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Metzger BM, Özpolat BD. Developmental stage dependent effects of posterior and germline regeneration on sexual maturation in Platynereis dumerilii. Dev Biol 2024; 513:33-49. [PMID: 38797257 PMCID: PMC11211637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Regeneration, regrowing lost and injured body parts, is an ability that generally declines with age or developmental transitions (i.e. metamorphosis, sexual maturation). Regeneration is also an energetically costly process, and trade-offs occur between regeneration and other costly processes such as growth, or sexual reproduction. Here we investigate the interplay of regeneration, reproduction, and developmental stage in the segmented worm Platynereis dumerilii. P. dumerilii can regenerate its whole posterior body axis, along with its reproductive cells, thereby having to carry out the two costly processes (somatic and germ cell regeneration) after injury. We specifically examine how developmental stage affects the success of germ cell regeneration and sexual maturation in developmentally young versus developmentally old organisms. We hypothesized that developmentally younger individuals (i.e. with gametes in early mitotic stages) will have higher regeneration success than the individuals at developmentally older stages (i.e. with gametes undergoing meiosis and maturation). Surprisingly, older amputated worms grew faster and matured earlier than younger amputees. To analyze germ cell regeneration during and after posterior regeneration, we used Hybridization Chain Reaction for the germline marker vasa. We found that regenerated worms start repopulating new segments with germ cell clusters as early as 14 days post amputation. In addition, vasa expression is observed in a wide region of newly-regenerated segments, which appears different from expression patterns during normal growth or regeneration in worms before gonial cluster expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria M Metzger
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA; Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - B Duygu Özpolat
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA; Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
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2
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Mohajer F, Khoradmehr A, Riazalhosseini B, Zendehboudi T, Nabipour I, Baghban N. In vitro detection of marine invertebrate stem cells: utilizing molecular and cellular biology techniques and exploring markers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1440091. [PMID: 39239558 PMCID: PMC11374967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1440091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrate stem cells (MISCs) represent a distinct category of pluripotent and totipotent cells with remarkable abilities for self-renewal and differentiation into multiple germ layers, akin to their vertebrate counterparts. These unique cells persist throughout an organism's adult life and have been observed in various adult marine invertebrate phyla. MISCs play crucial roles in numerous biological processes, including developmental biology phenomena specific to marine invertebrates, such as senescence, delayed senescence, whole-body regeneration, and asexual reproduction. Furthermore, they serve as valuable models for studying stem cell biology. Despite their significance, information about MISCs remains scarce and scattered in the scientific literature. In this review, we have carefully collected and summarized valuable information about MISC detection by perusing the articles that study and detect MISCs in various marine invertebrate organisms. The review begins by defining MISCs and highlighting their unique features compared to vertebrates. It then discusses the common markers for MISC detection and in vitro techniques employed in invertebrate and vertebrates investigation. This comprehensive review provides researchers and scientists with a cohesive and succinct overview of MISC characteristics, detection methods, and associated biological phenomena in marine invertebrate organisms. We aim to offer a valuable resource to researchers and scientists interested in marine invertebrate stem cells, fostering a better understanding of their broader implications in biology. With ongoing advancements in scientific techniques and the continued exploration of marine invertebrate species, we anticipate that further discoveries will expand our knowledge of MISCs and their broader implications in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohajer
- Student Research and Technology Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Behnaz Riazalhosseini
- The Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tuba Zendehboudi
- Student Research and Technology Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Neda Baghban
- Food Control Laboratory, Food and Drug Deputy, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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3
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Ribeiro RP, Null RW, Özpolat BD. Sex-biased gene expression precedes sexual dimorphism in the agonadal annelid Platynereis dumerilii. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.12.598746. [PMID: 38915681 PMCID: PMC11195272 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.12.598746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells differentiate into mature sperm and oocytes, cells essential for sexual reproduction. The sex-specific molecular programs that drive spermatogenesis and oogenesis can also serve as sex identification markers. Platynereis dumerilii is a research organism that has been studied in many areas of developmental biology. However investigations often disregard sex, as P. dumerilii juveniles lack sexual dimorphism. The molecular mechanisms of gametogenesis in the segmented worm P. dumerilii are also largely unknown. In this study, we used RNA sequencing to investigate the transcriptomic profiles of gametogenesis in P. dumerilii juveniles. Our analysis revealed that sex-biased gene expression becomes increasingly pronounced during the advanced developmental stages, particularly during the meiotic phases of gametogenesis. We identified conserved genes associated with spermatogenesis, such as dmrt1, and a novel gene psmt, that is associated with oogenesis. Additionally, putative long non-coding RNAs were upregulated in both male and female gametogenic programs. This study provides a foundational resource for germ cell research in P. dumerilii, markers for sex identification, and offers comparative data to enhance our understanding of the evolution of gametogenesis mechanisms across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannyele P Ribeiro
- Department of Biology. Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Medicine, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Ryan W Null
- Department of Biology. Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - B Duygu Özpolat
- Department of Biology. Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Medicine, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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4
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Metzger B, Özpolat BD. The cost and payout of age on germline regeneration and sexual maturation in Platynereis dumerilii. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576726. [PMID: 38328233 PMCID: PMC10849560 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Regeneration, regrowing lost and injured body parts, is an ability that generally declines with age or developmental transitions (i.e. metamorphosis, sexual maturation) in many organisms. Regeneration is also energetically a costly process, and trade-offs occur between regeneration and other costly processes such as somatic growth, or sexual reproduction. Here we investigate the interplay of regeneration, reproduction, and age in the segmented worm Platynereis dumerilii. P. dumerilii can regenerate its whole posterior body axis, along with its reproductive cells, thereby having to carry out the two costly processes (somatic and germ cell regeneration) after injury. We specifically examine how age affects the success of germ cell regeneration and sexual maturation in developmentally young versus old organisms. We hypothesized that developmentally younger individuals (i.e. lower investment state, with gametes in early mitotic stages) will have higher regeneration success and reach sexual maturation faster than the individuals at developmentally older stages (i.e. higher investment state, with gametes in the process of maturation). Surprisingly, older amputated worms grew faster and matured earlier than younger amputees, even though they had to regenerate more segments and recuperate the more costly germ cells which were already starting to undergo gametogenesis. To analyze germ cell regeneration across stages, we used Hybridization Chain Reaction for the germline marker vasa. We found that regenerated worms start repopulating new segments with germ cell clusters as early as 14 days post amputation. In addition, vasa expression is observed in a wide region of newly-regenerated segments, which appears different from expression patterns during normal growth or regeneration in worms before gonial cluster expansion. Future studies will focus on determining the exact sources of gonial clusters in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria Metzger
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Currently at University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Duygu Özpolat
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Kostyuchenko RP, Nikanorova DD, Amosov AV. Germ Line/Multipotency Genes Show Differential Expression during Embryonic Development of the Annelid Enchytraeus coronatus. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1508. [PMID: 38132334 PMCID: PMC10740902 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Germ line development and the origin of the primordial germ cells (PGCs) are very variable and may occur across a range of developmental stages and in several developmental contexts. In establishing and maintaining germ line, a conserved set of genes is involved. On the other hand, these genes are expressed in multipotent/pluripotent cells that may give rise to both somatic and germline cells. To begin elucidating mechanisms by which the germ line is specified in Enchytraeus coronatus embryos, we identified twenty germline/multipotency genes, homologs of Vasa, PL10, Piwi, Nanos, Myc, Pumilio, Tudor, Boule, and Bruno, using transcriptome analysis and gene cloning, and characterized their expression by whole-mount in situ hybridization. To answer the question of the possible origin of PGCs in this annelid, we carried out an additional description of the early embryogenesis. Our results suggest that PGCs derive from small cells originating at the first two divisions of the mesoteloblasts. PGCs form two cell clusters, undergo limited proliferation, and migrate to the developing gonadal segments. In embryos and juvenile E. coronatus, homologs of the germline/multipotency genes are differentially expressed in both germline and somatic tissue including the presumptive germ cell precursors, posterior growth zone, developing foregut, and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P. Kostyuchenko
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.D.N.); (A.V.A.)
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Nakamura M, Oguchi K, Sato DS, Kato S, Okanishi M, Hayashi Y, Aguado MT, Miura T. Morphological, histological and gene-expression analyses on stolonization in the Japanese Green Syllid, Megasyllis nipponica (Annelida, Syllidae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:19419. [PMID: 37993494 PMCID: PMC10665476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Benthic annelids belonging to the family Syllidae (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocida) exhibit a unique reproduction mode called "schizogamy" or "stolonization", in which the posterior body part filled with gametes detaches from the original body, as a reproductive unit (stolon) that autonomously swims and spawns. In this study, morphological and histological observations on the developmental processes during stolonization were carried out in Megasyllis nipponica. Results suggest that the stolon formation started with maturation of gonads, followed by the formation of a head ganglion in the anteriormost segment of the developing stolon. Then, the detailed stolon-specific structures such as stolon eyes and notochaetae were formed. Furthermore, expression profiles of genes involved in the anterior-posterior identity (Hox genes), head determination, germ-line, and hormone regulation were compared between anterior and posterior body parts during the stolonization process. The results reveal that, in the posterior body part, genes for gonadal development were up-regulated, followed by hormone-related genes and head-determination genes. Unexpectedly, Hox genes known to identify body parts along the anterior-posterior axis showed no significant temporal expression changes. These findings suggest that during stolonization, gonad development induces the head formation of a stolon, without up-regulation of anterior Hox genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Nakamura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Sato
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Sumika Kato
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Okanishi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
- Faculty of Human Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Shudo University, Ozuka-Higashi, Asaminami, Hiroshima, 731-3195, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8521, Japan
| | - M Teresa Aguado
- Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan.
