1
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Kano M. Parathyroid Gland Generation from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:552-558. [PMID: 38853617 PMCID: PMC11375298 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2024.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism require lifelong treatment. Current replacement therapies sometimes have adverse effects (e.g., hypercalciuria and chronic kidney disease). Generating parathyroid glands (PTGs) from the patient's own induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), with transplantation of these PTGs, would be an effective treatment option. Multiple methods for generating PTGs from PSCs have been reported. One major trend is in vitro differentiation of PSCs into PTGs. Another is in vivo generation of PSC-derived PTGs by injecting PSCs into PTG-deficient embryos. This review discusses current achievements and challenges in present and future PTG regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kano
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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2
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Venkat A, Carlino MJ, Lawton BR, Prasad ML, Amodio M, Gibson CE, Zeiss CJ, Youlten SE, Krishnaswamy S, Krause DS. Single-cell analysis reveals transcriptional dynamics in healthy primary parathyroid tissue. Genome Res 2024; 34:837-850. [PMID: 38977309 PMCID: PMC11293540 DOI: 10.1101/gr.278215.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Studies on human parathyroids are generally limited to hyperfunctioning glands owing to the difficulty in obtaining normal human tissue. We therefore obtained non-human primate (NHP) parathyroids to provide a suitable alternative for sequencing that would bear a close semblance to human organs. Single-cell RNA expression analysis of parathyroids from four healthy adult M. mulatta reveals a continuous trajectory of epithelial cell states. Pseudotime analysis based on transcriptomic signatures suggests a progression from GCM2 hi progenitors to mature parathyroid hormone (PTH)-expressing epithelial cells with increasing core mitochondrial transcript abundance along pseudotime. We sequenced, as a comparator, four histologically characterized hyperfunctioning human parathyroids with varying oxyphil and chief cell abundance and leveraged advanced computational techniques to highlight similarities and differences from non-human primate parathyroid expression dynamics. Predicted cell-cell communication analysis reveals abundant endothelial cell interactions in the parathyroid cell microenvironment in both human and NHP parathyroid glands. We show abundant RARRES2 transcripts in both human adenoma and normal primate parathyroid cells and use coimmunostaining to reveal high levels of RARRES2 protein (also known as chemerin) in PTH-expressing cells, which could indicate that RARRES2 plays an unrecognized role in parathyroid endocrine function. The data obtained are the first single-cell RNA transcriptome to characterize nondiseased parathyroid cell signatures and to show a transcriptomic progression of cell states within normal parathyroid glands, which can be used to better understand parathyroid cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Venkat
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Maximillian J Carlino
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Betty R Lawton
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Manju L Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA
| | - Matthew Amodio
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Courtney E Gibson
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Scott E Youlten
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Diane S Krause
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA
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3
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Höppner J, Jüppner H. Rare genetic disorders that impair parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, or bioactivity provide insights into the diagnostic utility of different parathyroid hormone assays. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:375-382. [PMID: 38701324 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the major peptide hormone regulator of blood calcium homeostasis. Abnormal PTH levels can be observed in patients with various congenital and acquired disorders, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review will focus on rare human diseases caused by PTH mutations that have provided insights into the regulation of PTH synthesis and secretion as well as the diagnostic utility of different PTH assays. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past years, numerous diseases affecting calcium and phosphate homeostasis have been defined at the molecular level that are responsible for reduced or increased serum PTH levels. The underlying genetic mutations impair parathyroid gland development, involve the PTH gene itself, or alter function of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) or its downstream signaling partners that contribute to regulation of PTH synthesis or secretion. Mutations in the pre sequence of the mature PTH peptide can, for instance, impair hormone synthesis or intracellular processing, while amino acid substitutions affecting the secreted PTH(1-84) impair PTH receptor (PTH1R) activation, or cause defective cleavage of the pro-sequence and thus secretion of a pro- PTH with much reduced biological activity. Mutations affecting the secreted hormone can alter detection by different PTH assays, thus requiring detailed knowledge of the utilized diagnostic test. SUMMARY Rare diseases affecting PTH synthesis and secretion have offered helpful insights into parathyroid biology and the diagnostic utility of commonly used PTH assays, which may have implications for the interpretation of PTH measurements in more common disorders such as CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Weiler P, Lange M, Klein M, Pe'er D, Theis F. CellRank 2: unified fate mapping in multiview single-cell data. Nat Methods 2024; 21:1196-1205. [PMID: 38871986 PMCID: PMC11239496 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing allows us to model cellular state dynamics and fate decisions using expression similarity or RNA velocity to reconstruct state-change trajectories; however, trajectory inference does not incorporate valuable time point information or utilize additional modalities, whereas methods that address these different data views cannot be combined or do not scale. Here we present CellRank 2, a versatile and scalable framework to study cellular fate using multiview single-cell data of up to millions of cells in a unified fashion. CellRank 2 consistently recovers terminal states and fate probabilities across data modalities in human hematopoiesis and endodermal development. Our framework also allows combining transitions within and across experimental time points, a feature we use to recover genes promoting medullary thymic epithelial cell formation during pharyngeal endoderm development. Moreover, we enable estimating cell-specific transcription and degradation rates from metabolic-labeling data, which we apply to an intestinal organoid system to delineate differentiation trajectories and pinpoint regulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Weiler
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marius Lange
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michal Klein
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Machine Learning Research, Apple, Paris, France
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany.
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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5
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Sheloukhova L, Watanabe H. Evolution of glial cells: a non-bilaterian perspective. Neural Dev 2024; 19:10. [PMID: 38907299 PMCID: PMC11193209 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems of bilaterian animals generally consist of two cell types: neurons and glial cells. Despite accumulating data about the many important functions glial cells serve in bilaterian nervous systems, the evolutionary origin of this abundant cell type remains unclear. Current hypotheses regarding glial evolution are mostly based on data from model bilaterians. Non-bilaterian animals have been largely overlooked in glial studies and have been subjected only to morphological analysis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of conservation of the bilateral gliogenic genetic repertoire of non-bilaterian phyla (Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora, and Porifera). We overview molecular and functional features of bilaterian glial cell types and discuss their possible evolutionary history. We then examine which glial features are present in non-bilaterians. Of these, cnidarians show the highest degree of gliogenic program conservation and may therefore be crucial to answer questions about glial evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Sheloukhova
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
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6
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Takahashi K, Aritomi S, Honkawa F, Asari S, Hirose K, Konishi A. Efficient and cost-effective differentiation of induced neural crest cells from induced pluripotent stem cells using laminin 211. Regen Ther 2024; 26:749-759. [PMID: 39290629 PMCID: PMC11406167 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neural crest cells (NCCs) are cell populations that originate during the formation of neural crest in developmental stages. They are characterized by their multipotency, self-renewal and migration potential. Given their ability to differentiate into various types of cells such as neurons and Schwann cells, NCCs hold promise for cell therapy applications. The conventional method for obtaining NCCs involves inducing them from stem cells like induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), followed by a long-term passage or purification using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Although FACS allows high purity induced neural crest cells (iNCCs) to be obtained quickly, it is complex and costly. Therefore, there is a need for a simpler, cost-effective and less time-consuming method for cell therapy application. Methods To select differentiated iNCCs from heterogeneous cell populations quickly without using FACS, we adopted the use of scaffold material full-length laminin 211 (LN211), a recombinant, xeno-free protein suitable for cell therapy. After fist passage on LN211, iNCCs characterization was performed using polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Additionally, proliferation and multipotency to various cells were evaluated. Result The iNCCs obtained using our new method expressed cranial NCC- related genes and exhibited stable proliferation ability for at least 57 days, while maintaining high expression level of the NCCs marker CD271. They demonstrated differentiation ability into several cell types: neurons, astrocytes, melanocytes, smooth muscle cells, osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. Furthermore, they could be induced to differentiate into induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) which retain the essential functions of somatic MSCs. Conclusion In this study, we have developed novel method for obtaining high purity iNCCs differentiated from iPSCs in a short time using LN211 under xeno-free condition. Compared with traditional methods, like FACS or long-term passage, this approach enables the acquisition of a large amount of cells at a lower cost and labor, and it is expected to contribute to stable supply of large scale iNCCs for future cell therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Takahashi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kanagawa, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Shizuka Aritomi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kanagawa, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Fumie Honkawa
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kanagawa, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Sayaka Asari
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kanagawa, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ken Hirose
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kanagawa, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Atsushi Konishi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kanagawa, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
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7
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Hassan A, Khalaily N, Kilav-Levin R, Del Castello B, Manley NR, Ben-Dov IZ, Naveh-Many T. Dicer-Mediated mTORC1 Signaling and Parathyroid Gland Integrity and Function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:00001751-990000000-00339. [PMID: 38819931 PMCID: PMC11387037 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Maintaining parathyroid gland integrity is a dynamic process regulated by the parathyroid microRNA–mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 axis.This axis is essential for preserving intact parathyroid glands throughout life, with relevance to CKD-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Background
Secondary hyperparathyroidism of CKD contributes significantly to patient morbidity and mortality. The underlining mechanisms of CKD-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism remain elusive. We previously demonstrated that PT-Dicer
−/−
mice, with parathyroid-specific deletion of the microRNA (miRNA)-processing enzyme Dicer and consequently miRNA, maintain normal basal serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels but do not develop secondary hyperparathyroidism induced by CKD. In addition, we showed that the parathyroid mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is activated in CKD. We now explored the roles of Dicer/miRNA and mTORC1 in parathyroid development and function.
