1
|
Lin Y, Shi J, Shi B, Jia Z. MMP16 as NSCL ± P Susceptible Gene in Western Han Chinese. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023; 60:1625-1631. [PMID: 36120833 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of MMP16 in lip development is unclear. This study aimed to identify nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL ± P) susceptible loci of MMP16 in western Han Chinese. DESIGN We performed targeted sequencing around MMP16 combined with a 2-phase association analysis on common variants. Phase 2 association analysis was performed with NSCL ± P specific subphenotypes (NSCL and NSCLP). Then we used rare variants burden analysis and genotyping, accompanied by motif analysis. SETTING This study was completed in a tertiary medical center. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS Phase 1 targeted sequencing included 159 patients with NSCL ± P and 542 normal controls; phase 2 included 1626 patients with NSCL ± P (1047 NSCL and 579 NSCLP) and 2255 normal controls. INTERVENTIONS Venous blood samples were collected from patients and used to extract DNA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES After Bonferroni correction, phase 1 significant threshold of p-value was 4.28 × 10-5 (0.05/1167 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]), and phase 2 was .00025 (0.05/200 SNPs). Burden analysis significant threshold p-value was .05. RESULTS Common variants phase 1 association analysis identified 11 statistically significant SNPs (lowest p = 1.90 × 10-9, odds ratio (OR) = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.17-0.44), phase 2 replication identified 16 SNPs in NSCL ± P (lowest p = 6.26 × 10-6, OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69-0.86) and 9 in NSCL (lowest p = 8.44 × 10-5, OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66-0.87). Rare variants burden analysis showed no significant results, genotyping results showed they were maternally inherited. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified MMP16 susceptible SNPs in NSCL ± P and NSCL, emphasizing its potential role in lip development. Our study also highlighted the importance to perform association analysis with subphenotypes divided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Varadinkova S, Oralova V, Clarke M, Frampton J, Knopfova L, Lesot H, Bartos P, Matalova E. Expression dynamics of metalloproteinases during mandibular bone formation: association with Myb transcription factor. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1168866. [PMID: 37701782 PMCID: PMC10493412 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1168866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As the dentition forms and becomes functional, the alveolar bone is remodelled. Metalloproteinases are known to contribute to this process, but new regulators are emerging and their contextualization is challenging. This applies to Myb, a transcription factor recently reported to be involved in bone development and regeneration. The regulatory effect of Myb on Mmps expression has mostly been investigated in tumorigenesis, where Myb impacted the expression of Mmp1, Mmp2, Mmp7, and Mmp9. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the regulatory influence of the Myb on Mmps gene expression, impacting osteogenesis and mandibular bone formation. For that purpose, knock-out mouse model was used. Gene expression of bone-related Mmps and the key osteoblastic transcription factors Runx2 and Sp7 was analysed in Myb knock-out mice mandibles at the survival limit. Out of the metalloproteinases under study, Mmp13 was significantly downregulated. The impact of Myb on the expression of Mmp13 was confirmed by the overexpression of Myb in calvarial-derived cells causing upregulation of Mmp13. Expression of Mmp13 in the context of other Mmps during mandibular/alveolar bone development was followed in vivo along with Myb, Sp7 and Runx2. The most significant changes were observed in the expression of Mmp9 and Mmp13. These MMPs and MYB were further localized in situ by immunohistochemistry and were identified in pre/osteoblastic cells as well as in pre/osteocytes. In conclusion, these results provide a comprehensive insight into the expression dynamics of bone related Mmps during mandibular/alveolar bone formation and point to Myb as another potential regulator of Mmp13.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Varadinkova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - V. Oralova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - M. Clarke
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - J. Frampton
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - L. Knopfova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - H. Lesot
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - P. Bartos
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - E. Matalova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vanadium Modulates Proteolytic Activities and MMP-14-Like Levels during Paracentrotus lividus Embryogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214238. [PMID: 36430713 PMCID: PMC9697301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing industrial use of vanadium (V), as well as its recent medical use in various pathologies has intensified its environmental release, making it an emerging pollutant. The sea urchin embryo has long been used to study the effects induced by metals, including V. In this study we used an integrated approach that correlates the biological effects on embryo development with proteolytic activities of gelatinases that could better reflect any metal-induced imbalances. V-exposure caused morphological/morphometric aberrations, mainly concerning the correct distribution of embryonic cells, the development of the skeleton, and the embryo volume. Moreover, V induced a concentration change in all the gelatinases expressed during embryo development and a reduction in their total proteolytic activity. The presence of three MMP-like gelatinases (MMP-2, -9, and -14) was also demonstrated and their levels depended on V-concentration. In particular, the MMP-14-like protein modified its expression level during embryo development in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This enzyme also showed a specific localization on filopodia, suggesting that primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) could be responsible for its synthesis. In conclusion, these results indicate that an integrated study among morphology/morphometry, proteolytic activity, and MMP-14 expression constitutes an important response profile to V-action.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kalev-Altman R, Janssen JN, Ben-Haim N, Levy T, Shitrit-Tovli A, Milgram J, Shahar R, Sela-Donenfeld D, Monsonego-Ornan E. The gelatinases, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, play individual roles in skeleton development. Matrix Biol 2022; 113:100-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
5
|
Bolamperti S, Villa I, Rubinacci A. Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence. Bone Res 2022; 10:48. [PMID: 35851054 PMCID: PMC9293977 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling replaces old and damaged bone with new bone through a sequence of cellular events occurring on the same surface without any change in bone shape. It was initially thought that the basic multicellular unit (BMU) responsible for bone remodeling consists of osteoclasts and osteoblasts functioning through a hierarchical sequence of events organized into distinct stages. However, recent discoveries have indicated that all bone cells participate in BMU formation by interacting both simultaneously and at different differentiation stages with their progenitors, other cells, and bone matrix constituents. Therefore, bone remodeling is currently considered a physiological outcome of continuous cellular operational processes optimized to confer a survival advantage. Bone remodeling defines the primary activities that BMUs need to perform to renew successfully bone structural units. Hence, this review summarizes the current understanding of bone remodeling and future research directions with the aim of providing a clinically relevant biological background with which to identify targets for therapeutic strategies in osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bolamperti
- Osteoporosis and Bone and Mineral Metabolism Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella Villa
- Osteoporosis and Bone and Mineral Metabolism Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rubinacci
- Osteoporosis and Bone and Mineral Metabolism Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Almeida LGN, Thode H, Eslambolchi Y, Chopra S, Young D, Gill S, Devel L, Dufour A. Matrix Metalloproteinases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:712-768. [PMID: 35738680 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was discovered in 1962 from the tail of a tadpole by its ability to degrade collagen. As their name suggests, matrix metalloproteinases are proteases capable of remodeling the extracellular matrix. More recently, MMPs have been demonstrated to play numerous additional biologic roles in cell signaling, immune regulation, and transcriptional control, all of which are unrelated to the degradation of the extracellular matrix. In this review, we will present milestones and major discoveries of MMP research, including various clinical trials for the use of MMP inhibitors. We will discuss the reasons behind the failures of most MMP inhibitors for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. There are still misconceptions about the pathophysiological roles of MMPs and the best strategies to inhibit their detrimental functions. This review aims to discuss MMPs in preclinical models and human pathologies. We will discuss new biochemical tools to track their proteolytic activity in vivo and ex vivo, in addition to future pharmacological alternatives to inhibit their detrimental functions in diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in most inflammatory, autoimmune, cancers, and pathogen-mediated diseases. Initially overlooked, MMP contributions can be both beneficial and detrimental in disease progression and resolution. Thousands of MMP substrates have been suggested, and a few hundred have been validated. After more than 60 years of MMP research, there remain intriguing enigmas to solve regarding their biological functions in diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G N de Almeida
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Hayley Thode
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Yekta Eslambolchi
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Sameeksha Chopra