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Kostyuchenko RP, Smirnova NP. Vasa, Piwi, and Pl10 Expression during Sexual Maturation and Asexual Reproduction in the Annelid Pristina longiseta. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:34. [PMID: 37606490 PMCID: PMC10443295 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Naidids are tiny, transparent freshwater oligochaetes, which are well known for their ability to propagate asexually. Despite the fact that sexually mature individuals and cocoons with embryos are sometimes found in nature, in long-period laboratory cultures, worms reproduce agametically only. In this paper, we showed, for the first time, the expression of Vasa, Piwi, and Pl10 homologs in mature Pristina longiseta worms with well-developed reproductive system structures and germ cells. Although the animals have been propagated asexually by paratomic fission for over 20 years in our lab, some individuals become sexualized under standard conditions for our laboratory culture and demonstrate various stages of maturation. The fully matured animals developed a complete set of sexual apparatus including spermatheca, atrium, seminal vesicles, and ovisac. They also had a clitellum and were able to form cocoons. The cues for the initiation of sexual maturation are still unknown for P. longiseta; nevertheless, our data suggest that the laboratory strain of P. longiseta maintains the ability to become fully sexually mature and to establish germline products even after a long period of agametic reproduction. On the other hand, many of the sexualized worms formed a fission zone and continued to reproduce asexually. Thus, in this species, the processes of asexual reproduction and sexual maturation do not preclude each other, and Vasa, Piwi, and Pl10 homologs are expressed in both somatic and germline tissue including the posterior growth zone, fission zone, nervous system, germline cells, and gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P. Kostyuchenko
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Natalia P. Smirnova
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre for Organ on a Chip-Technology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Zhao F, Guo X, Li X, Liu F, Fu Y, Sun X, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Qin Z. Identification and Expressional Analysis of Putative PRDI-BF1 and RIZ Homology Domain-Containing Transcription Factors in Mulinia lateralis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1059. [PMID: 37626944 PMCID: PMC10451705 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Mollusca represents one of the ancient bilaterian groups with high morphological diversity, while the formation mechanisms of the precursors of all germ cells, primordial germ cells (PGCs), have not yet been clarified in mollusks. PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homology domain-containing proteins (PRDMs) are a group of transcriptional repressors, and PRDM1 (also known as BLIMP1) and PRDM14 have been reported to be essential for the formation of PGCs. In the present study, we performed a genome-wide retrieval in Mulinia lateralis and identified 11 putative PRDMs, all of which possessed an N-terminal PR domain. Expressional profiles revealed that all these prdm genes showed specifically high expression levels in the given stages, implying that all PRDMs played important roles during early development stages. Specifically, Ml-prdm1 was highly expressed at the gastrula stage, the key period when PGCs arise, and was specifically localized in the cytoplasm of two or three cells of blastula, gastrula, or trochophore larvae, matching the typical characteristics of PGCs. These results suggested that Ml-prdm1-positive cells may be PGCs and that Ml-prdm1 could be a candidate marker for tracing the formation of PGCs in M. lateralis. In addition, the expression profiles of Ml-prdm14 hinted that it may not be associated with PGCs of M. lateralis. The present study provides insights into the evolution of the PRDM family in mollusks and offers a better understanding of the formation of PGCs in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaolin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xixi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Fang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yifan Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zujing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Zhenkui Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
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Sundaram P, Rao K, Yajima M. Vasa, a regulator of localized mRNA translation on the spindle. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300004. [PMID: 36825672 PMCID: PMC10023503 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Localized mRNA translation is a biological process that allows mRNA to be translated on-site, which is proposed to provide fine control in protein regulation, both spatially and temporally within a cell. We recently reported that Vasa, an RNA-helicase, is a promising factor that appears to regulate this process on the spindle during the embryonic development of the sea urchin, yet the detailed roles and functional mechanisms of Vasa in this process are still largely unknown. In this review article, to elucidate these remaining questions, we first summarize the prior knowledge and our recent findings in the area of Vasa research and further discuss how Vasa may function in localized mRNA translation, contributing to efficient protein regulation during rapid embryogenesis and cancer cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sundaram
- Department of Molecular Biology Cell Biology Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kavya Rao
- Department of Molecular Biology Cell Biology Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mamiko Yajima
- Department of Molecular Biology Cell Biology Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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10
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Piccinini G, Milani L. Germline-related molecular phenotype in Metazoa: conservation and innovation highlighted by comparative transcriptomics. EvoDevo 2023; 14:2. [PMID: 36717890 PMCID: PMC9885605 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-022-00207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Metazoa, the germline represents the cell lineage devoted to the transmission of genetic heredity across generations. Its functions intuitively evoke the crucial roles that it plays in organism development and species evolution, and its establishment is tightly tied to animal multicellularity itself. The molecular toolkit expressed in germ cells has a high degree of conservation between species, and it also shares many components with the molecular phenotype of some animal totipotent cell lineages, like planarian neoblasts and sponge archaeocytes. The present study stems from these observations and represents a transcriptome-wide comparative analysis between germline-related samples of 9 animal species (7 phyla), comprehending also totipotent lineages classically considered somatic. RESULTS Differential expression analyses were performed for each species between germline-related and control somatic tissues. We then compared the different germline-related transcriptional profiles across the species without the need for an a priori set of genes. Through a phylostratigraphic analysis, we observed that the proportion of phylum- and Metazoa-specific genes among germline-related upregulated transcripts was lower than expected by chance for almost all species. Moreover, homologous genes related to proper DNA replication resulted the most common when comparing the considered species, while the regulation of transcription and post-transcriptional mechanisms appeared more variable, showing shared upregulated functions and domains, but very few homologous whole-length sequences. CONCLUSIONS Our wide-scale comparative analysis mostly confirmed previous molecular characterizations of specific germline-related lineages. Additionally, we observed a consistent signal throughout the whole data set, therefore comprehending both canonically defined germline samples (germ cells), and totipotent cell lineages classically considered somatic (neoblasts and archaeocytes). The phylostratigraphic analysis supported the less probable involvement of novel molecular factors in the germline-related transcriptional phenotype and highlighted the early origin of such cell programming and its conservation throughout evolution. Moreover, the fact that the mostly shared molecular factors were involved in DNA replication and repair suggests how fidelity in genetic material inheritance is a strong and conserved driver of germline-related molecular phenotype, while transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations appear differently tuned among the lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piccinini
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Liliana Milani
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Incomplete abscission and cytoplasmic bridges in the evolution of eukaryotic multicellularity. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R385-R397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Rinkevich B, Ballarin L, Martinez P, Somorjai I, Ben‐Hamo O, Borisenko I, Berezikov E, Ereskovsky A, Gazave E, Khnykin D, Manni L, Petukhova O, Rosner A, Röttinger E, Spagnuolo A, Sugni M, Tiozzo S, Hobmayer B. A pan-metazoan concept for adult stem cells: the wobbling Penrose landscape. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:299-325. [PMID: 34617397 PMCID: PMC9292022 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) in vertebrates and model invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster) are typically long-lived, lineage-restricted, clonogenic and quiescent cells with somatic descendants and tissue/organ-restricted activities. Such ASCs are mostly rare, morphologically undifferentiated, and undergo asymmetric cell division. Characterized by 'stemness' gene expression, they can regulate tissue/organ homeostasis, repair and regeneration. By contrast, analysis of other animal phyla shows that ASCs emerge at different life stages, present both differentiated and undifferentiated phenotypes, and may possess amoeboid movement. Usually pluri/totipotent, they may express germ-cell markers, but often lack germ-line sequestering, and typically do not reside in discrete niches. ASCs may constitute up to 40% of animal cells, and participate in a range of biological phenomena, from whole-body regeneration, dormancy, and agametic asexual reproduction, to indeterminate growth. They are considered legitimate units of selection. Conceptualizing this divergence, we present an alternative stemness metaphor to the Waddington landscape: the 'wobbling Penrose' landscape. Here, totipotent ASCs adopt ascending/descending courses of an 'Escherian stairwell', in a lifelong totipotency pathway. ASCs may also travel along lower stemness echelons to reach fully differentiated states. However, from any starting state, cells can change their stemness status, underscoring their dynamic cellular potencies. Thus, vertebrate ASCs may reflect just one metazoan ASC archetype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological ResearchNational Institute of OceanographyPOB 9753, Tel ShikmonaHaifa3109701Israel
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaVia Ugo Bassi 58/BPadova35121Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i EstadísticaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Diagonal 643Barcelona08028Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)Passeig Lluís Companys 23Barcelona08010Spain
| | - Ildiko Somorjai
- School of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt Andrews, FifeKY16 9ST, ScotlandUK
| | - Oshrat Ben‐Hamo
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological ResearchNational Institute of OceanographyPOB 9753, Tel ShikmonaHaifa3109701Israel
| | - Ilya Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of BiologySaint‐Petersburg State UniversityUniversity Embankment, 7/9Saint‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of BiologySaint‐Petersburg State UniversityUniversity Embankment, 7/9Saint‐Petersburg199034Russia
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon UniversityJardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles LivonMarseille13007France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of SciencesUlitsa Vavilova, 26Moscow119334Russia
| | - Eve Gazave
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisF‐75006France
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of PathologyOslo University HospitalBygg 19, Gaustad Sykehus, Sognsvannsveien 21Oslo0188Norway
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaVia Ugo Bassi 58/BPadova35121Italy
| | - Olga Petukhova
