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Lindström S, Wang L, Feng H, Majumdar A, Huo S, Macdonald J, Harrison T, Turman C, Chen H, Mancuso N, Bammler T, Gallinger S, Gruber SB, Gunter MJ, Le Marchand L, Moreno V, Offit K, De Vivo I, O’Mara TA, Spurdle AB, Tomlinson I, Fitzgerald R, Gharahkhani P, Gockel I, Jankowski J, Macgregor S, Schumacher J, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Bondy ML, Houlston RS, Jenkins RB, Melin B, Wrensch M, Brennan P, Christiani DC, Johansson M, Mckay J, Aldrich MC, Amos CI, Landi MT, Tardon A, Bishop DT, Demenais F, Goldstein AM, Iles MM, Kanetsky PA, Law MH, Amundadottir LT, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Wolpin BM, Klein A, Petersen G, Risch H, Chanock SJ, Purdue MP, Scelo G, Pharoah P, Kar S, Hung RJ, Pasaniuc B, Kraft P. Genome-wide analyses characterize shared heritability among cancers and identify novel cancer susceptibility regions. J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115:712-732. [PMID: 36929942 PMCID: PMC10248849 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shared inherited genetic contribution to risk of different cancers is not fully known. In this study, we leverage results from 12 cancer genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to quantify pairwise genome-wide genetic correlations across cancers and identify novel cancer susceptibility loci. METHODS We collected GWAS summary statistics for 12 solid cancers based on 376 759 participants with cancer and 532 864 participants without cancer of European ancestry. The included cancer types were breast, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, glioma, head and neck, lung, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and renal cancers. We conducted cross-cancer GWAS and transcriptome-wide association studies to discover novel cancer susceptibility loci. Finally, we assessed the extent of variant-specific pleiotropy among cancers at known and newly identified cancer susceptibility loci. RESULTS We observed widespread but modest genome-wide genetic correlations across cancers. In cross-cancer GWAS and transcriptome-wide association studies, we identified 15 novel cancer susceptibility loci. Additionally, we identified multiple variants at 77 distinct loci with strong evidence of being associated with at least 2 cancer types by testing for pleiotropy at known cancer susceptibility loci. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that some genetic risk variants are shared among cancers, though much of cancer heritability is cancer-specific and thus tissue-specific. The increase in statistical power associated with larger sample sizes in cross-disease analysis allows for the identification of novel susceptibility regions. Future studies incorporating data on multiple cancer types are likely to identify additional regions associated with the risk of multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lindström
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helian Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arunabha Majumdar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Sijia Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Macdonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tabitha Harrison
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Constance Turman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Mancuso
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Steve Gallinger
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Marc J Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Victor Moreno
- Oncology Data Analytics Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ONCOBEL Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Radcliffe Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tracy A O’Mara
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janusz Jankowski
- Institute for Clinical Trials, University College London, Holborn, UK
- University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Stuart Macgregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Trans-Divisional Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa L Bondy
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Margaret Wrensch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - James Mckay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adonina Tardon
- University Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo and Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - D Timothy Bishop
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Florence Demenais
- Université Paris Cité, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1124, Paris, France
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark M Iles
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Laufey T Amundadottir
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alison Klein
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gloria Petersen
- Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Harvey Risch
- Yale School of Public Health, Chronic Disease Epidemiology, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Siddhartha Kar
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbuaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Sun J, Wang L, Zhou X, Hu L, Yuan S, Bian Z, Chen J, Zhu Y, Farrington SM, Campbell H, Ding K, Zhang D, Dunlop MG, Theodoratou E, Li X. Cross-cancer pleiotropic analysis identifies three novel genetic risk loci for colorectal cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2093-2102. [PMID: 36928917 PMCID: PMC10244225 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the shared genetic basis between colorectal cancer (CRC) and other cancers and identify potential pleiotropic loci for compensating the missing genetic heritability of CRC. METHODS We conducted a systematic genome-wide pleiotropy scan to appraise associations between cancer-related genetic variants and CRC risk among European populations. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-set analysis was performed using data from the UK Biobank and the Study of Colorectal Cancer in Scotland (10 039 CRC cases and 30 277 controls) to evaluate the overlapped genetic regions for susceptibility of CRC and other cancers. The variant-level pleiotropic associations between CRC and other cancers were examined by CRC genome-wide association study meta-analysis and the pleiotropic analysis under composite null hypothesis (PLACO) pleiotropy test. Gene-based, co-expression and pathway enrichment analyses were performed to explore potential shared biological pathways. The interaction between novel genetic variants and common environmental factors was further examined for their effects on CRC. RESULTS Genome-wide pleiotropic analysis identified three novel SNPs (rs2230469, rs9277378 and rs143190905) and three mapped genes (PIP4K2A, HLA-DPB1 and RTEL1) to be associated with CRC. These genetic variants were significant expressions quantitative trait loci in colon tissue, influencing the expression of their mapped genes. Significant interactions of PIP4K2A and HLA-DPB1 with environmental factors, including smoking and alcohol drinking, were observed. All mapped genes and their co-expressed genes were significantly enriched in pathways involved in carcinogenesis. CONCLUSION Our findings provide an important insight into the shared genetic basis between CRC and other cancers. We revealed several novel CRC susceptibility loci to help understand the genetic architecture of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lidan Hu
