Delivery of Therapeutics from Layer-by-Layer Electrospun Nanofiber Matrix for Wound Healing: An Update

Polymeric scaffold integrated with nanovesicle-entrapped curcuminoids for enhanced therapeutic efficacy

Aim: Polymeric scaffolds were developed fortified with nanovesicle-encapsulated individual curcumin (CUR) and tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) for improved therapeutic efficacy due to their low stability and efficacy in native form. Method: Nanovesicle-encapsulated individual CUR and THC were fabricated using thin-film hydration techniques and characterized. Results & conclusion: CUR/THC in native and vesicle-encapsulated form demonstrated diminished LPS-instigate nitric oxide (NO) levels in macrophage cells in a concentration-dependent demeanor. However, vesicle-encapsulated CUR/THC inhibited NO production at lower concentrations, compared with the native CUR/THC form. Furthermore, the scaffold fortified with vesicle-encapsulated CUR/THC demonstrated improved physical properties with excellent antioxidant, biocompatibility, and human keratinocyte cell proliferation ability. The results recommended that nanovesicle-encapsulated THC can be retained as a potential substitute for CUR with improved therapeutic efficacy.

Recent advancements in natural polymers-based self-healing nano-materials for wound dressing

The field of wound healing has witnessed remarkable progress in recent years, driven by the pursuit of advanced wound dressings. Traditional dressing materials have limitations like poor biocompatibility, nonbiodegradability, inadequate moisture management, poor breathability, lack of inherent therapeutic properties, and environmental impacts. There is a compelling demand for innovative solutions to transcend the constraints of conventional dressing materials for optimal wound care. In this extensive review, the therapeutic potential of natural polymers as the foundation for the development of self-healing nano-materials, specifically for wound dressing applications, has been elucidated. Natural polymers offer a multitude of advantages, possessing exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. The intricate engineering strategies employed to fabricate these polymers into nanostructures, thereby imparting enhanced mechanical robustness, flexibility, critical for efficacious wound management has been expounded. By harnessing the inherent properties of natural polymers, including chitosan, alginate, collagen, hyaluronic acid, and so on, and integrating the concept of self-healing materials, a comprehensive overview of the cutting-edge research in this emerging field is presented in the review. Furthermore, the inherent self-healing attributes of these materials, wherein they exhibit innate capabilities to autonomously rectify any damage or disruption upon exposure to moisture or body fluids, reducing frequent dressing replacements have also been explored. This review consolidates the existing knowledge landscape, accentuating the benefits and challenges associated with these pioneering materials while concurrently paving the way for future investigations and translational applications in the realm of wound healing.

Cu-MOF loaded chitosan based freeze-dried highly porous dressings with anti-biofilm and pro-angiogenic activities accelerated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected wounds healing in rats

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based therapy opens a new area for antibiotic-drug free infections treatment. In the present study, chitosan membranes (CS) loaded with two concentrations of copper-MOF 10 mg/20 ml (Cu-MOF10/CS) & 20 mg/20 ml (Cu-MOF20/CS) were prepared by a simple lyophilization procedure. FTIR spectra of Cu-MOF10/CS and Cu-MOF20/CS dressings confirmed absence of any undesirable chemical changes after loading Cu-MOF. The SEM images of the synthesized materials (CS, Cu-MOF10/CS & Cu-MOF20/CS) showed interconnected porous structures. Cytocompatibility of the materials was confirmed by fibroblasts cells culturing and the materials were hemocompatible, with blood clotting index <5 %. Cu-MOF20/CS showed comparatively higher effective antibacterial activity against the tested strains; E. coli (149.2 %), P. aeruginosa (165 %) S. aureus (117.8 %) and MRSA (142 %) as compared to Amikacin, CS and Cu-MOF10/CS membranes. Similarly, Cu-MOF20/CS dressing significantly eradicated the biofilms; P. aeruginosa (37 %) and MRSA (52 %) respectively. In full thickness infected wound rat model, on day 23, Cu-MOF10/CS and Cu-MOF20/CS promoted wound healing up to 87.7 % and 82 % respectively. H&E staining of wounded tissues treated with Cu-MOF10/CS & Cu-MOF20/CS demonstrated enhanced neovascularization and re-epithelization along-with reduced inflammation, while trichrome staining exhibited increased collagen deposition. Overall, this study declares Cu-MOFs loaded chitosan dressings a multifunctional platform for the healing of infected wounds.

Electrospun wound dressings with antibacterial function: a critical review of plant extract and essential oil incorporation

Among the many different types of wound dressings, nanofiber-based materials produced through electrospinning are claimed to be ideal because of their advantageous intrinsic properties and the feasibility of employing several strategies to load bioactive compounds into their structure. Bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties have been incorporated into different wound dressings to promote healing as well as prevent and treat bacterial infections. Among these, natural products, such as medicinal plant extracts and essential oils (EOs), have proven particularly attractive thanks to their nontoxic nature, minor side effects, desirable bioactive properties, and favorable effects on the healing process. To this end, the present review provides an exhaustive and up-to-date revision of the most prominent medicinal plant extracts and EOs with antimicrobial properties that have been incorporated into nanofiber-based wound dressings. The most common methods used for incorporating bioactive compounds into electrospun nanofibers include: pre-electrospinning (blend, encapsulation, coaxial, and emulsion electrospinning), post-electrospinning (physical adsorption, chemical immobilization, and layer-by-layer assembly), and nanoparticle loading. Furthermore, a general overview of the benefits of EOs and medicinal plant extracts is presented, describing their intrinsic properties and biotechniques for their incorporation into wound dressings. Finally, the current challenges and safety issues that need to be adequately clarified and addressed are discussed.

