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Danačíková Š, Straka B, Daněk J, Kořínek V, Otáhal J. In vitro human cell culture models in a bench-to-bedside approach to epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:865-890. [PMID: 38637998 PMCID: PMC11145627 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease, affecting nearly 1%-2% of the world's population. Current pharmacological treatment and regimen adjustments are aimed at controlling seizures; however, they are ineffective in one-third of the patients. Although neuronal hyperexcitability was previously thought to be mainly due to ion channel alterations, current research has revealed other contributing molecular pathways, including processes involved in cellular signaling, energy metabolism, protein synthesis, axon guidance, inflammation, and others. Some forms of drug-resistant epilepsy are caused by genetic defects that constitute potential targets for precision therapy. Although such approaches are increasingly important, they are still in the early stages of development. This review aims to provide a summary of practical aspects of the employment of in vitro human cell culture models in epilepsy diagnosis, treatment, and research. First, we briefly summarize the genetic testing that may result in the detection of candidate pathogenic variants in genes involved in epilepsy pathogenesis. Consequently, we review existing in vitro cell models, including induced pluripotent stem cells and differentiated neuronal cells, providing their specific properties, validity, and employment in research pipelines. We cover two methodological approaches. The first approach involves the utilization of somatic cells directly obtained from individual patients, while the second approach entails the utilization of characterized cell lines. The models are evaluated in terms of their research and clinical benefits, relevance to the in vivo conditions, legal and ethical aspects, time and cost demands, and available published data. Despite the methodological, temporal, and financial demands of the reviewed models they possess high potential to be used as robust systems in routine testing of pathogenicity of detected variants in the near future and provide a solid experimental background for personalized therapy of genetic epilepsies. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Epilepsy affects millions worldwide, but current treatments fail for many patients. Beyond traditional ion channel alterations, various genetic factors contribute to the disorder's complexity. This review explores how in vitro human cell models, either from patients or from cell lines, can aid in understanding epilepsy's genetic roots and developing personalized therapies. While these models require further investigation, they offer hope for improved diagnosis and treatment of genetic forms of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Danačíková
- Laboratory of Developmental EpileptologyInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Barbora Straka
- Neurogenetics Laboratory of the Department of Paediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Motol University Hospital, Full Member of the ERN EpiCAREPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Daněk
- Laboratory of Developmental EpileptologyInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kořínek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jakub Otáhal
- Laboratory of Developmental EpileptologyInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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Wang P, Liu JB, Wang X, Meng FZ, Xiao QH, Liu L, Zhu J, Hu WH, Ho WZ. Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 inhibits HIV infection of human iPSC-derived microglia. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29217. [PMID: 37933090 PMCID: PMC10655899 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
As a key immune cell in the brain, microglia are essential for protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from viral infections, including HIV. Microglia possess functional Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), a key viral sensor for activating interferon (IFN) signaling pathway-mediated antiviral immunity. We, therefore, studied the effect of poly (I:C), a synthetic ligand of TLR3, on the activation of the intracellular innate immunity against HIV in human iPSC-derived microglia (iMg). We found that poly (I:C) treatment of iMg effectively inhibits HIV infection/replication at both mRNA and protein levels. Investigations of the mechanisms revealed that TLR3 activation of iMg by poly (I:C) induced the expression of both type I and type III IFNs. Compared with untreated cells, the poly (I:C)-treated iMg expressed significantly higher levels of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) with known anti-HIV activities (ISG15, MxB, Viperin, MxA, and OAS-1). In addition, TLR3 activation elicited the expression of the HIV entry coreceptor CCR5 ligands (CC chemokines) in iMg. Furthermore, the transcriptional profile analysis showed that poly (I:C)-treated cells had the upregulated IFN signaling genes (ISG15, ISG20, IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3, IFITM10, APOBEC3A, OAS-2, MxA, and MxB) and the increased CC chemokine signaling genes (CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL15). These observations indicate that TLR3 is a potential therapy target for activating the intracellular innate immunity against HIV infection/replication in human microglial cells. Therefore, further studies with animal models and clinical specimens are necessary to determine the role of TLR3 activation-driven antiviral response in the control and elimination of HIV in infected host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Feng-Zheng Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Qian-Hao Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Lu Liu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA 43210
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19140
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Ryan SK, Zelic M, Han Y, Teeple E, Chen L, Sadeghi M, Shankara S, Guo L, Li C, Pontarelli F, Jensen EH, Comer AL, Kumar D, Zhang M, Gans J, Zhang B, Proto JD, Saleh J, Dodge JC, Savova V, Rajpal D, Ofengeim D, Hammond TR. Microglia ferroptosis is regulated by SEC24B and contributes to neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:12-26. [PMID: 36536241 PMCID: PMC9829540 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iron dysregulation has been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron-loaded microglia are frequently found in affected brain regions, but how iron accumulation influences microglia physiology and contributes to neurodegeneration is poorly understood. Here we show that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia grown in a tri-culture system are highly responsive to iron and susceptible to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death. Furthermore, iron overload causes a marked shift in the microglial transcriptional state that overlaps with a transcriptomic signature found in PD postmortem brain microglia. Our data also show that this microglial response contributes to neurodegeneration, as removal of microglia from the tri-culture system substantially delayed iron-induced neurotoxicity. To elucidate the mechanisms regulating iron response in microglia, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen and identified novel regulators of ferroptosis, including the vesicle trafficking gene SEC24B. These data suggest a critical role for microglia iron overload and ferroptosis in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Ryan
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matija Zelic
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yingnan Han
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin Teeple
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luoman Chen
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mahdiar Sadeghi
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Srinivas Shankara
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lilu Guo
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cong Li
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley L Comer
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mindy Zhang
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Gans
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - James C Dodge
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Virginia Savova
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deepak Rajpal
- Sanofi, Precision Medicine and Computational Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Pierre WC, Londono I, Quiniou C, Chemtob S, Lodygensky GA. Modulatory effect of IL‐1 inhibition following lipopolysaccharide‐induced neuroinflammation in neonatal microglia and astrocytes. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:243-260. [DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wyston C. Pierre
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Irène Londono
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Christiane Quiniou
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Gregory A. Lodygensky
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
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Duchesne de Lamotte J, Perrier A, Martinat C, Nicoleau C. Emerging Opportunities in Human Pluripotent Stem-Cells Based Assays to Explore the Diversity of Botulinum Neurotoxins as Future Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7524. [PMID: 34299143 PMCID: PMC8308099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and are responsible for botulism, a fatal disorder of the nervous system mostly induced by food poisoning. Despite being one of the most potent families of poisonous substances, BoNTs are used for both aesthetic and therapeutic indications from cosmetic reduction of wrinkles to treatment of movement disorders. The increasing understanding of the biology of BoNTs and the availability of distinct toxin serotypes and subtypes offer the prospect of expanding the range of indications for these toxins. Engineering of BoNTs is considered to provide a new avenue for improving safety and clinical benefit from these neurotoxins. Robust, high-throughput, and cost-effective assays for BoNTs activity, yet highly relevant to the human physiology, have become indispensable for a successful translation of engineered BoNTs to the clinic. This review presents an emerging family of cell-based assays that take advantage of newly developed human pluripotent stem cells and neuronal function analyses technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Duchesne de Lamotte
- IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France;
- I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Université Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Anselme Perrier
- I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Université Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, CEA/CNRS UMR9199, Université Paris Saclay, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cécile Martinat
- I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Université Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France
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