- Collection of Vertebrate Cell CulturesInstitute of Cytology, Russian Academy of SciencesTikhoretsky Ave. 4St. Petersburg194064Russia
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological ResearchNational Institute of OceanographyPOB 9753, Tel ShikmonaHaifa3109701Israel
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN)Nice06107France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Federative Research Institute – Marine Resources (IFR MARRES)28 Avenue de ValroseNice06103France
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine OrganismsStazione Zoologica Anton DohrnVilla ComunaleNaples80121Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP)Università degli Studi di MilanoVia Celoria 26Milan20133Italy
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche‐sur‐mer (LBDV)06234 Villefranche‐sur‐MerVillefranche sur MerCedexFrance
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of InnsbruckTechnikerstrInnsbruck256020Austria
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Nanos Is Expressed in Somatic and Germline Tissue during Larval and Post-Larval Development of the Annelid Alitta virens. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020270. [PMID: 35205316 PMCID: PMC8871563 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanos is a translational regulator that is involved in germline development in a number of diverse animals and is also involved in somatic patterning in several model organisms, including insects. Neither germline development nor somatic stem cell lines/undifferentiated multipotent cells have been characterized in the development of the annelid Alitta virens, nor is the mechanism of germ/stem-line specification generally well-understood in annelids. Here, I have cloned an Avi-nanos ortholog from A. virens and determined the spatial and temporal expression of Nanos. The results revealed that transcripts of nanos are expressed during differentiation of multiple tissues, including those that are derived from the 2d and 4d cells. In late embryonic stages and during larval development, these transcripts are expressed in the presumptive brain, ventral nerve cord, mesodermal bands, putative primordial germ cells (PGCs), and developing foregut and hindgut. During metamorphosis of the nectochaete larva into a juvenile worm, a posterior growth zone consisting of nanos-positive cells is established, and the PGCs begin to migrate. Later, the PGCs stop migrating and form a cluster of four nanos-expressing cells located immediately behind the jaws (segments 4–5). During posterior regeneration following caudal amputation, a robust Avi-nanos expression appears de novo at the site of injury and further accompanies all steps of regeneration. The obtained data suggest that blastemal cells are mostly derived from cells of the segment adjacent to the amputation site; this is consistent with the idea that the cluster of PGCs do not participate in regeneration.
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14
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Ponz-Segrelles G, Ribeiro RP, Aguado MT. Monsters reveal patterns: bifurcated annelids and their implications for the study of development and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:896-922. [PMID: 34931440 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During recent decades, the study of anatomical anomalies has been of great relevance for research on development and its evolution. Yet most animal groups have never been studied under this perspective. In annelids, one of the most common and remarkable anomalies is anteroposterior axis bifurcation, that is animals that have two or more heads and/or tails. Bifurcated annelids were first described in the 18th century and have been occasionally reported since then. However, these animals have rarely been considered other than curiosities, one-off anomalies, or monsters, and a condensed but comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon is lacking. Such an analysis of the existing knowledge is necessary for addressing the different patterns of annelid bifurcation, as well as to understand possible developmental mechanisms behind them and their evolution. In this review we summarize reports of annelid bifurcation published during the last 275 years and the wide variety of anatomies they present. Our survey reveals bifurcation as a widespread phenomenon found all over the annelid tree. Moreover, it also shows that bifurcations can be classified into different types according to anatomy (lateral versus dorsoventral) or developmental origin (embryonic versus postembryonic, the latter occurring in relation to regeneration, reproduction, or growth). Regarding embryos, three different types of bifurcation can be found: conjoined twins (in clitellates); Janus embryos (two posterior ends with a single head which shows duplicated structures); and duplicitas cruciata embryos (with anterior and posterior bifurcation with a 90° rotation). In adults, we show that while lateral bifurcation can result in well-integrated phenotypes, dorsoventral bifurcation cannot since it requires the discontinuity of at least some internal organs. The relevance of this distinction is highlighted in the case of the Ribbon Clade, a group of syllid annelids in which some species reproduce by collateral and successive gemmiparity (which involves dorsoventral bifurcation), while others grow by branching laterally. Although most known cases of bifurcation came from accidental findings in the wild or were unintentionally produced, experimental studies resulting in the induction of bifurcation of both embryos and adults are also reviewed. In embryos, these experimental studies show how mechanical or chemical disruption of the zygote can result in bifurcation. In adults, the ventral nervous system and the digestive tract seem to play a role in the induction of bifurcation. Based on the reviewed evidence, we argue that the long-forgotten study of annelid developmental anomalies should be incorporated into the growing field of annelid EvoDevo and examined with modern techniques and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ponz-Segrelles
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin, 2, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Rannyele P Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin, 2, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, U.S.A
| | - M Teresa Aguado
- Biodiversitätsmuseum, Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
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15
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Kuehn E, Clausen DS, Null RW, Metzger BM, Willis AD, Özpolat BD. Segment number threshold determines juvenile onset of germline cluster expansion in Platynereis dumerilii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 338:225-240. [PMID: 34793615 PMCID: PMC9114164 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of sexual characters and generation of gametes are tightly coupled with growth. Platynereis dumerilii is a marine annelid that has been used to study germline development and gametogenesis. P. dumerilii has germ cell clusters found across the body in the juvenile worms, and the clusters eventually form the gametes. Like other segmented worms, P. dumerilii grows by adding new segments at its posterior end. The number of segments reflect the growth state of the worms and therefore is a useful and measurable growth state metric to study the growth‐reproduction crosstalk. To understand how growth correlates with progression of gametogenesis, we investigated germline development across several developmental stages. We discovered a distinct transition period when worms increase the number of germline clusters at a particular segment number threshold. Additionally, we found that keeping worms short in segment number, by manipulating environmental conditions or via amputations, supported a segment number threshold requirement for germline development. Finally, we asked if these clusters in P. dumerilii play a role in regeneration (as similar free‐roaming cells are observed in Hydra and planarian regeneration) and found that the clusters were not required for regeneration in P. dumerilii, suggesting a strictly germline nature. Overall, these molecular analyses suggest a previously unidentified developmental transition dependent on the growth state of juvenile P. dumerilii leading to substantially increased germline expansion. Total segment number predicts the state of germline development and the abundance of germline clusters in Platynereis dumerilii. Changing environmental conditions or amputating worms do not alter the segment number threshold requirement for germline development. The vasa‐expressing germ clusters are not required for regeneration in Platynereis dumerilii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kuehn
- Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.,Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David S Clausen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan W Null
- Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bria M Metzger
- Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy D Willis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - B Duygu Özpolat
- Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Filée J, Farhat S, Higuet D, Teysset L, Marie D, Thomas-Bulle C, Hourdez S, Jollivet D, Bonnivard E. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of transposable elements in polychaetous annelids highlight LTR retrotransposon diversity and evolution. Mob DNA 2021; 12:24. [PMID: 34715903 PMCID: PMC8556966 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-021-00252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the expansion of high throughput sequencing, we now have access to a larger number of genome-wide studies analyzing the Transposable elements (TEs) composition in a wide variety of organisms. However, genomic analyses often remain too limited in number and diversity of species investigated to study in depth the dynamics and evolutionary success of the different types of TEs among metazoans. Therefore, we chose to investigate the use of transcriptomes to describe the diversity of TEs in phylogenetically related species by conducting the first comparative analysis of TEs in two groups of polychaetes and evaluate the diversity of TEs that might impact genomic evolution as a result of their mobility. Results We present a detailed analysis of TEs distribution in transcriptomes extracted from 15 polychaetes depending on the number of reads used during assembly, and also compare these results with additional TE scans on associated low-coverage genomes. We then characterized the clades defined by 1021 LTR-retrotransposon families identified in 26 species. Clade richness was highly dependent on the considered superfamily. Copia elements appear rare and are equally distributed in only three clades, GalEa, Hydra and CoMol. Among the eight BEL/Pao clades identified in annelids, two small clades within the Sailor lineage are new for science. We characterized 17 Gypsy clades of which only 4 are new; the C-clade largely dominates with a quarter of the families. Finally, all species also expressed for the majority two distinct transcripts encoding PIWI proteins, known to be involved in control of TEs mobilities. Conclusions This study shows that the use of transcriptomes assembled from 40 million reads was sufficient to access to the diversity and proportion of the transposable elements compared to those obtained by low coverage sequencing. Among LTR-retrotransposons Gypsy elements were unequivocally dominant but results suggest that the number of Gypsy clades, although high, may be more limited than previously thought in metazoans. For BEL/Pao elements, the organization of clades within the Sailor lineage appears more difficult to establish clearly. The Copia elements remain rare and result from the evolutionary consistent success of the same three clades. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13100-021-00252-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Filée
- Laboratoire Evolution, Genomes, Comportement, Ecologie CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sarah Farhat
- Marine Animal Disease Laboratory, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA
| | - Dominique Higuet
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) - Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturel, CNRS, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laure Teysset
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, UMR7622, "Transgenerational Epigenetics & small RNA Biology", F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Marie
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Camille Thomas-Bulle
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Stephane Hourdez
- UMR8222 LECOB CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, 1 avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Eric Bonnivard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, France.
