1
|
Bian Z, Benjamin MM, Bialousow L, Tian Y, Hobbs GA, Karan D, Choo YM, Hamann MT, Wang X. Targeting sine oculis homeoprotein 1 (SIX1): A review of oncogenic roles and potential natural product therapeutics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33204. [PMID: 39022099 PMCID: PMC11252760 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sine oculis homeoprotein 1 (SIX1), a prominent representative of the homeodomain transcription factors within the SIX family, has attracted significant interest owing to its role in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and prognostic assessments. Initially recognized for its pivotal role in embryonic development, SIX1 has emerged as a resurgent factor across a diverse set of mammalian cancers. Over the past two decades, numerous investigations have emphasized SIX1's dual significance as a developmental regulator and central player in oncogenic processes. A mounting body of evidence links SIX1 to the initiation of diverse cancers, encompassing enhanced cellular metabolism and advancement. This review provides an overview of the multifaceted roles of SIX1 in both normal development and oncogenic processes, emphasizing its importance as a possible therapeutic target and prognostic marker. Additionally, this review discusses the natural product agents that inhibit various pro-oncogenic mechanisms associated with SIX1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Menny M. Benjamin
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lucas Bialousow
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yintai Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - G. Aaron Hobbs
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Dev Karan
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mark T. Hamann
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao Y, Miethe S, Kattler K, Colakoglu B, Walter J, Schneider-Daum N, Herr C, Garn H, Ritzmann F, Bals R, Beisswenger C. Mutual Regulation of Transcriptomes between Murine Pneumocytes and Fibroblasts Mediates Alveolar Regeneration in Air-Liquid Interface Cultures. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:203-214. [PMID: 38051640 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0078oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type 2 and club cells are part of the stem cell niche of the lung and their differentiation is required for pulmonary homeostasis and tissue regeneration. A disturbed crosstalk between fibroblasts and epithelial cells contributes to the loss of lung structure in chronic lung diseases. Therefore, it is important to understand how fibroblasts and lung epithelial cells interact during regeneration. Here, we analyzed the interaction of fibroblasts and the alveolar epithelium modeled in air-liquid interface cultures. Single-cell transcriptomics showed that cocultivation with fibroblasts leads to increased expression of type 2 markers in pneumocytes, activation of regulons associated with the maintenance of alveolar type 2 cells (e.g., Etv5), and transdifferentiation of club cells toward pneumocytes. This was accompanied by an intensified transepithelial barrier. Vice versa, the activation of NF-κB pathways and the CEBPB regulon and the expression of IL-6 and other differentiation factors (e.g., fibroblast growth factors) were increased in fibroblasts cocultured with epithelial cells. Recombinant IL-6 enhanced epithelial barrier formation. Therefore, in our coculture model, regulatory loops were identified by which lung epithelial cells mediate regeneration and differentiation of the alveolar epithelium in a cooperative manner with the mesenchymal compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sarah Miethe
- Translational Inflammation Research Division and Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics and
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- The Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Betül Colakoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Holger Garn
- Translational Inflammation Research Division and Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics and
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- The Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Ritzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine and
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang K, Aung T, Yao E, Chuang PT. Lung patterning: Is a distal-to-proximal gradient of cell allocation and fate decision a general paradigm?: A gradient of distal-to-proximal distribution and differentiation of tip progenitors produces distinct compartments in the lung. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300083. [PMID: 38010492 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies support a model in which the progeny of SOX9+ epithelial progenitors at the distal tip of lung branches undergo cell allocation and differentiation sequentially along the distal-to-proximal axis. Concomitant with the elongation and ramification of lung branches, the descendants of the distal SOX9+ progenitors are distributed proximally, express SOX2, and differentiate into cell types in the conducting airways. Amid subsequent sacculation, the distal SOX9+ progenitors generate alveolar epithelial cells to form alveoli. Sequential cell allocation and differentiation are integrated with the branching process to generate a functional branching organ. This review focuses on the roles of SOX9+ cells as precursors for new branches, as the source of various cell types in the conducting airways, and as progenitors of the alveolar epithelium. All of these processes are controlled by multiple signaling pathways. Many mouse mutants with defective lung branching contain underlying defects in one or more steps of cell allocation and differentiation of SOX9+ progenitors. This model provides a framework to understand the molecular basis of lung phenotypes and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of lung patterning. It builds a foundation on which comparing and contrasting the mechanisms employed by different branching organs in diverse species can be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thin Aung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Perillo M, Swartz SZ, Pieplow C, Wessel GM. Molecular mechanisms of tubulogenesis revealed in the sea star hydro-vascular organ. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2402. [PMID: 37160908 PMCID: PMC10170166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental goal in the organogenesis field is to understand how cells organize into tubular shapes. Toward this aim, we have established the hydro-vascular organ in the sea star Patiria miniata as a model for tubulogenesis. In this animal, bilateral tubes grow out from the tip of the developing gut, and precisely extend to specific sites in the larva. This growth involves cell migration coupled with mitosis in distinct zones. Cell proliferation requires FGF signaling, whereas the three-dimensional orientation of the organ depends on Wnt signaling. Specification and maintenance of tube cell fate requires Delta/Notch signaling. Moreover, we identify target genes of the FGF pathway that contribute to tube morphology, revealing molecular mechanisms for tube outgrowth. Finally, we report that FGF activates the Six1/2 transcription factor, which serves as an evolutionarily ancient regulator of branching morphogenesis. This study uncovers distinct mechanisms of tubulogenesis in vivo and we propose that cellular dynamics in the sea star hydro-vascular organ represents a key comparison for understanding the evolution of vertebrate organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Perillo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, BioMed Division, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - S Zachary Swartz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Cosmo Pieplow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, BioMed Division, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Gary M Wessel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, BioMed Division, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo S, Liu Z, Bian Q, Wang X. Ectomesenchymal Six1 controls mandibular skeleton formation. Front Genet 2023; 14:1082911. [PMID: 36845386 PMCID: PMC9946248 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1082911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development requires intricate cooperation between multiple transcription factors and signaling pathways. Six1 is a critical transcription factor regulating craniofacial development. However, the exact function of Six1 during craniofacial development remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of Six1 in mandible development using a Six1 knockout mouse model (Six1 -/- ) and a cranial neural crest-specific, Six1 conditional knockout mouse model (Six1 f/f ; Wnt1-Cre). The Six1 -/- mice exhibited multiple craniofacial deformities, including severe microsomia, high-arched palate, and uvula deformity. Notably, the Six1 f/f ; Wnt1-Cre mice recapitulate the microsomia phenotype of Six1 -/- mice, thus demonstrating that the expression of Six1 in ectomesenchyme is critical for mandible development. We further showed that the knockout of Six1 led to abnormal expression of osteogenic genes within the mandible. Moreover, the knockdown of Six1 in C3H10 T1/2 cells reduced their osteogenic capacity in vitro. Using RNA-seq, we showed that both the loss of Six1 in the E18.5 mandible and Six1 knockdown in C3H10 T1/2 led to the dysregulation of genes involved in embryonic skeletal development. In particular, we showed that Six1 binds to the promoter of Bmp4, Fat4, Fgf18, and Fgfr2, and promotes their transcription. Collectively, our results suggest that Six1 plays a critical role in regulating mandibular skeleton formation during mouse embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songyuan Luo