High-yield fabrication of monodisperse multilayer nanofibrous microparticles for advanced oral drug delivery applications

Recent advances in the use of nano- and microparticles in drug delivery, cell therapy, and tissue engineering have led to increasing attention towards nanostructured microparticulate formulations for maximum benefit from both nano- and micron sized features. Scalable manufacturing of monodisperse nanostructured microparticles with tunable size, shape, content, and release rate remains a big challenge. Current technology, mainly comprises complex multi-step chemical procedures with limited control over these aspects. Here, we demonstrate a novel technique for high-yield fabrication of monodisperse monolayer and multilayer nanofibrous microparticles (MoNami and MuNaMi respectively). The fabrication procedure includes sequential electrospinning followed by micro-cutting at room temperature and transfer of particles for collection. The big advantage of the introduced technique is the potential to apply several polymer-drug combinations forming multilayer microparticles enjoying extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking architecture with tunable release profile. We demonstrate the fabrication and study the factors affecting the final three-dimensional structure. A model drug is encapsulated into a three-layer sheet (PLGA-pullulan-PLGA), and we demonstrate how the release profile changes from burst to sustain by simply cutting particles out of the electrospun sheet. We believe our fabrication method offers a unique and facile platform for realizing advanced microparticles for oral drug delivery applications.

IPN based hydrogels for in-vivo wound dressings; catalytic wound healing dynamics and isothermal adsorption models

Interpenetrating network (IPN) methacrylated chitosan or methacrylated flaxseed gum based hydrogels have been utilized to make outstanding in-vivo wound dressings. The photopolymerization process was accomplished in presence of Eosin-Y photoinitiator with average exposure time of 13-14 s for gelation. Spectroscopic structural investigations of 1H NMR. ATR-FTIR, TGA, and AFM techniques were used. In-vitro hemolysis test provided evidence of no cytotoxicity in both hydrogels observed. The in-vivo wound dressings were monitored for five mice coated with each hydrogel and another uncoated five mice for control (self-healing). All measurements were performed in quintuplicate (n = 5) and expressed as mean ± SD values. In wound healing dynamics, our data confirmed that wound healing pass through two stages; hemostasis and inflammation for stage 1, and proliferation and remodeling for stage 2. It also provided evidence of 1st order kinetics with descending rate of healing. Consequently, catalytic role of hydrogels in wound healing was checked via half-life (δ) and negative change of activation energy values (ΔEa). Various isothermal adsorption models demonstrated spontaneous and high binding affinities of hydrogels. It also confirmed the two-stage healing process in presence of hydrogels. Conclusively, the outstanding properties of the two hydrogels suggest their potential applications in treating venous ulcers and diabetic wound healing dressings.

Electrospun nanofibers synthesized from polymers incorporated with bioactive compounds for wound healing

The development of innovative wound dressing materials is crucial for effective wound care. It's an active area of research driven by a better understanding of chronic wound pathogenesis. Addressing wound care properly is a clinical challenge, but there is a growing demand for advancements in this field. The synergy of medicinal plants and nanotechnology offers a promising approach to expedite the healing process for both acute and chronic wounds by facilitating the appropriate progression through various healing phases. Metal nanoparticles play an increasingly pivotal role in promoting efficient wound healing and preventing secondary bacterial infections. Their small size and high surface area facilitate enhanced biological interaction and penetration at the wound site. Specifically designed for topical drug delivery, these nanoparticles enable the sustained release of therapeutic molecules, such as growth factors and antibiotics. This targeted approach ensures optimal cell-to-cell interactions, proliferation, and vascularization, fostering effective and controlled wound healing. Nanoscale scaffolds have significant attention due to their attractive properties, including delivery capacity, high porosity and high surface area. They mimic the Extracellular matrix (ECM) and hence biocompatible. In response to the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant, biohybrid nanofibrous wound dressings are gradually replacing conventional antibiotic delivery systems. This emerging class of wound dressings comprises biopolymeric nanofibers with inherent antibacterial properties, nature-derived compounds, and biofunctional agents. Nanotechnology, diminutive nanomaterials, nanoscaffolds, nanofibers, and biomaterials are harnessed for targeted drug delivery aimed at wound healing. This review article discusses the effects of nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with nanoparticles on wound healing, including biological (in vivo and in vitro) and mechanical outcomes.

Deciphering the crosstalk between inflammation and biofilm in chronic wound healing: Phytocompounds loaded bionanomaterials as therapeutics

In terms of the economics and public health, chronic wounds exert a significant detrimental impact on the health care system. Bacterial infections, which cause the formation of highly resistant biofilms that elude standard antibiotics, are the main cause of chronic, non-healing wounds. Numerous studies have shown that phytochemicals are effective in treating a variety of diseases, and traditional medicinal plants often include important chemical groups such alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, and fatty acids. These substances are essential for scavenging free radicals which helps in reducing inflammation, fending off infections, and hastening the healing of wounds. Bacterial species can survive in chronic wound conditions because biofilms employ quorum sensing as a communication technique which regulates the expression of virulence components. Fortunately, several phytochemicals have anti-QS characteristics that efficiently block QS pathways, prevent drug-resistant strains, and reduce biofilm development in chronic wounds. This review emphasizes the potential of phytocompounds as crucial agents for alleviating bacterial infections and promoting wound healing by reducing the inflammation in chronic wounds, exhibiting potential avenues for future therapeutic approaches to mitigate the healthcare burden provided by these challenging conditions.

Enhancing diabetic wound healing: advances in electrospun scaffolds from pathogenesis to therapeutic applications

Diabetic wounds are a significant subset of chronic wounds characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). They are also associated with impaired angiogenesis, persistent infection, and a high likelihood of hospitalization, leading to a substantial economic burden for patients. In severe cases, amputation or even mortality may occur. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common complication of diabetes, with up to 25% of diabetic patients being at risk of developing foot ulcers over their lifetime, and more than 70% ultimately requiring amputation. Electrospun scaffolds exhibit a structural similarity to the extracellular matrix (ECM), promoting the adhesion, growth, and migration of fibroblasts, thereby facilitating the formation of new skin tissue at the wound site. The composition and size of electrospun scaffolds can be easily adjusted, enabling controlled drug release through fiber structure modifications. The porous nature of these scaffolds facilitates gas exchange and the absorption of wound exudate. Furthermore, the fiber surface can be readily modified to impart specific functionalities, making electrospinning nanofiber scaffolds highly promising for the treatment of diabetic wounds. This article provides a concise overview of the healing process in normal wounds and the pathological mechanisms underlying diabetic wounds, including complications such as diabetic foot ulcers. It also explores the advantages of electrospinning nanofiber scaffolds in diabetic wound treatment. Additionally, it summarizes findings from various studies on the use of different types of nanofiber scaffolds for diabetic wounds and reviews methods of drug loading onto nanofiber scaffolds. These advancements broaden the horizon for effectively treating diabetic wounds.

