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Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani P, Lotfi M, Zahmatkesh A, Esskandary AA. Cu-doped Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles for efficient detoxification of epsilon toxin: Toward substituting magnetically recyclable detoxifying agent for formaldehyde. Toxicon 2024; 242:107707. [PMID: 38579983 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
This research presents the synthesis and characterization of Cu-doped Fe3O4 (Cu-Fe3O4) nanoparticles as a magnetically recoverable and reusable detoxifying agent for the efficient and long-lasting neutralization of bacterial toxins. The nanoparticles were synthesized using the combustion synthesis method and characterized through SEM, XRD, BET, TGA, and VSM techniques. The detoxification potential of Cu-Fe3O4 was compared with traditional formaldehyde (FA) in detoxifying epsilon toxin (ETx) from Clostridium perfringens Type D, the causative agent of enterotoxemia in ruminants. In vivo residual toxicity tests revealed that Cu-Fe3O4 could detoxify ETx at a concentration of 2.0 mg mL-1 within 4 days at room temperature (RT) and 2 days at 37 °C, outperforming FA (12 and 6 days at RT and 37 °C, respectively). Characterization studies using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and circular dichroism (CD) highlighted lower conformational changes in Cu-Fe3O4-detoxified ETx compared to FA-detoxified ETx. Moreover, Cu-Fe3O4-detoxified ETx exhibited exceptional storage stability at 4 °C and RT for 6 months, maintaining an irreversible structure with no residual toxicity. The particles demonstrated remarkable reusability, with the ability to undergo five continuous detoxification batches. This study provides valuable insights into the development of an efficient and safe detoxifying agent, enabling the production of toxoids with a native-like structure. The magnetically recoverable and reusable nature of Cu-Fe3O4 nanoparticles offers practical advantages for easy recovery and reuse in detoxification reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Jundi-Shapur Research Institute, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Lotfi
- Jundi-Shapur Research Institute, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran; Department of Chemical Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Abbass Ali Esskandary
- Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Li BL, Wang JR, Liu XY, Lu JS, Wang R, Du P, Yu S, Pang XB, Yu YZ, Yang ZX. Tetanus toxin and botulinum neurotoxin-derived fusion molecules are effective bivalent vaccines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7197-7211. [PMID: 37741939 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Tetanus toxin (TeNT) and botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are neuroprotein toxins, with the latter being the most toxic known protein. They are structurally similar and contain three functional domains: an N-terminal catalytic domain (light chain), an internal heavy-chain translocation domain (HN domain), and a C-terminal heavy chain receptor binding domain (Hc domain or RBD). In this study, fusion functional domain molecules consisting of the TeNT RBD (THc) and the BoNT/A RBD (AHc) (i.e., THc-Linker-AHc and AHc-Linker-THc) were designed, prepared, and identified. The interaction of each Hc domain and the ganglioside receptor (GT1b) or the receptor synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) was explored in vitro. Their immune response characteristics and protective efficacy were investigated in animal models. The recombinant THc-linker-AHc and AHc-linker-THc proteins with the binding activity had the correct size and structure, thus representing novel subunit vaccines. THc-linker-AHc and AHc-linker-THc induced high levels of specific neutralizing antibodies, and showed strong immune protective efficacy against both toxins. The high antibody titers against the two novel fusion domain molecules and against individual THc and AHc suggested that the THc and AHc domains, as antigens in the fusion functional domain molecules, do not interact with each other and retain their full key epitopes responsible for inducing neutralizing antibodies. Thus, the recombinant THc-linker-AHc and AHc-linker-THc molecules are strong and effective bivalent biotoxin vaccines, protecting against two biotoxins simultaneously. Our experimental design will be valuable to develop recombinant double-RBD fusion molecules as potent bivalent subunit vaccines against bio-toxins. KEY POINTS: • Double-RBD fusion molecules from two toxins had the correct structure and activity. • THc-linker-AHc and AHc-linker-THc efficiently protected against both biotoxins. • Such bivalent biotoxin vaccines based on the RBD are a valuable experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Lin Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing-Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xu-Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
- Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Lu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Peng Du
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Pang
- Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
| | - Yun-Zhou Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Zhi-Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Thorat S, Ogale P, Gautam M, Shaligram U, Gairola S. Development and validation of capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) method for purity analysis of pertussis toxin, filamentous haemagglutinin and pertactin antigens. Vaccine 2023; 41:5854-5862. [PMID: 37591705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