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Daniel Young
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Sean Gill
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Devel
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu TH, Wei Y, Dong XL, Chen P, Wang L, Yang X, Lu C, Pan MH. The dual roles of three MMPs and TIMP in innate immunity and metamorphosis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. FEBS J 2021; 289:2828-2846. [PMID: 34862848 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitory factors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), are implicated in many diseases. However, the mammalian MMPs (> 20) and TIMPs (> 3) are larger in number, and so little is known about their individual roles in organisms. Hence, we have systematically studied the roles of all three MMPs and one TIMP in silkworm innate immunity and metamorphosis. We observed that MMPs and TIMP are highly expressed during the pupation stage of the silkworms, and TIMP could interact with each MMPs. High-activity MMPs and low-activity TIMP may enhance the infection of B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus in both in vitro and in vivo. MMPs' knockout and TIMP overexpression delayed silkworm development and even caused death. Interestingly, different MMPs' knockout led to different tubular tissue dysplasia. These findings provide insights into the conserved functions of MMPs and TIMP in human organogenesis and immunoregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Long Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Milaras C, Lepetsos P, Dafou D, Potoupnis M, Tsiridis E. Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) Gene Polymorphisms With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Literature. Cureus 2021; 13:e18607. [PMID: 34765365 PMCID: PMC8572546 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-induced degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the articular cartilage is one of the major pathogenic osteoarthritis (OA) events. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding MMPs have been identified as affecting MMP expression, production, and enzymatic activity. This study systematically reviews the literature regarding the association between the SNPs of genes encoding MMPs and the risk of knee OA. An electronic search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases from conception to January 2021 was performed addressing studies relating MMPs genetic polymorphisms with the risk of knee OA. We included case-control studies that used validated genotyping methods to detect the SNPs’ association in MMP genes with primary knee OA risk. Ten studies were finally included in this systematic review, evaluating different SNPs in six MMP genes in terms of knee OA pathogenesis: MMP-1 (3 SNPs), MMP-2 (1 SNP), MMP-3 (9 SNPs), MMP-8 (10 SNPs), MMP-9 (6 SNPs), and MMP-13 (1 SNP). Among them, nine SNPs of four MMP genes have been associated with knee OA: (a) MMP-1 -1607 1G/2G (Turkish, Chinese), (b) MMP-3 rs650108, rs650108, rs520540, rs602128, rs679620 (Chinese), (c) MMP-8 rs1940475 and rs376520 (Finnish), and (d) MMP-13 77A/ (rs2252070) (Chinese). The present review summarizes all known SNPs of MMP genes related to a higher risk of knee OA. There are at least nine SNPs in four MMP genes associated with knee OA. No solid correlation between MMP genotype and knee OA phenotype exists. More high-quality studies and modern genetic testing methods are needed to fully elucidate the role of polymorphisms of MMP genes in knee OA pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitra Dafou
- Biology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Michael Potoupnis
- Academic Orthopaedic Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Eleftherios Tsiridis
- Academic Orthopaedic Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dynamic Expression of Membrane Type 1-Matrix Metalloproteinase (Mt1-mmp/Mmp14) in the Mouse Embryo. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092448. [PMID: 34572097 PMCID: PMC8465375 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MT1-MMP/MMP14 belongs to a subgroup of the matrix metalloproteinases family that presents a transmembrane domain, with a cytosolic tail and the catalytic site exposed to the extracellular space. Deficient mice for this enzyme result in early postnatal death and display severe defects in skeletal, muscle and lung development. By using a transgenic line expressing the LacZ reporter under the control of the endogenous Mt1-mmp promoter, we reported a dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern for Mt1-mmp from early embryonic to perinatal stages during cardiovascular development and brain formation. Thus, Mt1-mmp shows expression in the endocardium of the heart and the truncus arteriosus by E8.5, and is also strongly detected during vascular system development as well as in endothelial cells. In the brain, LacZ reporter expression was detected in the olfactory bulb, the rostral cerebral cortex and the caudal mesencephalic tectum. LacZ-positive cells were observed in neural progenitors of the spinal cord, neural crest cells and the intersomitic region. In the limb, Mt1-mmp expression was restricted to blood vessels, cartilage primordium and muscles. Detection of the enzyme was confirmed by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. We suggest novel functions for this metalloproteinase in angiogenesis, endocardial formation and vascularization during organogenesis. Moreover, Mt1-mmp expression revealed that the enzyme may contribute to heart, muscle and brain throughout development.
Collapse
|
10
|
Moracho N, Learte AIR, Muñoz-Sáez E, Marchena MA, Cid MA, Arroyo AG, Sánchez-Camacho C. Emerging roles of MT-MMPs in embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:240-275. [PMID: 34241926 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) are cell membrane-tethered proteinases that belong to the family of the MMPs. Apart from their roles in degradation of the extracellular milieu, MT-MMPs are able to activate through proteolytic processing at the cell surface distinct molecules such as receptors, growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and other pericellular proteins. Although most of the information regarding these enzymes comes from cancer studies, our current knowledge about their contribution in distinct developmental processes occurring in the embryo is limited. In this review, we want to summarize the involvement of MT-MMPs in distinct processes during embryonic morphogenesis, including cell migration and proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell polarity and branching, axon growth and navigation, synapse formation, and angiogenesis. We also considered information about MT-MMP functions from studies assessed in pathological conditions and compared these data with those relevant for embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Moracho
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I R Learte
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Department of Health Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Marchena
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Cid
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Vascular Pathophysiology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Camacho
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular Pathophysiology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kou L, Jiang X, Lin X, Huang H, Wang J, Yao Q, Chen R. Matrix Metalloproteinase Inspired Therapeutic Strategies for Bone Diseases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:451-467. [PMID: 32603279 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200630140735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), as a family of zinc-containing enzymes, show the function of decomposing Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and participate in the physiological processes of cell migration, growth, inflammation, and metabolism. Clinical and experimental studies have indicated that MMPs play an essential role in tissue injury and repair as well as tumor diagnosis, metastasis, and prognosis. An increasing number of researchers have paid attention to their functions and mechanisms in bone health and diseases. The present review focuses on MMPs-inspired therapeutic strategies for the treatment of bone-related diseases. We introduce the role of MMPs in bone diseases, highlight the MMPs-inspired therapeutic options, and posit MMPs as a trigger for smart cell/drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinlu Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huirong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vanyai HK, Prin F, Guillermin O, Marzook B, Boeing S, Howson A, Saunders RE, Snoeks T, Howell M, Mohun TJ, Thompson B. Control of skeletal morphogenesis by the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway. Development 2020; 147:dev187187. [PMID: 32994166 PMCID: PMC7673359 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway is an important regulator of tissue growth, but can also control cell fate or tissue morphogenesis. Here, we investigate the function of the Hippo pathway during the development of cartilage, which forms the majority of the skeleton. Previously, YAP was proposed to inhibit skeletal size by repressing chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. We find that, in vitro, Yap/Taz double knockout impairs murine chondrocyte proliferation, whereas constitutively nuclear nls-YAP5SA accelerates proliferation, in line with the canonical role of this pathway in most tissues. However, in vivo, cartilage-specific knockout of Yap/Taz does not prevent chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation or skeletal growth, but rather results in various skeletal deformities including cleft palate. Cartilage-specific expression of nls-YAP5SA or knockout of Lats1/2 do not increase cartilage growth, but instead lead to catastrophic malformations resembling chondrodysplasia or achondrogenesis. Physiological YAP target genes in cartilage include Ctgf, Cyr61 and several matrix remodelling enzymes. Thus, YAP/TAZ activity controls chondrocyte proliferation in vitro, possibly reflecting a regenerative response, but is dispensable for chondrocyte proliferation in vivo, and instead functions to control cartilage morphogenesis via regulation of the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Vanyai
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Fabrice Prin
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Oriane Guillermin
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Bishara Marzook
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Alexander Howson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Rebecca E Saunders