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixu Liu
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Bian
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Qian Bian, ; Xudong Wang,
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Qian Bian, ; Xudong Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu W, Tan C, Zhang J. Alveolar Epithelial Type 2 Cell Dysfunction in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Lung 2022; 200:539-547. [PMID: 36136136 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-022-00571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible pulmonary interstitial disease that seriously affects the patient's quality of life and lifespan. The pathogenesis of IPF has not been clarified, and its treatment is limited to pirfenidone and nintedanib, which only delays the decline of lung function. Alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells are indispensable in the regeneration and lung surfactant secretion of alveolar epithelial cells. Studies have shown that AT2 cell dysfunction initiates the occurrence and progression of IPF. This review expounds on the AT2 cell dysfunction in IPF, involving senescence, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial damage, metabolic reprogramming, and the transitional state of AT2 cells. This article also briefly summarizes potential treatments targeting AT2 cell dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wilson C, Mertens TC, Shivshankar P, Bi W, Collum SD, Wareing N, Ko J, Weng T, Naikawadi RP, Wolters PJ, Maire P, Jyothula SS, Thandavarayan RA, Ren D, Elrod ND, Wagner EJ, Huang HJ, Dickey BF, Ford HL, Karmouty-Quintana H. Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 plays a critical role in pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e142984. [PMID: 35420997 PMCID: PMC9220956 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease with limited treatment options. The role of the developmental transcription factor Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) in the pathophysiology of lung fibrosis is not known. IPF lung tissue samples and IPF-derived alveolar type II cells (AT2) showed a significant increase in SIX1 mRNA and protein levels, and the SIX1 transcriptional coactivators EYA1 and EYA2 were elevated. Six1 was also upregulated in bleomycin-treated (BLM-treated) mice and in a model of spontaneous lung fibrosis driven by deletion of Telomeric Repeat Binding Factor 1 (Trf1) in AT2 cells. Conditional deletion of Six1 in AT2 cells prevented or halted BLM-induced lung fibrosis, as measured by a significant reduction in histological burden of fibrosis, reduced fibrotic mediator expression, and improved lung function. These effects were associated with increased macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in lung epithelial cells in vivo following SIX1 overexpression in BLM-induced fibrosis. A MIF promoter-driven luciferase assay demonstrated direct binding of Six1 to the 5'-TCAGG-3' consensus sequence of the MIF promoter, identifying a likely mechanism of SIX1-driven MIF expression in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and providing a potentially novel pathway for targeting in IPF therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tinne C.J. Mertens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pooja Shivshankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Weizen Bi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott D. Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nancy Wareing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junsuk Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ram P. Naikawadi
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul J. Wolters
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pascal Maire
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Soma S.K. Jyothula
- Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Dewei Ren
- Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nathan D. Elrod
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Eric J. Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, KMRB G.9629, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Howard J. Huang
- Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Burton F. Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heide L. Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
- Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Orchestrates Human Lung Branching Morphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095265. [PMID: 35563656 PMCID: PMC9100880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays an essential role in mouse lung development. We hypothesize that the HH pathway is necessary for branching during human lung development and is impaired in pulmonary hypoplasia. Single-cell, bulk RNA-sequencing data, and human fetal lung tissues were analyzed to determine the spatiotemporal localization of HH pathway actors. Distal human lung segments were cultured in an air-liquid interface and treated with an SHH inhibitor (5E1) to determine the effect of HH inhibition on human lung branching, epithelial-mesenchymal markers, and associated signaling pathways in vitro. Our results showed an early and regulated expression of HH pathway components during human lung development. Inhibiting HH signaling caused a reduction in branching during development and dysregulated epithelial (SOX2, SOX9) and mesenchymal (ACTA2) progenitor markers. FGF and Wnt pathways were also disrupted upon HH inhibition. Finally, we demonstrated that HH signaling elements were downregulated in lung tissues of patients with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). In this study, we show for the first time that HH signaling inhibition alters important genes and proteins required for proper branching of the human developing lung. Understanding the role of the HH pathway on human lung development could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for childhood pulmonary diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Friedmacher F, Rolle U, Puri P. Genetically Modified Mouse Models of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Opportunities and Limitations for Studying Altered Lung Development. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:867307. [PMID: 35633948 PMCID: PMC9136148 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.867307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a relatively common and life-threatening birth defect, characterized by an abnormal opening in the primordial diaphragm that interferes with normal lung development. As a result, CDH is accompanied by immature and hypoplastic lungs, being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with this condition. In recent decades, various animal models have contributed novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CDH and associated pulmonary hypoplasia. In particular, the generation of genetically modified mouse models, which show both diaphragm and lung abnormalities, has resulted in the discovery of multiple genes and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of CDH. This article aims to offer an up-to-date overview on CDH-implicated transcription factors, molecules regulating cell migration and signal transduction as well as components contributing to the formation of extracellular matrix, whilst also discussing the significance of these genetic models for studying altered lung development with regard to the human situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Friedmacher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Udo Rolle
