1
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Yin H, Staples SCR, Pickering JG. The fundamentals of fibroblast growth factor 9. Differentiation 2024; 139:100731. [PMID: 37783652 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) was first identified during a screen for factors acting on cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Research over the subsequent two decades has revealed this protein to be a critically important and elegantly regulated growth factor. A hallmark control feature is reciprocal compartmentalization, particularly during development, with epithelium as a dominant source and mesenchyme a prime target. This mesenchyme selectivity is accomplished by the high affinity of FGF9 to the IIIc isoforms of FGFR1, 2, and 3. FGF9 is expressed widely in the embryo, including the developing heart and lungs, and more selectively in the adult, including the CNS and kidneys. Global Fgf9-null mice die shortly after birth due to respiratory failure from hypoplastic lungs. As well, their hearts are dilated and poorly vascularized, the skeleton is small, the intestine is shortened, and male-to-female sex reversal can be found. Conditional Fgf9-null mice have revealed CNS phenotypes, including ataxia and epilepsy. In humans, FGF9 variants have been found to underlie multiple synostoses syndrome 3, a syndrome characterized by multiple joint fusions. Aberrant FGF9 signaling has also been implicated in differences of sex development and cancer, whereas vascular stabilizing effects of FGF9 could benefit chronic diseases. This primer reviews the attributes of this vital growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sabrina C R Staples
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - J Geoffrey Pickering
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada; London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada.
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2
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Ma S, Li X, Cao R, Zhan G, Fu X, Xiao R, Yang Z. Developmentally regulated expression of integrin alpha-6 distinguishes neural crest derivatives in the skin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1140554. [PMID: 37255601 PMCID: PMC10225710 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1140554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest-derived cells play essential roles in skin function and homeostasis. However, how they interact with environmental cues and differentiate into functional skin cells remains unclear. Using a combination of single-cell data analysis, neural crest lineage tracing, and flow cytometry, we found that the expression of integrin α6 (ITGA6) in neural crest and its derivatives was developmentally regulated and that ITGA6 could serve as a functional surface marker for distinguishing neural crest derivatives in the skin. Based on the expression of ITGA6, Wnt1-Cre lineage neural crest derivatives in the skin could be categorized into three subpopulations, namely, ITGA6bright, ITGA6dim, and ITGA6neg, which were found to be Schwann cells, melanocytes, and fibroblasts, respectively. We further analyzed the signature genes and transcription factors that specifically enriched in each cell subpopulation, as well as the ligand or receptor molecules, mediating the potential interaction with other cells of the skin. Additionally, we found that Hmx1 and Lhx8 are specifically expressed in neural crest-derived fibroblasts, while Zic1 and homeobox family genes are expressed in mesoderm-derived fibroblasts, indicating the distinct development pathways of fibroblasts of different origins. Our study provides insights into the regulatory landscape of neural crest cell development and identifies potential markers that facilitate the isolation of different neural crest derivatives in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shize Ma
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqin Zhan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Reis LM, Maheshwari M, Capasso J, Atilla H, Dudakova L, Thompson S, Zitano L, Lay-Son G, Lowry RB, Black J, Lee J, Shue A, Kremlikova Pourova R, Vaneckova M, Skalicka P, Jedlickova J, Trkova M, Williams B, Richard G, Bachman K, Seeley AH, Costakos D, Glaser TM, Levin AV, Liskova P, Murray JC, Semina EV. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: more than meets the eye. J Med Genet 2023; 60:368-379. [PMID: 35882526 PMCID: PMC9912354 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is characterised by typical anterior segment anomalies, with or without systemic features. The discovery of causative genes identified ARS subtypes with distinct phenotypes, but our understanding is incomplete, complicated by the rarity of the condition. METHODS Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of the largest reported ARS cohort through comprehensive genetic and clinical data analyses. RESULTS 128 individuals with causative variants in PITX2 or FOXC1, including 81 new cases, were investigated. Ocular anomalies showed significant overlap but with broader variability and earlier onset of glaucoma for FOXC1-related ARS. Systemic anomalies were seen in all individuals with PITX2-related ARS and the majority of those with FOXC1-related ARS. PITX2-related ARS demonstrated typical umbilical anomalies and dental microdontia/hypodontia/oligodontia, along with a novel high rate of Meckel diverticulum. FOXC1-related ARS exhibited characteristic hearing loss and congenital heart defects as well as previously unrecognised phenotypes of dental enamel hypoplasia and/or crowding, a range of skeletal and joint anomalies, hypotonia/early delay and feeding disorders with structural oesophageal anomalies in some. Brain imaging revealed highly penetrant white matter hyperintensities, colpocephaly/ventriculomegaly and frequent arachnoid cysts. The expanded phenotype of FOXC1-related ARS identified here was found to fully overlap features of De Hauwere syndrome. The results were used to generate gene-specific management plans for the two types of ARS. CONCLUSION Since clinical features of ARS vary significantly based on the affected gene, it is critical that families are provided with a gene-specific diagnosis, PITX2-related ARS or FOXC1-related ARS. De Hauwere syndrome is proposed to be a FOXC1opathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mohit Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenina Capasso