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Thomas Snoeks
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Timothy J Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Barry Thompson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
- EMBL Australia, Department of Cancer Biology & Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, 2601, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roy HS, Dubey G, Sharma VK, Bharatam PV, Ghosh D. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics to identify collagenase inhibitors as lead compounds to address osteoarthritis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:2339-2351. [PMID: 33103592 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1838326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease which affects a large number of individuals. Collagenases, which belong to a class of metalloproteases (MMPs), are responsible for the degradation of cartilage manifested in OA. Inhibition of the catalytic domains of these MMPs is one of the important therapeutic strategies proposed for the prevention of OA. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the binding of curcumin and its metabolites with the active sites of collagenases in comparison to standard inhibitors on the basis of our hypothesis that curcumin/metabolites could exhibit an inhibitory effect on MMPs. Here, we report the molecular docking analysis of curcumin and its metabolites with collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13). Among the molecules tested, curcumin monoglucuronide (CMG) demonstrated the best binding affinity with MMP-13, which is specifically implicated in OA. The CMG-MMP-complexes were further subjected to molecular dynamic simulations to explore the stability of the complexes and to estimate the free binding energies. The results indicated that CMG preferentially bind to MMP-13 in comparison to that of MMP-1 and MMP-8 with binding free energies (ΔGbind) of (-60.55), (-27.02) and (-46.91) kcal/mol, respectively. This is the first study which suggests that curcumin monoglucuronide can be considered as an effective lead compound to prevent the progression of OA.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Shekhar Roy
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Gurudutt Dubey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vishnu Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Deepa Ghosh
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The morphogenesis of the mammalian secondary plate is a series of highly dynamic developmental process, including the palate shelves vertical outgrowth, elevation to the horizontal plane and complete fusion in the midline. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins not only form the basic infrastructure for palatal mesenchymal cells to adhere via integrins but also interact with cells to regulate their functions such as proliferation and differentiation. ECM remodeling is essential for palatal outgrowth, expansion, elevation, and fusion. Multiple signaling pathways important for palatogenesis such as FGF, TGF β, BMP, and SHH remodels ECM dynamics. Dysregulation of ECM such as HA synthesis or ECM breakdown enzymes MMPs or ADAMTS causes cleft palate in mouse models. A better understanding of ECM remodeling will contribute to revealing the pathogenesis of cleft palate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunman Li
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeyao Zhu
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Ou Sha
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Y, Ou J, Liu Y, Wu Q, Wen L, Zheng S, Li S, Feng Q, Liu L. Transcriptomic analysis of the testicular fusion in Spodoptera litura. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:171. [PMID: 32075574 PMCID: PMC7029529 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lepidoptera is one group of the largest plant-feeding insects and Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most serious agricultural pests in Asia countries. An interesting and unique phenomenon for gonad development of Lepidoptera is the testicular fusion. Two separated testes fused into a single one during the larva-to-pupa metamorphosis, which is believed to contribute to sperm production and the prevalence in field. To study the molecular mechanism of the testicular fusion, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments of the testes from 4-day-old sixth instar larvae (L6D4) (before fusion), 6-day-old sixth instar larvae (L6D6, prepupae) (on fusing) and 4-day-old pupae (P4D) (after fusion) of S. litura were performed. Results RNA-seq data of the testes showed that totally 12,339 transcripts were expressed at L6D4, L6D6 and P4D stages. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated from L6D4 to L6D6, and then more genes were down-regulated from L6D6 to P4D. The DEGs mainly belongs to the genes related to the 20E signal transduction pathway, transcription factors, chitin metabolism related enzymes, the families of cytoskeleton proteins, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, ECM-related protein, its receptor integrins and ECM-remodeling enzymes. The expression levels of these genes that were up-regulated significantly during the testicular fusion were verified by qRT-PCR. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were found to be the main enzymes related to the ECM degradation and contribute to the testicular fusion. The testis was not able to fuse if MMPs inhibitor GM6001 was injected into the 5th abdomen region at L6D6 early stage. Conclusions The transcriptome and DEGs analysis of the testes at L6D4, L6D6 and P4D stages provided genes expression information related to the testicular fusion in S. litura. These results indicated that cytoskeleton proteins, ECM-integrin interaction genes and ECM-related proteins were involved in cell migration, adhesion and fusion during the testicular fusion. The ECM degradation enzymes MMPs probably play a critical role in the fusion of testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jun Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Sichun Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qili Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China. .,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China. .,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Applied Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kalev-Altman R, Hanael E, Zelinger E, Blum M, Monsonego-Ornan E, Sela-Donenfeld D. Conserved role of matrix metalloproteases 2 and 9 in promoting the migration of neural crest cells in avian and mammalian embryos. FASEB J 2020; 34:5240-5261. [PMID: 32067275 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901217rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a unique embryonic cell population that initially reside at the dorsal neural tube but later migrate in the embryo and differentiate into multiple types of derivatives. To acquire motility, NCCs undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a large family of proteases which regulate migration of various embryonic and adult cells via ECM remodeling. The gelatinase's subgroup of MMPs is the most studied one due to its key role in metastasis. As it is composed of only two proteases, MMP2 and MMP9, it is important to understand whether each is indispensable or redundant in its biological function. Here we explored the role of the gelatinases in executing NCC migration, by determining whether MMP2 and/or MMP9 regulate migration across species in singular, combined, or redundant manners. Chick and mouse embryos were utilized to compare expression and activity of both MMPs using genetic and pharmacological approaches in multiple in vivo and ex vivo assays. Both MMPs were found to be expressed and active in mouse and chick NCCs. Inhibition of each MMP was sufficient to prevent NCC migration in both species. Yet, NCC migration was maintained in MMP2-/- or MMP9-/- mouse mutants due to compensation between the gelatinases, but reciprocal pharmacological inhibition in each mutant prevented NCC migration. This study reveals for the first time that both gelatinases are expressed in avian and mammalian NCCs, and demonstrates their fundamental and conserved role in promoting embryonic cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Kalev-Altman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.,The Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erez Hanael
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- Core Facility Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- The Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hardy E, Fernandez-Patron C. Destroy to Rebuild: The Connection Between Bone Tissue Remodeling and Matrix Metalloproteinases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:47. [PMID: 32116759 PMCID: PMC7013034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ that undergoes constant remodeling, an energetically costly process by which old bone is replaced and localized bone defects are repaired to renew the skeleton over time, thereby maintaining skeletal health. This review provides a general overview of bone’s main players (bone lining cells, osteocytes, osteoclasts, reversal cells, and osteoblasts) that participate in bone remodeling. Placing emphasis on the family of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), we describe how: (i) Convergence of multiple protease families (including MMPs and cysteine proteinases) ensures complexity and robustness of the bone remodeling process, (ii) Enzymatic activity of MMPs affects bone physiology at the molecular and cellular levels and (iii) Either overexpression or deficiency/insufficiency of individual MMPs impairs healthy bone remodeling and systemic metabolism. Today, it is generally accepted that proteolytic activity is required for the degradation of bone tissue in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. However, it is increasingly evident that inactivating mutations in MMP genes can also lead to bone pathology including osteolysis and metabolic abnormalities such as delayed growth. We argue that there remains a need to rethink the role played by proteases in bone physiology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mikkola L, Holopainen S, Pessa-Morikawa T, Lappalainen AK, Hytönen MK, Lohi H, Iivanainen A. Genetic dissection of canine hip dysplasia phenotypes and osteoarthritis reveals three novel loci. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1027. [PMID: 31881848 PMCID: PMC6935090 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis continue to be prevalent problems in veterinary and human medicine. Canine hip dysplasia is particularly problematic as it massively affects several large-sized breeds and can cause a severe impairment of the quality of life. In Finland, the complex condition is categorized to five classes from normal to severe dysplasia, but the categorization includes several sub-traits: congruity of the joint, Norberg angle, subluxation degree of the joint, shape and depth of the acetabulum, and osteoarthritis. Hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis have been proposed to have separate genetic etiologies. Results Using Fédération Cynologique Internationale -standardized ventrodorsal radiographs, German shepherds were rigorously phenotyped for osteoarthritis, and for joint incongruity by Norberg angle and femoral head center position in relation to dorsal acetabular edge. The affected dogs were categorized into mild, moderate and severe dysplastic phenotypes using official hip scores. Three different genome-wide significant loci were uncovered. The strongest candidate genes for hip joint incongruity were noggin (NOG), a bone and joint developmental gene on chromosome 9, and nanos C2HC-type zinc finger 1 (NANOS1), a regulator of matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) on chromosome 28. Osteoarthritis mapped to a long intergenic region on chromosome 1, between genes encoding for NADPH oxidase 3 (NOX3), an intriguing candidate for articular cartilage degradation, and AT-rich interactive domain 1B (ARID1B) that has been previously linked to joint laxity. Conclusions Our findings highlight the complexity of canine hip dysplasia phenotypes. In particular, the results of this study point to the potential involvement of specific and partially distinct loci and genes or pathways in the development of incongruity, mild dysplasia, moderate-to-severe dysplasia and osteoarthritis of canine hip joints. Further studies should unravel the unique and common mechanisms for the various sub-traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Mikkola
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Mustialankatu 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saila Holopainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Mustialankatu 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Pessa-Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Mustialankatu 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu K Lappalainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo K Hytönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Mustialankatu 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Mustialankatu 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Iivanainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Mustialankatu 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Paiva KBS, Maas CS, dos Santos PM, Granjeiro JM, Letra A. Extracellular Matrix Composition and Remodeling: Current Perspectives on Secondary Palate Formation, Cleft Lip/Palate, and Palatal Reconstruction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:340. [PMID: 31921852 PMCID: PMC6923686 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development comprises a complex process in humans in which failures or disturbances frequently lead to congenital anomalies. Cleft lip with/without palate (CL/P) is a common congenital anomaly that occurs due to variations in craniofacial development genes, and may occur as part of a syndrome, or more commonly in isolated forms (non-syndromic). The etiology of CL/P is multifactorial with genes, environmental factors, and their potential interactions contributing to the condition. Rehabilitation of CL/P patients requires a multidisciplinary team to perform the multiple surgical, dental, and psychological interventions required throughout the patient's life. Despite progress, lip/palatal reconstruction is still a major treatment challenge. Genetic mutations and polymorphisms in several genes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) genes, soluble factors, and enzymes responsible for ECM remodeling (e.g., metalloproteinases), have been suggested to play a role in the etiology of CL/P; hence, these may be considered likely targets for the development of new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this context, investigations are being conducted on new therapeutic approaches based on tissue bioengineering, associating stem cells with biomaterials, signaling molecules, and innovative technologies. In this review, we discuss the role of genes involved in ECM composition and remodeling during secondary palate formation and pathogenesis and genetic etiology of CL/P. We also discuss potential therapeutic approaches using bioactive molecules and principles of tissue bioengineering for state-of-the-art CL/P repair and palatal reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katiúcia Batista Silva Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara Soeiro Maas
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Monique dos Santos
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Dentistry, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang S, Li L, Zhu L, Zhang C, Li Z, Guo Y, Nie Y, Luo Z. Bu‐Shen‐Huo‐Xue‐Fang modulates nucleus pulposus cell proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling in intervertebral disk degeneration through miR‐483 regulation of Wnt pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19318-19329. [PMID: 29393545 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Yang
- Department of Spine The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha China
| | - Linghui Li
- Department of General Orthopedics Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Department of General Orthopedics Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Spine The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Department of Spine The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha China
| | - Yantao Guo
- Department of Spine The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha China
| | - Ying Nie
- Department of Spine The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Department of Spine The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pinet K, McLaughlin KA. Mechanisms of physiological tissue remodeling in animals: Manipulating tissue, organ, and organism morphology. Dev Biol 2019; 451:134-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
23
|
Deng N, Xie L, Li Y, Lin H, Luo R. Oxymatrine alleviates periodontitis in rats by inhibiting inflammatory factor secretion and regulating MMPs/TIMP protein expression1. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 33:945-953. [PMID: 30517321 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180110000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of oxymatrine on periodontitis in rats and related mechanism. Methods: Ninety SD rats were divided into control, model, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg oxymatrine and tinidazole groups. The periodontitis model was established in later 5 groups. The 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg oxymatrine groups were intragastrically administrated with 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg oxymatrine, respectively. The tinidazole group was intragastrically administrated with 100 mg/kg tinidazole. The treatment duration was 4 weeks. The tooth mobility, gingival and plaque indexes, serum inflammatory factor levels and gingival tissue matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) protein levels were detected. Results: After treatment, compared with model group, in 40 mg/kg oxymatrine group the rat general conditions were obviously improved, the tooth mobility, gingival index and plaque index were significantly decreased (P<0.05), the serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and prostaglandin E2 levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05), the MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the TIMP-2 protein level was significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusions: Oxymatrine can alleviate the experimental periodontitis in rats. The mechanism may be related to its inhibiting inflammatory factor secretion and regulating MMPs/TIMP protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Deng
- MS, Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China. Acquisition of data, critical revision, final approval
| | - Lili Xie
- MS, Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China. Statistical analysis, critical revision, final approval
| | - Yongwei Li
- MS, Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China. Design of the study, critical revision, final approval
| | - Haishu Lin
- MS, Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China. Design of the study, critical revision, final approval
| | - Renhui Luo
- MS, Department of Stomatology, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou, China. Design of the study, critical revision, final approval
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sprangers S, Everts V. Molecular pathways of cell-mediated degradation of fibrillar collagen. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
25
|
Pinet K, Deolankar M, Leung B, McLaughlin KA. Adaptive correction of craniofacial defects in pre-metamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles involves thyroid hormone-independent tissue remodeling. Development 2019; 146:dev.175893. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.175893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While it is well-established that some organisms can regenerate lost structures, the ability to remodel existing malformed structures has been less well studied. Thus, in this study we examined the ability of pre-metamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles to self-correct malformed craniofacial tissues and found that tadpoles can adaptively improve and normalize abnormal craniofacial morphology caused by numerous developmental perturbations. We then investigated the tissue-level and molecular mechanisms that mediate the self-correction of craniofacial defects in pre-metamorphic X. laevis tadpoles. Our studies revealed that this adaptive response involves morphological changes and the remodeling of cartilage tissue, prior to metamorphosis. RT-qPCR and RNA-Seq analysis of gene expression suggests a thyroid hormone-independent endocrine signaling pathway as the potential mechanism responsible for triggering the adaptive and corrective remodeling response in these larvae that involves mmp1 and mmp13 upregulation. Thus, investigating how malformed craniofacial tissues are naturally corrected in X. laevis tadpoles has led us to valuable insights regarding the maintenance and manipulation of craniofacial morphology in a vertebrate system. These insights may help in the development of novel therapies for developmental craniofacial anomalies in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylinnette Pinet