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Prem Puri
- Beacon Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Coppenrath K, Tavares ALP, Shaidani NI, Wlizla M, Moody SA, Horb M. Generation of a new six1-null line in Xenopus tropicalis for study of development and congenital disease. Genesis 2021; 59:e23453. [PMID: 34664392 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate Six (Sine oculis homeobox) family of homeodomain transcription factors plays critical roles in the development of several organs. Six1 plays a central role in cranial placode development, including the precursor tissues of the inner ear, as well as other cranial sensory organs and the kidney. In humans, mutations in SIX1 underlie some cases of Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome, which is characterized by moderate-to-severe hearing loss. We utilized CRISPR/Cas9 technology to establish a six1 mutant line in Xenopus tropicalis that is available to the research community. We demonstrate that at larval stages, the six1-null animals show severe disruptions in gene expression of putative Six1 target genes in the otic vesicle, cranial ganglia, branchial arch, and neural tube. At tadpole stages, six1-null animals display dysmorphic Meckel's, ceratohyal, and otic capsule cartilage morphology. This mutant line will be of value for the study of the development of several organs as well as congenital syndromes that involve these tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Coppenrath
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre L P Tavares
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nikko-Ideen Shaidani
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.,Embryology Department, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sally A Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Marko Horb
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering and National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A novel insight into differential expression profiles of sporadic cerebral cavernous malformation patients with different symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19351. [PMID: 34588521 PMCID: PMC8481309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a vascular lesion of the central nervous system that may lead to distinct symptoms among patients including cerebral hemorrhages, epileptic seizures, focal neurologic deficits, and/or headaches. Disease-related mutations were identified previously in one of the three CCM genes: CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3. However, the rate of these mutations in sporadic cases is relatively low, and new studies report that mutations in CCM genes may not be sufficient to initiate the lesions. Despite the growing body of research on CCM, the underlying molecular mechanism has remained largely elusive. In order to provide a novel insight considering the specific manifested symptoms, CCM patients were classified into two groups (as Epilepsy and Hemorrhage). Since the studied patients experience various symptoms, we hypothesized that the underlying cause for the disease may also differ between those groups. To this end, the respective transcriptomes were compared to the transcriptomes of the control brain tissues and among each other. This resulted into the identification of the differentially expressed coding genes and the delineation of the corresponding differential expression profile for each comparison. Notably, some of those differentially expressed genes were previously implicated in epilepsy, cell structure formation, and cell metabolism. However, no CCM1-3 gene deregulation was detected. Interestingly, we observed that when compared to the normal controls, the expression of some identified genes was only significantly altered either in Epilepsy (EGLN1, ELAVL4, and NFE2l2) or Hemorrhage (USP22, EYA1, SIX1, OAS3, SRMS) groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such effort focusing on CCM patients with epileptic and hemorrhagic symptoms with the purpose of uncovering the potential CCM-related genes. It is also the first report that presents a gene expression dataset on Turkish CCM patients. The results suggest that the new candidate genes should be explored to further elucidate the CCM pathology. Overall, this work constitutes a step towards the identification of novel potential genetic targets for the development of possible future therapies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu Q, Kilik U, Holloway EM, Tsai YH, Harmel C, Wu A, Wu JH, Czerwinski M, Childs CJ, He Z, Capeling MM, Huang S, Glass IA, Higgins PDR, Treutlein B, Spence JR, Camp JG. Charting human development using a multi-endodermal organ atlas and organoid models. Cell 2021; 184:3281-3298.e22. [PMID: 34019796 PMCID: PMC8208823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organs are composed of diverse cell types that traverse transient states during organogenesis. To interrogate this diversity during human development, we generate a single-cell transcriptome atlas from multiple developing endodermal organs of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. We illuminate cell states, transcription factors, and organ-specific epithelial stem cell and mesenchyme interactions across lineages. We implement the atlas as a high-dimensional search space to benchmark human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived intestinal organoids (HIOs) under multiple culture conditions. We show that HIOs recapitulate reference cell states and use HIOs to reconstruct the molecular dynamics of intestinal epithelium and mesenchyme emergence. We show that the mesenchyme-derived niche cue NRG1 enhances intestinal stem cell maturation in vitro and that the homeobox transcription factor CDX2 is required for regionalization of intestinal epithelium and mesenchyme in humans. This work combines cell atlases and organoid technologies to understand how human organ development is orchestrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Umut Kilik
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emily M Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christoph Harmel
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angeline Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joshua H Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Czerwinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charlie J Childs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhisong He
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meghan M Capeling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter D R Higgins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Barbara Treutlein
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - J Gray Camp
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Vasculature Development, Differentiation, and Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123076. [PMID: 31238510 PMCID: PMC6627637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vascular biology has first been highlighted in embryos by Pepicelli et al. in 1998 and Rowitch et al. in 1999. Since then, the proangiogenic role of the Hh ligands has been confirmed in adults, especially under pathologic conditions. More recently, the Hh signaling has been proposed to improve vascular integrity especially at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the role of the Hh signaling in vascular biology remain poorly understood and conflicting results have been reported. As a matter of fact, in several settings, it is currently not clear whether Hh ligands promote vessel integrity and quiescence or destabilize vessels to promote angiogenesis. The present review relates the current knowledge regarding the role of the Hh signaling in vasculature development, maturation and maintenance, discusses the underlying proposed mechanisms and highlights controversial data which may serve as a guideline for future research. Most importantly, fully understanding such mechanisms is critical for the development of safe and efficient therapies to target the Hh signaling in both cancer and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chu Y, Chen Y, Li M, Shi D, Wang B, Lian Y, Cheng X, Wang X, Xu M, Cheng T, Shi J, Yuan W. Six1 regulates leukemia stem cell maintenance in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2200-2210. [PMID: 31050834 PMCID: PMC6609858 