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Golisano Children's Hospital and University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Huban Atilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lubica Dudakova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lia Zitano
- Department of Medical Genetics, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Guillermo Lay-Son
- Unidad de Genética, División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Brian Lowry
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Black
- Center for Development, Behavior, and Genetics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Shue
- Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University and Stanford Children's Health, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Radka Kremlikova Pourova
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Skalicka
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jedlickova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Trkova
- Gennet, Centre for Fetal Medicine and Reproductive Genetics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kristine Bachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea H Seeley
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas M Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alex V Levin
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Golisano Children's Hospital and University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Petra Liskova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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4
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Soukup J, Manethova M, Faistova H, Krbal L, Vitovcova B, Hornychova H, Drugda J, Cesak T, Netuka D, Gabalec F, Ryska A. Pitx2 is a useful marker of midgut‐derived neuroendocrine tumours ‐ an immunohistochemical study of 224 cases. Histopathology 2022; 81:799-807. [DOI: 10.1111/his.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Soukup
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Monika Manethova
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Hana Faistova
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Krbal
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vitovcova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics Charles University Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Helena Hornychova
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Jan Drugda
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cesak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - David Netuka
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University Military University Hospital Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Filip Gabalec
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Ales Ryska
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic
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5
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Zhao L, Song W, Chen YG. Mesenchymal-epithelial interaction regulates gastrointestinal tract development in mouse embryos. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111053. [PMID: 35830795 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
After gut tube patterning in early embryos, the cellular and molecular changes of developing stomach and intestine remain largely unknown. Here, combining single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial RNA sequencing, we construct a spatiotemporal transcriptomic landscape of the mouse stomach and intestine during embryonic days E9.5-E15.5. Several subpopulations are identified, including Lox+ stomach mesenchyme, Aldh1a3+ small-intestinal mesenchyme, and Adamdec1+ large-intestinal mesenchyme. The regionalization and heterogeneity of both the epithelium and the mesenchyme can be traced back to E9.5. The spatiotemporal distributions of cell clusters and the mesenchymal-epithelial interaction analysis indicate that a coordinated development of the epithelium and mesenchyme contribute to the stomach regionalization, intestine segmentation, and villus formation. Using the gut tube-derived organoids, we find that the cell fate of the foregut and hindgut can be switched by the regional niche factors, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and retinoic acid (RA). This work lays a foundation for further dissection of the mechanisms governing this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianzheng Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wanlu Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Sasaki T, Nagashima H, Okuma A, Yamauchi T, Yamasaki K, Aiba S, So T, Ishii N, Owada Y, MaruYama T, Kobayashi S. Functional Analysis of the Transcriptional Regulator IκB-ζ in Intestinal Homeostasis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1252-1259. [PMID: 33818662 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Toll-like receptor signaling pathway contributes to the regulation of intestinal homeostasis through interactions with commensal bacteria. Although the transcriptional regulator IκB-ζ can be induced by Toll-like receptor signaling, its role in intestinal homeostasis is still unclear. AIMS To investigate the role of IκB-ζ in gut homeostasis. METHODS DSS-administration induced colitis in control and IκB-ζ-deficient mice. The level of immunoglobulins in feces was detected by ELISA. The immunological population in lamina propria (LP) was analyzed by FACS. RESULTS IκB-ζ-deficient mice showed severe inflammatory diseases with DSS administration in the gut. The level of IgM in the feces after DSS administration was less in IκB-ζ-deficient mice compared to control mice. Upon administration of DSS, IκB-ζ-deficient mice showed exaggerated intestinal inflammation (more IFN-g-producing CD4+ T cells in LP), and antibiotic treatment canceled this inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSION IκB-ζ plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Response, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okuma