Methods
We generated mice with parathyroid-specific Dicer (PT-Dicer
−/−
), mechanistic target of rapamycin (PT-mTOR
−/−
), or tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (PT-Tsc1
−/−
) deficiency combined with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) or tdTomato expression to identify the parathyroids by fluorescence microscopy. CKD was induced by an adenine-rich high-phosphate diet.
Results
Despite normal basal serum PTH levels, PT-Dicer
−/−
mice displayed apoptotic loss of intact parathyroid glands postnatally and reduced mechanistic target of rapamycin activity. PT-mTOR
−/−
mice lacked intact parathyroid glands yet maintained normal serum PTH levels, mirroring the phenotype of PT-Dicer
−/−
mice. Conversely, PT-Tsc1
−/−
mice with hyperactivated mTORC1 exhibited enlarged glands along with elevated basal serum PTH and calcium levels. Significantly, PT-Dicer
−/−
;Tsc1
−/−
double knockout mice preserved intact parathyroid glands and reinstated CKD-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Conclusions
mTORC1 operates downstream of Dicer and miRNA in the parathyroid and is essential for maintaining postnatal parathyroid gland integrity throughout life and for the pathogenesis of CKD-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Hassan
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nareman Khalaily
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Kilav-Levin
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- School of Nursing, Jerusalem College of Technology, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barbara Del Castello
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- CRDF Global, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Nancy Ruth Manley
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Current address: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Iddo Z Ben-Dov
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology and Internal Medicine B, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tally Naveh-Many
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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8
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Jung YL, Zhao W, Li I, Jain D, Epstein CB, Bernstein BE, Parangi S, Sherwood R, Robinson-Cohen C, Hsu YH, Park PJ, Mannstadt M. Epigenetic profiling reveals key genes and cis-regulatory networks specific to human parathyroids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2106. [PMID: 38453887 PMCID: PMC10920874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In all terrestrial vertebrates, the parathyroid glands are critical regulators of calcium homeostasis and the sole source of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism are clinically important disorders affecting multiple organs. However, our knowledge regarding regulatory mechanisms governing the parathyroids has remained limited. Here, we present the comprehensive maps of the chromatin landscape of the human parathyroid glands, identifying active regulatory elements and chromatin interactions. These data allow us to define regulatory circuits and previously unidentified genes that play crucial roles in parathyroid biology. We experimentally validate candidate parathyroid-specific enhancers and demonstrate their integration with GWAS SNPs for parathyroid-related diseases and traits. For instance, we observe reduced activity of a parathyroid-specific enhancer of the Calcium Sensing Receptor gene, which contains a risk allele associated with higher PTH levels compared to the wildtype allele. Our datasets provide a valuable resource for unraveling the mechanisms governing parathyroid gland regulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsook Lucy Jung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Wenping Zhao
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian Li
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dhawal Jain
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sareh Parangi
- Department of Surgery, Newton Wellesley Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Sherwood
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cassianne Robinson-Cohen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Teixeira SK, Pontes R, Zuleta LFG, Wang J, Xu D, Hildebrand S, Russell J, Zhan X, Choi M, Tang M, Li X, Ludwig S, Beutler B, Krieger JE. Genetic determinants of blood pressure and heart rate identified through ENU-induced mutagenesis with automated meiotic mapping. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj9797. [PMID: 38427739 PMCID: PMC10906923 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
We used N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea-induced germline mutagenesis combined with automated meiotic mapping to identify specific systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) determinant loci. We analyzed 43,627 third-generation (G3) mice from 841 pedigrees to assess the effects of 45,378 variant alleles within 15,760 genes, in both heterozygous and homozygous states. We comprehensively tested 23% of all protein-encoding autosomal genes and found 87 SBP and 144 HR (with 7 affecting both) candidates exhibiting detectable hypomorphic characteristics. Unexpectedly, only 18 of the 87 SBP genes were previously known, while 26 of the 144 genes linked to HR were previously identified. Furthermore, we confirmed the influence of two genes on SBP regulation and three genes on HR control through reverse genetics. This underscores the importance of our research in uncovering genes associated with these critical cardiovascular risk factors and illustrate the effectiveness of germline mutagenesis for defining key determinants of polygenic phenotypes that must be studied in an intact organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Pontes
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando G. Zuleta
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Darui Xu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sara Hildebrand
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jamie Russell
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mihwa Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Miao Tang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sara Ludwig
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jose E. Krieger
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Parekh VI, Brinster LR, Guan B, Simonds WF, Weinstein LS, Agarwal SK. A Knock-In Mouse Model of the Gcm2 Variant p.Y392S Develops Normal Parathyroid Glands. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad126. [PMID: 37885910 PMCID: PMC10599131 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Context The glial cells missing 2 (GCM2) gene functions as a transcription factor that is essential for parathyroid gland development, and variants in this gene have been associated with 2 parathyroid diseases: isolated hypoparathyroidism in patients with homozygous germline inactivating variants and primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with heterozygous germline activating variants. A recurrent germline activating missense variant of GCM2, p.Y394S, has been reported in patients with familial primary hyperparathyroidism. Objective To determine whether the GCM2 p.Y394S missense variant causes overactive and enlarged parathyroid glands in a mouse model. Methods CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was used to generate a mouse model with the germline heterozygous Gcm2 variant p.Y392S that corresponds to the human GCM2 p.Y394S variant. Wild-type (Gcm2+/+) and germline heterozygous (Gcm2+/Y392S) mice were evaluated for serum biochemistry and parathyroid gland morphology. Results Gcm2 +/Y392S mice did not show any change compared to Gcm2+/+ mice in serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels, parathyroid gland histology, cell proliferation, or parathyroid gland size. Conclusion The mouse model of the p.Y392S variant of Gcm2 shows that this variant is tolerated in mice, as it does not increase parathyroid gland cell proliferation and circulating calcium or PTH levels. Further investigation of Gcm2+/Y392S mice to study the effect of this variant of Gcm2 on early events in parathyroid gland development will be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali I Parekh
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren R Brinster
- Office of Research Services, Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bin Guan
- Opthalmic Genomics Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sunita K Agarwal
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Kameda Y. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the organogenesis and development, and function of the mammalian parathyroid gland. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 393:425-442. [PMID: 37410127 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum calcium homeostasis is mainly regulated by parathormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid gland. Besides PTH and Gcm2, a master gene for parathyroid differentiation, many genes are expressed in the gland. Especially, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and Klotho function to prevent increased secretion of PTH and hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland under chronic hypocalcemia. Parathyroid-specific dual deletion of Klotho and CaSR induces a marked enlargement of the glandular size. The parathyroid develops from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches except murine species in which the gland is derived from the third pouch only. The development of the murine parathyroid gland is categorized as follows: (1) formation and differentiation of the pharyngeal pouches, (2) appearance of parathyroid domain in the third pharyngeal pouch together with thymus domain, (3) migration of parathyroid primordium attached to the top of thymus, and (4) contact with the thyroid lobe and separation from the thymus. The transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in each of these developmental stages are elaborated. In addition, mesenchymal neural crest cells surrounding the pharyngeal pouches and parathyroid primordium and invading the parathyroid parenchyma participate in the development of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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12
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Kano M, Mizuno N, Sato H, Kimura T, Hirochika R, Iwasaki Y, Inoshita N, Nagano H, Kasai M, Yamamoto H, Yamaguchi T, Suga H, Masaki H, Mizutani E, Nakauchi H. Functional calcium-responsive parathyroid glands generated using single-step blastocyst complementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216564120. [PMID: 37379351 PMCID: PMC10334775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216564120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism require lifelong replacement therapy to avoid life-threatening complications, The benefits of conventional treatment are limited, however. Transplanting a functional parathyroid gland (PTG) would yield better results. Parathyroid gland cells generated from pluripotent stem cells in vitro to date cannot mimic the physiological responses to extracellular calcium that are essential for calcium homeostasis. We thus hypothesized that blastocyst complementation (BC) could be a better strategy for generating functional PTG cells and compensating loss of parathyroid function. We here describe generation of fully functional PTGs from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) with single-step BC. Using CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of Glial cells missing2 (Gcm2), we efficiently produced aparathyroid embryos for BC. In these embryos, mESCs differentiated into endocrinologically mature PTGs that rescued Gcm2-/- mice from neonatal death. The mESC-derived PTGs responded to extracellular calcium, restoring calcium homeostasis on transplantation into mice surgically rendered hypoparathyroid. We also successfully generated functional interspecies PTGs in Gcm2-/- rat neonates, an accomplishment with potential for future human PTG therapy using xenogeneic animal BC. Our results demonstrate that BC can produce functional endocrine organs and constitute a concept in treatment of hypoparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kano
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
- Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa216-8511, Japan
| | - Naoaki Mizuno
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Takaharu Kimura
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-8577, Japan
| | - Rei Hirochika
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie510-0293, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi783-8505, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Pathology, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo134-0081, Japan
| | - Hisato Nagano
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama359-8513, Japan
| | - Mariko Kasai
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamamoto
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0392, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Eiji Mizutani