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetic changes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) play crucial roles in leukemogenesis, including recurrent chromosome translocations, epigenetic/spliceosome mutations and transcription factor aberrations. Six1, a transcription factor of the Sine oculis homeobox (Six) family, has been shown to transform normal hematopoietic progenitors into leukemia in cooperation with Eya. However, the specific role and the underlying mechanism of Six1 in leukemia maintenance remain unexplored. Here, we showed increased expression of SIX1 in AML patients and murine leukemia stem cells (c‐Kit+ cells, LSCs). Importantly, we also observed that a higher level of Six1 in human patients predicts a worse prognosis. Notably, knockdown of Six1 significantly prolonged the survival of MLL‐AF9‐induced AML mice with reduced peripheral infiltration and tumor burden. AML cells from Six1‐knockdown (KD) mice displayed a significantly decreased number and function of LSC, as assessed by the immunophenotype, colony‐forming ability and limiting dilution assay. Further analysis revealed the augmented apoptosis of LSC and decreased expression of glycolytic genes in Six1 KD mice. Overall, our data showed that Six1 is essential for the progression of MLL‐AF9‐induced AML via maintaining the pool of LSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangpeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Mengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Deyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Bichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuelian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological disorders, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li L, Liang Y, Kang L, Liu Y, Gao S, Chen S, Li Y, You W, Dong Q, Hong T, Yan Z, Jin S, Wang T, Zhao W, Mai H, Huang J, Han X, Ji Q, Song Q, Yang C, Zhao S, Xu X, Ye Q. Transcriptional Regulation of the Warburg Effect in Cancer by SIX1. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:368-385.e7. [PMID: 29455928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) facilitates tumor growth, and drugs targeting aerobic glycolysis are being developed. However, how the Warburg effect is directly regulated is largely unknown. Here we show that transcription factor SIX1 directly increases the expression of many glycolytic genes, promoting the Warburg effect and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. SIX1 regulates glycolysis through HBO1 and AIB1 histone acetyltransferases. Cancer-related SIX1 mutation increases its ability to promote aerobic glycolysis and tumor growth. SIX1 glycolytic function is directly repressed by microRNA-548a-3p, which is downregulated, inversely correlates with SIX1, and is a good predictor of prognosis in breast cancer patients. Thus, the microRNA-548a-3p/SIX1 axis strongly links aerobic glycolysis to carcinogenesis and may become a promising cancer therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yingchun Liang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wenye You
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tian Hong
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhifeng Yan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuai Jin
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Oncology, 307 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Haixing Mai
- Department of Urology, 307 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Urology, 307 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Quanbo Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Shixin Zhao
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zacharias WJ, Frank DB, Zepp JA, Morley MP, Alkhaleel FA, Kong J, Zhou S, Cantu E, Morrisey EE. Regeneration of the lung alveolus by an evolutionarily conserved epithelial progenitor. Nature 2018; 555:251-255. [PMID: 29489752 PMCID: PMC6020060 DOI: 10.1038/nature25786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional tissue regeneration is required for the restoration of normal organ homeostasis after severe injury. Some organs, such as the intestine, harbour active stem cells throughout homeostasis and regeneration; more quiescent organs, such as the lung, often contain facultative progenitor cells that are recruited after injury to participate in regeneration. Here we show that a Wnt-responsive alveolar epithelial progenitor (AEP) lineage within the alveolar type 2 cell population acts as a major facultative progenitor cell in the distal lung. AEPs are a stable lineage during alveolar homeostasis but expand rapidly to regenerate a large proportion of the alveolar epithelium after acute lung injury. AEPs exhibit a distinct transcriptome, epigenome and functional phenotype and respond specifically to Wnt and Fgf signalling. In contrast to other proposed lung progenitor cells, human AEPs can be directly isolated by expression of the conserved cell surface marker TM4SF1, and act as functional human alveolar epithelial progenitor cells in 3D organoids. Our results identify the AEP lineage as an evolutionarily conserved alveolar progenitor that represents a new target for human lung regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Zacharias
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - David B Frank
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jarod A Zepp
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Farrah A Alkhaleel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jun Kong
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Edward Cantu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bolte C, Whitsett JA, Kalin TV, Kalinichenko VV. Transcription Factors Regulating Embryonic Development of Pulmonary Vasculature. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 228:1-20. [PMID: 29288383 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68483-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lung morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process beginning with the appearance of lung buds on approximately embryonic day 9.5 in the mouse. Endodermally derived epithelial cells of the primitive lung buds undergo branching morphogenesis to generate the tree-like network of epithelial-lined tubules. The pulmonary vasculature develops in close proximity to epithelial progenitor cells in a process that is regulated by interactions between the developing epithelium and underlying mesenchyme. Studies in transgenic and knockout mouse models demonstrate that normal lung morphogenesis requires coordinated interactions between cells lining the tubules, which end in peripheral saccules, juxtaposed to an extensive network of capillaries. Multiple growth factors, microRNAs, transcription factors, and their associated signaling cascades regulate cellular proliferation, migration, survival, and differentiation during formation of the peripheral lung. Dysregulation of signaling events caused by gene mutations, teratogens, or premature birth causes severe congenital and acquired lung diseases in which normal alveolar architecture and the pulmonary capillary network are disrupted. Herein, we review scientific progress regarding signaling and transcriptional mechanisms regulating the development of pulmonary vasculature during lung morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Bolte
- Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of genetically complex granulomatous diseases, such as sarcoidosis and latent tuberculosis, remains largely unknown. With the recent advent of more powerful research tools, such as genome-wide expression platforms, comes the challenge of making sense of the enormous data sets so generated. This manuscript will provide demonstrations of how in-silico (computer) analysis of large research data sets can lead to novel discoveries in the field of granulomatous lung disease. RECENT FINDINGS The application of in-silico research tools has led to novel discoveries in the fields of noninfectious (e.g., sarcoidosis) and infectious granulomatous diseases. Computer models have identified novel disease mechanisms and can be used to perform 'virtual' experiments rapidly and at low cost compared with conventional laboratory techniques. SUMMARY Granulomatous lung diseases are extremely complex, involving dynamic interactions between multiple genes, cells, and molecules. In-silico interpretation of large data sets generated from new research platforms that are capable of comprehensively characterizing and quantifying pools of biological molecules promises to rapidly accelerate the rate of scientific discovery in the field of granulomatous lung disorders.