We report here the development and validation of CE-SDS method for purity analysis of Acellular Pertussis vaccine components viz. purified Pertussis toxin (PTx), purified Filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), and Pertactinantigen (PRN). The method was found to be specific and showed excellent linearity at a concentration range of 15.62 µg/mL-1000 µg/mL for purified PTx, 31.25 µg/mL-1000 µg/mL for purified FHA, and 3.9 µg/mL-1000 µg/mL for PRN antigen. Method reported limit of quantification (LOQ) 31.25 µg/mL, 62.5 µg/mL, and 7.8 µg/mL for purified PTx, FHA, and PRN respectively. Method precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) for purity and molecular weight determination in product matrix was below 10% for all three proteins. Method comparability studies were performed with SDS-PAGE. CE-SDS demonstrated corroborating results with SDS-PAGE for the estimation of purity and molecular weight analysis. However, CE-SDS method exhibited better resolution capabilities for resolving all the sub-unit peaks of PTx and isoforms of purified FHA. CE-SDS method also demonstrated stability indicating potential and thus fits its intended purpose as an effective analytical tool for quality control of acellular pertussis-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Thorat
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pratik Ogale
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish Gautam
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Umesh Shaligram
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Gairola
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411 028, Maharashtra, India.
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Gupta S, Pellett S. Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:563. [PMID: 37755989 PMCID: PMC10536331 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most effective strategies to prevent pathogen-induced illness in humans. The earliest vaccines were based on live inoculations with low doses of live or related pathogens, which carried a relatively high risk of developing the disease they were meant to prevent. The introduction of attenuated and killed pathogens as vaccines dramatically reduced these risks; however, attenuated live vaccines still carry a risk of reversion to a pathogenic strain capable of causing disease. This risk is completely eliminated with recombinant protein or subunit vaccines, which are atoxic and non-infectious. However, these vaccines require adjuvants and often significant optimization to induce robust T-cell responses and long-lasting immune memory. Some pathogens produce protein toxins that cause or contribute to disease. To protect against the effects of such toxins, chemically inactivated toxoid vaccines have been found to be effective. Toxoid vaccines are successfully used today at a global scale to protect against tetanus and diphtheria. Recent developments for toxoid vaccines are investigating the possibilities of utilizing recombinant protein toxins mutated to eliminate biologic activity instead of chemically inactivated toxins. Finally, one of the most contemporary approaches toward vaccine design utilizes messenger RNA (mRNA) as a vaccine candidate. This approach was used globally to protect against coronavirus disease during the COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2019, due to its advantages of quick production and scale-up, and effectiveness in eliciting a neutralizing antibody response. Nonetheless, mRNA vaccines require specialized storage and transport conditions, posing challenges for low- and middle-income countries. Among multiple available technologies for vaccine design and formulation, which technology is most appropriate? This review focuses on the considerable developments that have been made in utilizing diverse vaccine technologies with a focus on vaccines targeting bacterial toxins. We describe how advancements in vaccine technology, combined with a deeper understanding of pathogen-host interactions, offer exciting and promising avenues for the development of new and improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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5
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De-Simone SG, Napoleão-Pêgo P, Lechuga GC, Carvalho JPRS, Gomes LR, Cardozo SV, Morel CM, Provance DW, Silva FRD. High-Throughput IgG Epitope Mapping of Tetanus Neurotoxin: Implications for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Design. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040239. [PMID: 37104177 PMCID: PMC10146279 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetanus is an acute, fatal disease caused by exotoxins released from Clostridium tetani during infections. A protective humoral immune response can be induced by vaccinations with pediatric and booster combinatorial vaccines that contain inactivated tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) as a major antigen. Although some epitopes in TeNT have been described using various approaches, a comprehensive list of its antigenic determinants that are involved with immunity has not been elucidated. To this end, a high-resolution analysis of the linear B-cell epitopes in TeNT was performed using antibodies generated in vaccinated children. Two hundred sixty-four peptides that cover the entire coding sequence of the TeNT protein were prepared in situ on a cellulose membrane through SPOT synthesis and probed with sera from children vaccinated (ChVS) with a triple DTP-vaccine to map continuous B-cell epitopes, which were further characterized and validated using immunoassays. Forty-four IgG epitopes were identified. Four (TT-215-218) were chemically synthesized as multiple antigen peptides (MAPs) and used in peptide ELISAs to screen post-pandemic DTP vaccinations. The assay displayed a high performance with high sensitivity (99.99%) and specificity (100%). The complete map of linear IgG epitopes induced by vaccination with inactivated TeNT highlights three key epitopes involved in the efficacy of the vaccine. Antibodies against epitope TT-8/G can block enzymatic activity, and those against epitopes TT-41/G and TT-43/G can interfere with TeNT binding to neuronal cell receptors. We further show that four of the epitopes identified can be employed in peptide ELISAs to assess vaccine coverage. Overall, the data suggest a set of select epitopes to engineer new, directed vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore G De-Simone