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8510, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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Mannstadt M, Cianferotti L, Gafni RI, Giusti F, Kemp EH, Koch CA, Roszko KL, Yao L, Guyatt GH, Thakker RV, Xia W, Brandi ML. Hypoparathyroidism: Genetics and Diagnosis. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2615-2629. [PMID: 36375809 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This narrative report summarizes diagnostic criteria for hypoparathyroidism and describes the clinical presentation and underlying genetic causes of the nonsurgical forms. We conducted a comprehensive literature search from January 2000 to January 2021 and included landmark articles before 2000, presenting a comprehensive update of these topics and suggesting a research agenda to improve diagnosis and, eventually, the prognosis of the disease. Hypoparathyroidism, which is characterized by insufficient secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) leading to hypocalcemia, is diagnosed on biochemical grounds. Low albumin-adjusted calcium or ionized calcium with concurrent inappropriately low serum PTH concentration are the hallmarks of the disease. In this review, we discuss the characteristics and pitfalls in measuring calcium and PTH. We also undertook a systematic review addressing the utility of measuring calcium and PTH within 24 hours after total thyroidectomy to predict long-term hypoparathyroidism. A summary of the findings is presented here; results of the detailed systematic review are published separately in this issue of JBMR. Several genetic disorders can present with hypoparathyroidism, either as an isolated disease or as part of a syndrome. A positive family history and, in the case of complex diseases, characteristic comorbidities raise the clinical suspicion of a genetic disorder. In addition to these disorders' phenotypic characteristics, which include autoimmune diseases, we discuss approaches for the genetic diagnosis. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luisella Cianferotti
- Bone Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rachel I Gafni
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Christian A Koch
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kelly L Roszko
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liam Yao
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gordon H Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Weibo Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical Collage Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Maria-Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana sulla Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso (F.I.R.M.O. Foundation), Florence, Italy
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14
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Nagakubo D, Hirakawa M, Iwanami N, Boehm T. Limits to in vivo fate changes of epithelia in thymus and parathyroid by ectopic expression of transcription factors Gcm2 and Foxn1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13554. [PMID: 35941210 PMCID: PMC9360016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the parathyroid and the thymus from the third pharyngeal pouch depends on the activities of the Gcm2 and Foxn1 transcription factors, respectively, whose expression domains sharply demarcate two regions in the developing third pharyngeal pouch. Here, we have generated novel mouse models to examine whether ectopic co-expression of Gcm2 in the thymic epithelium and of Foxn1 in the parathyroid perturbs the establishment of organ fates in vivo. Expression of Gcm2 in the thymic rudiment does not activate a parathyroid-specific expression programme, even in the absence of Foxn1 activity. Co-expression of Foxn1 in the parathyroid fails to impose thymopoietic capacity. We conclude that the actions of Foxn1 and Gcm2 transcription factors are cell context-dependent and that they each require permissive transcription factor landscapes in order to successfully interfere with organ-specific cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nagakubo
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Health and Hygienic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiohno, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirakawa
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Immunology and Allergy, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda-City, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Parathyroid Cell Differentiation from Progenitor Cells and Stem Cells: Development, Molecular Mechanism, Function, and Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1387:13-24. [PMID: 34981451 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid glands are endocrine organs which are located posterior to thyroid glands and control secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in order to regulate blood calcium level. PTH maintains calcium homeostasis by acting on the bone, kidney, and small intestine. PTH deficiency leads to chronic hypocalcemia, organ calcinosis, kidney and heart failure, painful muscle spasms, neuromuscular problems, and memory problems. Since parathyroid cells have inadequate proliferation potential in culture conditions, their utilization as a cellular therapy option is very limited. Although studies conducted so far include parathyroid cell differentiation from various cell types, problems related to successful cellular differentiation and transplantation still remain. Recently, parathyroid tissue engineering has attracted attention as a potential treatment for the parathyroid-related diseases caused by hypoparathyroidism. Although major progression is made in the construction of tissue engineering protocols using parathyroid cells and biomaterials, PTH secretion to mimic its spontaneous harmony in the body is a challenge. This chapter comprehensively defines the derivation of parathyroid cells from various cell sources including pluripotent stem cells, molecular mechanisms, and tissue engineering applications.
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16
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Wang X, Liang Y, Zhu Z, Li W, Shi B, Deng Y, Li C, Sha O. Fn1 Regulates the Third Pharyngeal Pouch Patterning and Morphogenesis. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1082-1091. [PMID: 35259939 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221078775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The parathyroid and thymus are derived from the common primordia, the third pharyngeal pouch. During their development, endodermal cells actively interact with surrounding mesenchymal cells, mainly derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). However, the mechanism by which NCCs regulate the development of the third pharyngeal pouch remains largely unknown. In this study, we showed that fibronectin 1 (Fn1), which is synthesized by NCCs, modulates the functions of NCCs in the third pharyngeal pouch patterning and in the morphogenesis of the thymus/parathyroid. Loss of Fn1 in NCCs leads to decreased Foxn1 expression in the presumptive thymus domain at E11.5. In the mutant, we detected upregulation of the Hedgehog signaling activity in the presumptive parathyroid domain and downregulation of Bmp4 in the presumptive thymus domain. Tbx1, a Hedgehog signaling target gene in endoderm development, was ectopically expanded to the presumptive mutant thymus domain at E11.5. Fgf10, an important gene regulating the proliferation of endoderm development, was downregulated in the mutant NCCs. At later organogenesis stages, derivatives of the third pharyngeal pouch endoderm of mutant embryos were abnormal, showing conditions such as hypoparathyroidism, hypoplastic thymus, and ectopic thymus and parathyroid. These data support that Fn1 plays an important role in NCCs by regulating the patterning of the third pharyngeal pouch and morphogenesis of the thymus/parathyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Z Zhu
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - W Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - B Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Deng
- Department of Somatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - C Li
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - O Sha
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Hirschberger C, Gillis JA. The pseudobranch of jawed vertebrates is a mandibular arch-derived gill. Development 2022; 149:275947. [PMID: 35762641 PMCID: PMC9340550 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pseudobranch is a gill-like epithelial elaboration that sits behind the jaw of most fishes. This structure was classically regarded as a vestige of the ancestral gill arch-like condition of the gnathostome jaw. However, more recently, hypotheses of jaw evolution by transformation of a gill arch have been challenged, and the pseudobranch has alternatively been considered a specialised derivative of the second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch. Here, we demonstrate in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) that the pseudobranch does, in fact, derive from the mandibular arch, and that it shares gene expression features and cell types with gills. We also show that the skate mandibular arch pseudobranch is supported by a spiracular cartilage that is patterned by a shh-expressing epithelial signalling centre. This closely parallels the condition seen in the gill arches, where cartilaginous appendages called branchial rays, which support the respiratory lamellae of the gills, are patterned by a shh-expressing gill arch epithelial ridge. Together with similar discoveries in zebrafish, our findings support serial homology of the pseudobranch and gills, and an ancestral origin of gill arch-like anatomical features from the gnathostome mandibular arch. Summary: The skate pseudobranch is a gill serial homologue and reveals the ancestral gill arch-like nature of the jawed vertebrate mandibular arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hirschberger
- University of Cambridge 1 Department of Zoology , , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ , UK
| | - J. Andrew Gillis
- University of Cambridge 1 Department of Zoology , , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ , UK
- Marine Biological Laboratory 2 , 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA
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18
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Hawkes CP, Al Jubeh JM, Li D, Tucker SE, Rajiyah T, Levine MA. Novel PTH Gene Mutations Causing Isolated Hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2449-e2458. [PMID: 35165722 PMCID: PMC9113798 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene mutations represent a rare cause of familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (FIH). These defects can cause hypoparathyroidism with increased or decreased serum levels of PTH through 1) impaired PTH synthesis; 2) induction of parathyroid cell apoptosis; or 3) secretion of bioinactive PTH molecules. Eight pathogenic mutations of this gene have been described previously. OBJECTIVE Through describing 2 novel mutations of the PTH gene, we aim to extend the molecular basis for FIH and further refine the proposed mechanisms by which PTH mutations cause hypoparathyroidism. METHODS Proband case reports were compiled with extended family analysis. The probands in both kindreds presented before age 10 days with hypocalcemia and elevated phosphate levels. Proband A had low PTH levels, whereas these levels were elevated in Proband B. Proband B was initially diagnosed with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Methylation analysis was performed of CpG dinucleotides within 3 GNAS differentially methylated regions; whole-genome sequencing; and PTH infusion with analysis of nephrogenous 3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate. RESULTS Proband A had a novel heterozygous sequence change in exon 2 of the PTH gene, c.46_47delinsAA (p.Ala16Lys), and proband B had a novel homozygous nucleotide transition in PTH exon 3 (c.128G > A; p.G43E) that led to replacement of glycine by glutamic acid at position 12 of PTH 1-84. PTH 1-34 infusion demonstrated that renal responsiveness to PTH was intact and not antagonized by circulating bioinactive PTH. CONCLUSION PTH gene mutations are uncommon causes of hypoparathyroidism, but can be misdiagnosed as disorders of gland development or receptor function if PTH levels are decreased or elevated, respectively. Genetic testing should be considered early in the diagnostic approach to these presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P Hawkes
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jamal M Al Jubeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, CHOP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan E Tucker
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tara Rajiyah
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Correspondence: Michael A. Levine, MD, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, ARC510A, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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19
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Development of Surgically Transplantable Parathyroid Hormone-Releasing Microbeads. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020440. [PMID: 35203648 PMCID: PMC8962264 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder that occurs because of the inability to produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) effectively. Previously, we reported the efficacy of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) differentiated into parathyroid-like cells for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. Here, we investigated the feasibility of three-dimensional structural microbeads fabricated with TMSCs and alginate, a natural biodegradable polymer, to treat hypoparathyroidism. Alginate microbeads were fabricated by dropping a 2% (w/v) alginate solution containing TMSCs into a 5% CaCl2 solution and then differentiated into parathyroid-like cells using activin A and sonic hedgehog for 7 days. The protein expression of PTH, a specific marker of the parathyroid gland, was significantly higher in differentiated alginate microbeads with TMSCs (Al-dT) compared with in undifferentiated alginate microbeads with TMSCs. For in vivo experiments, we created the hypoparathyroidism animal model by parathyroidectomy (PTX) and implanted alginate microbeads in the dorsal interscapular region. The PTX rats with Al-dT (PTX+Al-dT) showed the highest survival rate and weight change and a gradual increase in serum intact PTH levels. We also detected a higher expression of PTH in retrieved tissues of PTX+Al-dT using immunofluorescence analysis. This study demonstrates that alginate microbeads are potential a new tool as a surgically scalable therapy for treating hypoparathyroidism.