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
| | - Manas Deolankar
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
| | - Brian Leung
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
| | - Kelly A. McLaughlin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Khamisabadi A, Tahmasbpour E, Ghanei M, Shahriary A. Roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in SM-induced pathologies. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1477163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khamisabadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Eisa Tahmasbpour
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Suzuki A, Jun G, Abdallah N, Gajera M, Iwata J. Gene datasets associated with mouse cleft palate. Data Brief 2018; 18:655-673. [PMID: 29896534 PMCID: PMC5996166 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents data on genes associated with cleft palate (CP), retrieved through both a full-text systematic review and a mouse genome informatics (MGI) database search. In order to group CP-associated genes according to function, pathway, biological process, and cellular component, the genes were analyzed using category enrichment bioinformatics tools, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO). This approach provides invaluable opportunities for the identification of candidate pathways and genes in CP research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nada Abdallah
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mona Gajera
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Amar S, Smith L, Fields GB. Matrix metalloproteinase collagenolysis in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1940-1951. [PMID: 28456643 PMCID: PMC5605394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of collagen (collagenolysis) is critical in development and homeostasis, but also contributes to numerous pathologies. Mammalian interstitial collagenolytic enzymes include members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family and cathepsin K. While MMPs have long been recognized for their ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of collagen, the roles of individual MMPs in physiological and pathological collagenolysis are less defined. The use of knockout and mutant animal models, which reflect human diseases, has revealed distinct collagenolytic roles for MT1-MMP and MMP-13. A better understanding of temporal and spatial collagen processing, along with the knowledge of the specific MMP involved, will ultimately lead to more effective treatments for cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular conditions, and infectious diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix Metalloproteinases edited by Rafael Fridman.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Amar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Lyndsay Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Santos-Ledo A, Garcia-Macia M, Campbell PD, Gronska M, Marlow FL. Kinesin-1 promotes chondrocyte maintenance during skeletal morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006918. [PMID: 28715414 PMCID: PMC5536392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During skeletal morphogenesis diverse mechanisms are used to support bone formation. This can be seen in the bones that require a cartilage template for their development. In mammals the cartilage template is removed, but in zebrafish the cartilage template persists and the bone mineralizes around the cartilage scaffold. Remodeling of unmineralized cartilage occurs via planar cell polarity (PCP) mediated cell rearrangements that contribute to lengthening of elements; however, the mechanisms that maintain the chondrocyte template that supports perichondral ossification remain unclear. We report double mutants disrupting two zebrafish kinesin-I genes (hereafter kif5Blof) that we generated using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. We show that zygotic Kif5Bs have a conserved function in maintaining muscle integrity, and are required for cartilage remodeling and maintenance during craniofacial morphogenesis by a PCP-distinct mechanism. Further, kif5Blof does not activate ER stress response genes, but instead disrupts lysosomal function, matrix secretion, and causes deregulated autophagic markers and eventual chondrocyte apoptosis. Ultrastructural and transplantation analysis reveal neighboring cells engulfing extruded kif5Blof chondrocytes. Initial cartilage specification is intact; however, during remodeling, kif5Blof chondrocytes die and the cartilage matrix devoid of hypertrophic chondrocytes remains and impedes normal ossification. Chimeric and mosaic analyses indicate that Kif5B functions cell-autonomously in secretion, nuclear position, cell elongation and maintenance of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Interestingly, large groups of wild-type cells can support elongation of neighboring mutant cells. Finally, mosaic expression of kif5Ba, but not kif5Aa in cartilage rescues the chondrocyte phenotype, further supporting a specific requirement for Kif5B. Cumulatively, we show essential Kif5B functions in promoting cartilage remodeling and chondrocyte maintenance during zebrafish craniofacial morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Santos-Ledo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Genetic Medicine. Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Garcia-Macia
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biosciences. Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cellular Medicine. Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Campbell
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta Gronska
- Department of Neuroscience. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Florence L Marlow
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology Department. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Association between alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head and risk variants of MMPS in Han population based on a case-control study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64490-64498. [PMID: 28969088 PMCID: PMC5610020 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the association between MMP gene superfamily and alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (alcohol-induced ONFH) risk given its high prevalence, poor therapeutic effect, and serious clinical prognosis. 308 subjects (mean age, 49.47 years; males, 64.0%) who participated in our control group and 300 alcohol-induced ONFH patients (mean age, 43.29 years; males, 99.7%) formed the case group was enrolled to estimate by statistical analysis. We selected 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from MMPs, and performed the chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and genetic model analyses. From the result, rs243849 which located in MMP2 were 1.355 (1.014-1.811), 1.34 (1.01-1.78) in allele model and log-addictive model, respectively. And the p-value of rs243849 in Cochran-Armitage trend test is 0.044. Unfortunately, the similar results of these SNPs were not observed when adjusted by gender and age. Our study is not enough to supply a positive result to benefit for alcohol-induced ONFH clinical prevention, but guide out a new direction for further experiment.
Collapse
|
31
|
Both Drosophila matrix metalloproteinases have released and membrane-tethered forms but have different substrates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44560. [PMID: 28300207 PMCID: PMC5353688 DOI: 10.1038/srep44560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular proteases that can cleave extracellular matrix and alter signaling pathways. They have been implicated in many disease states, but it has been difficult to understand the contribution of individual MMPs, as there are over 20 MMPs in vertebrates. The vertebrate MMPs have overlapping substrates, they exhibit genetic redundancy and compensation, and pharmacological inhibitors are non-specific. In contrast, there are only two MMP genes in Drosophila, DmMmp1 and DmMmp2, which makes Drosophila an attractive system to analyze the basis of MMP specificity. Previously, Drosophila MMPs have been categorized by their pericellular localization, as Mmp1 appeared to be secreted and Mmp2 appeared to be membrane-anchored, suggesting that protein localization was the critical distinction in this small MMP family. We report here that products of both genes are found at the cell surface and released into media. Additionally, we show that products of both genes contain GPI-anchors, and unexpectedly, that GPI-anchored MMPs promote cell adhesion when they are rendered inactive. Finally, by using new reagents and assays, we show that the two MMPs cleave different substrates, suggesting that this is the important distinction within this smallest MMP family.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
To many of us in the field, working on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has felt like riding a roller coaster, traveling through times of both excitement and despair. I was fortunate to join the ride when it was a mere carousel of three activities thought to target the proteins that comprise the extracellular matrix (ECM). New technologies brought the thrills of discovery as we uncovered specific proteinase genes and defined specialized activities in different cellular processes. The MMPs and the sister families of "adisintegrin and metalloproteinase" (ADAMs), ADAMs with thrombospondin domains (ADAM-TS), and Astacins are now recognized as key signaling "scissors" that drive rapid changes in a plethora of cellular pathways. My many excellent colleagues and collaborators and I were enthused to contribute to the early development of the field and continue to be amazed at its growth and sophistication. In contrast, the hype and failure of early inhibitor discovery have dogged our standing with the pharmaceutical industry and grant-giving bodies. However, the true believers have kept going, and knowledge of particular functions of MMPs and their contributions to disease progression has progressed. Recognition of the strategic importance of proteinase function should inspire more work harnessing new technologies such as imaging, proteomics, and gene editing to generate a more precise understanding of individual situations. New approaches to inhibitor design and assessment are possible, and the consequent ability to precisely abrogate specific MMP activity could contribute to the fight against a number of pathologies with unmet needs. What a ride it could be!