Collapse
|
19
|
Rubin LP. Pulmonary hypoplasia resulting from prolonged rupture of membranes: A distinct clinical entity with instructive experimental models. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:1378-1380. [PMID: 28714267 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis P Rubin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Suen AA, Jefferson WN, Wood CE, Padilla-Banks E, Bae-Jump VL, Williams CJ. SIX1 Oncoprotein as a Biomarker in a Model of Hormonal Carcinogenesis and in Human Endometrial Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:849-58. [PMID: 27259717 PMCID: PMC5025359 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The oncofetal protein sine oculis-related homeobox 1 (SIX1) is a developmental transcription factor associated with carcinogenesis in several human cancer types but has not been investigated in human endometrial cancer. In a model of hormonal carcinogenesis, mice neonatally exposed to the soy phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) or the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) develop endometrial cancer as adults. Previously, we demonstrated that SIX1 becomes aberrantly expressed in the uteri of these mice. Here, we used this mouse model to investigate the role of SIX1 expression in endometrial carcinoma development and used human tissue microarrays to explore the utility of SIX1 as a biomarker in human endometrial cancer. In mice neonatally exposed to GEN or DES, the Six1 transcript level increased dramatically over time in uteri at 6, 12, and 18 months of age and was associated with development of endometrial carcinoma. SIX1 protein localized within abnormal basal cells and all atypical hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions. These findings indicate that developmental estrogenic chemical exposure induces persistent endometrial SIX1 expression that is strongly associated with abnormal cell differentiation and cancer development. In human endometrial tissue specimens, SIX1 was not present in normal endometrium but was expressed in a subset of endometrial cancers in patients who were also more likely to have late-stage disease. These findings identify SIX1 as a disease biomarker in a model of hormonal carcinogenesis and suggest that SIX1 plays a role in endometrial cancer development in both mice and women. IMPLICATIONS The SIX1 oncoprotein is aberrantly expressed in the endometrium following developmental exposure to estrogenic chemicals, correlates with uterine cancer, and is a biomarker in human endometrial cancers. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 849-58. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A. Suen
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
- Curriculum in Toxicology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Wendy N. Jefferson
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Charles E. Wood
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27709
| | - Elizabeth Padilla-Banks
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Victoria L. Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Carmen J. Williams
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
- Curriculum in Toxicology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bae S, Kwon H, Yoon H, Park M, Kim HR, Song H, Hong K, Choi Y. Estrogen-dependent expression of sine oculis homeobox 1 in the mouse uterus during the estrous cycle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:489-95. [PMID: 26940739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) is a member of the Six gene family. SIX1 is involved in tissue development by regulating proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. However, function of SIX1 in the uterus remains unknown. Here, we found that Six1 expression is regulated along the estrous cycle in mouse uterus. Six1 expression was significantly increased at estrus stage and decreased at the rest of stages. SIX1 is detected in the luminal and glandular epithelium of uterine endometrium at the estrus stage. Estrogen injection increased Six1 expression in the ovariectomized mouse uterus, whereas progesterone had no effect on its expression. Estrogen receptor antagonist inhibited estrogen-induced Six1 expression. Our findings imply that SIX1 may play a role as an important regulator to orchestrate the dynamic of uterine endometrium in response to estrogen level during the estrous cycle. These results will give us a better understanding of uterine biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijeong Bae
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Kwon
- Fertility Center of CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Miseon Park
- Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center, Seoul 06135, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Haengseok Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea; Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center, Seoul 06135, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Han N, Yuan X, Wu H, Xu H, Chu Q, Guo M, Yu S, Chen Y, Wu K. DACH1 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma invasion and tumor growth by repressing CXCL5 signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5877-88. [PMID: 25788272 PMCID: PMC4467408 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) identified that DACH1, is a human homolog of drosophila gene dac, is involved in NSCLC. Here we showed that expression of DACH1 was significantly decreased in human NSCLC tissues and DACH1 abundance was inversely correlated with tumor stages and grades. Restoration of DACH1 expression in NSCLC cells significantly reduced cellular proliferation, clone formation, migration and invasion in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo. Unbiased screen and functional study suggested that DACH1 mediated effects were dependent in part on suppression of CXCL5. There was an inverse correlation between DACH1 mRNA levels and CXCL5 in both lung cancer cell lines and human NSCLC tissues. Kaplan-Mier analysis of human NSCLC samples demonstrated that high DACH1 mRNA levels predicted favorable prognosis for relapse-free and overall survival. In agreement, high CXCL5 expression predicted a worse prognosis for survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kugler MC, Joyner AL, Loomis CA, Munger JS. Sonic hedgehog signaling in the lung. From development to disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:1-13. [PMID: 25068457 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0132tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the secreted protein sonic hedgehog (SHH) has emerged as a critical morphogen during embryonic lung development, regulating the interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations in the airway and alveolar compartments. There is increasing evidence that the SHH pathway is active in adult lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer, which raises two questions: (1) What role does SHH signaling play in these diseases? and (2) Is it a primary driver of the disease or a response (perhaps beneficial) to the primary disturbance? In this review we aim to fill the gap between the well-studied period of embryonic lung development and the adult diseased lung by reviewing the hedgehog (HH) pathway during the postnatal period and in adult uninjured and injured lungs. We elucidate the similarities and differences in the epithelial-mesenchymal interplay during the fibrosis response to injury in lung compared with other organs and present a critical appraisal of tools and agents available to evaluate HH signaling.