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Lechuga
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - João P R S Carvalho
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, RJ, Brazil
| | - Larissa R Gomes
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergian V Cardozo
- Department of Health, Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine (BIOTRANS), University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Caxias 25071-202, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos M Morel
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - David W Provance
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavio R da Silva
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
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Tian S, Liu R, Wu Z, Zhang K. A Novel Strategy Based on Permanent Protein Modifications Induced by Formaldehyde for Food Safety Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17365-17369. [PMID: 36458654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The illegal additions of chemicals in food products are serious incidents threatening current public safety. To date, ideal methods to determine permanent traces of prohibited chemicals in foods are still lacking. For example, formaldehyde (FA) can be added illegally as a food preservative. However, most current methods that are dependent on the direct detection of FA are not able to determine if FA has ever been added once food products are rinsed completely. Herein, we present a novel approach relying upon protein modifications induced by FA (PMIF) to examine FA in foods. We reveal the entire catalog of PMIFs in food products by combining mass spectrometry analysis with unrestrictive identification of protein modifications. Consequently, four obvious PMIFs were identified and confirmed as markers to discriminate the addition of FA in foods. Our study demonstrates that the approach based on PMIFs enables detecting the imprinted trace of FA even if the food products have been washed thoroughly. Our work presents a novel strategy for analysis of chemical additives, offering broad potential applications in protein analysis and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Tian
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhiyue Wu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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7
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Biswas P, Adhikari A, Pal U, Mondal S, Mukherjee D, Ghosh R, Obaid RJ, Moussa Z, Choudhury SS, Ahmed SA, Das R, Pal SK. A combined spectroscopic and molecular modeling Study on structure-function-dynamics under chemical modification: Alpha-chymotrypsin with formalin preservative. Front Chem 2022; 10:978668. [PMID: 36118312 PMCID: PMC9473634 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.978668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme function can be altered via modification of its amino acid residues, side chains and large-scale domain modifications. Herein, we have addressed the role of residue modification in catalytic activity and molecular recognition of an enzyme alpha-chymotrypsin (CHT) in presence of a covalent cross-linker formalin. Enzyme assay reveals reduced catalytic activity upon increased formalin concentration. Polarization gated anisotropy studies of a fluorophore 8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) in CHT show a dip rise pattern in presence of formalin which is consistent with the generation of multiple ANS binding sites in the enzyme owing to modifications of its local amino acid residues. Molecular docking study on amino acid residue modifications in CHT also indicate towards the formation of multiple ANS binding site. The docking model also predicted no change in binding behavior for the substrate Ala-Ala-Phe-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) at the active site upon formalin induced amino acid cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata, India
| | - Aniruddha Adhikari
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Uttam Pal
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipanjan Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Ria Ghosh
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Rami J. Obaid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury
- Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury, ; Saleh A. Ahmed, ; Ranjan Das, ; Samir Kumar Pal,
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury, ; Saleh A. Ahmed, ; Ranjan Das, ; Samir Kumar Pal,
| | - Ranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, West Bengal State University, Barasat, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury, ; Saleh A. Ahmed, ; Ranjan Das, ; Samir Kumar Pal,
| | - Samir Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury, ; Saleh A. Ahmed, ; Ranjan Das, ; Samir Kumar Pal,