Stereogenic Harmony Fabricated Mechanoresponsive Homochiral Triphenylalanine Analogues with Synergistic Antibacterial Performances: A Potential Weapon for Dermal Wound Management

The wound recovery phenomenon remains as one of the long challenging concerns worldwide. In search of user-friendly dressing materials, in this report, we fabricated a rational combinatorial strategy utilizing stereogenic harmony in a triphenylalanine fragment and appending it to δ-amino valeric acid at the N-terminus (hydrogelators I-VII) such that a potential scaffold could be fished out from the design. Our investigations revealed that all the hydrogelators displayed not only excellent self-healing performance as well as high mechanical strength at physiological pH but also mechanical stress-triggered gel-sol-gel transition properties. The structural and morphological investigation confirmed the presence of β-sheet-like assemblies stabilized by intermolecular H-bonding and π-π interactions. Moreover, these scaffolds showed substantial antibacterial as well as antifungal efficacy against common wound pathogens, i.e, four Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, B. subtilis, E. fecalis), four Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, P. aerugonosa, Proteus spp.), and two fungal strains (C. albicans and A. niger). The manifestation of consistent antioxidant properties might be due to the enhancement of amphiphilicity in hydrogelators, which has led to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a facile manner, a probable mechanism to damage the microbial membrane, the driving force behind the antimicrobial efficacy. Also, the constructs exhibited proteolytic resistance and remarkable biocompatibility toward mammalian cells. Thus, based on the above benchmarks, the homochiral hydrogelator IV was seived out from a pool of seven, and we proceeded toward its in vivo evaluation using full-thickness excisional wounds in Wister rats. The scaffolds also accentuated the re-epithelialization as well in comparison to the negative control, thereby facilitating the wound closure process in a very short span of time (10 days). Overall, our in vitro and in vivo analysis certifies hydrogelator IV as an ideal dressing material that might hold immense promise for future wound care management.

Electrospun fibers for the treatment of skin diseases

Skin diseases are among the most common diseases in the global population and with the growth of the aging population, they represent an increasing burden to healthcare systems worldwide. Even though they are rarely life-threatening, the suffering for those affected is high due to the visibility and physical discomfort related to these diseases. Typical symptoms of skin diseases include an inflamed, swollen or itchy skin, and therefore, there is a high demand for effective therapy options. In recent years, electrospinning has attracted considerable interest in the field of drug delivery. The technique allows producing multifunctional drug-loaded fibrous patches from various natural and synthetic polymers with fiber diameters in the nano- and micrometer range, suitable for the treatment of a wide variety of skin diseases. The great potential of electrospun fiber patches not only lies in their tunable drug release properties and the possibility to entrap a variety of therapeutic compounds, but they also provide physical and mechanical protection to the impaired skin area, exhibit a high surface area, allow gas exchange, absorb exudate due to their porous structure and are cytocompatible and biodegradable. In the case of wound healing, cell adhesion is promoted due to the resemblance of the electrospun fibers to the structure of the native extracellular matrix. This review gives an overview of the potential applications of electrospun fibers in skin therapy. In addition to the treatment of bacterial, diabetic and burn wounds, focus is placed on inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, and therapeutic options for the treatment of skin cancer, acne vulgaris and herpes labialis are discussed. While we aim to emphasize the great potential of electrospun fiber patches for the treatment of skin diseases with this review paper, we also highlight challenges and limitations of current research in the field.

Fabrication and characterization of lipopeptide biosurfactant-based electrospun nanofibers for use in tissue engineering

Nanofibers are a class of nanomaterial with specific physicochemical properties and characteristics making them quite sought after and investigated by researchers. Lipopeptide biosurfactant (LPB) formulation properties were previously established in wound healing. LPB were isolated from in vitro culture of Acinetobacter junii B6 and loaded on nanofibers formulation produced by electrospinning method with different ratios of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and Poloxamer. Numerous experimental control tests were carried out on formulations, including physicochemical properties which were evaluated by using dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), morphology study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal stability. The best nanofibers formulation was obtained by the electrospinning method, with a voltage of 19.8 volts, a discharge capacity of 1cm/h, a cylindrical rotating velocity of 100rpm, and a needle interval of 7cm from the cylinder, which continued for 7hours. The formulation contained 2% (w/v) CMC, 10% (w/v) poloxamer, 9% (w/v) PVA, and 5% (w/v) LPB. This formula had desirable physicochemical properties including spreadability, stability, and uniformity with the particle size of about 590nm.

Electrospun PVA nanofiber mat for topical Deflazacort delivery: accentuated anti-inflammatory efficacy for wound healing

PURPOSE

Asses the wound healing activity of Polyvinyl alcohol - Deflazacort (PVA-DEF) nanofibers mats synthesized by electrospinning technology.

METHODS

PVA-DEF nanofiber mats were created with various PVA polymer concentrations using an electrospinning process. The morphological features and diameter of the electrospun nanofibrous mats were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro DEF release rate from PVA electrospun nanofibrous mats was evaluated. In addition to assessing wound healing activity in vivo, histological, and immunochemical tests were conducted.

RESULTS

Results revealed a uniform and smooth surface of the fiber with an average diameter of the selected fibers of 533.9 nm ± 45.83. Also, PVA electrospun nanofiber mats showed an initial burst release of more than 50% of the DEF in 1 h, and the rest of the DEF was released gradually for up to 480 min. Fickian diffusion is the main DEF release mechanism from PVA electrospun nanofiber mats. In male Wistar albino rats with 1 cm2 excision wounds, in vivo studies revealed a significant improvement in wound healing rate via modulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression.

CONCLUSION

PVA-DEF nanofiber mats can be used effectively for improving wound healing.