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20
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Canaff L, Guarnieri V, Kim Y, Wong BYL, Nolin-Lapalme A, Cole DEC, Minisola S, Eller-Vainicher C, Cetani F, Repaci A, Turchetti D, Corbetta S, Scillitani A, Goltzman D. Novel Glial Cells Missing-2 (GCM2) variants in parathyroid disorders. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:351-366. [PMID: 35038313 DOI: 10.1016/10.1530/eje-21-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze variants of the gene glial cells missing-2 (GCM2), encoding a parathyroid cell-specific transcription factor, in familial hypoparathyroidism and in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) without and with parathyroid carcinoma. DESIGN We characterized 2 families with hypoparathyroidism and 19 with FIHP in which we examined the mechanism of action of GCM2 variants. METHODS Leukocyte DNA of hypoparathyroid individuals was Sanger sequenced for CASR, PTH, GNA11 and GCM2 mutations. DNA of hyperparathyroid individuals underwent MEN1, CDKN1B, CDC73, CASR, RET and GCM2 sequencing. The actions of identified GCM2 variants were evaluated by in vitro functional analyses. RESULTS A novel homozygous p.R67C GCM2 mutation which failed to stimulate transcriptional activity in a luciferase assay was identified in affected members of two hypoparathyroid families. Oligonucleotide pull-down assay and in silico structural modeling indicated that this mutant had lost the ability to bind the consensus GCM recognition sequence of DNA. Two novel (p.I383M and p.T386S) and one previously reported (p.Y394S) heterozygous GCM2 variants that lie within a C-terminal conserved inhibitory domain were identified in three affected individuals of the hyperparathyroid families. One family member, heterozygous for p.I138M, had parathyroid carcinoma (PC), and a heterozygous p.V382M variant was found in another patient affected by sporadic PC. These variants exerted significantly enhanced in vitrotranscriptional activity, including increased stimulation of the PTH promoter. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that two novel GCM2 R67C inactivating mutations with an inability to bind DNA are causative of hypoparathyroidism. Additionally, we provide evidence that two novel GCM2 variants increased transactivation of the PTH promoter in vitro and are associated with FIHP. Furthermore, our studies suggest that activating GCM2 variants may contribute to facilitating more aggressive parathyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Canaff
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vito Guarnieri
- Division of Medical Genetics and Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Yoojung Kim
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Betty Y L Wong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexis Nolin-Lapalme
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David E C Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, 'Sapienza' Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Eller-Vainicher
- Department of Medical Sciences and Community, Fondazione Ca'Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Repaci
- Unit of Endocrinology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Turchetti
- Center for the Studies of Hereditary Cancers, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Scillitani
- Division of Medical Genetics and Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - David Goltzman
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Canaff L, Guarnieri V, Kim Y, Wong BYL, Nolin-Lapalme A, Cole DEC, Minisola S, Eller-Vainicher C, Cetani F, Repaci A, Turchetti D, Corbetta S, Scillitani A, Goltzman D. Novel Glial Cells Missing-2 (GCM2) variants in parathyroid disorders. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:351-366. [PMID: 35038313 PMCID: PMC8859918 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze variants of the gene glial cells missing-2 (GCM2), encoding a parathyroid cell-specific transcription factor, in familial hypoparathyroidism and in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) without and with parathyroid carcinoma. DESIGN We characterized 2 families with hypoparathyroidism and 19 with FIHP in which we examined the mechanism of action of GCM2 variants. METHODS Leukocyte DNA of hypoparathyroid individuals was Sanger sequenced for CASR, PTH, GNA11 and GCM2 mutations. DNA of hyperparathyroid individuals underwent MEN1, CDKN1B, CDC73, CASR, RET and GCM2 sequencing. The actions of identified GCM2 variants were evaluated by in vitro functional analyses. RESULTS A novel homozygous p.R67C GCM2 mutation which failed to stimulate transcriptional activity in a luciferase assay was identified in affected members of two hypoparathyroid families. Oligonucleotide pull-down assay and in silico structural modeling indicated that this mutant had lost the ability to bind the consensus GCM recognition sequence of DNA. Two novel (p.I383M and p.T386S) and one previously reported (p.Y394S) heterozygous GCM2 variants that lie within a C-terminal conserved inhibitory domain were identified in three affected individuals of the hyperparathyroid families. One family member, heterozygous for p.I138M, had parathyroid carcinoma (PC), and a heterozygous p.V382M variant was found in another patient affected by sporadic PC. These variants exerted significantly enhanced in vitrotranscriptional activity, including increased stimulation of the PTH promoter. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that two novel GCM2 R67C inactivating mutations with an inability to bind DNA are causative of hypoparathyroidism. Additionally, we provide evidence that two novel GCM2 variants increased transactivation of the PTH promoter in vitro and are associated with FIHP. Furthermore, our studies suggest that activating GCM2 variants may contribute to facilitating more aggressive parathyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Canaff
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vito Guarnieri
- Division of Medical Genetics and Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Yoojung Kim
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Betty Y L Wong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexis Nolin-Lapalme
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David E C Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, ‘Sapienza’ Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Eller-Vainicher
- Department of Medical Sciences and Community, Fondazione Ca’Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Repaci
- Unit of Endocrinology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Turchetti
- Center for the Studies of Hereditary Cancers, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Scillitani
- Division of Medical Genetics and Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - David Goltzman
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Goltzman;
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22
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Cordes M, Coerper S, Kuwert T, Schmidkonz C. Ultrasound Imaging of Cervical Anatomic Variants. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:966-972. [PMID: 33504311 PMCID: PMC8653420 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617666210127162328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Embryologic developmental variants of the thyroid and parathyroid glands may cause cervical anomalies that are detectable in ultrasound examinations of the neck. For some of these developmental variants, molecular genetic factors have been identified. Ultrasound, as the first-line imaging procedure, has proven useful in detecting clinically relevant anatomic variants. The aim of this article was to systematically summarize the ultrasound characteristics of developmental variants of the thyroid and parathyroid glands as well as ectopic thymus and neck cysts. Quantitative measures were developed based on our findings and the respective literature. Developmental anomalies frequently manifest as cysts that can be detected by cervical ultrasound examinations. Median neck cysts are the most common congenital cervical cystic lesions, with a reported prevalence of 7% in the general population. Besides cystic malformations, developmental anomalies may appear as ectopic or dystopic tissue. Ectopic thyroid tissue is observed in the midline of the neck in most patients and has a prevalence of 1/100,000 to 1/300,000. Lingual thyroid accounts for 90% of cases of ectopic thyroid tissue. Zuckerkandl tubercles (ZTs) have been detected in 55% of all thyroid lobes. Prominent ZTs are frequently observed in thyroid lobes affected by autoimmune thyroiditis compared with normal lobes or nodular lobes (P = 0.006). The correct interpretation of the ultrasound characteristics of these variants is essential to establish the clinical diagnosis. In the preoperative assessment, the identification of these cervical anomalies via ultrasound examination is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cordes
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Coerper
- Klinik für Chirurgie, Martha-Maria-Krankenhaus, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Caprio C, Lania G, Bilio M, Ferrentino R, Chen L, Baldini A. EZH2 is required for parathyroid and thymic development through differentiation of the third pharyngeal pouch endoderm. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm.046789. [PMID: 33608392 PMCID: PMC7969367 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ezh2 gene encodes a histone methyltransferase of the polycomb repressive complex 2 that methylates histone H3 lysine 27. In this study, we investigated whether EZH2 has a role in the development of the pharyngeal apparatus and whether it regulates the expression of the Tbx1 gene, which encodes a key transcription factor required in pharyngeal development. To these ends, we performed genetic in vivo experiments with mouse embryos and used mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based protocols to probe endoderm and cardiogenic mesoderm differentiation. Results showed that EZH2 occupies the Tbx1 gene locus in mouse embryos, and that suppression of EZH2 was associated with reduced expression of Tbx1 in differentiated mouse ESCs. Conditional deletion of Ezh2 in the Tbx1 expression domain, which includes the pharyngeal endoderm, did not cause cardiac defects but revealed that the gene has an important role in the morphogenesis of the third pharyngeal pouch (PP). We found that in conditionally deleted embryos the third PP was hypoplastic, had reduced expression of Tbx1, lacked the expression of Gcm2, a gene that marks the parathyroid domain, but expressed FoxN1, a gene marking the thymic domain. Consistently, the parathyroids did not develop, and the thymus was hypoplastic. Thus, Ezh2 is required for parathyroid and thymic development, probably through a function in the pouch endoderm. This discovery also provides a novel interpretational key for the finding of Ezh2 activating mutations in hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid cancer. Summary: EZH2 in the pharyngeal apparatus is required in the endoderm for the development of the parathyroids and thymus, and positively regulates the expression of the Tbx1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Caprio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marchesa Bilio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Li Chen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX