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Özpolat BD, Randel N, Williams EA, Bezares-Calderón LA, Andreatta G, Balavoine G, Bertucci PY, Ferrier DEK, Gambi MC, Gazave E, Handberg-Thorsager M, Hardege J, Hird C, Hsieh YW, Hui J, Mutemi KN, Schneider SQ, Simakov O, Vergara HM, Vervoort M, Jékely G, Tessmar-Raible K, Raible F, Arendt D. The Nereid on the rise: Platynereis as a model system. EvoDevo 2021; 12:10. [PMID: 34579780 PMCID: PMC8477482 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nereid Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin and Milne Edwards (Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1:195-269, 1833) is a marine annelid that belongs to the Nereididae, a family of errant polychaete worms. The Nereid shows a pelago-benthic life cycle: as a general characteristic for the superphylum of Lophotrochozoa/Spiralia, it has spirally cleaving embryos developing into swimming trochophore larvae. The larvae then metamorphose into benthic worms living in self-spun tubes on macroalgae. Platynereis is used as a model for genetics, regeneration, reproduction biology, development, evolution, chronobiology, neurobiology, ecology, ecotoxicology, and most recently also for connectomics and single-cell genomics. Research on the Nereid started with studies on eye development and spiralian embryogenesis in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Transitioning into the molecular era, Platynereis research focused on posterior growth and regeneration, neuroendocrinology, circadian and lunar cycles, fertilization, and oocyte maturation. Other work covered segmentation, photoreceptors and other sensory cells, nephridia, and population dynamics. Most recently, the unique advantages of the Nereid young worm for whole-body volume electron microscopy and single-cell sequencing became apparent, enabling the tracing of all neurons in its rope-ladder-like central nervous system, and the construction of multimodal cellular atlases. Here, we provide an overview of current topics and methodologies for P. dumerilii, with the aim of stimulating further interest into our unique model and expanding the active and vibrant Platynereis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Duygu Özpolat
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Nadine Randel
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Williams
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Andreatta
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/4, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guillaume Balavoine
- Institut Jacques Monod, University of Paris/CNRS, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Paola Y. Bertucci
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David E. K. Ferrier
- Gatty Marine Laboratory, The Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB UK
| | | | - Eve Gazave
- Institut Jacques Monod, University of Paris/CNRS, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Mette Handberg-Thorsager
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Hardege
- Department of Biological & Marine Sciences, Hull University, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU67RX UK
| | - Cameron Hird
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Yu-Wen Hsieh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jerome Hui
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Nzumbi Mutemi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Q. Schneider
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Oleg Simakov
- Department for Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hernando M. Vergara
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, Howland Street 25, London, W1T 4JG UK
| | - Michel Vervoort
- Institut Jacques Monod, University of Paris/CNRS, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Florian Raible
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/4, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Yinjiao Zhao, Wu D, Yu X, Wei S, Yan F. Isolation of a vasa Homolog from Tree Frog Feihyla palpebralis and Its Germline Specific Expression. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236042104007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Planques A, Kerner P, Ferry L, Grunau C, Gazave E, Vervoort M. DNA methylation atlas and machinery in the developing and regenerating annelid Platynereis dumerilii. BMC Biol 2021; 19:148. [PMID: 34340707 PMCID: PMC8330077 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation of cytosines in DNA (5mC methylation) is a major epigenetic modification that modulates gene expression and constitutes the basis for mechanisms regulating multiple aspects of embryonic development and cell reprogramming in vertebrates. In mammals, 5mC methylation of promoter regions is linked to transcriptional repression. Transcription regulation by 5mC methylation notably involves the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex (NuRD complex) which bridges DNA methylation and histone modifications. However, less is known about regulatory mechanisms involving 5mC methylation and their function in non-vertebrate animals. In this paper, we study 5mC methylation in the marine annelid worm Platynereis dumerilii, an emerging evolutionary and developmental biology model capable of regenerating the posterior part of its body post-amputation. RESULTS Using in silico and experimental approaches, we show that P. dumerilii displays a high level of DNA methylation comparable to that of mammalian somatic cells. 5mC methylation in P. dumerilii is dynamic along the life cycle of the animal and markedly decreases at the transition between larval to post-larval stages. We identify a full repertoire of mainly single-copy genes encoding the machinery associated with 5mC methylation or members of the NuRD complex in P. dumerilii and show that this repertoire is close to the one inferred for the last common ancestor of bilaterians. These genes are dynamically expressed during P. dumerilii development and regeneration. Treatment with the DNA hypomethylating agent Decitabine impairs P. dumerilii larval development and regeneration and has long-term effects on post-regenerative growth. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal high levels of 5mC methylation in the annelid P. dumerilii, highlighting that this feature is not specific to vertebrates in the bilaterian clade. Analysis of DNA methylation levels and machinery gene expression during development and regeneration, as well as the use of a chemical inhibitor of DNA methylation, suggest an involvement of 5mC methylation in P. dumerilii development and regeneration. We also present data indicating that P. dumerilii constitutes a promising model to study biological roles and mechanisms of DNA methylation in non-vertebrate bilaterians and to provide new knowledge about evolution of the functions of this key epigenetic modification in bilaterian animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Planques
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Kerner
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Laure Ferry
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Eve Gazave
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Michel Vervoort
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006, Paris, France.