Zn2+ @Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Urushiol Preparation of Nanofibrous Membranes and Their Synergistic Effect

In this study, lacquer is gathered from a lacquer tree and rotary evaporation is used to remove impurities to obtain urushiol. Next, 10 mL of anhydrous ethanol serves as the solvent for blending polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at a specified content (0.7 g and 0.2-0.7 g urushiol) to form an electrospinning solution. Electrospinning is carried out with a voltage of 18 kV to prepare PVP/urushiol nanofibrous membranes. At a ratio of 7/4, the PVP/urushiol nanofibrous membranes are not eroded in 98% sulfuric acid and these membranes also demonstrate a 50-60% antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Moreover, the antibacterial effect can be boosted to 98% with the incorporation of zinc ions. The results indicate that anhydrous ethanol can remove the sensitization of urushiol from PVP/urushiol membranes. Furthermore, animal test results indicate that when rats are in contact with PVP/urushiol anhydrous ethanol for 48 h, their skins are free from dark brown skin allergy. The presence of PVP eliminates the sensitization of urushiol, and the nanofibrous membranes demonstrate low toxicity. Hence, urushiol is the only natural material that enables PVP to withstand 98% sulfuric acid as well as acquire hydrolyzability, thereby qualify PVP as a medical material.

Ocular application of electrospun materials for drug delivery and cellular therapies

The constraints of delivering conventional drugs, biologics and cell-based therapeutics to target ocular sites necessitate the fabrication of novel drug delivery systems to treat diverse ocular diseases. Conventional ocular drug delivery approaches are prone to low bioavailability, poor penetration and degradation of therapeutics, including cell-based therapies, leading to the need for frequent topical applications or intraocular injections. However, owing to their exceptional structural properties, nanofibrous and microfibrous electrospun materials have gained significant interest in ocular drug delivery and biomaterial applications. This review covers the recent developments of electrospun fibers for the delivery of drugs, biologics, cells, growth factors and tissue regeneration in treating ocular diseases. The insights from this review can provide a thorough understanding of the selection of materials for the fabrication of nano- and/or micro-fibrous systems for ocular applications, with a particular interest in achieving controlled drug release and cell therapy. A detailed modality for fabricating different types of nano- and micro-fibers produced from electrospinning and factors influencing generation are also discussed.

Emerging Bioprinting for Wound Healing

Bioprinting has attracted much attention due to its suitability for fabricating biomedical devices. In particular, bioprinting has become one of the growing centers in the field of wound healing, with various types of bioprinted devices being developed, including 3D scaffolds, microneedle patches, and flexible electronics. Bioprinted devices can be designed with specific biostructures and biofunctions that closely match the shape of wound sites and accelerate the regeneration of skin through various approaches. Herein, a comprehensive review of the bioprinting of smart wound dressings is presented, emphasizing the crucial effect of bioprinting in determining biostructures and biofunctions. The review begins with an overview of bioprinting techniques and bioprinted devices, followed with an in-depth discussion of polymer-based inks, modification strategies, additive ingredients, properties, and applications. The strategies for the modification of bioprinted devices are divided into seven categories, including chemical synthesis of novel inks, physical blending, coaxial bioprinting, multimaterial bioprinting, physical absorption, chemical immobilization, and hybridization with living cells, and examples are presented. Thereafter, the frontiers of bioprinting and wound healing, including 4D bioprinting, artificial intelligence-assisted bioprinting, and in situ bioprinting, are discussed from a perspective of interdisciplinary sciences. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects in this field are highlighted.

Development and In Vitro Analysis of Layer-by-Layer Assembled Membranes for Potential Wound Dressing: Electrospun Curcumin/Gelatin as Middle Layer and Gentamicin/Polyvinyl Alcohol as Outer Layers

Nanofibrous membranes made of hydrogels have high specific surface areas and are suitable as drug carriers. Multilayer membranes fabricated by continuous electrospinning could delay drug release by increasing diffusion pathways, which is beneficial for long-term wound care. In this experiment, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatin were used as membrane substrates, and a sandwich PVA/gelatin/PVA structure of layer-by-layer membranes was prepared by electrospinning under different drug loading concentrations and spinning times. The outer layers on both sides were citric-acid-crosslinked PVA membranes loaded with gentamicin as an electrospinning solution, and the middle layer was a curcumin-loaded gelatin membrane for the study of release behavior, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility. According to the in vitro release results, the multilayer membrane could release curcumin slowly; the release amount was about 55% less than that of the single layer within 4 days. Most of the prepared membranes showed no significant degradation during immersion, and the phosphonate-buffered saline absorption rate of the multilayer membrane was about five to six times its weight. The results of the antibacterial test showed that the multilayer membrane loaded with gentamicin had a good inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, the layer-by-layer assembled membrane was non-cytotoxic but detrimental to cell attachment at all gentamicin-carrying concentrations. This feature could be used as a wound dressing to reduce secondary damage to the wound when changing the dressing. This multilayer wound dressing could be applied to wounds in the future to reduce the risk of bacterial infection and help wounds heal.

Influence of a Composite Polylysine-Polydopamine-Quaternary Ammonium Salt Coating on Titanium on Its Ostogenic and Antibacterial Performance

Thin oxide layers form easily on the surfaces of titanium (Ti) components, with thicknesses of <100 nm. These layers have excellent corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility. Ti is susceptible to bacterial development on its surface when used as an implant material, which reduces the biocompatibility between the implant and the bone tissue, resulting in reduced osseointegration. In the present study, Ti specimens were surface-negatively ionized using a hot alkali activation method, after which polylysine and polydopamine layers were deposited on them using a layer-by-layer self-assembly method, then a quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) (EPTAC, DEQAS, MPA-N⁺) was grafted onto the surface of the coating. In all, 17 such composite coatings were prepared. Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the bacteriostatic rates of the coated specimens were 97.6 ± 2.0% and 98.4 ± 1.0%, respectively. Thus, this composite coating has the potential to increase the osseointegration and antibacterial performance of implantable Ti devices.

Biphasic drug release from electrospun structures

INTRODUCTION

Biphasic release, as a special drug-modified release profile that combines immediate and sustained release, allows fast therapeutic action and retains blood drug concentration for long periods. Electrospun nanofibers, particularly those with complex nanostructures produced by multi-fluid electrospinning processes, are potential novel biphasic drug delivery systems (DDSs).