| | - Antonio Baldini
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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24
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Wang K, Wang J, Zhu C, Yang L, Ren Y, Ruan J, Fan G, Hu J, Xu W, Bi X, Zhu Y, Song Y, Chen H, Ma T, Zhao R, Jiang H, Zhang B, Feng C, Yuan Y, Gan X, Li Y, Zeng H, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Shao F, Hao S, Zhang H, Xu X, Liu X, Wang D, Zhu M, Zhang G, Zhao W, Qiu Q, He S, Wang W. African lungfish genome sheds light on the vertebrate water-to-land transition. Cell 2021; 184:1362-1376.e18. [PMID: 33545087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lungfishes are the closest extant relatives of tetrapods and preserve ancestral traits linked with the water-to-land transition. However, their huge genome sizes have hindered understanding of this key transition in evolution. Here, we report a 40-Gb chromosome-level assembly of the African lungfish (Protopterus annectens) genome, which is the largest genome assembly ever reported and has a contig and chromosome N50 of 1.60 Mb and 2.81 Gb, respectively. The large size of the lungfish genome is due mainly to retrotransposons. Genes with ultra-long length show similar expression levels to other genes, indicating that lungfishes have evolved high transcription efficacy to keep gene expression balanced. Together with transcriptome and experimental data, we identified potential genes and regulatory elements related to such terrestrial adaptation traits as pulmonary surfactant, anxiolytic ability, pentadactyl limbs, and pharyngeal remodeling. Our results provide insights and key resources for understanding the evolutionary pathway leading from fishes to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Chenglong Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Liandong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yandong Ren
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jue Ruan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xupeng Bi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Youan Zhu
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yue Song
- BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ruoping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chenguang Feng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaoni Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Honghui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qun Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | | | - Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | | | - He Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Depeng Wang
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wenming Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qiang Qiu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Shunping He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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25
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Five patients with disorders of calcium metabolism presented with GCM2 gene variants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2968. [PMID: 33536578 PMCID: PMC7859196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The GCM2 gene encodes a transcription factor predominantly expressed in parathyroid cells that is known to be critical for development, proliferation and maintenance of the parathyroid cells. A cohort of 127 Spanish patients with a disorder of calcium metabolism were screened for mutations by Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). A targeted panel for disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism was designed to include 65 genes associated with these disorders. We observed two variants of uncertain significance (p.(Ser487Phe) and p.Asn315Asp), one likely pathogenic (p.Val382Met) and one benign variant (p.Ala393_Gln395dup) in the GCM2 gene in the heterozygous state in five families (two index cases had hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism, respectively, and three index cases had primary hyperparathyroidism). Our study shows the utility of NGS in unravelling the genetic origin of some disorders of the calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and confirms the GCM2 gene as an important element for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Importantly, a novel variant in the GCM2 gene (p.(Ser487Phe)) has been found in a patient with hypocalcemia.
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26
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Thymus Inception: Molecular Network in the Early Stages of Thymus Organogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165765. [PMID: 32796710 PMCID: PMC7460828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus generates central immune tolerance by producing self-restricted and self-tolerant T-cells as a result of interactions between the developing thymocytes and the stromal microenvironment, mainly formed by the thymic epithelial cells. The thymic epithelium derives from the endoderm of the pharyngeal pouches, embryonic structures that rely on environmental cues from the surrounding mesenchyme for its development. Here, we review the most recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in early thymic organogenesis at stages preceding the expression of the transcription factor Foxn1, the early marker of thymic epithelial cells identity. Foxn1-independent developmental stages, such as the specification of the pharyngeal endoderm, patterning of the pouches, and thymus fate commitment are discussed, with a special focus on epithelial–mesenchymal interactions.
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27
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Abstract
Parathyroid hormone is an essential regulator of extracellular calcium and phosphate. PTH enhances calcium reabsorption while inhibiting phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, increases the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which then increases gastrointestinal absorption of calcium, and increases bone resorption to increase calcium and phosphate. Parathyroid disease can be an isolated endocrine disorder or part of a complex syndrome. Genetic mutations can account for diseases of parathyroid gland formulation, dysregulation of parathyroid hormone synthesis or secretion, and destruction of the parathyroid glands. Over the years, a number of different options are available for the treatment of different types of parathyroid disease. Therapeutic options include surgical removal of hypersecreting parathyroid tissue, administration of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, activated vitamin D, calcium, phosphate binders, calcium-sensing receptor, and vitamin D receptor activators to name a few. The accurate assessment of parathyroid hormone also provides essential biochemical information to properly diagnose parathyroid disease. Currently available immunoassays may overestimate or underestimate bioactive parathyroid hormone because of interferences from truncated parathyroid hormone fragments, phosphorylation of parathyroid hormone, and oxidation of amino acids of parathyroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ki Yun Leung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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28
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Uchiyama T, Ohkido I, Nakashima A, Saito Y, Okabe M, Yokoo T. Severe chronic kidney disease environment reduced calcium-sensing receptor expression in parathyroid glands of adenine-induced rats even without high phosphorus diet. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:219. [PMID: 32517664 PMCID: PMC7285719 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) disrupts mineral homeostasis and its main underlying cause is secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). We previously reported that calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mRNA and protein expression in parathyroid glands (PTGs) significantly decreased in a CKD rat model induced by a 5/6 nephrectomy that were fed a high phosphorus diet. However, there was a significant difference in the severity of CKD between high phosphorus and adequate phosphorus diet groups. Thus, it was unclear whether CKD environment or the high phosphorus diet influenced CaSR expression, and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Methods CKD was induced in rats with 0.75% adenine-containing diet. CKD and control rats were maintained for 5 days and 2 weeks on diets with 0.7% or 1.3% phosphorus. For gene expression analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed with TaqMan probes. Protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results PTG CaSR expression significantly decreased in the presence of a severe CKD environment, even without the high phosphate load. Ki67 expressing cells in PTGs were significantly higher only in the CKD rats fed a high phosphorus diet. Furthermore, among the many genes that could affect CaSR expression, only vitamin D receptor (VDR) and glial cells missing 2 (Gcm2) showed significant changes. Moreover, Gcm2 was significantly reduced at an early stage without significant changes in serum calcium, phosphorus and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, and there was no significant reduction in CaSR and VDR expressions. Then, significantly elevated Ki67-positive cell numbers were also only observed in the early CKD PTGs with high-phosphorus diets. Conclusions Our data suggest that the cause of the decreased PTG CaSR expression is the reduction in VDR and Gcm2 expression; Gcm2 may play a role in the onset and progression of SHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Uchiyama
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ohkido
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akio Nakashima
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yatsumu Saito