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Murphy
- From the Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Smigiel KS, Parks WC. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Leukocyte Activation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 147:167-195. [PMID: 28413028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As their name implies, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to degrade extracellular matrix proteins, a function that is indeed performed by some members. However, regardless of their cell source, matrix degradation is not the only function of these enzymes. Rather, individual MMPs have been shown to regulate specific immune processes, such as leukocyte influx and migration, antimicrobial activity, macrophage activation, and restoration of barrier function, typically by processing a range of nonmatrix protein substrates. Indeed, MMP expression is low under steady-state conditions but is markedly induced during inflammatory processes including infection, wound healing, and cancer. Increasing research is showing that MMPs are not just a downstream consequence of a generalized inflammatory process, but rather are critical factors in the overall regulation of the pattern, type, and duration of immune responses. This chapter outlines the role of leukocytes in tissue remodeling and describes recent progress in our understanding of how MMPs alter leukocyte activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Smigiel
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William C Parks
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wight TN, Frevert CW, Debley JS, Reeves SR, Parks WC, Ziegler SF. Interplay of extracellular matrix and leukocytes in lung inflammation. Cell Immunol 2017; 312:1-14. [PMID: 28077237 PMCID: PMC5290208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During inflammation, leukocytes influx into lung compartments and interact with extracellular matrix (ECM). Two ECM components, versican and hyaluronan, increase in a range of lung diseases. The interaction of leukocytes with these ECM components controls leukocyte retention and accumulation, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and activation as part of the inflammatory phase of lung disease. In addition, bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic children co-cultured with human lung fibroblasts generate an ECM that is adherent for monocytes/macrophages. Macrophages are present in both early and late lung inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10) is induced in alveolar macrophages with injury and infection and modulates macrophage phenotype and their ability to degrade collagenous ECM components. Collectively, studies outlined in this review highlight the importance of specific ECM components in the regulation of inflammatory events in lung disease. The widespread involvement of these ECM components in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation make them attractive candidates for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason S Debley
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen R Reeves
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William C Parks
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Poulet B, Liu K, Plumb D, Vo P, Shah M, Staines K, Sampson A, Nakamura H, Nagase H, Carriero A, Shefelbine S, Pitsillides AA, Bou-Gharios G. Overexpression of TIMP-3 in Chondrocytes Produces Transient Reduction in Growth Plate Length but Permanently Reduces Adult Bone Quality and Quantity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167971. [PMID: 28002442 PMCID: PMC5176305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone development and length relies on the growth plate formation, which is dependent on degradative enzymes such as MMPs. Indeed, deletion of specific members of this enzyme family in mice results in important joint and bone abnormalities, suggesting a role in skeletal development. As such, the control of MMP activity is vital in the complex process of bone formation and growth. We generated a transgenic mouse line to overexpress TIMP3 in mouse chondrocytes using the Col2a1-chondrocyte promoter. This overexpression in cartilage resulted in a transient shortening of growth plate in homozygote mice but bone length was restored at eight weeks of age. However, tibial bone structure and mechanical properties remained compromised. Despite no transgene expression in adult osteoblasts from transgenic mice in vitro, their differentiation capacity was decreased. Neonates, however, did show transgene expression in a subset of bone cells. Our data demonstrate for the first time that transgene function persists in the chondro-osseous lineage continuum and exert influence upon bone quantity and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Poulet
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Apex building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Apex building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Plumb
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Apex building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Phoung Vo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mittal Shah
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Staines
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Sampson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hideaki Nagase
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States of America
| | - Sandra Shefelbine
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Apex building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Smane-Filipova L, Pilmane M, Akota I. MMPs and TIMPs expression in facial tissue of children with cleft lip and palate. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:538-542. [PMID: 27876897 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Morphogenesis of the upper lip and palate is a complex process involving highly regulated interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Genetic evidence in humans and mice indicates the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in cleft lip palate (CLP) aetiology. This study investigated whether expression of MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and TIMP-4, which are essential for the upper lip and palate fusion, is dysregulated in children with CLP. METHODS Oral mucosa tissue samples were obtained from patients with complete unilateral (CU) CLP (n = 25) and complete bilateral (CB) CLP (n = 19) during corrective plastic surgery and in unaffected control subjects (n = 10). MMPs and TIMPs expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the data were analyzed using the Kruskal - Wallis test with the Bonferroni correction. RESULTS In CLP patients, MMP-2, TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in the oral mucosa was seen to have a few to abundant structures, but the overall number of MMP-2, TIMP-2-positive structures was greater than that in controls (P < 0.01). The total number of TIMP-4, MMP-9-positive cells showed a significant decrease in the CBCLP compared with that of CUCLP (P < 0.001). MMP-8 expression trends in the CLP group were similar to those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that TIMP-4 and MMP-9 are the main ECM remodeling regulatory proteins expressed in CUCLP affected tissues of the oral mucosa. The increased expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in CLP tissues implicates these factors in the regulation of cell migration during ECM turnover independently of different types of clefts. Investigation of MMP and TIMP expression in tissue samples from patients with CLP appears to be a promising approach to the etiopathogenesis of CLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liene Smane-Filipova
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Ilze Akota
- Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential as a source of cells for cell-based therapy because of their ability for self-renewal and differentiation into functional cells. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a critical role in the differentiation of MSCs into different lineages. MSCs also interact with exogenous MMPs at their surface, and regulate the pericellular localization of MMP activities. The fate of MSCs is regulated by specific MMPs associated with a key cell lineage. Recent reports suggest the integration of MMPs in the differentiation, angiogenesis, proliferation, and migration of MSCs. These interactions are not fully understood and warrant further investigation, especially for their application as therapeutic tools to treat different diseases. Therefore, overexpression of a single MMP or tissue-specific inhibitor of metalloproteinase in MSCs may promote transdifferentiation into a specific cell lineage, which can be used for the treatment of some diseases. In this review, we critically discuss the identification of various MMPs and the signaling pathways that affect the differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, and proliferation of MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami G Almalki
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II, Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II, Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
A Tale of Two Joints: The Role of Matrix Metalloproteases in Cartilage Biology. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:4895050. [PMID: 27478294 PMCID: PMC4961809 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4895050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are a class of enzymes involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix molecules. While these molecules are exceptionally effective mediators of physiological tissue remodeling, as occurs in wound healing and during embryonic development, pathological upregulation has been implicated in many disease processes. As effectors and indicators of pathological states, matrix metalloproteinases are excellent candidates in the diagnosis and assessment of these diseases. The purpose of this review is to discuss matrix metalloproteinases as they pertain to cartilage health, both under physiological circumstances and in the instances of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and to discuss their utility as biomarkers in instances of the latter.