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Response, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi MaruYama
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Response, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Mucosal Immunology Unit, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuhei Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Response, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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8
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Li R, Sun Y, Chen Z, Zheng M, Shan Y, Ying X, Weng M, Chen Z. The Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 (Fgf9) Participates in Palatogenesis by Promoting Palatal Growth and Elevation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:653040. [PMID: 33959039 PMCID: PMC8093392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.653040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate, a common global congenital malformation, occurs due to disturbances in palatal growth, elevation, contact, and fusion during palatogenesis. The Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) mutation has been discovered in humans with cleft lip and palate. Fgf9 is expressed in both the epithelium and mesenchyme, with temporospatial diversity during palatogenesis. However, the specific role of Fgf9 in palatogenesis has not been extensively discussed. Herein, we used Ddx4-Cre mice to generate an Fgf9–/– mouse model (with an Fgf9 exon 2 deletion) that exhibited a craniofacial syndrome involving a cleft palate and deficient mandibular size with 100% penetrance. A smaller palatal shelf size, delayed palatal elevation, and contact failure were investigated to be the intrinsic causes for cleft palate. Hyaluronic acid accumulation in the extracellular matrix (ECM) sharply decreased, while the cell density correspondingly increased in Fgf9–/– mice. Additionally, significant decreases in cell proliferation were discovered in not only the palatal epithelium and mesenchyme but also among cells in Meckel’s cartilage and around the mandibular bone in Fgf9–/– mice. Serial sections of embryonic heads dissected at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) were subjected to craniofacial morphometric measurement. This highlighted the reduced oral volume owing to abnormal tongue size and descent, and insufficient mandibular size, which disturbed palatal elevation in Fgf9–/– mice. These results indicate that Fgf9 facilitates palatal growth and timely elevation by regulating cell proliferation and hyaluronic acid accumulation. Moreover, Fgf9 ensures that the palatal elevation process has adequate space by influencing tongue descent, tongue morphology, and mandibular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidan Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengxi Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Resident, Department of General Dentistry, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mengting Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Shan
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyu Ying
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjia Weng
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenqi Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Hasan MR, Takatalo M, Ma H, Rice R, Mustonen T, Rice DP. RAB23 coordinates early osteogenesis by repressing FGF10-pERK1/2 and GLI1. eLife 2020; 9:55829. [PMID: 32662771 PMCID: PMC7423339 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding Ras-associated binding protein 23 (RAB23) cause Carpenter Syndrome, which is characterized by multiple developmental abnormalities including polysyndactyly and defects in skull morphogenesis. To understand how RAB23 regulates skull development, we generated Rab23-deficient mice that survive to an age where skeletal development can be studied. Along with polysyndactyly, these mice exhibit premature fusion of multiple sutures resultant from aberrant osteoprogenitor proliferation and elevated osteogenesis in the suture. FGF10-driven FGFR1 signaling is elevated in Rab23-/-sutures with a consequent imbalance in MAPK, Hedgehog signaling and RUNX2 expression. Inhibition of elevated pERK1/2 signaling results in the normalization of osteoprogenitor proliferation with a concomitant reduction of osteogenic gene expression, and prevention of craniosynostosis. Our results suggest a novel role for RAB23 as an upstream negative regulator of both FGFR and canonical Hh-GLI1 signaling, and additionally in the non-canonical regulation of GLI1 through pERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rakibul Hasan
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Takatalo
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hongqiang Ma
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ritva Rice
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija Mustonen
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Pc Rice
- Craniofacial Development and Malformations research group, Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Duque-Correa MA, Schreiber F, Rodgers FH, Goulding D, Forrest S, White R, Buck A, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Development of caecaloids to study host-pathogen interactions: new insights into immunoregulatory functions of Trichuris muris extracellular vesicles in the caecum. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:707-718. [PMID: 32659277 PMCID: PMC7435689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of new methods to generate, culture and characterise mouse caecaloids is described. Caecaloids recapitulate the caecal epithelium composition and spatial organisation. Caecaloids can be used to study host–caecal pathogen interactions in vitro. Trichuris muris EVs exert novel immunoregulatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells.