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20
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Fontenla S, Rinaldi G, Tort JF. Lost and Found: Piwi and Argonaute Pathways in Flatworms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:653695. [PMID: 34123869 PMCID: PMC8191739 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.653695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platyhelminthes comprise one of the major phyla of invertebrate animals, inhabiting a wide range of ecosystems, and one of the most successful in adapting to parasitic life. Small non-coding RNAs have been implicated in regulating complex developmental transitions in model parasitic species. Notably, parasitic flatworms have lost Piwi RNA pathways but gained a novel Argonaute gene. Herein, we analyzed, contrasted and compared the conservation of small RNA pathways among several free-living species (a paraphyletic group traditionally known as ‘turbellarians’) and parasitic species (organized in the monophyletic clade Neodermata) to disentangle possible adaptations during the transition to parasitism. Our findings showed that complete miRNA and RNAi pathways are present in all analyzed free-living flatworms. Remarkably, whilst all ‘turbellarians’ have Piwi proteins, these were lost in parasitic Neodermantans. Moreover, two clusters of Piwi class Argonaute genes are present in all ‘turbellarians’. Interestingly, we identified a divergent Piwi class Argonaute in free living flatworms exclusively, which we named ‘Fliwi’. In addition, other key proteins of the Piwi pathways were conserved in ‘turbellarians’, while none of them were detected in Neodermatans. Besides Piwi and the canonical Argonaute proteins, a flatworm-specific class of Argonautes (FL-Ago) was identified in the analyzed species confirming its ancestrallity to all Platyhelminthes. Remarkably, this clade was expanded in parasitic Neodermatans, but not in free-living species. These phyla-specific Argonautes showed lower sequence conservation compared to other Argonaute proteins, suggesting that they might have been subjected to high evolutionary rates. However, key residues involved in the interaction with the small RNA and mRNA cleavage in the canonical Argonautes were more conserved in the FL-Agos than in the Piwi Argonautes. Whether this is related to specialized functions and adaptations to parasitism in Neodermatans remains unclear. In conclusion, differences detected in gene conservation, sequence and structure of the Argonaute family suggest tentative biological and evolutionary diversifications that are unique to Platyhelminthes. The remarkable divergencies in the small RNA pathways between free-living and parasitic flatworms indicate that they may have been involved in the adaptation to parasitism of Neodermatans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Fontenla
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Jose F Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
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21
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Carrillo-Baltodano AM, Seudre O, Guynes K, Martín-Durán JM. Early embryogenesis and organogenesis in the annelid Owenia fusiformis. EvoDevo 2021; 12:5. [PMID: 33971947 PMCID: PMC8111721 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annelids are a diverse group of segmented worms within Spiralia, whose embryos exhibit spiral cleavage and a variety of larval forms. While most modern embryological studies focus on species with unequal spiral cleavage nested in Pleistoannelida (Sedentaria + Errantia), a few recent studies looked into Owenia fusiformis, a member of the sister group to all remaining annelids and thus a key lineage to understand annelid and spiralian evolution and development. However, the timing of early cleavage and detailed morphogenetic events leading to the formation of the idiosyncratic mitraria larva of O. fusiformis remain largely unexplored. RESULTS Owenia fusiformis undergoes equal spiral cleavage where the first quartet of animal micromeres are slightly larger than the vegetal macromeres. Cleavage results in a coeloblastula approximately 5 h post-fertilization (hpf) at 19 °C. Gastrulation occurs via invagination and completes 4 h later, with putative mesodermal precursors and the chaetoblasts appearing 10 hpf at the dorso-posterior side. Soon after, at 11 hpf, the apical tuft emerges, followed by the first neurons (as revealed by the expression of elav1 and synaptotagmin-1) in the apical organ and the prototroch by 13 hpf. Muscles connecting the chaetal sac to various larval tissues develop around 18 hpf and by the time the mitraria is fully formed at 22 hpf, there are FMRFamide+ neurons in the apical organ and prototroch, the latter forming a prototrochal ring. As the mitraria feeds, it grows in size and the prototroch expands through active proliferation. The larva becomes competent after ~ 3 weeks post-fertilization at 15 °C, when a conspicuous juvenile rudiment has formed ventrally. CONCLUSIONS Owenia fusiformis embryogenesis is similar to that of other equal spiral cleaving annelids, supporting that equal cleavage is associated with the formation of a coeloblastula, gastrulation via invagination, and a feeding trochophore-like larva in Annelida. The nervous system of the mitraria larva forms earlier and is more elaborated than previously recognized and develops from anterior to posterior, which is likely an ancestral condition to Annelida. Altogether, our study identifies the major developmental events during O. fusiformis ontogeny, defining a conceptual framework for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Océane Seudre
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Kero Guynes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - José María Martín-Durán
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
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22
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Pates G, Maceren-Pates M, Peter MJ, Yoshikuni M, Kurita Y. The Germline Marker Piwi Expressed in the Skin Layer of the Polychaete Perinereis wilsoni After Injury. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:103-111. [PMID: 33812350 DOI: 10.2108/zs200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nereidid polychaete Perinereis wilsoni is a homonomous metameric worm with a complete septum between each segment. Each segment has germ cells localized in the distal area of the parapodia. Perinereis wilsoni is also known to have high abilities of tissue regeneration; however, it is still unclear whether germ cells can regenerate in the healing tissue. To address this, we surgically operated the parapodia of an adult worm to remove germ cells from the segments and observed the germ cell regeneration using the germ cell genetic marker Pw-piwi. At day 20 post-surgical operation of the parapodia in one side of the segment, we found that Pw-piwi was expressed in the regenerating parapodia. We surgically operated the parapodia on both sides of the segment to remove the germ cells completely and it gave a similar result. However, before the expression of this gene marker in the regenerating parapodia, we observed that Pw-piwi was expressed in cells in the skin layer of the worm just after surgical operations. These Pw-piwi-positive cells were not observed in the un-operated worm. Our observations showed that germ cells of Perinereis wilsoni can regenerate even after the complete removal of germ cells from the defined habitat. The Pw-piwipositive cells that appeared in the skin layer after the disappearance of germ cells may be involved in the regeneration of new germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaudioso Pates
- Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukutsu 811-3304, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoshihisa Kurita
- Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukutsu 811-3304, Japan,
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23
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Zhao Y, Wei P, Wang D, Han W, Mao H, Wei S, Yan F. Isolation and initial characterization of a vasa homolog in Cynops cyanurus. Gene Expr Patterns 2021; 40:119180. [PMID: 33794349 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2021.119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The vasa mRNA encodes a putative RNA helicase that belongs to the DEAD-box protein family. Vasa protein is a conserved germ cell marker ranging from fruit fly to human. In this study, we cloned the full-length vasa cDNA from the ovary of newt Cynops cyanurus and examined its expression in embryos and adult tissues. The predictive C. cyanurus Vasa protein sequence shares eight conserved regions with Vasa proteins from other vertebrates. The C. cyanurus vasa mRNA expression is restricted to testis and ovary. During oogenesis, vasa mRNA shows highest expression in the early stages of oocytes. However, it rapidly down-regulates during embryogenesis. These findings suggest that Vasa may be involved in early germ cell specification/initiation in C. cyanurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjiao Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Pingfan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Conserving Wildlife with Small Populations in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Wenrui Han
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Hanyu Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Shu Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
| | - Fang Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
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24
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Peter MJ, Maceren-Pates M, Pates G, Yoshikuni M, Kurita Y. Germ Cell Development in Male Perinereis nuntia and Gamete Spawning Mechanisms in Males and Females. Zoolog Sci 2021; 37:519-528. [PMID: 33269867 DOI: 10.2108/zs200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perinereis nuntia is a fully segmented worm with complete intersegmental septa. A previous study of females revealed that germ cells of this animal originate in the tail end segment, called the pygidium. Germ cells were duplicated in the pygidium, transferred to a newly generated segment, and then settled in the parapodia. Within each segment, the settled germ cells proliferated in the parapodia and then migrated into a body cavity area to begin meiotic development. Currently, there is not much information about differences between male and female germ cell development. Therefore, we conducted monthly in situ hybridization analyses using the germ cell marker Pn-piwi and histological examinations. Germ cells detected by Pn-piwi initially settled in the distal areas of the parapodia on both sides of each segment, then formed a large germ cell cluster in each parapodium, and finally, small germ cell clusters were formed by the separation of the large clusters. The small clusters migrated to the deeper body cavity area during growth by segment addition. Until the female germ cells began vitellogenesis, the sex of germ cells could not be identified by morphological observation. Thus, male and female P. nuntia may have the same mechanism of germ cell provision to all segments. At the time of spawning, sperm were released from nephridiopores at the 2nd through 15th segments from the pygidium, while eggs were released through ruptures in the skin of 2-3 segments between the 10th and 30th segments from the tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria January Peter
- Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University, 4-46-24, Tsuyazaki, Fukutsu 811-3304, Japan
| | - Mercedes Maceren-Pates
- Mindanao State University-Naawan, Pedro Pagalan St. Poblacion, Naawan, 9023 Misamis Oriental, Philippines
| | - Gaudioso Pates
- Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University, 4-46-24, Tsuyazaki, Fukutsu 811-3304, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Yoshikuni
- Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University, 4-46-24, Tsuyazaki, Fukutsu 811-3304, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kurita
- Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University, 4-46-24, Tsuyazaki, Fukutsu 811-3304, Japan,
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25
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Ponz-Segrelles G, Ribeiro RP, Bleidorn C, Aguado Molina MT. Sex-specific gene expression differences in reproducing Syllis prolifera and Nudisyllis pulligera (Annelida, Syllidae). Mar Genomics 2020; 54:100772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2020.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Chen CY, McKinney SA, Ellington LR, Gibson MC. Hedgehog signaling is required for endomesodermal patterning and germ cell development in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. eLife 2020; 9:e54573. [PMID: 32969790 PMCID: PMC7515634 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct mechanisms for primordial germ cell (PGC) specification are observed within Bilatera: early determination by maternal factors or late induction by zygotic cues. Here we investigate the molecular basis for PGC specification in Nematostella, a representative pre-bilaterian animal where PGCs arise as paired endomesodermal cell clusters during early development. We first present evidence that the putative PGCs delaminate from the endomesoderm upon feeding, migrate into the gonad primordia, and mature into germ cells. We then show that the PGC clusters arise at the interface between hedgehog1 and patched domains in the developing mesenteries and use gene knockdown, knockout and inhibitor experiments to demonstrate that Hh signaling is required for both PGC specification and general endomesodermal patterning. These results provide evidence that the Nematostella germline is specified by inductive signals rather than maternal factors, and support the existence of zygotically-induced PGCs in the eumetazoan common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Sean A McKinney
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | | | - Matthew C Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Kansas School of MedicineKansas CityUnited States
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27
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Kulkarni A, Lopez DH, Extavour CG. Shared Cell Biological Functions May Underlie Pleiotropy of Molecular Interactions in the Germ Lines and Nervous Systems of Animals. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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28
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Marescalchi O, Gargiulo G, Falconi R. Evidence of germline precursors in asexually reproducing Aeolosoma hemprichi and Aeolosoma viride (Annelida, Aeolosomatidae). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2019.1699610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Marescalchi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Sport Science, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosanna Falconi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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29
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Ribeiro RP, Ponz-Segrelles G, Bleidorn C, Aguado MT. Comparative transcriptomics in Syllidae (Annelida) indicates that posterior regeneration and regular growth are comparable, while anterior regeneration is a distinct process. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:855. [PMID: 31726983 PMCID: PMC6854643 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Annelids exhibit remarkable postembryonic developmental abilities. Most annelids grow during their whole life by adding segments through the action of a segment addition zone (SAZ) located in front of the pygidium. In addition, they show an outstanding ability to regenerate their bodies. Experimental evidence and field observations show that many annelids are able to regenerate their posterior bodies, while anterior regeneration is often limited or absent. Syllidae, for instance, usually show high abilities of posterior regeneration, although anterior regeneration varies across species. Some syllids are able to partially restore the anterior end, while others regenerate all lost anterior body after bisection. Here, we used comparative transcriptomics to detect changes in the gene expression profiles during anterior regeneration, posterior regeneration and regular growth of two syllid species: Sphaerosyllis hystrix and Syllis gracilis; which exhibit limited and complete anterior regeneration, respectively. Results We detected a high number of genes with differential expression: 4771 genes in S. hystrix (limited anterior regeneration) and 1997 genes in S. gracilis (complete anterior regeneration). For both species, the comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that gene expression during posterior regeneration and regular growth was very similar, whereas anterior regeneration was characterized by up-regulation of several genes. Among the up-regulated genes, we identified putative homologs of regeneration-related genes associated to cellular proliferation, nervous system development, establishment of body axis, and stem-cellness; such as rup and JNK (in S. hystrix); and glutamine synthetase, elav, slit, Hox genes, β-catenin and PL10 (in S. gracilis). Conclusions Posterior regeneration and regular growth show no significant differences in gene expression in the herein investigated syllids. However, anterior regeneration is associated with a clear change in terms of gene expression in both species. Our comparative transcriptomic analysis was able to detect differential expression of some regeneration-related genes, suggesting that syllids share some features of the regenerative mechanisms already known for other annelids and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannyele Passos Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Ponz-Segrelles
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Teresa Aguado
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, España.