Collapse
|
24
|
Blevins MA, Towers CG, Patrick AN, Zhao R, Ford HL. The SIX1-EYA transcriptional complex as a therapeutic target in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:213-25. [PMID: 25555392 PMCID: PMC4336540 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.978860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The SIX homeodomain proteins and the eyes absent (EYA) family of co-activators form a bipartite transcription factor complex that promotes the proliferation and survival of progenitor cells during organogenesis and is down-regulated in most adult tissues. Abnormal over-expression of SIX1 and EYA in adult tissue is associated with the initiation and progression of diverse tumor types. Importantly, SIX1 and EYA are often co-overexpressed in tumors, and the SIX1-EYA2 interaction has been shown to be critical for metastasis in a breast cancer model. The EYA proteins also contain protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, which plays an important role in breast cancer growth and metastasis as well as directing cells to the repair pathway upon DNA damage. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of the SIX1/EYA complex as it relates to development and disease and the current efforts to therapeutically target this complex. EXPERT OPINION Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies suggesting that targeting the SIX1/EYA transcriptional complex will potently inhibit tumor progression. Although current attempts to develop inhibitors targeting this complex are still in the early stages, continued efforts toward developing better compounds may ultimately result in effective anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Blevins
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , Aurora, CO 80045 , USA ,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Marriott S, Baskir RS, Gaskill C, Menon S, Carrier EJ, Williams J, Talati M, Helm K, Alford CE, Kropski JA, Loyd J, Wheeler L, Johnson J, Austin E, Nozik-Grayck E, Meyrick B, West JD, Klemm DJ, Majka SM. ABCG2pos lung mesenchymal stem cells are a novel pericyte subpopulation that contributes to fibrotic remodeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C684-98. [PMID: 25122876 PMCID: PMC4200000 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00114.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genesis of myofibroblasts is obligatory for the development of pathology in many adult lung diseases. Adult lung tissue contains a population of perivascular ABCG2(pos) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that are precursors of myofibroblasts and distinct from NG2 pericytes. We hypothesized that these MSC participate in deleterious remodeling associated with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and associated hypertension (PH). To test this hypothesis, resident lung MSC were quantified in lung samples from control subjects and PF patients. ABCG2(pos) cell numbers were decreased in human PF and interstitial lung disease compared with control samples. Genetic labeling of lung MSC in mice enabled determination of terminal lineage and localization of ABCG2 cells following intratracheal administration of bleomycin to elicit fibrotic lung injury. Fourteen days following bleomycin injury enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-labeled lung MSC-derived cells were increased in number and localized to interstitial areas of fibrotic and microvessel remodeling. Finally, gene expression analysis was evaluated to define the response of MSC to bleomycin injury in vivo using ABCG2(pos) MSC isolated during the inflammatory phase postinjury and in vitro bleomycin or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-treated cells. MSC responded to bleomycin treatment in vivo with a profibrotic gene program that was not recapitulated in vitro with bleomycin treatment. However, TGF-β1 treatment induced the appearance of a profibrotic myofibroblast phenotype in vitro. Additionally, when exposed to the profibrotic stimulus, TGF-β1, ABCG2, and NG2 pericytes demonstrated distinct responses. Our data highlight ABCG2(pos) lung MSC as a novel cell population that contributes to detrimental myofibroblast-mediated remodeling during PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shennea Marriott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Rubin S Baskir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Christa Gaskill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Swapna Menon
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute Kochi and AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Kerala, India
| | - Erica J Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Janice Williams
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Electron Microscopy-Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Megha Talati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Karen Helm
- Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine E Alford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - James Loyd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Lisa Wheeler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Joyce Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Department of Pediatrics or Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Barbara Meyrick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - James D West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse; Vanderbilt Pulmonary Circulation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dwight J Klemm
- Department of Pediatrics or Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Susan M Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Pulmonary Circulation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mondrinos MJ, Jones PL, Finck CM, Lelkes PI. Engineering de novo assembly of fetal pulmonary organoids. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2892-907. [PMID: 24825442 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of morphogenesis by competent lung progenitor cells in a 3D environment is a central goal of pulmonary tissue engineering, yet little is known about the microenvironmental signals required to induce de novo assembly of alveolar-like tissue in vitro. In extending our previous reports of alveolar-like tissue formation by fetal pulmonary cells stimulated by exogenous fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), we identified some of the key endogenous mediators of FGF-driven morphogenesis (organoid assembly), for example, epithelial sacculation, endothelial network assembly, and epithelial-endothelial interfacing. Sequestration of endogenously secreted vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) potently inhibited endothelial network formation, with little or no effect on epithelial morphogenesis. Inhibition of endogenous sonic hedgehog (SHH) partially attenuated FGF-driven endothelial network formation, while the addition of exogenous SHH in the absence of FGFs was able to induce epithelial and endothelial morphogenesis, although with distinct morphological characteristics. Notably, SHH-induced endothelial networks exhibited fewer branch points, reduced sprouting behavior, and a periendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM) virtually devoid of tenascin-C (TN-C). By contrast, focal deposition of endogenous TN-C was observed in the ECM-surrounding endothelial networks of FGF-induced organoids, especially around sprouting tips. In the FGF-induced organoids, TN-C was also observed in the clefts of sacculated epithelium and at the epithelial-endothelial interface. In support of a critical role in the formation of alveolar-like tissue in vitro, TN-C blocking inhibited endothelial network formation and epithelial sacculation. Upon engraftment of in-vitro-generated pulmonary organoids beneath the renal capsule of syngeneic mice, robust neovascularization occurred in 5 days with a large contribution of patent vessels from engrafted organoids, providing proof of principle for exploring intrapulmonary engraftment of prevascularized hydrogel constructs. Expression of proSpC, VEGF-A, and TN-C following 1 week in vivo mirrored the patterns observed in vitro. Taken together, these findings advance our understanding of endogenous growth factor and ECM signals important for de novo formation of pulmonary tissue structures in vitro and demonstrate the potential of an organoid-based approach to lung tissue augmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Mondrinos