AREAS COVERED

This review summarizes the most recent developments in electrospinning and related structures. In this review, the role of electrospun nanostructures in biphasic drug release was comprehensively explored. These electrospun nanostructures include monolithic nanofibers obtained through single-fluid blending electrospinning, core-shell and Janus nanostructures prepared via bifluid electrospinning, three-compartment nanostructures obtained via trifluid electrospinning, nanofibrous assemblies obtained through the layer-by-layer deposition of nanofibers, and the combined structure of electrospun nanofiber mats with casting films. The strategies and mechanisms through which complex structures facilitate biphasic release were analyzed.

EXPERT OPINION

Electrospun structures can provide many strategies for the development of biphasic drug release DDSs. However, many issues such as the scale-up productions of complex nanostructures, the in vivo verification of the biphasic release effects, keeping pace with the developments of multi-fluid electrospinning, drawing support from the state-of-the-art pharmaceutical excipients, and the combination with traditional pharmaceutical methods need to be addressed for real applications.

Nanofibers in Ocular Drug Targeting and Tissue Engineering: Their Importance, Advantages, Advances, and Future Perspectives

Nanofibers are frequently encountered in daily life as a modern material with a wide range of applications. The important advantages of production techniques, such as being easy, cost effective, and industrially applicable are important factors in the preference for nanofibers. Nanofibers, which have a broad scope of use in the field of health, are preferred both in drug delivery systems and tissue engineering. Due to the biocompatible materials used in their construction, they are also frequently preferred in ocular applications. The fact that they have a long drug release time as a drug delivery system and have been used in corneal tissue studies, which have been successfully developed in tissue engineering, stand out as important advantages of nanofibers. This review examines nanofibers, their production techniques and general information, nanofiber-based ocular drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering concepts in detail.

Polyurethane and cellulose acetate micro-nanofibers containing rosemary essential oil, and decorated with silver nanoparticles for wound healing application

In this study, polyurethane (PU) and cellulose acetate (CA) electrospun fibers encapsulating rosemary essential oil (REO) and adsorbed silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated. The biologically inspired materials were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle, and water uptake studies. Results confirmed the presence of CA and Ag NPs on the PU micro-nanofibers increased the hydrophilicity from 107.1 ± 0.36^o to 26.35 ± 1.06^o. The water absorption potential increased from 0.07 ± 0.04 for pristine PU fibers to 12.43 ± 0.49 % for fibers with 7 wt% of CA, REO, and Ag NPs. The diffractometer confirmed the 2θ of 38.01°, 44.13^o, and 64.33^o, corresponding to the diffraction planes of Ag on the fibers. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed microfibers interfacial chemical interaction and surface changes due to CA, REO, and Ag presence. The inhibition tests on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli indicated that composites are antibacterial in activity. Moreover, synergistic interactions of REO and Ag NPs resulted in superior antibacterial activity. The cell viability and attachment assay showed improved hydrophilicity of the fibers, which resulted in better attachment of cells to the micro-nanofibers, similar to the natural extracellular matrix in the human body.

Fabrication and characterization of polycaprolactone/cellulose acetate blended nanofiber mats containing sericin and fibroin for biomedical application

Polycaprolactone/cellulose acetate blended nanofiber mats containing sericin and fibroin were fabricated by electrospinning process to study the effect of sericin and fibroin on the physical and structural properties, wettability, degradability, elastic modulus, cell adhesion, and cell cytotoxicity of the electrospun nanofibers. Polycaprolactone/cellulose acetate solution was prepared with different percentage ratio of sericin and fibroin to be the running solution. Nanofibers were spun at fixed solution flow rate, flying distance, and operating voltage. The diameter of the obtained nanofibers linearly increases with the increasing of the sericin ratio. The derivative structures of polycaprolactone, cellulose acetate, sericin, and fibroin of the obtained nanofibers were confirmed by FTIR analysis. All acquired nanofibers show superhydrophilicity with adequate time of degradation for L-929 cell adhesion and growth. More elasticity is gained when the sericin ratio decreases. Moreover, all fibers containing sericin/fibroin reveal more elasticity, cell adhesion, and cell growth than that with only polycaprolactone/cellulose acetate. Greater cell adhesion and growth develop when the sericin ratio is lower. All the fabricated nanofibers are low toxic to the cells. Fibers with a mixture of sericin and fibroin at 2.5:2.5 (% w/v) are the most promising and suitable for further clinical development due to their good results in each examination. The novelty found in this study is not only making more value of the sericin, silk industrial waste, and the fibroin, but also getting the preferable biomaterials, scaffold prototype, with much greater mechanical property and slower degradation, which are required and appropriate for cell attachment and proliferation of cell generation process, compared to that obtaining from polycaprolactone/cellulose acetate or sericin/fibroin nanofibers.

Delivery of streptomycin to the rat colon by use of electrospun nanofibers

Drug-loaded electrospun nanofibers are potential drug carrier systems that may optimize disease treatment while reducing the impact on commensal microbes. The feasibility of streptomycin-loaded pullulan nanofibers fabricated from a green electrospinning procedure using water as the solvent was assessed. We conducted a rat study including a group treated with streptomycin-loaded nanofibers (STR-F, n = 5), a group treated with similar concentrations of streptomycin in the drinking water (STR-W, n = 5), and a non-treated control group (CTR, n = 5). Streptomycin was successfully loaded into nanofibers and delivered by this vehicle, which minimized the quantity of the drug released in the ileal compartment of the gut. Ingested streptomycin-resistant E. coli colonized of up to 10⁶ CFU/g feces, revealing a selective effect of streptomycin even when given in the low amounts allowed by the nanofiber-based delivery. 16S amplicon sequencing of the indigenous microbiota revealed differential effects in the three groups. An increase of Peptostreptococcaceae in the cecum of STR-F animals may indicate that the fermentation of nanofibers directly or indirectly promoted growth of bacteria within this family. Our results elucidate relevant properties of electrospun nanofibers as a novel vehicle for delivery of antimicrobials to the large intestine.