The caecum, an intestinal appendage in the junction of the small and large intestines, displays a unique epithelium that serves as an exclusive niche for a range of pathogens including whipworms (Trichuris spp.). While protocols to grow organoids from small intestine (enteroids) and colon (colonoids) exist, the conditions to culture organoids from the caecum have yet to be described. Here, we report methods to grow, differentiate and characterise mouse adult stem cell-derived caecal organoids, termed caecaloids. We compare the cellular composition of caecaloids with that of enteroids, identifying differences in intestinal epithelial cell populations that mimic those found in the caecum and small intestine. The remarkable similarity in the intestinal epithelial cell composition and spatial conformation of caecaloids and their tissue of origin enables their use as an in vitro model to study host interactions with important caecal pathogens. Thus, exploiting this system, we investigated the responses of caecal intestinal epithelial cells to extracellular vesicles secreted/excreted by the intracellular helminth Trichuris muris. Our findings reveal novel immunoregulatory effects of whipworm extracellular vesicles on the caecal epithelium, including the downregulation of responses to nucleic acid recognition and type-I interferon signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faye H Rodgers
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sally Forrest
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ruby White
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Amy Buck
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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11
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Jones MLM, Sarila G, Chapuis P, Hutson JM, King SK, Teague WJ. The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 Signaling in Duodenal Atresia. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:250. [PMID: 32210824 PMCID: PMC7076179 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Duodenal atresia (DA) is a congenital bowel obstruction requiring major surgery in the first week of life. Three morphological phenotypes are described, reflecting increasing degrees of obstruction and discontinuity of the duodenum. The cause of DA is not known. Tandler’s original “solid cord” hypothesis conflicts with recent biological evidence, and is unable to account for differing DA types. In humans, a genetic etiology is supported by the association between Trisomy 21 and DA, and reports of familial inheritance patterns. Interruption of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling is the best demonstrated genetic link to DA in mice, with 35–75% of homozygous knockout embryos developing DA. Purpose This review examines the current evidence surrounding the etiology of DA. We focus on research regarding FGF10/FGFR2b signaling and its role in duodenal and other intestinal atresia. Further, we outline planned future research in this area, that we consider necessary to validate and better understand this murine model in order to successfully translate this research into clinical practice. Conclusion Determining the etiology of DA in humans is a clinical and scientific imperative. Fgf10/Fgfr2b murine models represent current science’s best key to unlocking this mystery. However, further research is required to understand the complex role of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling in DA development. Such complexity is expected, given the lethality of their associated defects makes ubiquitous interruption of either Fgf10 or Fgfr2b genes an unlikely cause of DA in humans. Rather, local or tissue-specific mutation in Fgf10, Fgfr2b, or their downstream targets, is the hypothesized basis of DA etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L M Jones
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gulcan Sarila
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre Chapuis
- Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Hutson
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Urology, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sebastian K King
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Warwick J Teague