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Long Z, Wei C, Ross R, Luo X, Ma X, Qi Y, Chai R, Cao J, Huang M, Bo T. Effects of detoxification process on toxicity and foreign protein of tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1207:123377. [PMID: 35905569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde detoxification is a process for converting tetanus toxin (TT) and diphtheria toxin (DT) into tetanus toxoid (TTd) and diphtheria toxoid (DTd), respectively. The mechanism of this detoxification process has been investigated by several previous studies based on lab-scale toxoids. To obtain greater insights of the effects induced by formaldehyde, industrial TTd and DTd batches obtained from different detoxification processes were studied in this work. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 15 and 20 repeatable formaldehyde-induced modification sites of TTd and DTd were identified, respectively. Toxoid which had a higher formaldehyde-induced modification rate observed by LC-MS, also had larger bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Aggregates which were observed on size exclusion chromatogram (SEC) were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and LC-MS. Formaldehyde detoxification also led to a decrease of isoelectric point (pI) values and an increase of retention on weak anion exchange (WAX) column. Specific toxicity tests were conducted to evaluate toxicity of the TTd and DTd samples obtained with different detoxification conditions. Results from the specific toxicity tests showed that all toxoids used in this study were qualified, including toxoids obtained from mild and drastic detoxification conditions. However, obtained from mild detoxification conditions had less aggregates and may lead to a higher degree of glycosylation in conjugate vaccines than the ones obtained from drastic detoxification conditions. Thus, we suggest that mild detoxification conditions should be used to obtain TTd and DTd. Furthermore, as well as studying the formaldehyde-induced modifications and toxicity in TTd and DTd, the effects of the detoxification process on foreign proteins were also investigated. An increase in foreign proteins were observed in the aggregate than in the monomer of the toxoids. Additionally, some foreign proteins in the monomer of the toxins transferred to the aggregate of toxoids due to the formation of cross-linking. To eliminate the risk of cross-linking foreign proteins to toxoids in vaccination programs, a purification process is necessary before the detoxification process and/or the use of toxoids in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Long
- ThermoFisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Robert Ross
- ThermoFisher Scientific Corporation, San Jose 95134, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yingzi Qi
- ThermoFisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Ruiping Chai
- ThermoFisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jianming Cao
- ThermoFisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Min Huang
- ThermoFisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Tao Bo
- ThermoFisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 100080, China
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Houy C, Ming M, Ettorre L, Jin R, Thangavadivel N, Chen T, Su J, Gajewska B. Epitope Profiling of Diphtheria Toxoid Provides Enhanced Monitoring for Consistency Testing during Manufacturing Process Changes. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050775. [PMID: 35632531 PMCID: PMC9147534 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vaccine industry, multiple physicochemical, immunological, in vitro and in vivo analytical methods are applied throughout the manufacturing process to characterize and monitor the quality of vaccines. Presented here is the Single Epitope Antigenicity Test (SEAT), an innovative, quantitative epitope profiling method which provides an extended immunochemical analysis for diphtheria toxoid (DTxd) to be used for consistency testing during manufacturing process changes. The method uses BioLayer Interferometry (BLI) and a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to independently assess nine individual antigenic sites of DTxd. The panel includes mAbs which are functional, bind distinct sites on DTxd and are able to distinguish intact DTxd from that which has been exposed to heat treatment. The SEAT method was qualified for precision, accuracy, and linearity, and was used to define a preliminary comparability range for DTxd made using the current manufacturing process. DTxd lots manufactured using alternate processes were assessed in the context of this range to determine the impact on DTxd antigenicity. Epitope profiling by SEAT provides quantitative information on the integrity of multiple important antigenic regions of DTxd, and therefore represents a valuable tool in a comprehensive analytical test package which can be used to support manufacturing process changes for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Houy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-476-667-2700 (ext. 7629)
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Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins and Modifications Induced by Formaldehyde Using LC-MS/MS. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a toxic compound that is considered to have a carcinogenic effect due to its damage to biological macromolecules. However, the influence of FA at the protein level remains to be explored. Here, we used LC-MS/MS to identify the differentially expressed proteins and modifications to proteins between FA-treated and untreated HeLa cells. Among 2021 proteins identified, 196 proteins were significantly down-regulated and 152 up-regulated. The differentially expressed proteins were further analyzed using bioinformatics tools for annotating the characterization of their localizations and functions. To evaluate the interaction of FA with proteins, we performed proteomic analysis for a mass shift of 12 Da on the side chains of lysine, cysteine and tryptophan, which are induced by FA as noticeable signals. We identified the modified proteins and sites, suggesting direct interaction between FA and proteins. Motif analysis further showed the characterization of amino acid sequences that react with FA. Cluster analysis of the modified proteins indicated that the FA-interacting networks are mostly enriched in the nuclei, ribosomes and metabolism. Our study presents the influence of FA on proteomes and modifications, offering a new insight into the mechanisms underlying FA-induced biological effects.