Advances in the Preparation of Nanofiber Dressings by Electrospinning for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing

Chronic diabetic wounds are one of the main complications of diabetes, manifested by persistent inflammation, decreased epithelialization motility, and impaired wound healing. This will not only lead to the repeated hospitalization of patients, but also bear expensive hospitalization costs. In severe cases, it can lead to amputation, sepsis or death. Electrospun nanofibers membranes have the characteristics of high porosity, high specific surface area, and easy functionalization of structure, so they can be used as a safe and effective platform in the treatment of diabetic wounds and have great application potential. This article briefly reviewed the pathogenesis of chronic diabetic wounds and the types of dressings commonly used, and then reviewed the development of electrospinning technology in recent years and the advantages of electrospun nanofibers in the treatment of diabetic wounds. Finally, the reports of different types of nanofiber dressings on diabetic wounds are summarized, and the method of using multi-drug combination therapy in diabetic wounds is emphasized, which provides new ideas for the effective treatment of diabetic wounds.

Tocotrienol in the Treatment of Topical Wounds: Recent Updates

Healing wounds is an important attempt to keep the internal higher organs safe. Complications in topical wound healing may lead to the formation of scars, which can affect the patient's quality of life. Although several approaches are ongoing in parallel in the exploration of natural compounds via advanced delivery, in this article, an attempt has been made to highlight tocotrienol. Tocotrienol is a natural form of vitamin E and has shown its potential in certain pharmacological activities better than tocopherol. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cell signal-mediating effects, angiogenic properties, management of scar, and promotion of wound environment with essential factors have shown potential in the management of topical wound healing. Therefore, this review has aimed to focus on recent advances in topical wound healing through the application of tocotrienols. Challenges in delivering tocotrienols to the topical wound due to its large molecular weight and higher logP have also been explored using nanotechnological-based carriers, which has made tocotrienol a potential tool to facilitate the closure of wounds. Exploration of tocotrienol has also been made in human volunteers for biopsy wounds; however, the results are yet to be reported. Overall, based on the current findings in the literature, it could be inferred that tocotrienol would be a viable alternative to the existing wound dressing components for the management of topical wounds.

Progressive Application of Marine Biomaterials in Targeted Cancer Nanotherapeutics

The marine microenvironment harbors many unique species of organisms that produce a plethora of compounds that help mankind cure a wide range of diseases. The diversity of products from the ocean bed serves as potentially healing materials and inert vehicles carrying the drug of interest to the target site. Several composites still lay undiscovered under the blue canopy, which can provide treatment for untreated diseases that keep haunting the earth periodically. Cancer is one such disease that has been of interest to several eminent scientists worldwide due to the heterogenic complexity involved in the disease's pathophysiology. Due to extensive globalization and environmental changes, cancer has become a lifestyle disease continuously increasing exponentially in the current decade. This ailment requires a definite remedy that treats by causing minimal damage to the body's normal cells. The application of nanotechnology in medicine has opened up new avenues of research in targeted therapeutics due to their highly malleable characteristics. Marine waters contain an immense ionic environment that succors the production of distinct nanomaterials with exceptional character, yielding highly flexible molecules to modify, thus facilitating the engineering of targeted biomolecules. This review provides a short insight into an array of marine biomolecules that can be probed into cancer nanotherapeutics sparing healthy cells.

Application of nanotechnology in management and treatment of diabetic wounds

Diabetic wounds are one of the most common health problems worldwide, enhancing the demand for new management strategies. Nanotechnology, as a developing subject in diabetic wound healing, is proving to be a promising and effective tool in treatment and care. It is, therefore, necessary to ascertain the available and distinct nanosystems and evaluate their performance when topically applied to the injury site, especially in diabetic wound healing. Several active ingredients, including bioactive ingredients, growth factors, mesenchymal stem cells, nucleic acids, and drugs, benefit from improved properties when loaded into nanosystems. Given the risk of problems associated with systemic administration, the topical application should be considered, provided stability and efficacy are assured. After nanoencapsulation, active ingredients-loaded nanosystems have been showing remarkable features of biocompatibility, healing process hastening, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix compounds synthesis stimulation, contributing to a decrease in wound inflammation. Despite limitations, nanotechnology has attracted widespread attention in the scientific community and seems to be a valuable technological ally in the treatment and dressing of diabetic wounds. The use of nanotechnology in topical applications enables efficient delivery of the active ingredients to the specific skin site, increasing their bioavailability, stability, and half-life time, without compromising their safety.

Preparation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride–Gold Nanoparticles Electrospinning Nanofiber Membranes

In this work, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and curcumin drug were incorporated in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers by electrospinning as a novel tissue engineering scaffold in nerve regeneration. The influence of AuNPs on the morphology, crystallinity, and drug release behavior of nanofiber membranes was characterized. A successful composite nanofiber membrane sample was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of AuNPs showed the improved as well as prolonged cumulative release of the drug. The results indicated that PVDF–AuNPs nanofiber membrane could potentially be applied for nerve regeneration.

Quaternized chitin/tannic acid bilayers layer-by-layer deposited poly(lactic acid)/polyurethane nanofibrous mats decorated with photoresponsive complex and silver nanoparticles for antibacterial activity

Chronic wounding treatment based on bacterially infected diabetes suffers an essential limitation in persistent skin injuries due to the resistance of progressive antibiotics, which inhibits the process of healing with wound tissue. Therefore, biologically friendly and nontoxic bio-based mats without antibiotics are taken for granted as a versatile platform for biomedical dressing, but urgently necessitates further functional diversification. Herein, a novel tannic acid (TA)/silver (Ag)-modified poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Polyurethane (PU) antibacterial hybrid nanofibers were successfully constructed by electrospinning technology. Layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique was utilized to produce membranes via deposited biocompatible quaternized chitin (QC) and TA. The mats are enabled with outstanding flexibility, antibacterial activity, great hemocompatibility, and good ROS-scavenger in a wounding environment. Consequently, the basis of morphology and structure of electrospun membranes was verified by SEM and FT-IR. Besides, the LBL-structured surface was proved to impart improved wettability and hydrophilic via the test of water contact angle. Additionally, antimicrobial experiments demonstrate the effective broad-spectrum antibacterial ability of as-prepared hybrids, inhibiting infection of gram-positive microbial (S. aureus) as well as gram-negative microbial. Finally, the anti-oxidation performance holds great promise in conducive to the formation favorable physiological environment for wound healing. In conclusion, this work establishes a feasible but effective pathway to construct a multifunctional antibacterial dressing for the skin infection.