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Lv YQ, Wu J, Li XK, Zhang JS, Bellusci S. Role of FGF10/FGFR2b Signaling in Mouse Digestive Tract Development, Repair and Regeneration Following Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:326. [PMID: 31921841 PMCID: PMC6914673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, the rudimentary digestive tract is initially a tube-like structure. It is composed of epithelial cells surrounded by mesenchymal cells. Reciprocal epithelial–mesenchymal interactions progressively subdivide this primitive tube into distinct functional regions: the tongue, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the small intestine, the cecum, the large intestine, the colon, and the anus as well as the pancreas and the liver. Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) constitute a family of conserved small proteins playing crucial roles during organogenesis, homeostasis, and repair after injury. Among them, fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) has been reported to orchestrate epithelial–mesenchymal interactions during digestive tract development. In mice, loss of function of Fgf10 as well as its receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (Fgfr2b) lead to defective taste papillae in the tongue, underdeveloped and defective differentiation of the stomach, duodenal, cecal, and colonic atresias, anorectal malformation, as well as underdeveloped pancreas and liver. Fgf signaling through Fgfr2b receptor is also critical for the repair process after gut injury. In the adult mice, a malabsorption disorder called small bowel syndrome is triggered after massive small bowel resection (SBR). In wild-type mice, SBR leads to a regenerative process called gut adaptation characterized by an increase in the diameter of the remaining small intestine as well as by the presence of deeper crypts and longer villi, altogether leading to increased intestinal surface. Intestinal stem cells are key for this regeneration process. Induction of Fgf10 expression in the Paneth cells located in the crypt following SBR suggests a critical role for this growth factor in the process of gut adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
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13
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Abnormal Expression of Fgf9 during the Development of the Anorectum in Rat Embryos with Anorectal Malformations. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2019; 2019:1986196. [PMID: 31379938 PMCID: PMC6657636 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1986196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to investigate the role of fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9) in normal and anorectal malformation (ARM) embryos during the development of the anorectum. Fgf9 expression was assayed in both normal rat embryos and embryos with ARM induced by exposure to ethylenethiourea (ETU) on embryonic day 10 (E10). Fgf9 expression was assayed by immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemical staining revealed spatiotemporal changes in Fgf9 expression between E13 and E16. Fgf9-positive cells predominated in the mesenchyme of the cloaca on E13 and E14 and at the fusion site of the urorectal septum and cloacal membrane, rectal epithelium, and anal membrane on E15. Fgf9-positive cells were obviously decreased after the anal membrane ruptured on E16. Fgf9-positive staining was significantly decreased in embryos with ARM compared with normal embryos from E13 to E15. The results of Western blots and qRT-PCR were consistent, with significantly increased Fgf9 expression in the hindgut and rectum of normal embryos than in embryos with ARM from E13 to E15. However, there was no difference between the two groups on E16. These results suggested that the anorectal embryogenesis might depend on the induction of Fgf9 signal. The expression of Fgf9 was downregulated in ETU-induced ARM embryos, which might be related to the development of ARM.
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14
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Zhang W, Xu L, Gao H, Wu Y, Gao X, Zhang L, Zhu B, Song Y, Bao J, Li J, Chen Y. Detection of candidate genes for growth and carcass traits using genome-wide association strategy in Chinese Simmental beef cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In Chinese beef cattle industry, there are more than 60 million livestock, nearly half of which are Chinese Simmental beef cattle or Simmental crossbreds. Over the past decades, numerous quantitative trait loci for economic traits in cattle have been identified, while few studies for growth and carcass traits have been reported in Simmental beef cattle. In the present study, we conducted genome-wide association study based on BovineHD BeadChip and identified 41, 15, 3, 22 and 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with average daily gain, liveweight before slaughter, carcass weight, dressing percentage and pure meat percentage respectively. In total, 18 candidate genes were found for growth and carcass traits, and four haplotype blocks for growth and carcass traits were discovered. These findings will facilitate detection of major genes and genetic variants involved in growth and carcass traits of beef cattle in further studies.