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30
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Abstract
Sex determination and sexual development are highly diverse and controlled by mechanisms that are extremely labile. While dioecy (separate male and female functions) is the norm for most animals, hermaphroditism (both male and female functions within a single body) is phylogenetically widespread. Much of our current understanding of sexual development comes from a small number of model systems, limiting our ability to make broader conclusions about the evolution of sexual diversity. We present the calyptraeid gastropods as a model for the study of the evolution of sex determination in a sequentially hermaphroditic system. Calyptraeid gastropods, a group of sedentary, filter-feeding marine snails, are sequential hermaphrodites that change sex from male to female during their life span (protandry). This transition includes resorption of the penis and the elaboration of female genitalia, in addition to shifting from production of spermatocytes to oocytes. This transition is typically under environmental control and frequently mediated by social interactions. Males in contact with females delay sex change to transition at larger sizes, while isolated males transition more rapidly and at smaller sizes. This phenomenon has been known for over a century; however, the mechanisms that control the switch from male to female are poorly understood. We review here our current understanding of sexual development and sex determination in the calyptraeid gastropods and other molluscs, highlighting our current understanding of factors implicated in the timing of sex change and the potential mechanisms. We also consider the embryonic origins and earliest expression of the germ line and the effects of environmental contaminants on sexual development.
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31
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Álvarez-Campos P, Kenny NJ, Verdes A, Fernández R, Novo M, Giribet G, Riesgo A. Delegating Sex: Differential Gene Expression in Stolonizing Syllids Uncovers the Hormonal Control of Reproduction. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:295-318. [PMID: 30535381 PMCID: PMC6350857 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stolonization in syllid annelids is a unique mode of reproduction among animals. During the breeding season, a structure resembling the adult but containing only gametes, called stolon, is formed generally at the posterior end of the animal. When stolons mature, they detach from the adult and gametes are released into the water column. The process is synchronized within each species, and it has been reported to be under environmental and endogenous control, probably via endocrine regulation. To further understand reproduction in syllids and to elucidate the molecular toolkit underlying stolonization, we generated Illumina RNA-seq data from different tissues of reproductive and nonreproductive individuals of Syllis magdalena and characterized gene expression during the stolonization process. Several genes involved in gametogenesis (ovochymase, vitellogenin, testis-specific serine/threonine-kinase), immune response (complement receptor 2), neuronal development (tyrosine-protein kinase Src42A), cell proliferation (alpha-1D adrenergic receptor), and steroid metabolism (hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2) were found differentially expressed in the different tissues and conditions analyzed. In addition, our findings suggest that several neurohormones, such as methyl farnesoate, dopamine, and serotonin, might trigger stolon formation, the correct maturation of gametes and the detachment of stolons when gametogenesis ends. The process seems to be under circadian control, as indicated by the expression patterns of r-opsins. Overall, our results shed light into the genes that orchestrate the onset of gamete formation and improve our understanding of how some hormones, previously reported to be involved in reproduction and metamorphosis processes in other invertebrates, seem to also regulate reproduction via stolonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Álvarez-Campos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Kenny
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aida Verdes
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Bioinformatics & Genomics Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Novo
- Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York
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Planques A, Malem J, Parapar J, Vervoort M, Gazave E. Morphological, cellular and molecular characterization of posterior regeneration in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. Dev Biol 2018; 445:189-210. [PMID: 30445055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration, the ability to restore body parts after an injury or an amputation, is a widespread but highly variable and complex phenomenon in animals. While having fascinated scientists for centuries, fundamental questions about the cellular basis of animal regeneration as well as its evolutionary history remain largely unanswered. Here, we present a study of regeneration of the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, an emerging comparative developmental biology model, which, like many other annelids, displays important regenerative abilities. When P. dumerilii worms are amputated, they are able to regenerate the posteriormost differentiated part of their body and a stem cell-rich growth zone that allows the production of new segments replacing the amputated ones. We show that posterior regeneration is a rapid process that follows a well reproducible path and timeline, going through specific stages that we thoroughly defined. Wound healing is achieved one day after amputation and a regeneration blastema forms one day later. At this time point, some tissue specification already occurs, and a functional posterior growth zone is re-established as early as three days after amputation. Regeneration timing is only influenced, in a minor manner, by worm size. Comparable regenerative abilities are found for amputations performed at different positions along the antero-posterior axis of the worm, except when amputation planes are very close to the pharynx. Regenerative abilities persist upon repeated amputations without important alterations of the process. We also show that intense cell proliferation occurs during regeneration and that cell divisions are required for regeneration to proceed normally. Finally, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) pulse and chase experiments suggest that blastemal cells mostly derive from the segment immediately abutting the amputation plane. The detailed characterization of P. dumerilii posterior body regeneration presented in this article provides the foundation for future mechanistic and comparative studies of regeneration in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Planques
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Julien Malem
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Julio Parapar
- Departamento de Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Michel Vervoort
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France.
| | - Eve Gazave
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France.
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33
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Ponz‐Segrelles G, Bleidorn C, Aguado MT. Expression of
vasa
,
piwi
, and
nanos
during gametogenesis in
Typosyllis antoni
(Annelida, Syllidae). Evol Dev 2018; 20:132-145. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ponz‐Segrelles
- Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblancoMadridSpain
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Animal Evolution and BiodiversityGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - M. Teresa Aguado
- Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblancoMadridSpain
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Post-transcriptional regulation in planarian stem cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:69-78. [PMID: 29870807 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Planarians are known for their immense regenerative abilities. A pluripotent stem cell population provides the cellular source for this process, as well as for the homeostatic cell turnover of the animals. These stem cells, known as neoblasts, present striking similarities at the morphological and molecular level to germ cells, but however, give rise to somatic tissue. Many RNA binding proteins known to be important for germ cell biology are also required for neoblast function, highlighting the importance of post-transcriptional regulation for stem cell control. Many of its aspects, including alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation, translational control and mRNA deadenylation, as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs and piRNA are critical for stem cells. Their inhibition often abrogates both regeneration and cell turnover, resulting in lethality. Some of aspects of post-transcriptional regulation are conserved from planarian to mammalian stem cells.
