA, Manolis AA, Manolis TA, Apostolaki N, Melita H. Winter Swimming. Curr Sports Med Rep 2019; 18:401-415. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Asplund CA, Creswell LL. Hypothesised mechanisms of swimming-related death: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50:1360-1366. [PMID: 26941276 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports from triathlon and competitive open-water swimming indicate that these events have higher rates of death compared with other forms of endurance sport. The potential causal mechanism for swimming-related death is unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine available studies on the hypothesised mechanisms of swimming-related death to determine the most likely aetiologies. MATERIAL AND METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1950 to present) were searched, yielding 1950 potential results, which after title and citation reviews were reduced to 83 possible reports. Studies included discussed mechanisms of death during swimming in humans, and were Level 4 evidence or higher. RESULTS A total of 17 studies (366 total swimmers) were included for further analysis: 5 investigating hyperthermia/hypothermia, 7 examining cardiac mechanisms and responses, and 5 determining the presence of pulmonary edema. The studies provide inconsistent and limited-quality or disease-oriented evidence that make definitive conclusions difficult. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence is limited but may suggest that cardiac arrhythmias are the most likely aetiology of swimming-related death. While symptoms of pulmonary edema may occur during swimming, current evidence does not support swimming-induced pulmonary edema as a frequent cause of swimming-related death, nor is there evidence to link hypothermia or hyperthermia as a causal mechanism. Further higher level studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Asplund
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Lawrence L Creswell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Otte im Kampe E, Kovats S, Hajat S. Impact of high ambient temperature on unintentional injuries in high-income countries: a narrative systematic literature review. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010399. [PMID: 26868947 PMCID: PMC4762150 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the likelihood of increased hot weather due to climate change, it is crucial to have prevention measures in place to reduce the health burden of high temperatures and heat waves. The aim of this review is to summarise and evaluate the evidence on the effects of summertime weather on unintentional injuries in high-income countries. DESIGN 3 databases (Global Public Health, EMBASE and MEDLINE) were searched by using related keywords and their truncations in the title and abstract, and reference lists of key studies were scanned. Studies reporting heatstroke and intentional injuries were excluded. RESULTS 13 studies met our inclusion criteria. 11 out of 13 studies showed that the risk of unintentional injuries increases with increasing ambient temperatures. On days with moderate temperatures, the increased risk varied between 0.4% and 5.3% for each 1 °C increase in ambient temperature. On extreme temperature days, the risk of injuries decreased. 2 out of 3 studies on occupational accidents found an increase in work-related accidents during high temperatures. For trauma hospital admissions, 6 studies reported an increase during hot weather, whereas 1 study found no association. The evidence for impacts on injuries by subgroups such as children, the elderly and drug users was limited and inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS The present review describes a broader range of types of unintentional fatal and non-fatal injuries (occupational, trauma hospital admissions, traffic, fire entrapments, poisoning and drug overdose) than has previously been reported. Our review confirms that hot weather can increase the risk of unintentional injuries and accidents in high-income countries. The results are useful for injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Otte im Kampe
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sari Kovats
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shakoor Hajat
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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15
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Maximum water temperature limit in open-water swimming events. Wilderness Environ Med 2014; 25:245-6. [PMID: 24631227 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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