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Al-Hatamleh MAI, Alshaer W, Hatmal MM, Lambuk L, Ahmed N, Mustafa MZ, Low SC, Jaafar J, Ferji K, Six JL, Uskoković V, Mohamud R. Applications of Alginate-Based Nanomaterials in Enhancing the Therapeutic Effects of Bee Products. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:865833. [PMID: 35480890 PMCID: PMC9035631 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.865833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the ancient times, bee products (i.e., honey, propolis, pollen, bee venom, bee bread, and royal jelly) have been considered as natural remedies with therapeutic effects against a number of diseases. The therapeutic pleiotropy of bee products is due to their diverse composition and chemical properties, which is independent on the bee species. This has encouraged researchers to extensively study the therapeutic potentials of these products, especially honey. On the other hand, amid the unprecedented growth in nanotechnology research and applications, nanomaterials with various characteristics have been utilized to improve the therapeutic efficiency of these products. Towards keeping the bee products as natural and non-toxic therapeutics, the green synthesis of nanocarriers loaded with these products or their extracts has received a special attention. Alginate is a naturally produced biopolymer derived from brown algae, the desirable properties of which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and non-immunogenicity. This review presents an overview of alginates, including their properties, nanoformulations, and pharmaceutical applications, placing a particular emphasis on their applications for the enhancement of the therapeutic effects of bee products. Despite the paucity of studies on fabrication of alginate-based nanomaterials loaded with bee products or their extracts, recent advances in the area of utilizing alginate-based nanomaterials and other types of materials to enhance the therapeutic potentials of bee products are summarized in this work. As the most widespread and well-studied bee products, honey and propolis have garnered a special interest; combining them with alginate-based nanomaterials has led to promising findings, especially for wound healing and skin tissue engineering. Furthermore, future directions are proposed and discussed to encourage researchers to develop alginate-based stingless bee product nanomedicines, and to help in selecting suitable methods for devising nanoformulations based on multi-criteria decision making models. Also, the commercialization prospects of nanocomposites based on alginates and bee products are discussed. In conclusion, preserving original characteristics of the bee products is a critical challenge in developing nano-carrier systems. Alginate-based nanomaterials are well suited for this task because they can be fabricated without the use of harsh conditions, such as shear force and freeze-drying, which are often used for other nano-carriers. Further, conjunction of alginates with natural polymers such as honey does not only combine the medicinal properties of alginates and honey, but it could also enhance the mechanical properties and cell adhesion capacity of alginates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Lidawani Lambuk
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulkifli Mustafa
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Siew Chun Low
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Ferji
- LCPM, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Luc Six
- LCPM, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Rohimah Mohamud,
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Michiels TJM, van Veen MA, Meiring HD, Jiskoot W, Kersten GFA, Metz B. Common Reference-Based Tandem Mass Tag Multiplexing for the Relative Quantification of Peptides: Design and Application to Degradome Analysis of Diphtheria Toxoid. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1490-1497. [PMID: 33983728 PMCID: PMC8176455 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Currently, animal tests are being used to confirm the potency and lack of toxicity of toxoid vaccines. In a consistency approach, animal tests could be replaced if production consistency (compared to known good products) can be proven in a panel of in vitro assays. By mimicking the in vivo antigen processing in a simplified in vitro approach, it may be possible to distinguish aberrant products from good products. To demonstrate this, heat-exposed diphtheria toxoid was subjected to partial digestion by cathepsin S (an endoprotease involved in antigen processing), and the peptide formation/degradation kinetics were mapped for various heated toxoids. To overcome the limitations associated with the very large number of samples, we used common reference-based tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling. Instead of using one label per condition with direct comparison between the set of labels, we compared multiple labeled samples to a common reference (a pooled sample containing an aliquot of each condition). In this method, the number of samples is not limited by the number of unique TMT labels. This TMT multiplexing strategy allows for a 15-fold reduction of analysis time while retaining the reliability advantage of TMT labeling over label-free quantification. The formation of the most important peptides could be followed over time and compared among several conditions. The changes in enzymatic degradation kinetics of diphtheria toxoid revealed several suitable candidate peptides for use in a quality control assay that can distinguish structurally aberrant diphtheria toxoid from compliant toxoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. M. Michiels