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Zilong Bian
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yingshuang Zhu
- Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Susan M Farrington
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The School of Public Health of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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4
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Tian J, Wang Y, Dong Y, Chang J, Wu Y, Chang S, Che G. Cumulative Evidence for Relationships Between Multiple Variants in the TERT and CLPTM1L Region and Risk of Cancer and Non-Cancer Disease. Front Oncol 2022; 12:946039. [PMID: 35847915 PMCID: PMC9279858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.946039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic studies previously reported that variants in TERT-CLPTM1L genes were related to susceptibility of cancer and non-cancer diseases. However, conclusions were not always concordant. Methods We performed meta-analyses to assess correlations between 23 variants within TERT-CLPTM1L region and susceptibility to 12 cancers and 1 non-cancer disease based on data in 109 papers (involving 139,510 cases and 208,530 controls). Two approaches (false-positive report probability test and Venice criteria) were adopted for assessing the cumulative evidence of significant associations. Current study evaluated the potential role of these variants based on data in Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project. Results Thirteen variants were statistically associated with susceptibility to 11 cancers and 1 non-cancer disease (p < 0.05). Besides, 12 variants with eight cancers and one non-cancer disease were rated as strong evidence (rs2736098, rs401681, and rs402710 in bladder cancer; rs2736100, rs2853691, and rs401681 in esophageal cancer; rs10069690 in gastric cancer; rs2736100 and rs2853676 in glioma; rs2242652, rs2736098, rs2736100, rs2853677, rs31489, rs401681, rs402710, rs465498, and rs4975616 in lung cancer; rs2736100 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and myeloproliferative neoplasms; and rs401681 in pancreatic and skin cancer). According to data from ENCODE and other public databases, 12 variants with strong evidence might fall within putative functional regions. Conclusions This paper demonstrated that common variants of TERT-CLPTM1L genes were related to susceptibility to bladder, esophageal, gastric, lung, pancreatic, and skin cancer, as well as to glioma, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and, besides, the crucial function of the TERT-CLPTM1L region in the genetic predisposition to human diseases is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingxian Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junke Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongming Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuai Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guowei Che
- Department of Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Guowei Che,
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5
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Dratwa M, Wysoczanska B, Brankiewicz W, Stachowicz-Suhs M, Wietrzyk J, Matkowski R, Ekiert M, Szelachowska J, Maciejczyk A, Szajewski M, Baginski M, Bogunia-Kubik K. Relationship between Telomere Length, TERT Genetic Variability and TERT, TP53, SP1, MYC Gene Co-Expression in the Clinicopathological Profile of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5164. [PMID: 35563554 PMCID: PMC9102200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) upregulation in breast cancer (BC) are complex. We compared genetic variability within TERT and telomere length with the clinical data of patients with BC. Additionally, we assessed the expression of the TERT, MYC, TP53 and SP1 genes in BC patients and in BC organoids (3D cell cultures obtained from breast cancer tissues). We observed the same correlation in the blood of BC patients and in BC organoids between the expression of TERT and TP53. Only in BC patients was a correlation found between the expression of the TERT and MYC genes and between TP53 and MYC. We found associations between TERT genotypes (rs2735940 and rs10069690) and TP53 expression and telomere length. BC patients with the TT genotype rs2735940 have a shorter telomere length, but patients with A allele rs10069690 have a longer telomere length. BC patients with a short allele VNTR-MNS16A showed higher expression of the SP1 and had a longer telomere. Our results bring new insight into the regulation of TERT, MYC, TP53 and SP1 gene expression related to TERT genetic variability and telomere length. Our study also showed for the first time a similar relationship in the expression of the above genes in BC patients and in BC organoids. These findings suggest that TERT genetic variability, expression and telomere length might be useful biomarkers for BC, but their prognostic value may vary depending on the clinical parameters of BC patients and tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dratwa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Barbara Wysoczanska
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Wioletta Brankiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (W.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Martyna Stachowicz-Suhs
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.S.-S.); (J.W.)
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.S.-S.); (J.W.)
| | - Rafał Matkowski
- Breast Unit, Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland; (R.M.); (M.E.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ekiert
- Breast Unit, Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland; (R.M.); (M.E.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Szelachowska
- Breast Unit, Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland; (R.M.); (M.E.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Maciejczyk
- Breast Unit, Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland; (R.M.); (M.E.); (J.S.); (A.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Szajewski
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Gdynia Oncology Centre, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland;
- Division of Propaedeutics of Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Baginski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (W.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
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