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Rink JC. Stem Cells, Patterning and Regeneration in Planarians: Self-Organization at the Organismal Scale. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1774:57-172. [PMID: 29916155 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7802-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of size and shape remains a fundamental challenge in biological research that planarian flatworms uniquely epitomize. Planarians can regenerate complete and perfectly proportioned animals from tiny and arbitrarily shaped tissue pieces; they continuously renew all organismal cell types from abundant pluripotent stem cells, yet maintain shape and anatomy in the face of constant turnover; they grow when feeding and literally degrow when starving, while scaling form and function over as much as a 40-fold range in body length or an 800-fold change in total cell numbers. This review provides a broad overview of the current understanding of the planarian stem cell system, the mechanisms that pattern the planarian body plan and how the interplay between patterning signals and cell fate choices orchestrates regeneration. What emerges is a conceptual framework for the maintenance and regeneration of the planarian body plan on basis of the interplay between pluripotent stem cells and self-organizing patterns and further, the general utility of planarians as model system for the mechanistic basis of size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen C Rink
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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36
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Özpolat BD, Handberg-Thorsager M, Vervoort M, Balavoine G. Cell lineage and cell cycling analyses of the 4d micromere using live imaging in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. eLife 2017; 6:30463. [PMID: 29231816 PMCID: PMC5764573 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lineage, cell cycle, and cell fate are tightly associated in developmental processes, but in vivo studies at single-cell resolution showing the intricacies of these associations are rare due to technical limitations. In this study on the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, we investigated the lineage of the 4d micromere, using high-resolution long-term live imaging complemented with a live-cell cycle reporter. 4d is the origin of mesodermal lineages and the germline in many spiralians. We traced lineages at single-cell resolution within 4d and demonstrate that embryonic segmental mesoderm forms via teloblastic divisions, as in clitellate annelids. We also identified the precise cellular origins of the larval mesodermal posterior growth zone. We found that differentially-fated progeny of 4d (germline, segmental mesoderm, growth zone) display significantly different cell cycling. This work has evolutionary implications, sets up the foundation for functional studies in annelid stem cells, and presents newly established techniques for live imaging marine embryos.
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de Jong DM, Seaver EC. Investigation into the cellular origins of posterior regeneration in the annelid Capitella teleta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5:61-77. [PMID: 29721327 PMCID: PMC5911572 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many animals can regenerate, although there is great diversity in regenerative capabilities. A major question in regenerative biology is determining the cellular source of newly formed tissue. The polychaete annelid, Capitella teleta, can regenerate posterior segments following transverse amputation. However, the source, behavior and molecular characteristics of the cells that form new tissue during regeneration are largely unknown. Using an indirect cell tracking method involving 5′‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, we show that cell migration occurs during C. teleta posterior regeneration. Expression of the multipotency/germ line marker CapI‐vasa led us to hypothesize that stem cells originate from a multipotent progenitor cell (MPC) cluster, migrate through the coelomic cavity, and contribute to regeneration of tissue. We show that the capacity for posterior regeneration and segment formation is greater with than without the MPC cluster. Finally, we propose a working model of posterior regeneration in C. teleta. This work is the first in C. teleta that addresses the potential source of cells contributing to posterior regeneration, and may provide clues as to why some animals are highly successful regenerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M de Jong
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience University of Florida St Augustine FL 32080 USA
| | - Elaine C Seaver
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience University of Florida St Augustine FL 32080 USA
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Praher D, Zimmermann B, Genikhovich G, Columbus-Shenkar Y, Modepalli V, Aharoni R, Moran Y, Technau U. Characterization of the piRNA pathway during development of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. RNA Biol 2017; 14:1727-1741. [PMID: 28783426 PMCID: PMC5731801 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1349048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and associated proteins comprise a conserved pathway for silencing transposons in metazoan germlines. piRNA pathway components are also expressed in multipotent somatic stem cells in various organisms. piRNA functions have been extensively explored in bilaterian model systems, however, comprehensive studies in non-bilaterian phyla remain limited. Here we investigate the piRNA pathway during the development of Nematostella vectensis, a well-established model system belonging to Cnidaria, the sister group to Bilateria. To date, no population of somatic stem cells has been identified in this organism, despite its long life-span and regenerative capacities that require a constant cell-renewal. We show that Nematostella piRNA pathway components are broadly expressed in early developmental stages, while piRNAs themselves show differential expression, suggesting specific developmental roles of distinct piRNA families. In adults, piRNA associated proteins are enriched in the germline but also expressed in somatic cells, indicating putative stem cell properties. Furthermore, we provide experimental evidence that Nematostella piRNAs cleave transposable elements as well as protein-coding genes. Our results demonstrate that somatic expression of piRNA associated proteins as well as the roles of piRNAs in transposon repression and gene regulation are likely ancestral features that evolved before the split between Cnidaria and Bilateria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Praher
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development; Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14, Wien, Austria
| | - Bob Zimmermann
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development; Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14, Wien, Austria
| | - Grigory Genikhovich
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development; Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14, Wien, Austria
| | - Yaara Columbus-Shenkar
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vengamanaidu Modepalli
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reuven Aharoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development; Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14, Wien, Austria
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Fierro-Constaín L, Schenkelaars Q, Gazave E, Haguenauer A, Rocher C, Ereskovsky A, Borchiellini C, Renard E. The Conservation of the Germline Multipotency Program, from Sponges to Vertebrates: A Stepping Stone to Understanding the Somatic and Germline Origins. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:474-488. [PMID: 28082608 PMCID: PMC5381599 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The germline definition in metazoans was first based on few bilaterian models. As a result, gene function interpretations were often based on phenotypes observed in those models and led to the definition of a set of genes, considered as specific of the germline, named the “germline core”. However, some of these genes were shown to also be involved in somatic stem cells, thus leading to the notion of germline multipotency program (GMP). Because Porifera and Ctenophora are currently the best candidates to be the sister-group to all other animals, the comparative analysis of gene contents and functions between these phyla, Cnidaria and Bilateria is expected to provide clues on early animal evolution and on the links between somatic and germ lineages. Our present bioinformatic analyses at the metazoan scale show that a set of 18 GMP genes was already present in the last common ancestor of metazoans and indicate more precisely the evolution of some of them in the animal lineage. The expression patterns and levels of 11 of these genes in the homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella lobularis show that they are expressed throughout their life cycle, in pluri/multipotent progenitors, during gametogenesis, embryogenesis and during wound healing. This new study in a nonbilaterian species reinforces the hypothesis of an ancestral multipotency program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fierro-Constaín
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
| | - Quentin Schenkelaars
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), University of Geneva
| | - Eve Gazave
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Haguenauer
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Rocher
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Carole Borchiellini
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
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Milani L, Pecci A, Cifaldi C, Maurizii MG. PL10 DEAD-Box Protein is Expressed during Germ Cell Differentiation in the Reptile Podarcis sicula (Family Lacertidae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:433-448. [PMID: 28656658 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among genes involved in the regulation of germ cell differentiation, those of DDX4/Vasa and the Ded1/DDX3 subfamilies encode for DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicases, proteins involved in many mechanisms related to RNA processing. For the first time in reptiles, using specific antibodies at confocal microscopy, we analysed the localization pattern of a Ded1/DDX3 subfamily member in testis and ovary of Podarcis sicula (Ps-PL10) during the reproductive cycle. In testis, Ps-PL10 is expressed in the cytoplasm of spermatocytes and it is not detected in spermatogonia. Differently from Ps-VASA, in round spermatids, Ps-PL10 is not segregated in the chromatoid body but it accumulates in the cytoplasm of residual bodies, and mature spermatozoa are unstained. These observations suggest that in males, Ps-PL10 (1) is involved in spermatogenesis and (2) is then eliminated with residual bodies. In the ovary, Ps-PL10 is present with granules in the cytoplasm of early meiotic cells of the germinal bed (GB), while it is not present in oogonia and somatic cells of the GB stroma. In follicular cells of ovarian follicles, Ps-PL10 expression starts after their fusion with the oocyte. Numerous Ps-PL10 spots are visible in pyriform (nurse-like) cells concomitantly with the protein accumulation in the cytoplasm of differentiating oocyte. In pyriform cells, Ps-PL10 spots are present in the cytoplasm and nuclei, as observed for Ps-VASA, and in the nucleoli, suggesting for Ps-PL10 a role in rRNA processing and in the transport of molecules from the nucleus to cytoplasm and from nurse cells to the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Milani
- Department of Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pecci
- Department of Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmine Cifaldi
- Department of Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Maurizii
- Department of Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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41
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in animal reproductive system development and function. Dev Biol 2017; 427:258-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Vellutini BC, Martín-Durán JM, Hejnol A. Cleavage modification did not alter blastomere fates during bryozoan evolution. BMC Biol 2017; 15:33. [PMID: 28454545 PMCID: PMC5408385 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stereotypic cleavage patterns play a crucial role in cell fate determination by precisely positioning early embryonic blastomeres. Although misplaced cell divisions can alter blastomere fates and cause embryonic defects, cleavage patterns have been modified several times during animal evolution. However, it remains unclear how evolutionary changes in cleavage impact the specification of blastomere fates. Here, we analyze the transition from spiral cleavage - a stereotypic pattern remarkably conserved in many protostomes - to a biradial cleavage pattern, which occurred during the evolution of bryozoans. RESULTS Using 3D-live imaging time-lapse microscopy (4D-microscopy), we characterize the cell lineage, MAPK signaling, and the expression of 16 developmental genes in the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. We found that the molecular identity and the fates of early bryozoan blastomeres are similar to the putative homologous blastomeres in spiral-cleaving embryos. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that bryozoans have retained traits of spiral development, such as the early embryonic fate map, despite the evolution of a novel cleavage geometry. These findings provide additional support that stereotypic cleavage patterns can be modified during evolution without major changes to the molecular identity and fate of embryonic blastomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Vellutini
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - José M Martín-Durán
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway.