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15
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Wang S, Li Y, Jiang C, Tian H. Fibroblast growth factor 9 subfamily and the heart. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:605-613. [PMID: 29198068 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9 subfamily is a member of the FGF family, including FGF9, 16, and 20, potentially sharing similar biochemical functions due to their high degree of sequence homology. Unlike other secreted proteins which have a cleavable N-terminal secreted signal peptide, FGF9/16/20 have non-cleaved N-terminal signal peptides. As an intercellular signaling molecule, they are involved in a variety of complex responses in animal development. Cardiogenesis is controlled by many members of the transcription factor family. Evidence suggests that FGF signaling, including the FGF9 subfamily, has a pretty close association with these cardiac-specific genes. In addition, recent studies have shown that the FGF9 subfamily maintains functional adaptation and survival after myocardial infarction in adult myocardium. Since FGF9/16/20 are secreted proteins, their function characterization in cardiac regeneration can promote their potential to be developed for the treatment of cardioprotection and revascularization. Here, we conclude that the FGF9 subfamily roles in cardiac development and maintenance of postnatal cardiac homeostasis, especially cardiac function maturation and functional maintenance of the heart after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China. .,Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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16
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Kristjansson RP, Benonisdottir S, Oddsson A, Galesloot TE, Thorleifsson G, Aben KK, Davidsson OB, Jonsson S, Arnadottir GA, Jensson BO, Walters GB, Sigurdsson JK, Sigurdsson S, Holm H, Arnar DO, Thorgeirsson G, Alexiusdottir K, Jonsdottir I, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kiemeney LA, Jonsson T, Gudbjartsson DF, Rafnar T, Sulem P, Stefansson K. Sequence variant at 4q25 near PITX2 associates with appendicitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3119. [PMID: 28596592 PMCID: PMC5465083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Appendicitis is one of the most common conditions requiring acute surgery and can pose a threat to the lives of affected individuals. We performed a genome-wide association study of appendicitis in 7,276 Icelandic and 1,139 Dutch cases and large groups of controls. In a combined analysis of the Icelandic and Dutch data, we detected a single signal represented by an intergenic variant rs2129979 [G] close to the gene PITX2 associating with increased risk of appendicitis (OR = 1.15, P = 1.8 × 10-11). We only observe the association in patients diagnosed in adulthood. The marker is close to, but distinct from, a set of markers reported to associate with atrial fibrillation, which have been linked to PITX2. PITX2 has been implicated in determination of right-left symmetry during development. Anomalies in organ arrangement have been linked to increased prevalence of gastrointestinal and intra-abdominal complications, which may explain the effect of rs2129979 on appendicitis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Katja K Aben
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, PO Box 19079, 3501 DB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - David O Arnar
- Department of Medicine, Landspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Landspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kristin Alexiusdottir
- Department of Medicine, Landspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorvaldur Jonsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Surgery, Landspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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17
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Davis A, Amin NM, Johnson C, Bagley K, Ghashghaei HT, Nascone-Yoder N. Stomach curvature is generated by left-right asymmetric gut morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:1477-1483. [PMID: 28242610 PMCID: PMC5399665 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Left-right (LR) asymmetry is a fundamental feature of internal anatomy, yet the emergence of morphological asymmetry remains one of the least understood phases of organogenesis. Asymmetric rotation of the intestine is directed by forces outside the gut, but the morphogenetic events that generate anatomical asymmetry in other regions of the digestive tract remain unknown. Here, we show in mouse and Xenopus that the mechanisms that drive the curvature of the stomach are intrinsic to the gut tube itself. The left wall of the primitive stomach expands more than the right wall, as the left epithelium becomes more polarized and undergoes radial rearrangement. These asymmetries exist across several species, and are dependent on LR patterning genes, including Foxj1, Nodal and Pitx2 Our findings have implications for how LR patterning manifests distinct types of morphological asymmetries in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Davis
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nirav M Amin
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Caroline Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kristen Bagley
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - H Troy Ghashghaei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nanette Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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18
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Danopoulos S, Schlieve CR, Grikscheit TC, Al Alam D. Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Twists and Turns. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:344-352. [PMID: 28198118 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of conserved peptides that play an important role in the development, homeostasis, and repair processes of many organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract. All four FGF receptors and several FGF ligands are present in the intestine. They play important roles in controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, epithelial cell restitution, and stem cell maintenance. Several FGFs have also been proven to be protective against gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases or to aid in regeneration after intestinal loss associated with short bowel syndrome. Herein, we review the multifaceted actions of canonical FGFs in intestinal development, homeostasis, and repair in rodents and humans. Developmental Dynamics 246:344-352, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christopher R Schlieve