Collapse
|
39
|
Rohani MG, McMahan RS, Razumova MV, Hertz AL, Cieslewicz M, Pun SH, Regnier M, Wang Y, Birkland TP, Parks WC. MMP-10 Regulates Collagenolytic Activity of Alternatively Activated Resident Macrophages. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2377-2384. [PMID: 25927164 PMCID: PMC4567949 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) is expressed by macrophages and epithelium in response to injury, but its functions in wound repair are unknown. We observed increased collagen deposition and skin stiffness in Mmp10(-/-) wounds, with no difference in collagen expression or reepithelialization. Increased collagen deposition in Mmp10(-/-) wounds was accompanied by less collagenolytic activity and reduced expression of specific metallocollagenases, particularly MMP-8 and MMP-13, where MMP-13 was the key collagenase. Ablation and adoptive transfer approaches and cell-based models demonstrated that the MMP-10-dependent collagenolytic activity was a product of alternatively activated (M2) resident macrophages. These data demonstrate a critical role for macrophage MMP-10 in controlling the tissue remodeling activity of macrophages and moderating scar formation during wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam G Rohani
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Ryan S McMahan
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maria V Razumova
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Angie L Hertz
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maryelise Cieslewicz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy P Birkland
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William C Parks
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Melander MC, Jürgensen HJ, Madsen DH, Engelholm LH, Behrendt N. The collagen receptor uPARAP/Endo180 in tissue degradation and cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1177-88. [PMID: 26316068 PMCID: PMC4583827 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The collagen receptor uPARAP/Endo180, the product of the MRC2 gene, is a central component in the collagen turnover process governed by various mesenchymal cells. Through the endocytosis of collagen or large collagen fragments, this recycling receptor serves to direct basement membrane collagen as well as interstitial collagen to lysosomal degradation. This capacity, shared only with the mannose receptor from the same protein family, endows uPARAP/Endo180 with a critical role in development and homeostasis, as well as in pathological disruptions of the extracellular matrix structure. Important pathological functions of uPARAP/Endo180 have been identified in various cancers and in several fibrotic conditions. With a particular focus on matrix turnover in cancer, this review presents the necessary background for understanding the function of uPARAP/Endo180 at the molecular and cellular level, followed by an in-depth survey of the available knowledge of the expression and role of this receptor in various types of cancer and other degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Melander
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/BRIC, The University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik J Jürgensen
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel H Madsen
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lars H Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/BRIC, The University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Niels Behrendt
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/BRIC, The University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Apte SS, Parks WC. Metalloproteinases: A parade of functions in matrix biology and an outlook for the future. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:1-6. [PMID: 25916966 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This issue of Matrix Biology is devoted to exploring how metalloproteinases - here inclusive of related families of extracellular proteinases - act on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to influence an astonishing diversity of biological systems and diseases. Since their discovery in the 1960's, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have oft and widely been considered as the principal mediators of ECM destruction. However, as becomes clear from several articles in this issue, MMPs affect processes that both promote and limit ECM assembly, structure, and quantity. Furthermore, it has become increasingly apparent that ECM proteolysis is neither the exclusive function of MMPs nor their only sphere of influence. Thus, other enzymes may be important participants in ECM proteolysis, and indeed they are. The ADAMTS (a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin type 1 repeat) proteinases, BMP/tolloid proteases, and meprins have all emerged as major mechanisms of ECM proteolysis. An aggregate view of proteolysis as an exquisitely specific and crucial post-translational modification of secreted proteins emerges from these reviews. The cumulative evidence strongly suggests that although some MMPs can and do cleave ECM components, notably fibrillar collagens, the majority of these proteinases are not key physiological participants in morphogenesis nor in control of matrix metabolism in homeostasis or disease. In contrast, deficiency of ADAMTS proteases leads to a remarkable array of morphogenetic defects and connective tissue disorders consistent with a specialized role in turnover of the embryonic provisional ECM and in ECM assembly. Astacin-related proteases emerge into crucial positions in ECM assembly and turnover, although they also have numerous roles related to morphogen and growth factor regulation. To further turn the traditional view on its head, it is clear that many MMPs are key participants in many, diverse immune and inflammation processes rather than ECM proteolysis. The overlap in the activities within and between these families leads to the view that ECM proteolysis, which is indispensable for life, was over-engineered to an extraordinary extent during vertebrate evolution. That these proteinases, which likely evolved within networks regulating morphogenesis, immunity and regeneration, also participate in diseases is a side effect of human longevity. Attempts to inhibit metalloproteinases in human diseases thus require continuing appraisal of their biological roles and cautious evaluation of potential new therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suneel S Apte
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Itoh Y. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases: Their functions and regulations. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:207-23. [PMID: 25794647 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) form a subgroup of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family, and there are 6 MT-MMPs in humans. MT-MMPs are further sub-classified into type I transmembrane-type (MT1, -MT2-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored type (MT4- and MT6-MMPs). In either case MT-MMPs are tethered to the plasma membrane, and this cell surface expression provides those enzymes with unique functionalities affecting various cellular behaviours. Among the 6 MT-MMPs, MT1-MMP is the most investigated enzyme and many of its roles and regulations have been revealed to date, but the potential roles and regulatory mechanisms of other MT-MMPs are gradually getting clearer as well. Further investigations of MT-MMPs are likely to reveal novel pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies for different diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Itoh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Meng L, Wang X, Torensma R, Von den Hoff JW, Bian Z. Lithium inhibits palatal fusion and osteogenic differentiation in palatal shelves in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:501-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
44
|
Paiva KBS, Granjeiro JM. Bone tissue remodeling and development: Focus on matrix metalloproteinase functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:74-87. [PMID: 25157440 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
45
|
Puttabyatappa M, Jacot TA, Al-Alem LF, Rosewell KL, Duffy DM, Brännström M, Curry TE. Ovarian membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases: induction of MMP14 and MMP16 during the periovulatory period in the rat, macaque, and human. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:34. [PMID: 24920038 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An intrafollicular increase in proteolytic activity drives ovulatory events. Surprisingly, the periovulatory expression profile of the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs), unique proteases anchored to the cell surface, has not been extensively examined. Expression profiles of the MT-MMPs were investigated in ovarian tissue from well-characterized rat and macaque periovulatory models and naturally cycling women across the periovulatory period. Among the six known MT-MMPs, mRNA expression of Mmp14, Mmp16, and Mmp25 was increased after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration in rats. In human granulosa cells, mRNA expression of MMP14 and MMP16 increased following hCG treatment. In contrast, mRNA levels of MMP16 and MMP25 in human theca cells were unchanged before ovulation but declined by the postovulatory stage. In macaque granulosa cells, hCG increased mRNA for MMP16 but not MMP14. Immunoblotting showed that protein levels of MMP14 and MMP16 in rats increased, similar to their mRNA expression. In macaque granulosa cells, only the active form of the MMP14 protein increased after hCG, unlike its mRNA or the proprotein. By immunohistochemistry, both MMP14 and MMP16 localized to the different ovarian cell types in rats and humans. Treatment with hCG resulted in intense immunoreactivity of MMP14 and MMP16 proteins in the granulosa and theca cells. The present study shows that MMP14 and MMP16 are increased by hCG administration in the ovulating follicle, demonstrating that these MMPs are conserved among rats, macaques, and humans. These findings suggest that MT-MMPs could have an important role in promoting ovulation and remodeling of the ovulated follicle into the corpus luteum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muraly Puttabyatappa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Terry A Jacot
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Linah F Al-Alem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Katherine L Rosewell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Diane M Duffy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Mats Brännström
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas E Curry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yoshino TP, Brown M, Wu XJ, Jackson CJ, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Chalmers IW, Kolb M, Hokke CH, Hoffmann KF. Excreted/secreted Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like 9 (SmVAL9) modulates host extracellular matrix remodelling gene expression. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:551-63. [PMID: 24859313 PMCID: PMC4079936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni VAL9 (SmVAL9) is a secreted N-linked glycoprotein containing a unique, difucosyl modification. SmVAL9 is found throughout miracidia/sporocyst parenchymal cell inclusions/vesicles and germinal cells. SmVAL9 differentially regulates murine and snail matrix metalloproteinases.
The Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like (SmVAL) protein family consists of 29 members, each possessing a conserved α-β-α sandwich tertiary feature called the Sperm-coating protein/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7 (SCP/TAPS) domain. While the SmVALs have been found in both excretory/secretory (E/S) products and in intra/sub-tegumental (non-E/S) fractions, the role(s) of this family in host/parasite relationships or schistosome developmental processes remains poorly resolved. In order to begin quantifying SmVAL functional diversity or redundancy, dissecting the specific activity (ies) of individual family members is necessary. Towards this end, we present the characterisation of SmVAL9; a protein previously found enriched in both miracidia/sporocyst larval transformation proteins and in egg secretions. While our study confirms that SmVAL9 is indeed found in soluble egg products and miracidia/sporocyst larval transformation proteins, we find it to be maximally transcribed/translated in miracidia and subsequently down-regulated during in vitro sporocyst development. SmVAL9 localisation within sporocysts appears concentrated in parenchymal cells/vesicles as well as associated with larval germinal cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that egg-derived SmVAL9 carries an N-linked glycan containing a schistosome-specific difucosyl element and is an immunogenic target during chronic murine schistosomiasis. Finally, we demonstrate that recombinant SmVAL9 affects the expression of extracellular matrix, remodelling matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) gene products in both Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic cell (BgMMP1) and Mus musculus bone marrow-derived macrophage (MmMMP2, MmMMP9, MmMMP12, MmMMP13, MmMMP14, MmMMP28, TIMP1 and TIMP2) in vitro cultures. These findings importantly suggest that excreted/secreted SmVAL9 participates in tissue reorganisation/extracellular matrix remodelling during intra-mammalian egg translocation, miracidia infection and intra-molluscan sporocyst development/migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Martha Brown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Ramon Ocadiz-Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Iain W Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Marlen Kolb
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Letra A, Zhao M, Silva RM, Vieira AR, Hecht JT. Functional Significance of MMP3 and TIMP2 Polymorphisms in Cleft Lip/Palate. J Dent Res 2014; 93:651-6. [PMID: 24799419 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514534444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from biological and human studies strongly supports a role for MMP and TIMP genes as candidate genes for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). We previously showed the association of promoter polymorphisms in MMP3 (rs3025058 and rs522616) and TIMP2 (rs8179096) with NSCL/P. In this study, we examined the functional significance of these polymorphisms. A specific DNA-protein complex for MMP3 rs522616 A was detected, and this allele by itself showed greater promoter activity than the G allele. However, the effect of rs522616 was ultimately regulated by the rs3025058 allele on the background. For TIMP2 rs8179096, the T allele showed a 2.5-fold increase in promoter activity when compared with allele C, whereas both C and T alleles were found to bind to nuclear factor kappa B. Our results provide new evidence that promoter polymorphisms in MMP3 and TIMP2 are functional and may affect gene transcription with possible effects on craniofacial development leading to NSCL/P.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Letra
- Craniofacial Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Zhao
- Craniofacial Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R M Silva
- Craniofacial Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A R Vieira
- Departments of Oral Biology and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J T Hecht
- Craniofacial Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Christian L, Bahudhanapati H, Wei S. Extracellular metalloproteinases in neural crest development and craniofacial morphogenesis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:544-60. [PMID: 24066766 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.838203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a population of migratory stem/progenitor cells that is found in early vertebrate embryos. NC cells are induced during gastrulation, and later migrate to multiple destinations and contribute to many types of cells and tissues, such as craniofacial structures, cardiac tissues, pigment cells and the peripheral nervous system. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that many extracellular metalloproteinases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs), and ADAMs with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs), play important roles in various stages of NC development. Interference with metalloproteinase functions often causes defects in craniofacial structures, as well as in other cells and tissues that are contributed by NC cells, in humans and other vertebrates. In this review, we summarize the current state of the field concerning the roles of these three families of metalloproteinases in NC development and related tissue morphogenesis, with a special emphasis on craniofacial morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Christian
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University , Morgantown, WV , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ingvarsen S, Porse A, Erpicum C, Maertens L, Jürgensen HJ, Madsen DH, Melander MC, Gårdsvoll H, Høyer-Hansen G, Noel A, Holmbeck K, Engelholm LH, Behrendt N. Targeting a single function of the multifunctional matrix metalloprotease MT1-MMP: impact on lymphangiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10195-204. [PMID: 23413031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.447169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) is responsible for multiple processes of extracellular matrix remodeling in the healthy body but also for matrix and tissue destruction during cancer invasion and metastasis. The understanding of the contributions from each individual MMP, both in healthy and pathological events, has been complicated by the lack of specific inhibitors and the fact that some of the potent MMPs are multifunctional enzymes. These factors have also hampered the setup of therapeutic strategies targeting MMP activity. A tempting target is the membrane-associated MT1-MMP, which has well-documented importance in matrix degradation but which takes part in more than one pathway in this regard. In this report, we describe the selective targeting of a single function of this enzyme by means of a specific monoclonal antibody against MT1-MMP, raised in an MT1-MMP knock-out mouse. The antibody blocks the enzyme ability to activate proMMP-2 without interfering with the collagenolytic function or the general proteolytic activity of MT1-MMP. Using this antibody, we have shown that the MT1-MMP-catalyzed activation of proMMP-2 is involved in the outgrowth of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells in a collagen matrix in vitro, as well as in lymphatic vessel sprouting assayed ex vivo. This is the first example of the complete inactivation of a single function of a multifunctional MMP and the use of this strategy to pursue its role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Signe Ingvarsen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/BRIC, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Site-specific expression of gelatinolytic activity during morphogenesis of the secondary palate in the mouse embryo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47762. [PMID: 23091646 PMCID: PMC3472992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the secondary palate in mammalian embryos involves two major events: first, reorientation of the two vertically oriented palatal shelves into a horizontal position above the tongue, and second, fusion of the two shelves at the midline. Genetic evidence in humans and mice indicates the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). As MMP expression patterns might differ from sites of activity, we used a recently developed highly sensitive in situ zymography technique to map gelatinolytic MMP activity in the developing mouse palate. At embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), we detected strong gelatinolytic activity around the lateral epithelial folds of the nasopharyngeal cavity, which is generated as a consequence of palatal shelf elevation. Activity was concentrated in the basement membrane of the epithelial fold but extended into the adjacent mesenchyme, and increased in intensity with lateral outgrowth of the cavity at E15.5. Gelatinolytic activity at this site was not the consequence of epithelial fold formation, as it was also observed in Bmp7-deficient embryos where shelf elevation is delayed. In this case, gelatinolytic activity appeared in vertical shelves at the exact position where the epithelial fold will form during elevation. Mmp2 and Mmp14 (MT1-MMP), but not Mmp9 and Mmp13, mRNAs were expressed in the mesenchyme around the epithelial folds of the elevated palatal shelves; this was confirmed by immunostaining for MMP-2 and MT1-MMP. Weak gelatinolytic activity was also found at the midline of E14.5 palatal shelves, which increased during fusion at E15.5. Whereas MMPs have been implicated in palatal fusion before, this is the first report showing that gelatinases might contribute to tissue remodeling during early stages of palatal shelf elevation and formation of the nasopharynx.
Collapse
|