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Fabbri S, Zonefrati R, Galli G, Gronchi G, Perigli G, Borrelli A, Brandi ML. In Vitro Control of Genes Critical for Parathyroid Embryogenesis by Extracellular Calcium. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa058. [PMID: 32666007 PMCID: PMC7326476 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of the parathyroid transcription factors, encoded by the genes GATA3, GCM2, and MAFB, persists after parathyroid morphogenesis. This suggests a role of these genes in the regulatory program that governs parathyroid function in the adult. Indeed, these 3 genes form a transcriptional cascade able to activate PTH gene expression. Materials and Methods Adult adenoma parathyroid tissues were put in primary cell culture to evaluate the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of the PTH gene, of the genes involved in the calcium regulatory signaling pathway (CaSR, GNA11, and AP2S1), and of the 3 genes (GATA3, GCM2, and MAFB) involved in the parathyroid morphogenesis in the presence of different extracellular calcium concentrations from 0.1 mM to 3.0 mM. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate whether different extracellular calcium conditions could control the expression of transcription factors critical for parathyroid embryogenesis. Results The results of the experiments showed that the mRNA expression of GATA3, GCM2, and MAFB genes follows the same response as the PTH gene to extracellular calcium concentrations, with the highest expression at low calcium (0.1 mM) and the lowest at high calcium (3.0 mM). Conversely, the genes involved in the calcium signaling in the parathyroid cells showed a variable response to the extracellular calcium concentrations, with the CaSR and GNA11 genes exhibiting a sensitivity to low calcium concentrations. Conclusions These findings indicate that transcription factors recognized for their role in parathyroid embryogenesis show a response to extracellular calcium later in adulthood that parallels the behavior of the PTH gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fabbri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Zonefrati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianna Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gronchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research & Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuliano Perigli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Borrelli
- Bariatric, General Surgery and Metabolic Department, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells toward pharyngeal endoderm derivatives: Current status and potential. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 138:175-208. [PMID: 32220297 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The pharyngeal apparatus, a transient embryological structure, includes diverse cells from all three germ layers that ultimately contribute to a variety of adult tissues. In particular, pharyngeal endoderm produces cells of the inner ear, palatine tonsils, the thymus, parathyroid and thyroid glands, and ultimobranchial bodies. Each of these structures and organs contribute to vital human physiological processes, including central immune tolerance (thymus) and metabolic homeostasis (parathyroid and thyroid glands, and ultimobranchial bodies). Thus, improper development or damage to pharyngeal endoderm derivatives leads to complicated and severe human maladies, such as autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, hypothyroidism, and/or hypoparathyroidism. To study and treat such diseases, we can utilize human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which differentiate into functionally mature cells in vitro given the proper developmental signals. Here, we discuss current efforts regarding the directed differentiation of hPSCs toward pharyngeal endoderm derivatives. We further discuss model system and therapeutic applications of pharyngeal endoderm cell types produced from hPSCs. Finally, we provide suggestions for improving hPSC differentiation approaches to pharyngeal endoderm derivatives with emphasis on current single cell-omics and 3D culture system technologies.
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31
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Kakuta T, Sawada K, Kanai G, Tatsumi R, Miyakogawa T, Ishida M, Nakazawa R, Fukagawa M. Parathyroid hormone-producing cells exist in adipose tissues surrounding the parathyroid glands in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3290. [PMID: 32094398 PMCID: PMC7039984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Possible ectopic parathyroid hormone (PTH) production in adipose tissues surrounding hyperplastic parathyroid glands was examined in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). In vitro culture of adipose tissues from 31 patients excised during parathyroidectomy showed PTH secretion in 23 (74.2%) patients. In vitro PTH secretion was detected in adipose tissues adhered to the parathyroid glands from 22 (71.0%) patients, in not-adhered adipose from 11 (35.5%) and in the thymus from four (28.6%) patients. Immunohistochemistry revealed colonies of PTH- and GCM2-positive cells intricately intertwined with adipocytes in excised adipose tissues prior to culture. When pieces of parathyroid parenchyma from SHPT patients were transplanted into the thyroid of immunodeficient nude rats with induced SHPT, the transplants secreted human PTH for one to three-and-half months after transplantation and expressed adipocyte markers, PPARγ2 and perilipin A, that the transplants did not express prior to transplantation. These findings indicate the importance of thoroughly removing adipose tissues surrounding the parathyroid glands when performing parathyroidectomy. We speculate that these ectopic PTH-producing cells are parathyroid parenchymal cells pushed out from the glands along with adipocyte progenitors during nodular growth of hyperplastic parenchymal cells and that these cells proliferate in SHPT, forming colonies PTH-producing cells intricately intertwined with adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Kakuta
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kaichiro Sawada
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Genta Kanai
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryoko Tatsumi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayo Miyakogawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ishida
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raima Nakazawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Zeng Y, Liu C, Gong Y, Bai Z, Hou S, He J, Bian Z, Li Z, Ni Y, Yan J, Huang T, Shi H, Ma C, Chen X, Wang J, Bian L, Lan Y, Liu B, Hu H. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Resolves Spatiotemporal Development of Pre-thymic Lymphoid Progenitors and Thymus Organogenesis in Human Embryos. Immunity 2019; 51:930-948.e6. [PMID: 31604687 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Generation of the first T lymphocytes in the human embryo involves the emergence, migration, and thymus seeding of lymphoid progenitors together with concomitant thymus organogenesis, which is the initial step to establish the entire adaptive immune system. However, the cellular and molecular programs regulating this process remain unclear. We constructed a single-cell transcriptional landscape of human early T lymphopoiesis by using cells from multiple hemogenic and hematopoietic sites spanning embryonic and fetal stages. Among heterogenous early thymic progenitors, one subtype shared common features with a subset of lymphoid progenitors in fetal liver that are known as thymus-seeding progenitors. Unbiased bioinformatics analysis identified a distinct type of pre-thymic lymphoid progenitors in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. In parallel, we investigated thymic epithelial cell development and potential cell-cell interactions during thymus organogenesis. Together, our data provide insights into human early T lymphopoiesis that prospectively direct T lymphocyte regeneration, which might lead to development of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yandong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhijie Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Siyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhilei Bian
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zongcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanli Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chunyu Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University. Collaboration and Innovation Center for Biotherapy. Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Lihong Bian
- Department of Gynecology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University. Collaboration and Innovation Center for Biotherapy. Chengdu 610041, China.
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Singh A, Mia MM, Cibi DM, Arya AK, Bhadada SK, Singh MK. Deficiency in the secreted protein Semaphorin3d causes abnormal parathyroid development in mice. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8336-8347. [PMID: 30979723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrinopathy characterized by hypercalcemia and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. The primary cause of PHPT is a benign overgrowth of parathyroid tissue causing excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone. However, the molecular etiology of PHPT is incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that semaphorin3d (Sema3d), a secreted glycoprotein, is expressed in the developing parathyroid gland in mice. We also observed that genetic deletion of Sema3d leads to parathyroid hyperplasia, causing PHPT. In vivo and in vitro experiments using histology, immunohistochemistry, biochemical, RT-qPCR, and immunoblotting assays revealed that Sema3d inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation by decreasing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase (ERBB) signaling pathway. We further demonstrate that EGFR signaling is elevated in Sema3d -/- parathyroid glands and that pharmacological inhibition of EGFR signaling can partially rescue the parathyroid hyperplasia phenotype. We propose that because Sema3d is a secreted protein, it may be possible to use recombinant Sema3d or derived peptides to inhibit parathyroid cell proliferation causing hyperplasia and hyperparathyroidism. Collectively, these findings identify Sema3d as a negative regulator of parathyroid growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - Masum M Mia
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - Dasan Mary Cibi
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore 169609.