- Division
of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Madelief A. van Veen
- Division
of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo D. Meiring
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division
of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F. A. Kersten
- Division
of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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De-Simone SG, Gomes LR, Napoleão-Pêgo P, Lechuga GC, de Pina JS, da Silva FR. Epitope Mapping of the Diphtheria Toxin and Development of an ELISA-Specific Diagnostic Assay. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:313. [PMID: 33810325 PMCID: PMC8066203 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The diphtheria toxoid antigen is a major component in pediatric and booster combination vaccines and is known to raise a protective humoral immune response upon vaccination. Although antibodies are considered critical for diphtheria protection, little is known about the antigenic determinants that maintain humoral immunity. Methods: One-hundred and twelve 15 mer peptides covering the entire sequence of diphtheria toxin (DTx) protein were prepared by SPOT synthesis. The immunoreactivity of membrane-bound peptides with sera from mice immunized with a triple DTP vaccine allowed mapping of continuous B-cell epitopes, topological studies, multiantigen peptide (MAP) synthesis, and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) development. Results: Twenty epitopes were identified, with two being in the signal peptide, five in the catalytic domain (CD), seven in the HBFT domain, and five in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Two 17 mer (CB/Tx-2/12 and CB/DTx-4-13) derived biepitope peptides linked by a Gly-Gly spacer were chemically synthesized. The peptides were used as antigens to coat ELISA plates and assayed with human (huVS) and mice vaccinated sera (miVS) for in vitro diagnosis of diphtheria. The assay proved to be highly sensitive (99.96%) and specific (100%) for huVS and miVS and, when compared with a commercial ELISA test, demonstrated a high performance. Conclusions: Our work displayed the complete picture of the linear B cell IgG response epitope of the DTx responsible for the protective effect and demonstrated sufficient specificity and eligibility for phase IIB studies of some epitopes to develop new and fast diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Giovanni De-Simone
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Gomes
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
| | - Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
| | - Guilherme Curty Lechuga
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
| | - Jorge Soares de Pina
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
| | - Flavio Rocha da Silva
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
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Michiels TJM, Schöneich C, Hamzink MRJ, Meiring HD, Kersten GFA, Jiskoot W, Metz B. Novel Formaldehyde-Induced Modifications of Lysine Residue Pairs in Peptides and Proteins: Identification and Relevance to Vaccine Development. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4375-4385. [PMID: 33017153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde-inactivated toxoid vaccines have been in use for almost a century. Despite formaldehyde's deceptively simple structure, its reactions with proteins are complex. Treatment of immunogenic proteins with aqueous formaldehyde results in heterogenous mixtures due to a variety of adducts and cross-links. In this study, we aimed to further elucidate the reaction products of formaldehyde reaction with proteins and report unique modifications in formaldehyde-treated cytochrome c and corresponding synthetic peptides. Synthetic peptides (Ac-GDVEKGAK and Ac-GDVEKGKK) were treated with isotopically labeled formaldehyde (13CH2O or CD2O) followed by purification of the two main reaction products. This allowed for their structural elucidation by (2D)-nuclear magnetic resonance and nanoscale liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry analysis. We observed modifications resulting from (i) formaldehyde-induced deamination and formation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and methylation on two adjacent lysine residues and (ii) formaldehyde-induced methylation and formylation of two adjacent lysine residues. These products react further to form intramolecular cross-links between the two lysine residues. At higher peptide concentrations, these two main reaction products were also found to subsequently cross-link to lysine residues in other peptides, forming dimers and trimers. The accurate identification and quantification of formaldehyde-induced modifications improves our knowledge of formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine products, potentially aiding the development and registration of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J M Michiels