Recent Advances in Bioengineered Scaffolds for Cutaneous Wound Healing

Wound healing is an evolved dynamic biological process. Though many research and clinical approaches have been explored to restore damaged or diseased skin, the current treatment for deep cutaneous injuries is far from being perfect, and the ideal regenerative therapy remains a significant challenge. Of all treatments, bioengineered scaffolds play a key role and represent great progress in wound repair and skin regeneration. In this review, we focus on the latest advancement in biomaterial scaffolds for wound healing. We discuss the emerging philosophy of designing biomaterial scaffolds, followed by precursor development. We pay particular attention to the therapeutic interventions of bioengineered scaffolds for cutaneous wound healing, and their dual effects while conjugating with bioactive molecules, stem cells, and even immunomodulation. As we review the advancement and the challenges of the current strategies, we also discuss the prospects of scaffold development for wound healing.

Advanced drug delivery systems containing herbal components for wound healing

Management of chronic wound has an immense impact on social and economic conditions in the world. Healthcare costs, aging population, physical trauma, and comorbidities of diabetes and obesity seem to be the major factors of this increasing incidence of chronic wounds. Conditions of chronic wound could not restore functional epidermis; thus, delaying the closure of the wound opening in an expected manner. Failures in restoration of skin integrity delay healing due to changes in skin pathology, such as chronic ulceration or nonhealing. The role of different traditional medicines has been explored for use in the healing of cutaneous wounds, where several phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, tannins are known to provide potential wound healing properties. However, the delivery of plant-based therapeutics could be improved by the novel platform of nanotechnology. Thus, the objectives of novel delivery strategies of principal bioactive from plant sources are to accelerate the wound healing process, avoid wound complications and enhance patient compliance. Therefore, the opportunities of nanotechnology-based drug delivery of natural wound healing therapeutics have been included in the present discussion with special emphasis on nanofibers, vesicular structures, nanoparticles, nanoemulsion, and nanogels.

Dual drug delivery collagen vehicles for modulation of skin fibrosisin vitro

Single molecule drug delivery systems have failed to yield functional therapeutic outcomes, triggering investigations into multi-molecular drug delivery vehicles. In the context of skin fibrosis, although multi-drug systems have been assessed, no system has assessed molecular combinations that directly and specifically reduce cell proliferation, collagen synthesis and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) expression. Herein, a core-shell collagen type I hydrogel system was developed for the dual delivery of a TGFβ trap, a soluble recombinant protein that inhibits TGFβ signalling, and Trichostatin A (TSA), a small molecule inhibitor of histone deacetylases. The antifibrotic potential of the dual delivery system was assessed in an in vitro skin fibrosis model induced by macromolecular crowding (MMC) and TGFβ1. SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses revealed that ~ 50 % of the TGFβ trap and ~ 30 % of the TSA were released from the core and shell compartments, respectively, of the hydrogel system after 10 days (longest time point assessed) in culture. As a direct consequence of this slow release, the core (TGFβ trap) / shell (TSA) hydrogel system induced significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the control group (MMC and TGFβ1) collagen type I deposition (assessed via SDS-PAGE and immunocytochemistry), α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression (assessed via immunocytochemistry) and cellular proliferation (assessed via DNA quantification) and viability (assessed via calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-I staining) after 10 days in culture. On the other hand, direct TSA-TGFβ supplementation induced the lowest (p < 0.05) collagen type I deposition, αSMA expression and cellular proliferation and viability after 10 days in culture. Our results illustrate the potential of core-shell collagen hydrogel systems for sustained delivery of antifibrotic molecules.

An Up-to-Date Review of Biomaterials Application in Wound Management

Whether they are caused by trauma, illness, or surgery, wounds may occur throughout anyone's life. Some injuries' complexity and healing difficulty pose important challenges in the medical field, demanding novel approaches in wound management. A highly researched possibility is applying biomaterials in various forms, ranging from thin protective films, foams, and hydrogels to scaffolds and textiles enriched with drugs and nanoparticles. The synergy of biocompatibility and cell proliferative effects of these materials is reflected in a more rapid wound healing rate and improved structural and functional properties of the newly grown tissue. This paper aims to present the biomaterial dressings and scaffolds suitable for wound management application, reviewing the most recent studies in the field.

Protein-Based Systems for Topical Antibacterial Therapy

Recently, proteins are gaining attention as potential materials for antibacterial therapy. Proteins possess beneficial properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenic response, ability to control drug release, and can act as protein-mimics in wound healing. Different plant- and animal-derived proteins can be developed into formulations (films, hydrogels, scaffolds, mats) for topical antibacterial therapy. The application areas for topical antibacterial therapy can be wide including bacterial infections in the skin (e.g., acne, wounds), eyelids, mouth, lips, etc. One of the major challenges of the healthcare system is chronic wound infections. Conventional treatment strategies for topical antibacterial therapy of infected wounds are inadequate, and the development of newer and optimized formulations is warranted. Therefore, this review focuses on recent advances in protein-based systems for topical antibacterial therapy in infected wounds. The opportunities and challenges of such protein-based systems along with their future prospects are discussed.