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Yamada T, Tatsumi N, Anraku A, Suzuki H, Kamejima S, Uchiyama T, Ohkido I, Yokoo T, Okabe M. Gcm2 regulates the maintenance of parathyroid cells in adult mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210662. [PMID: 30677043 PMCID: PMC6345461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells missing homolog 2 (GCM2), a zinc finger-type transcription factor, is essential for the development of parathyroid glands. It is considered to be a master regulator because the glands do not form when Gcm2 is deficient. Remarkably, Gcm2 expression is maintained throughout the fetal stage and after birth. Considering the Gcm2 function in embryonic stages, it is predicted that Gcm2 maintains parathyroid cell differentiation and survival in adults. However, there is a lack of research regarding the function of Gcm2 in adulthood. Therefore, we analyzed Gcm2 function in adult tamoxifen-inducible Gcm2 conditional knockout mice. One month after tamoxifen injection, Gcm2-knockout mice showed no significant difference in serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH levels and in the expressions of calcium-sensing receptor (Casr) and parathyroid hormone (Pth), whereas Ki-67 positive cells were decreased and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) positive cell number did not change, as compared with those of controls. Seven months after tamoxifen injection, Gcm2-knockout mice showed shrinkage of the parathyroid glands and fewer parathyroid cells. A significant decrease was noted in Casr- and Pth-expressing cells and serum PTH and Ca levels, whereas serum phosphate levels increased, as compared with those of controls. All our results concluded that a reduction of Gcm2 expression leads to a reduction of parathyroid cell proliferation, an increase in cell death, and an attenuation of parathyroid function. Therefore, we indicate that Gcm2 plays a prominent role in adult parathyroid cell proliferation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Yamada
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Anraku
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahoko Kamejima
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketo Uchiyama
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ohkido
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The parathyroid glands are essential for regulating calcium homeostasis in the body. The genetic programs that control parathyroid fate specification, morphogenesis, differentiation, and survival are only beginning to be delineated, but are all centered around a key transcription factor, GCM2. Mutations in the Gcm2 gene as well as in several other genes involved in parathyroid organogenesis have been found to cause parathyroid disorders in humans. Therefore, understanding the normal development of the parathyroid will provide insight into the origins of parathyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Peissig
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Coverdell Building Suite 270, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Brian G Condie
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Coverdell Building Suite 270, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nancy R Manley
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Coverdell Building Suite 270, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia and is due to insufficient levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Hypoparathyroidism may be an isolated condition or a component of a complex syndrome. Although genetic disorders are not the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism, molecular analyses have identified a growing number of genes that when defective result in impaired formation of the parathyroid glands, disordered synthesis or secretion of parathyroid hormone, or postnatal destruction of the parathyroid glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Gordon
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Center for Bone Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 11 Northwest Tower, Suite 30, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Center for Bone Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Building, Room 510A, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Li D, Gordon CT, Oufadem M, Amiel J, Kanwar HS, Bakay M, Wang T, Hakonarson H, Levine MA. Heterozygous Mutations in TBX1 as a Cause of Isolated Hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4023-4032. [PMID: 30137364 PMCID: PMC6194809 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Context Most cases of autosomal dominant isolated hypoparathyroidism are caused by gain-of-function mutations in CASR or GNA11 or dominant negative mutations in GCM2 or PTH. Objective To identify the genetic etiology for dominantly transmitted isolated hypoparathyroidism in two multigenerational families with 14 affected family members. Methods We performed whole exome sequencing of DNA from two families and examined the consequences of mutations by minigene splicing assay. Results We discovered disease-causing mutations in both families. A splice-altering mutation in TBX1 (c.1009+1G>C) leading to skipping of exon 8 (101 bp) was identified in 10 affected family members and five unaffected subjects of family A, indicating reduced penetrance for this point mutation. In a second family from France (family B), we identified another splice-altering mutation (c.1009+2T>C) adjacent to the mutation identified in family A that results in skipping of the same exon; two subjects in family B had isolated hypoparathyroidism, whereas a third subject manifested the clinical triad of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, indicative of variable expressivity. Conclusions We report evidence that heterozygous TBX1 mutations can cause isolated hypoparathyroidism. This study adds knowledge to the increasingly expanding list of causative and candidate genes in isolated hypoparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Oufadem
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique ‒ Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Harsh S Kanwar
- Center for Bone Health, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marina Bakay
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Levine
- Center for Bone Health, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Singarapu N, Ma K, Reeh KAG, Shen J, Lancaster JN, Yi S, Xie H, Orkin SH, Manley NR, Ehrlich LIR, Jiang N, Richie ER. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 is essential for development and maintenance of a functional TEC compartment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14335. [PMID: 30254371 PMCID: PMC6156232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) are essential for thymocyte differentiation and repertoire selection. Despite their indispensable role in generating functional T cells, the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate TEC development from endodermal progenitors in the third pharyngeal pouch (3rd PP) are not fully understood. We recently reported that the T-box transcription factor TBX1 negatively regulates TEC development. Although initially expressed throughout the 3rd PP, Tbx1 becomes downregulated in thymus-fated progenitors and when ectopically expressed impairs TEC progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Here we show that ectopic Tbx1 expression in thymus fated endoderm increases expression of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) target genes in TEC. PRC2 is an epigenetic modifier that represses gene expression by catalyzing trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3. The increased expression of PRC2 target genes suggests that ectopic Tbx1 interferes with PRC2 activity and implicates PRC2 as an important regulator of TEC development. To test this hypothesis, we used Foxn1Cre to delete Eed, a PRC2 component required for complex stability and function in thymus fated 3rd PP endoderm. Proliferation and differentiation of fetal and newborn TEC were disrupted in the conditional knockout (EedCKO) mutants leading to severely dysplastic adult thymi. Consistent with PRC2-mediated transcriptional silencing, the majority of differentially expressed genes (DEG) were upregulated in EedCKO TEC. Moreover, a high frequency of EedCKO DEG overlapped with DEG in TEC that ectopically expressed Tbx1. These findings demonstrate that PRC2 plays a critical role in TEC development and suggest that Tbx1 expression must be downregulated in thymus fated 3rd PP endoderm to ensure optimal PRC2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Singarapu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas, 78957, USA
| | - Keyue Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kaitlin A G Reeh
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas, 78957, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas, 78957, USA
| | - Jessica N Lancaster
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Song Yi
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Huafeng Xie
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nancy R Manley
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, 500 DW Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lauren I R Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ellen R Richie
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas, 78957, USA.
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Feasibility of autologous plasma gel for tonsil-derived stem cell therapeutics in hypoparathyroidism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11896. [PMID: 30093637 PMCID: PMC6085304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body. We previously reported the possibility of treating it using tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) differentiated into PTH-releasing cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using autologous plasma gel as scaffold material in treatment of hypoparathyroidism with TMSC. We obtained plasma by venous sampling of autologous blood and centrifuged and fabricated the plasma gel using a sinusoidal pattern heating machine. After we created the hypoparathyroidism animal model, we administered undifferentiated TMSCs and TMSCs differentiated into parathyroid cells at each rat dorsum by intramuscular injection with and without the plasma gel. In the plasma gel groups, intact PTH was detected from on day 21 after TMSC injection; we did not detect intact PTH in the groups that were only transplanted with TMSCs during the entire experimental period. Serum calcium was higher and phosphorous was lower in the TMSC with plasma gel groups than in the groups with TMSCs alone. We detected PTH and chromogranin A in the TMSC-plasma gel-transplanted areas on immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence stain. Plasma gel can be considered as a cell-delivery scaffold for treating hypoparathyroidism with tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism may occur in association with congenital parathyroid disorders determining parathyroid hormone insufficiency, which is characterized by hypocalcemia and concomitant inappropriately low secretion of parathormone (PTH). The association is often due to loss of function of genes common to thyroid and parathyroid glands embryonic development. Hypothyroidism associated with hypoparathyroidism is generally mild and not associated with goiter; moreover, it is usually part of a multisystemic involvement not restricted to endocrine function as occurs in patients with 22q11 microdeletion/DiGeorge syndrome, the most frequent disorders. Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism may also follow endocrine glands' damages due to autoimmunity or chronic iron overload in thalassemic disorders, both genetically determined conditions. Finally, besides PTH deficiency, hypocalcemia can be due to PTH resistance in pseudohypoparathyroidism; when hormone resistance is generalized, patients can suffer from hypothyroidism due to TSH resistance. In evaluating patients with hypothyroidism and hypocalcemia, physical examination and clinical history are essential to drive the diagnostic process, while routine genetic screening is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mantovani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Marta Elli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
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Figueiredo M, Silva JC, Santos AS, Proa V, Alcobia I, Zilhão R, Cidadão A, Neves H. Notch and Hedgehog in the thymus/parathyroid common primordium: Crosstalk in organ formation. Dev Biol 2016; 418:268-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bain VE, Gordon J, O'Neil JD, Ramos I, Richie ER, Manley NR. Tissue-specific roles for sonic hedgehog signaling in establishing thymus and parathyroid organ fate. Development 2016; 143:4027-4037. [PMID: 27633995 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The thymus and parathyroids develop from third pharyngeal pouch (3rd pp) endoderm. Our previous studies show that Shh null mice have smaller, aparathyroid primordia in which thymus fate specification extends into the pharynx. SHH signaling is active in both dorsal pouch endoderm and neighboring neural crest (NC) mesenchyme. It is unclear which target tissue of SHH signaling is required for the patterning defects in Shh mutants. Here, we used a genetic approach to ectopically activate or delete the SHH signal transducer Smo in either pp endoderm or NC mesenchyme. Although no manipulation recapitulated the Shh null phenotype, manipulation of SHH signaling in either the endoderm or NC mesenchyme had direct and indirect effects on both cell types during fate specification and organogenesis. SHH pathway activation throughout pouch endoderm activated ectopic Tbx1 expression and partially suppressed the thymus-specific transcription factor Foxn1, identifying Tbx1 as a key target of SHH signaling in the 3rd pp. However, ectopic SHH signaling was insufficient to expand the GCM2-positive parathyroid domain, indicating that multiple inputs, some of which might be independent of SHH signaling, are required for parathyroid fate specification. These data support a model in which SHH signaling plays both positive and negative roles in patterning and organogenesis of the thymus and parathyroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Bain