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Martin R J Hamzink
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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15
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Liu FJ, Shi DY, Li ZY, Lu JS, Wang R, Pang XB, Yang ZX, Yu YZ. Evaluation of a recombinant tetanus toxin subunit vaccine. Toxicon 2020; 187:75-81. [PMID: 32889026 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tetanus is an acute, fatal disease caused by exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The current vaccine against tetanus is based on inactivated tetanus toxin (TeNT). To develop a recombinant TeNT vaccine suitable for replacement of full-length tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine for use in humans, a recombinant non-tagged isoform of the Hc domain of the tetanus toxin (THc) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by sequential chromatography steps. The immunogenicity and protective effect of the THc antigen were explored and compared with those of TT in Balb/c mice. The THc-based subunit vaccine provided complete protection against TeNT challenge following a high dosage as a toxoid vaccine. While the anti-THc and neutralising antibody titres were higher for the THc-based vaccine than the TT vaccine because protective epitopes are located on the THc domain. Frequency- and dose-dependent immunoprotection were also observed in THc-immunised mice. Mice immunised with one injection of 1 μg or 4 μg THc antigen were completely protected against 102 or 103 50% mouse lethal dose (LD50) of TeNT, respectively. Furthermore, the THc protein was found to recognise and bind to ganglioside GT1b in a dose-dependent manner, and anti-THc sera antibodies also inhibited binding between THc and GT1b. Antigen on the form of recombinant non-tagged THc domain expressed in E. coli achieved strong immunoprotective potency, suggesting that it could be developed into a candidate subunit vaccine against tetanus as an alternative to the current TT vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jia Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China; Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Dan-Yang Shi
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China; Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Lu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Pang
- Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
| | - Zhi-Xin Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yun-Zhou Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Michiels TJM, Meiring HD, Jiskoot W, Kersten GFA, Metz B. Formaldehyde treatment of proteins enhances proteolytic degradation by the endo-lysosomal protease cathepsin S. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11535. [PMID: 32665578 PMCID: PMC7360561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of protein antigens by endo-lysosomal proteases in antigen-presenting cells is crucial for achieving cellular immunity. Structural changes caused by vaccine production process steps, such as formaldehyde inactivation, could affect the sensitivity of the antigen to lysosomal proteases. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the formaldehyde detoxification process on the enzymatic proteolysis of antigens by studying model proteins. Bovine serum albumin, β-lactoglobulin A and cytochrome c were treated with various concentrations of isotopically labelled formaldehyde and glycine, and subjected to proteolytic digestion by cathepsin S, an important endo-lysosomal endoprotease. Degradation products were analysed by mass spectrometry and size exclusion chromatography. The most abundant modification sites were identified by their characteristic MS doublets. Unexpectedly, all studied proteins showed faster proteolytic degradation upon treatment with higher formaldehyde concentrations. This effect was observed both in the absence and presence of glycine, an often-used excipient during inactivation to prevent intermolecular crosslinking. Overall, subjecting proteins to formaldehyde or formaldehyde/glycine treatment results in changes in proteolysis rates, leading to an enhanced degradation speed. This accelerated degradation could have consequences for the immunogenicity and the efficacy of vaccine products containing formaldehyde-inactivated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J M Michiels
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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