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tracy C Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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19
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Roulis M, Flavell RA. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts of the intestinal lamina propria in physiology and disease. Differentiation 2016; 92:116-131. [PMID: 27165847 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this Review we summarize our current understanding of the biology of mesenchymal cells of the intestinal lamina propria focusing mainly on fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. The topics covered include 1) the embryonic origin of mesenchymal cells of the intestinal lamina propria and their heterogeneity in adults, 2) the role of the mesenchyme in intestinal development, 3) the physiological function of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in adults as part of the intestinal stem cell niche and the mucosal immune system and 4) the involvement of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in epithelial homeostasis upon injury and in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, fibrosis and cancer. We emphasize studies addressing the function of intestinal mesenchymal cells in vivo, and also discuss major open questions and current challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Roulis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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20
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Womble M, Pickett M, Nascone-Yoder N. Frogs as integrative models for understanding digestive organ development and evolution. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:92-105. [PMID: 26851628 PMCID: PMC4798877 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The digestive system comprises numerous cells, tissues and organs that are essential for the proper assimilation of nutrients and energy. Many aspects of digestive organ function are highly conserved among vertebrates, yet the final anatomical configuration of the gut varies widely between species, especially those with different diets. Improved understanding of the complex molecular and cellular events that orchestrate digestive organ development is pertinent to many areas of biology and medicine, including the regeneration or replacement of diseased organs, the etiology of digestive organ birth defects, and the evolution of specialized features of digestive anatomy. In this review, we highlight specific examples of how investigations using Xenopus laevis frog embryos have revealed insight into the molecular and cellular dynamics of digestive organ patterning and morphogenesis that would have been difficult to obtain in other animal models. Additionally, we discuss recent studies of gut development in non-model frog species with unique feeding strategies, such as Lepidobatrachus laevis and Eleutherodactylous coqui, which are beginning to provide glimpses of the evolutionary mechanisms that may generate morphological variation in the digestive tract. The unparalleled experimental versatility of frog embryos make them excellent, integrative models for studying digestive organ development across multiple disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Womble
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Melissa Pickett
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Nanette Nascone-Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States.
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21
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1354] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Etv1 and Ewsr1 cooperatively regulate limb mesenchymal Fgf10 expression in response to apical ectodermal ridge-derived fibroblast growth factor signal. Dev Biol 2014; 394:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Meng Q, Jin C, Chen Y, Chen J, Medvedovic M, Xia Y. Expression of signaling components in embryonic eyelid epithelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87038. [PMID: 24498290 PMCID: PMC3911929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Closure of an epithelium opening is a critical morphogenetic event for development. An excellent example for this process is the transient closure of embryonic eyelid. Eyelid closure requires shape change and migration of epithelial cells at the tip of the developing eyelids, and is dictated by numerous signaling pathways. Here we evaluated gene expression in epithelial cells isolated from the tip (leading edge, LE) and inner surface epithelium (IE) of the eyelid from E15.5 mouse fetuses by laser capture microdissection (LCM). We showed that the LE and IE cells are different at E15.5, such that IE had higher expression of muscle specific genes, while LE acquired epithelium identities. Despite their distinct destinies, these cells were overall similar in expression of signaling components for the “eyelid closure pathways”. However, while the LE cells had more abundant expression of Fgfr2, Erbb2, Shh, Ptch1 and 2, Smo and Gli2, and Jag1 and Notch1, the IE cells had more abundant expression of Bmp5 and Bmpr1a. In addition, the LE cells had more abundant expression of adenomatosis polyposis coli down-regulated 1 (Apcdd1), but the IE cells had high expression of Dkk2. Our results suggest that the functionally distinct LE and IE cells have also differential expression of signaling molecules that may contribute to the cell-specific responses to morphogenetic signals. The expression pattern suggests that the EGF, Shh and NOTCH pathways are preferentially active in LE cells, the BMP pathways are effective in IE cells, and the Wnt pathway may be repressed in LE and IE cells via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghang Meng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chang Jin
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yinglei Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Multiple Enhancers Regulate Hoxd Genes and the Hotdog LncRNA during Cecum Budding. Cell Rep 2013; 5:137-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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