Melittin and diclofenac synergistically promote wound healing in a pathway involving TGF-β1

A dysregulation of the wound healing process can lead to the development of various intractable ulcers or excessive scar formation. Therefore it is essential to identify novel pharmacological strategies to promote wound healing and restore the mechanical integrity of injured tissue. The goal of the present study was to formulate a nano-complex containing melittin (MEL) and diclofenac (DCL) with the aim to evaluate their synergism and preclinical efficacy in an in vivo model of acute wound. After its preparation and characterization, the therapeutic potential of the combined nano-complexes was evaluated. MEL-DCL nano-complexes exhibited better regenerated epithelium, keratinization, epidermal proliferation, and granulation tissue formation, which in turn showed better wound healing activity compared to MEL, DCL, or positive control. The nano-complexes also showed significantly enhanced antioxidant activity. Treatment of wounded skin with MEL-DCL nano-complexes showed significant reduction of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) pro-inflammatory markers that was paralleled by a substantial increase in mRNA expression levels of collagen, type I, alpha 1 (Col1A1) and collagen, type IV, alpha 1 (Col4A1), and hydroxyproline content as compared to individual drugs. Additionally, MEL-DCL nano-complexes were able to significantly increase hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) proteins expression compared to single drugs or negative control group. SB431542, a selective inhibitor of type-1 TGF-β receptor, significantly prevented in our in vitro assay the wound healing process induced by the MEL-DCL nano-complexes, suggesting a key role of TGF-β1 in the wound closure. In conclusion, the nano-complex of MEL-DCL represents a novel pharmacological tool that can be topically applied to improve wound healing.

Naproxen release behaviour from graphene oxide/cellulose acetate composite nanofibers

The present study investigated the effect of graphene oxide in cellulose acetate-based composite nanofibers on the transdermal delivery of naproxen.

Microfluidic-based functional materials: new prospects for wound healing and beyond

Microfluidics has been applied to fabricate high-performance functional materials contributing to all physiological stages of wound healing. The advances of microfluidic-based functional materials for wound healing have been summarized.

There is still plenty of room for layer-by-layer assembly for constructing nanoarchitectonics-based materials and devices

Nanoarchitectonics approaches can produce functional materials from tiny units through combination of various processes including atom/molecular manipulation, chemical conversion, self-assembly/self-organization, microfabrication, and bio-inspired procedures. Existing fabrication approaches can be regarded as fitting into the same concept. In particular, the so-called layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly method has huge potential for preparing applicable materials with a great variety of assembling mechanisms. LbL assembly is a multistep process where different components can be organized in planned sequences while simple alignment options provide access to superstructures, for example helical structures, and anisotropies which are important aspects of nanoarchitectonics. In this article, newly-featured examples are extracted from the literature on LbL assembly discussing trends for composite functional materials according to (i) principles and techniques, (ii) composite materials, and (iii) applications. We present our opinion on the present trends, and the prospects of LbL assembly. While this method has already reached a certain maturity, there is still plenty of room for expanding its usefulness for the fabrication of nanoarchitectonics-based materials and devices.

Tocotrienols-rich naringenin nanoemulgel for the management of diabetic wound: Fabrication, characterization and comparative in vitro evaluations

The present research had been attempted to formulate and characterize tocotrienols-rich naringenin nanoemulgel for topical application in chronic wound conditions associated with diabetes. In due course, different phases of the nanoemulsion were chosen based on the solubility study, where combination of Capryol 90 and tocotrienols, Solutol HS15, and Transcutol P were selected as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The nanoemulsions were formulated using the spontaneous emulsification method. Subsequently, Carbopols were incorporated to develop corresponding nanoemulgels of the optimized nanoemulsions. Thermodynamically stable optimized nanoemulgels were evaluated for their globule size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, viscosity, mucoadhesive property, spreadability, in vitro release and release mechanism. Further, increasing polymer concentration in the nanoemulgels was reflected with the increased mucoadhesive property with corresponding decrease in the release rate of the drug. The optimized nanoemulgel (NG1) consisted of uniform dispersion (PDI, 0.452 ​± ​0.03) of the nanometric globules (145.58 ​± ​12.5) of the dispersed phase, and negative surface charge (−21.1 ​± ​3.32 ​mV) with viscosity 297,600 ​cP and good spreadability. In vitro release of naringenin in phosphate buffer saline revealed a sustained release profile up to a maximum of 74.62 ​± ​4.54% from the formulated nanoemulgel (NG1) within the time-frame of 24 ​h. Alternatively, the release from the nanoemulsion was much higher (89.17 ​± ​2.87%), which might be due to lack of polymer coating on the dispersed oil droplets. Moreover, the in vitro release kinetics from the nanoemulgel followed the first-order release and Higuchi model with non-Fickian diffusion. Therefore, encouraging results in this research is evident in bringing a promising future in wound management, particularly associated with diabetes complications.

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Thermodynamically stable naringenin-loaded tocotrienol-rich nanoemulgels were fabricated using spontaneous method.

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Developed nanoemulgel possesses nanometric globule size with good spreadability.

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Controlled in vitro release was obtained over a period of 24 ​h.

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First-order release and Higuchi model with non-Fickian diffusion was established in the in vitro release kinetic profile.

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This nanoemulgel could be a promising tool in the management of chronic wound condition.

Photoactive electrospun cellulose acetate/polyethylene oxide/methylene blue and trilayered cellulose acetate/polyethylene oxide/silk fibroin/ciprofloxacin nanofibers for chronic wound healing

This study aimed to synthesize cellulose acetate (CA)-based electrospun nanofibers as drug delivery dressings for chronic wound healing. For the first time, CA was blended with polyethylene oxide (PEO) using acetone and formic acid. Methylene blue (MB) was incorporated into monolayered random CA/PEO nanofibers. They had a diameter of 400-600 nm, were hydrophilic, and generated reactive oxygen species upon irradiation. Thus, they mediated antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) against isolated biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial survival, biofilm mass, and produced pyocyanin of the treated groups declined by 90%, 80%, and 3 folds, respectively. On the other hand, ciprofloxacin (Cipro) was loaded into an innovative trilayered aligned nanofiber consisting of CA/PEO surrounding a blank layer of silk fibroin. Cipro and MB release followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. An infected diabetic wound mouse model was established and treated with either MB-aPDI or Cipro. A combined therapy group of MB-aPDI followed by Cipro was included. The combined therapy showed significantly better results than monotherapies delineated by elevation in re-epithelization, collagen deposition, CD34, and TGF-β expression, along with a decline in CD95+ cells. This study deduced that drug-loaded CA electrospun nanofibers might be exploited in multimodal chronic wound healing.