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu W, Ren Z, Li P, Yu D, Chen J, Huang R, Liu H. Six1: A critical transcription factor in tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1245-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
- Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University; Huaian Jiangsu China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding; Ministry of Agriculture; Key Lab of Agriculture Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Debing Yu
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Friedmacher F, Fujiwara N, Hofmann AD, Takahashi H, Gosemann JH, Puri P. Expression of Eya1 and Six1 is decreased in distal airways of rats with experimental pulmonary hypoplasia. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:301-4. [PMID: 24528972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) represents one of the major challenges in neonatal intensive care. Eyes absent 1 (Eya1) and sine oculis homebox 1 (Six1) have been identified as essential components of the gene network that regulates foetal lung development. Eya1 and Six1 are expressed in distal epithelial tips of branching airways as well as in surrounding mesenchymal cells, highlighting their important role during branching morphogenesis. Lungs of Eya1(-/-) and Six1(-/-) knockouts display PH with reduced epithelial branching, appearing to be arrested in the pseudoglandular stage. We hypothesized that Eya1 and Six1 expression is decreased in branching airways of nitrofen-induced PH. METHODS Time-mated rats received either nitrofen or vehicle on E9.5. Foetal lungs were dissected on E15.5 and divided into control and nitrofen groups, whereas lungs harvested on E18.5 were divided into controls, PH without CDH [PH(-)], and PH with CDH [PH(+)]. Pulmonary gene expression levels of Eya1 and Six1 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to investigate Eya1 and Six1 protein expression and localization by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS Relative mRNA expression of Eya1 and Six1 was significantly decreased in PH(-) and PH(+) on E18.5 compared to controls. CLSM confirmed markedly diminished immunofluorescence of Eya1 and Six1 in distal airway epithelium as well as in surrounding mesenchymal cells of nitrofen-induced PH on E18.5 compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of Eya1 and Six1 gene expression in nitrofen-induced PH suggests that decreased Eya1 and Six1 expression during the late pseudoglandular stage may interfere with epithelial branching and distal airway maturation, thus resulting in PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Friedmacher
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naho Fujiwara
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Hiromizu Takahashi
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan-Hendrik Gosemann
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
McIntyre BAS, Alev C, Mechael R, Salci KR, Lee JB, Fiebig-Comyn A, Guezguez B, Wu Y, Sheng G, Bhatia M. Expansive generation of functional airway epithelium from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:7-17. [PMID: 24300555 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived lung progenitors has broad applicability for drug screening and cell therapy; however, this is complicated by limitations in demarcating phenotypic changes with functional validation of airway cell types. In this paper, we reveal the potential of hESCs to produce multipotent lung progenitors using a combined growth factor and physical culture approach, guided by the use of novel markers LIFRα and NRP1. Lung specification of hESCs was achieved by priming differentiation via matrix-specific support, followed by air-liquid interface to allow generation of lung progenitors capable of in vitro maturation into airway epithelial cell types, resulting in functional characteristics such as secretion of pulmonary surfactant, ciliation, polarization, and acquisition of innate immune activity. This approach provided a robust expansion of lung progenitors, allowing in vivo assessment, which demonstrated that only fully differentiated hESC-derived airway cells were retained in the distal airway, where they aided in physiological recovery in immunocompromised mice receiving airway injury. Our study provides a basis for translational applications of hESCs for lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A S McIntyre
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Kobe, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sox9 plays multiple roles in the lung epithelium during branching morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4456-64. [PMID: 24191021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311847110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung branching morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process that gives rise to the complex network of gas-exchanging units in the adult lung. Intricate regulation of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk are critical to ensuring branching morphogenesis occurs properly. Here, we describe a role for the transcription factor Sox9 during lung branching morphogenesis. Sox9 is expressed at the distal tips of the branching epithelium in a highly dynamic manner as branching occurs and is down-regulated starting at embryonic day 16.5, concurrent with the onset of terminal differentiation of type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells. Using epithelial-specific genetic loss- and gain-of-function approaches, our results demonstrate that Sox9 controls multiple aspects of lung branching. Fine regulation of Sox9 levels is required to balance proliferation and differentiation of epithelial tip progenitor cells, and loss of Sox9 leads to direct and indirect cellular defects including extracellular matrix defects, cytoskeletal disorganization, and aberrant epithelial movement. Our evidence shows that unlike other endoderm-derived epithelial tissues, such as the intestine, Wnt/β-catenin signaling does not regulate Sox9 expression in the lung. We conclude that Sox9 collectively promotes proper branching morphogenesis by controlling the balance between proliferation and differentiation and regulating the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abrogation of Eya1/Six1 disrupts the saccular phase of lung morphogenesis and causes remodeling. Dev Biol 2013; 382:110-23. [PMID: 23895934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Eya1 gene encodes a transcriptional co-activator that acts with Six1 to control the development of different organs. However, Six1-Eya1 interactions and functional roles in mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation as well as alveolarization during the saccular stage of lung development are still unknown. Herein, we provide the first evidence that Six1 and Eya1 act together to regulate mesenchymal development as well as alveolarization during the saccular phase of lung morphogenesis. Deletion of either or both Six1 and Eya1 genes results in a severe saccular phenotype, including defects of mesenchymal cell development and remodeling of the distal lung septae and arteries. Mutant lung histology at the saccular phase shows mesenchymal and saccular wall thickening, and abnormal proliferation of α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells, as well as increased mesenchymal/fibroblast cell differentiation, which become more sever when deleting both genes. Our study indicates that SHH but not TGF-β signaling pathway is a central mediator for the histologic alterations described in the saccular phenotype of Eya1(-/-) or Six1(-/-) lungs. Indeed, genetic reduction of SHH activity in vivo or inhibition of its activity in vitro substantially rescues lung mesenchymal and alveolar phenotype of mutant mice at the saccular phase. These findings uncover novel functions for Six1-Eya1-SHH pathway during the saccular phase of lung morphogenesis, providing a conceptual framework for future mechanistic and translational studies in this area.