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Barfield S, Aglyamova GV, Matz MV. Evolutionary origins of germline segregation in Metazoa: evidence for a germ stem cell lineage in the coral Orbicella faveolata (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2128. [PMID: 26763699 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to segregate a committed germ stem cell (GSC) lineage distinct from somatic cell lineages is a characteristic of bilaterian Metazoans. However, the occurrence of GSC lineage specification in basally branching Metazoan phyla, such as Cnidaria, is uncertain. Without an independently segregated GSC lineage, germ cells and their precursors must be specified throughout adulthood from continuously dividing somatic stem cells, generating the risk of propagating somatic mutations within the individual and its gametes. To address the potential for existence of a GSC lineage in Anthozoa, the sister-group to all remaining Cnidaria, we identified moderate- to high-frequency somatic mutations and their potential for gametic transfer in the long-lived coral Orbicella faveolata (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) using a 2b-RAD sequencing approach. Our results demonstrate that somatic mutations can drift to high frequencies (up to 50%) and can also generate substantial intracolonial genetic diversity. However, these somatic mutations are not transferable to gametes, signifying the potential for an independently segregated GSC lineage in O. faveolata. In conjunction with previous research on germ cell development in other basally branching Metazoan species, our results suggest that the GSC system may be a Eumetazoan characteristic that evolved in association with the emergence of greater complexity in animal body plan organization and greater specificity of stem cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Barfield
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Galina V Aglyamova
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mikhail V Matz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Weidhase M, Beckers P, Bleidorn C, Aguado MT. On the role of the proventricle region in reproduction and regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae). BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:196. [PMID: 27716025 PMCID: PMC5050598 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syllids are a species rich annelid family possessing remarkable regenerative ability, which is not only the response after traumatic injury, but also a key step during the life cycle of several syllid taxa. In these animals the posterior part of the body becomes an epitoke and is later detached as a distinct unit named stolon. Such a sexual reproductive mode is named schizogamy or stolonization. The prostomium and the proventricle, a modified foregut structure, have been proposed to have a control function during this process, though the concrete mechanisms behind it have never been elucidated. RESULTS By using different experimental set-ups, histology and immunohistochemistry combined with subsequent cLSM analyzes, we investigate and document the regeneration and stolonization in specimens of Typosyllis antoni that were amputated at different levels throughout the antero-posterior body axis. The removal of the anterior end including the proventricle implies an incomplete anterior regeneration as well as severe deviations from the usual reproductive pattern, i.e. accelerated stolonization, masculinization and the occurrence of aberrant stolons. The detailed anatomy of aberrant stolons is described. A histological study of the proventricle revealed no signs of glandular or secretory structures. The ventricle and the caeca are composed of glandular tissue but they are not involved in the reproductive and regenerative processes. CONCLUSIONS As in other investigated syllids, the proventricle region has a significant role during stolonization and reproduction processes in Typosyllis antoni. When the proventricle region is absent, anterior and posterior regeneration are considerably deviated from the general patterns. However, proventricle ultrastructure does not show any glandular component, thereby questioning a direct involvement of this organ itself in the control of reproduction and regeneration. Our findings offer a comprehensive starting point for further studies of regeneration and reproductive control in syllids as well as annelids in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weidhase
- Molecular Evolution & Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Beckers
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Molecular Evolution & Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Aguado
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Chou HC, Pruitt MM, Bastin BR, Schneider SQ. A transcriptional blueprint for a spiral-cleaving embryo. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:552. [PMID: 27496340 PMCID: PMC4974748 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The spiral cleavage mode of early development is utilized in over one-third of all animal phyla and generates embryonic cells of different size, position, and fate through a conserved set of stereotypic and invariant asymmetric cell divisions. Despite the widespread use of spiral cleavage, regulatory and molecular features for any spiral-cleaving embryo are largely uncharted. To address this gap we use RNA-sequencing on the spiralian model Platynereis dumerilii to capture and quantify the first complete genome-wide transcriptional landscape of early spiral cleavage. Results RNA-sequencing datasets from seven stages in early Platynereis development, from the zygote to the protrochophore, are described here including the de novo assembly and annotation of ~17,200 Platynereis genes. Depth and quality of the RNA-sequencing datasets allow the identification of the temporal onset and level of transcription for each annotated gene, even if the expression is restricted to a single cell. Over 4000 transcripts are maternally contributed and cleared by the end of the early spiral cleavage phase. Small early waves of zygotic expression are followed by major waves of thousands of genes, demarcating the maternal to zygotic transition shortly after the completion of spiral cleavages in this annelid species. Conclusions Our comprehensive stage-specific transcriptional analysis of early embryonic stages in Platynereis elucidates the regulatory genome during early spiral embryogenesis and defines the maternal to zygotic transition in Platynereis embryos. This transcriptome assembly provides the first systems-level view of the transcriptional and regulatory landscape for a spiral-cleaving embryo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2860-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Chao Chou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 503 Science Hall II, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Present Address: National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret M Pruitt
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 503 Science Hall II, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Present Address: Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin R Bastin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 503 Science Hall II, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Stephan Q Schneider
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 503 Science Hall II, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Effect and mechanism of Bushen Huoxue recipe on ovarian reserve in mice with premature ovarian failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:571-575. [PMID: 27465335 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the effect and mechanism of Bushen Huoxue recipe (BHR) on ovarian reserve in mice with premature ovarian failure (POF). Mice were divided into 3 groups: normal group, model group and BHR group. Intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide was performed to create the POF model. Primordial follicular (PDF) number, ovarian wet weight, ovarian index, and estrous cycle were analyzed to evaluate the effect of BHR on POF. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein level of Mouse Vasa Homologue (MVH) in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and ovary were detected, to explore the underlying mechanism of the treatment efficacy of BHR on ovarian reserve. By the time of BHR treatment for 28 days, BHR increased the PDF number and shortened the estrous cycle of POF mice. BHR also decreased the mRNA level of MVH in the bone marrow, and increased mRNA and protein level of MVH in the ovary of POF mice. Our results demonstrated a treatment efficacy of BHR on POF mice, and revealed that BHR might repair the dysfunction of germline stem cells in the bone marrow, and thus to improve the ovarian reserve and enhance the ovarian function of POF mice through neo-oogenesis.
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Song K, Ma W, Huang C, Ding J, Cui D, Zhang M. Expression Pattern of Mouse Vasa Homologue (MVH) in the Ovaries of C57BL/6 Female Mice. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2656-63. [PMID: 27460133 PMCID: PMC4973802 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vasa (a DEAD-box helicase, also known as Ddx4) is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase highly conserved among all animals. Research on the presence and function of DDX4 in female mammals is limited. To gain greater insight into its distribution and role in female mice, we detected the expression of DDX4 protein in the ovaries and analyzed its expression pattern. Material/Methods MVH was detected in the cytoplasm of oocytes in all non-apoptotic follicles. Results In the present study, we found that higher expression levels of ~55–60 kDa MVH isoform in the ovaries were followed by the accumulations of preovulatory follicles. Conclusions Higher levels of MVH protein in the ovaries might prepare oocytes for the competence to resume meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Song
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Wenwen Ma
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Cong Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Dandan Cui
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Mingmin Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Martindale MQ. The onset of regenerative properties in ctenophores. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:113-119. [PMID: 27420173 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ctenophores are a clade of animals that branch off at the base of the animal tree. They have a unique and delicate body plan, and distinct pattern forming mechanisms at different life history stages. They have a stereotyped embryonic cell lineage and are highly 'mosaic' as embryos, but most have amazing capacity to regenerate as adults. Unfortunately, only a handful of ctenophore species have been studied in detail. This review summarizes the key features of the regenerative properties of adults, and the characteristics of the embryological onset of regenerative abilities. The genomes of several ctenophore species have already been sequenced, and these resources set the stage for more detailed cellular and molecular analysis of body plan patterning in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Q Martindale
- Whitney Lab for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Oceanshore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080, United States.
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Poon J, Wessel GM, Yajima M. An unregulated regulator: Vasa expression in the development of somatic cells and in tumorigenesis. Dev Biol 2016; 415:24-32. [PMID: 27179696 PMCID: PMC4902722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence in diverse organisms shows that genes originally thought to function uniquely in the germ line may also function in somatic cells, and in some cases even contribute to tumorigenesis. Here we review the somatic functions of Vasa, one of the most conserved "germ line" factors among metazoans. Vasa expression in somatic cells is tightly regulated and often transient during normal development, and appears to play essential roles in regulation of embryonic cells and regenerative tissues. Its dysregulation, however, is believed to be an important element of tumorigenic cell regulation. In this perspectives paper, we propose how some conserved functions of Vasa may be selected for somatic cell regulation, including its potential impact on efficient and localized translational activities and in some cases on cellular malfunctioning and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Poon
- MCB Department, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL173, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gary M Wessel
- MCB Department, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL173, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mamiko Yajima
- MCB Department, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL173, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Kozin VV, Kostyuchenko RP. Evolutionary conservation and variability of the mesoderm development in spiralia: A peculiar pattern of nereid polychaetes. BIOL BULL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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