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, 500 DW Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Julie Gordon
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, 500 DW Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John D O'Neil
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, 500 DW Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Isaias Ramos
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, 500 DW Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ellen R Richie
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Nancy R Manley
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, 500 DW Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Hendy GN, Canaff L. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene: Regulation of Expression. Front Physiol 2016; 7:394. [PMID: 27679579 PMCID: PMC5020072 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR) has 8 exons, and localizes to chromosome 3q. Exons 1A and 1B encode alternative 5′-untranslated regions (UTRs) that splice to exon 2 encoding the AUG initiation codon. Exons 2–7 encode the CaSR protein of 1078 amino acids. Promoter P1 has TATA and CCAAT boxes upstream of exon 1A, and promoter P2 has Sp1/3 motifs at the start site of exon 1B. Exon 1A transcripts from the P1 promoter are reduced in parathyroid tumors and colon carcinomas. Studies of colon carcinomas and neuroblastomas have emphasized the importance of epigenetic changes—promoter methylation of the GC-rich P2 promoter, histone acetylation—as well as involvement of microRNAs in bringing about CASR gene silencing and reduced CaSR expression. Functional cis-elements in the CASR promoters responsive to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], proinflammatory cytokines, and the transcription factor glial cells missing-2 (GCM2) have been characterized. Reduced levels of CaSR and reduced responsiveness to active vitamin D in parathyroid neoplasia and colon carcinoma may blunt the “tumor suppressor” activity of the CaSR. The hypocalcemia of critically ill patients with burn injury or sepsis is associated with CASR gene upregulation by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta via kappaB elements, and by IL-6 via Stat1/3 and Sp1/3 elements in the CASR gene promoters, respectively. The CASR is transactivated by GCM2—the expression of which is essential for parathyroid gland development. Hyperactive forms of GCM2 may contribute to later parathyroid hyperactivity or tumorigenesis. The expression of the CaSR—the calciostat—is regulated physiologically and pathophysiologically at the gene level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey N Hendy
- Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Canaff
- Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
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Condie BG. The untapped potential of the GENSAT mice-A valuable resource for developmental biology. Genesis 2016; 54:245-56. [PMID: 27074373 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas (GENSAT) transgenic mice express EGFP, tdTomato, or Cre recombinase in a wide range of cell types. The mice and the bacterial artificial chromosome transgenes are available from repositories (MMRRC or CHORI), thereby making these resources readily available to the research community. This resource of 1,386 transgenic lines was developed and validated for neuroscience research. However, GENSAT mice have many potential applications in other contexts including studies of development outside of the CNS. The cell type-specific expression of fluorescent proteins in these mice has been used to identify cells in living embryos, in living embryo explants, and in stem or progenitor cell populations in postnatal tissues. The large number of fluorescent protein driver lines generated by GENSAT greatly expands the range of cell type markers that can be used for live cell sorting. In addition, the GENSAT project has generated 278 new Cre driver lines. This review provides an overview of the GENSAT lines and information for identifying lines that may be useful for a particular application. I also provide a review of the few published cases in which GENSAT mice have been used for studies of embryonic development or analysis of stem/progenitor cells in nonneural tissues. genesis 54:245-256, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Condie
- Department of Genetics, Developmental Biology Alliance, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Park YS, Kim HS, Jin YM, Yu Y, Kim HY, Park HS, Jung SC, Han KH, Park YJ, Ryu KH, Jo I. Differentiated tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells embedded in Matrigel restore parathyroid cell functions in rats with parathyroidectomy. Biomaterials 2015; 65:140-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Han SI, Tsunekage Y, Kataoka K. Gata3 cooperates with Gcm2 and MafB to activate parathyroid hormone gene expression by interacting with SP1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:113-20. [PMID: 25917456 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the Gata3 gene, which encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor, is associated with the disorder hypoparathyroidism, deafness, and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome in humans. However, the roles of Gata3 in transcriptional regulation in the parathyroid glands are not well-understood. In this study, we show that Gata3 activates transcription of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is secreted from parathyroid glands and is critical for regulating serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Gata3 interacted with Gcm2 and MafB, two known transcriptional regulators of parathyroid development, and synergistically stimulated the PTH promoter. An SP1-binding element (GC box) located within the PTH-promoter proximal region was critical for activating transcription by Gata3. In addition, the ubiquitous transcription factor SP1 also interacted with Gata3 as well as MafB and Gcm2, and HDR syndrome-associated Gata3 mutants were defective in activating the PTH promoter. These results suggest that Gata3 is a critical regulator of PTH gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Iee Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yukino Tsunekage
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kataoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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Long-Term Changes in Proliferative Capacity of Thymocytes and Splenocytes in Mouse Progeny after Stimulation of Maternal Lymphocyte Proliferation at Early Terms of Pregnancy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:152-6. [PMID: 26033607 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the possibility of prenatal programming of proliferative potential of thymocytes and splenocytes in the offspring of C57Bl/6 mice via concanavalin A mitogen stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation in maternal organism at the early terms of pregnancy before the formation of immune system organs in the embryo. The offspring demonstrated elevated proliferative activity of thymocytes and splenocytes, enhanced lymphocyte proliferation, and increased production of IL-2 in in vitro response to concanavalin A during the prepubertal period and puberty. Mitogen stimulation of the maternal immune system in early pregnancy results in long-term enhancement of the proliferative potential of thymus and splenic cells in the offspring.
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Vasil’ev KA, Polevshchikov AV. Thymus development in early ontogeny: A comparative aspect. Russ J Dev Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236041503008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kovacs CS. Bone development and mineral homeostasis in the fetus and neonate: roles of the calciotropic and phosphotropic hormones. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1143-218. [PMID: 25287862 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral and bone metabolism are regulated differently in utero compared with the adult. The fetal kidneys, intestines, and skeleton are not dominant sources of mineral supply for the fetus. Instead, the placenta meets the fetal need for mineral by actively transporting calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium from the maternal circulation. These minerals are maintained in the fetal circulation at higher concentrations than in the mother and normal adult, and such high levels appear necessary for the developing skeleton to accrete a normal amount of mineral by term. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol circulate at low concentrations in the fetal circulation. Fetal bone development and the regulation of serum minerals are critically dependent on PTH and PTH-related protein, but not vitamin D/calcitriol, fibroblast growth factor-23, calcitonin, or the sex steroids. After birth, the serum calcium falls and phosphorus rises before gradually reaching adult values over the subsequent 24-48 h. The intestines are the main source of mineral for the neonate, while the kidneys reabsorb mineral, and bone turnover contributes mineral to the circulation. This switch in the regulation of mineral homeostasis is triggered by loss of the placenta and a postnatal fall in serum calcium, and is followed in sequence by a rise in PTH and then an increase in calcitriol. Intestinal calcium absorption is initially a passive process facilitated by lactose, but later becomes active and calcitriol-dependent. However, calcitriol's role can be bypassed by increasing the calcium content of the diet, or by parenteral administration of calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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50
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Fukuta M, Nakai Y, Kirino K, Nakagawa M, Sekiguchi K, Nagata S, Matsumoto Y, Yamamoto T, Umeda K, Heike T, Okumura N, Koizumi N, Sato T, Nakahata T, Saito M, Otsuka T, Kinoshita S, Ueno M, Ikeya M, Toguchida J. Derivation of mesenchymal stromal cells from pluripotent stem cells through a neural crest lineage using small molecule compounds with defined media. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112291. [PMID: 25464501 PMCID: PMC4251837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are an embryonic migratory cell population with the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types that contribute to the craniofacial skeleton, cornea, peripheral nervous system, and skin pigmentation. This ability suggests the promising role of NCCs as a source for cell-based therapy. Although several methods have been used to induce human NCCs (hNCCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), further modifications are required to improve the robustness, efficacy, and simplicity of these methods. Chemically defined medium (CDM) was used as the basal medium in the induction and maintenance steps. By optimizing the culture conditions, the combination of the GSK3β inhibitor and TGFβ inhibitor with a minimum growth factor (insulin) very efficiently induced hNCCs (70-80%) from hPSCs. The induced hNCCs expressed cranial NCC-related genes and stably proliferated in CDM supplemented with EGF and FGF2 up to at least 10 passages without changes being observed in the major gene expression profiles. Differentiation properties were confirmed for peripheral neurons, glia, melanocytes, and corneal endothelial cells. In addition, cells with differentiation characteristics similar to multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were induced from hNCCs using CDM specific for human MSCs. Our simple and robust induction protocol using small molecule compounds with defined media enabled the generation of hNCCs as an intermediate material producing terminally differentiated cells for cell-based innovative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fukuta
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nakai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kirino
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sekiguchi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sanae Nagata
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutsugu Umeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Okumura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Noriko Koizumi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumu Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MU); (MI); (JT)
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MU); (MI); (JT)
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MU); (MI); (JT)
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