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chow K, Fessel JP, Kaoriihida-Stansbury, Schmidt EP, Gaskill C, Alvarez D, Graham B, Harrison DG, Wagner DH, Nozik-Grayck E, West JD, Klemm DJ, Majka SM. Dysfunctional resident lung mesenchymal stem cells contribute to pulmonary microvascular remodeling. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:31-49. [PMID: 23662173 PMCID: PMC3641738 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling and oxidative stress are common to many adult lung diseases. However, little is known about the relevance of lung mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in these processes. We tested the hypothesis that dysfunctional lung MSCs directly participate in remodeling of the microcirculation. We employed a genetic model to deplete extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) in lung MSCs coupled with lineage tracing analysis. We crossed floxpsod3 and mT/mG reporter mice to a strain expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the ABCG2 promoter. We demonstrated In vivo that depletion of EC-SOD in lung MSCs resulted in their contribution to microvascular remodeling in the smooth muscle actin positive layer. We further characterized lung MSCs to be multipotent vascular precursors, capable of myofibroblast, endothelial and pericyte differentiation in vitro. EC-SOD deficiency in cultured lung MSCs accelerated proliferation and apoptosis, restricted colony-forming ability, multilineage differentiation potential and promoted the transition to a contractile phenotype. Further studies correlated cell dysfunction to alterations in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which were more evident under conditions of oxidative stress. Our data establish that lung MSCs are a multipotent vascular precursor population, a population which has the capacity to participate in vascular remodeling and their function is likely regulated in part by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These studies highlight an important role for microenviromental regulation of multipotent MSC function as well as their potential to contribute to tissue remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Chow
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li Z, Deng D, Huang H, Tian L, Chen Z, Zou Y, Jin G, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wu L, Shen H. Overexpression of Six1 leads to retardation of myogenic differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:217-23. [PMID: 23079703 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Six1 homeoprotein belongs to the Six (sine oculis) transcription factor family, the members of which are known to act as master regulators of development. Six1 is essential for promoting myogenesis during mammalian somitogenesis. Previous studies have shown that Six1 participates in later steps of myogenic differentiation by enhancing early activation of myogenin via binding to the Mef3 site of the myogenin promoter. In the present study, however, we show that overexpression of Six1 via retroviral infection suppresses the expression of myogenin and myosin in C2C12 myoblasts, consequently retarding myogenic differentiation without affecting cell proliferation or expression of Mef2 and Mef3. These findings further demonstrate the functional role of Six1 in myogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Maina JN. Comparative molecular developmental aspects of the mammalian- and the avian lungs, and the insectan tracheal system by branching morphogenesis: recent advances and future directions. Front Zool 2012; 9:16. [PMID: 22871018 PMCID: PMC3502106 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas exchangers fundamentally form by branching morphogenesis (BM), a mechanistically profoundly complex process which derives from coherent expression and regulation of multiple genes that direct cell-to-cell interactions, differentiation, and movements by signaling of various molecular morphogenetic cues at specific times and particular places in the developing organ. Coordinated expression of growth-instructing factors determines sizes and sites where bifurcation occurs, by how much a part elongates before it divides, and the angle at which branching occurs. BM is essentially induced by dualities of factors where through feedback- or feed forward loops agonists/antagonists are activated or repressed. The intricate transactions between the development orchestrating molecular factors determine the ultimate phenotype. From the primeval time when the transformation of unicellular organisms to multicellular ones occurred by systematic accretion of cells, BM has been perpetually conserved. Canonical signalling, transcriptional pathways, and other instructive molecular factors are commonly employed within and across species, tissues, and stages of development. While much still remain to be elucidated and some of what has been reported corroborated and reconciled with rest of existing data, notable progress has in recent times been made in understanding the mechanism of BM. By identifying and characterizing the morphogenetic drivers, and markers and their regulatory dynamics, the elemental underpinnings of BM have been more precisely explained. Broadening these insights will allow more effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of developmental abnormalities and pathologies in pre- and postnatal lungs. Conservation of the molecular factors which are involved in the development of the lung (and other branched organs) is a classic example of nature's astuteness in economically utilizing finite resources. Once purposefully formed, well-tested and tried ways and means are adopted, preserved, and widely used to engineer the most optimal phenotypes. The material and time costs of developing utterly new instruments and routines with every drastic biological change (e.g. adaptation and speciation) are circumvented. This should assure the best possible structures and therefore functions, ensuring survival and evolutionary success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, P,O, Box 524, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ornitz DM, Yin Y. Signaling networks regulating development of the lower respiratory tract. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/5/a008318. [PMID: 22550231 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lungs serve the primary function of air-blood gas exchange in all mammals and in terrestrial vertebrates. Efficient gas exchange requires a large surface area that provides intimate contact between the atmosphere and the circulatory system. To achieve this, the lung contains a branched conducting system (the bronchial tree) and specialized air-blood gas exchange units (the alveoli). The conducting system brings air from the external environment to the alveoli and functions to protect the lung from debris that could obstruct airways, from entry of pathogens, and from excessive loss of fluids. The distal lung enables efficient exchange of gas between the alveoli and the conducting system and between the alveoli and the circulatory system. In this article, we highlight developmental and physiological mechanisms that specify, pattern, and regulate morphogenesis of this complex and essential organ. Recent advances have begun to define molecular mechanisms that control many of the important processes required for lung organogenesis; however, many questions remain. A deeper understanding of these molecular mechanisms will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital lung disease and in the development of strategies to enhance the reparative response of the lung to injury and eventually permit regeneration of functional lung tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|