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Nadasy GL, Patai BB, Molnar AA, Hetthessy JR, Tokes AM, Varady Z, Dornyei G. Vicious Circle With Venous Hypertension, Irregular Flow, Pathological Venous Wall Remodeling, and Valve Destruction in Chronic Venous Disease: A Review. Angiology 2024:33197241256680. [PMID: 38839285 DOI: 10.1177/00033197241256680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Substantial advances occurred in phlebological practice in the last two decades. With the use of modern diagnostic equipment, the patients' venous hemodynamics can be examined in detail in everyday practice. Application of venous segments for arterial bypasses motivated studies on the effect of hemodynamic load on the venous wall. New animal models have been developed to study hemodynamic effects on the venous system. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed cellular phase transitions of venous endothelial, smooth muscle, and fibroblastic cells and changes in connective tissue composition, under hemodynamic load and at different locations of the chronically diseased venous system. This review is an attempt to integrate our knowledge from epidemiology, paleoanthropology and anthropology, clinical and experimental hemodynamic studies, histology, cell physiology, cell pathology, and molecular biology on the complex pathomechanism of this frequent disease. Our conclusion is that the disease is initiated by limited genetic adaptation of mankind not to bipedalism but to bipedalism in the unmoving standing or sitting position. In the course of the disease several pathologic vicious circles emerge, sustained venous hypertension inducing cellular phase transitions, chronic wall inflammation, apoptosis of cells, pathologic dilation, and valvular damage which, in turn, further aggravate the venous hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy L Nadasy
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andrea A Molnar
- Department of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Anna-Maria Tokes
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gabriella Dornyei
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Health Science Faculty, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Fang JS, Burt JM. Connexin37 Regulates Cell Cycle in the Vasculature. J Vasc Res 2022; 60:73-86. [PMID: 36067749 DOI: 10.1159/000525619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of vascular cell growth responses is critical for development and maintenance of a healthy vasculature. Connexins - the proteins comprising gap junction channels - are key regulators of cell growth in diseases such as cancer, but their involvement in controlling cell growth in the vasculature is less well appreciated. Connexin37 (Cx37) is one of four connexin isotypes expressed in the vessel wall. Its primary role in blood vessels relies on its unique ability to transduce flow-sensitive signals into changes in cell cycle status of endothelial (and perhaps, mural) cells. Here, we review available evidence for Cx37's role in the regulation of vascular growth, vessel organization, and vascular tone in healthy and diseased vasculature. We propose a novel mechanism whereby Cx37 accomplishes this with a phosphorylation-dependent transition between closed (growth-suppressive) and multiple open (growth-permissive) channel conformations that result from interactions of the C-terminus with cell-cycle regulators to limit or support cell cycle progression. Lastly, we discuss Cx37 and its downstream signaling as a novel potential target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, and we address outstanding research questions that still challenge the development of such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Fang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Janis M Burt
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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3
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Burboa PC, Puebla M, Gaete PS, Durán WN, Lillo MA. Connexin and Pannexin Large-Pore Channels in Microcirculation and Neurovascular Coupling Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137303. [PMID: 35806312 PMCID: PMC9266979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcirculation homeostasis depends on several channels permeable to ions and/or small molecules that facilitate the regulation of the vasomotor tone, hyperpermeability, the blood–brain barrier, and the neurovascular coupling function. Connexin (Cxs) and Pannexin (Panxs) large-pore channel proteins are implicated in several aspects of vascular physiology. The permeation of ions (i.e., Ca2+) and key metabolites (ATP, prostaglandins, D-serine, etc.) through Cxs (i.e., gap junction channels or hemichannels) and Panxs proteins plays a vital role in intercellular communication and maintaining vascular homeostasis. Therefore, dysregulation or genetic pathologies associated with these channels promote deleterious tissue consequences. This review provides an overview of current knowledge concerning the physiological role of these large-pore molecule channels in microcirculation (arterioles, capillaries, venules) and in the neurovascular coupling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pía C. Burboa
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (P.C.B.); (W.N.D.)
- Departamento de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Sede Santiago Centro, Universidad de las Américas, Avenue República 71, Santiago 8370040, Chile;
| | - Mariela Puebla
- Departamento de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Sede Santiago Centro, Universidad de las Américas, Avenue República 71, Santiago 8370040, Chile;
| | - Pablo S. Gaete
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Walter N. Durán
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (P.C.B.); (W.N.D.)
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Lillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (P.C.B.); (W.N.D.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Haefliger JA, Meda P, Alonso F. Endothelial Connexins in Developmental and Pathological Angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022; 12:a041158. [PMID: 35074793 PMCID: PMC9159259 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) constitute a large family of transmembrane proteins that form gap junction channels, which enable the direct transfer of small signaling molecules from cell to cell. In blood vessels, Cx channels allow the endothelial cells (ECs) to respond to external and internal cues as a whole and, thus, contribute to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. While the role of Cxs has been extensively studied in large arteries, a growing body of evidence suggests that they also play a role in the formation of microvascular networks. Since the formation of new blood vessels requires the coordinated response of ECs to external stimuli, endothelial Cxs may play an important role there. Recent studies in developmental and pathologic models reveal that EC Cxs regulate physiological and pathological angiogenesis through canonical and noncanonical functions, making these proteins potential therapeutic targets for the development of new strategies aimed at a better control of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Medical Center, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Alonso
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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5
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Guo YH, Yang YQ. Atrial Fibrillation: Focus on Myocardial Connexins and Gap Junctions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:489. [PMID: 35453689 PMCID: PMC9029470 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents the most common type of clinical cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and contributes to substantial morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic burden. Aggregating evidence highlights the strong genetic basis of AF. In addition to chromosomal abnormalities, pathogenic mutations in over 50 genes have been causally linked to AF, of which the majority encode ion channels, cardiac structural proteins, transcription factors and gap junction channels. In the heart, gap junctions comprised of connexins (Cxs) form intercellular pathways responsible for electrical coupling and rapid coordinated action potential propagation between adjacent cardiomyocytes. Among the 21 isoforms of connexins already identified in the mammal genomes, 5 isoforms (Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45 and Cx46) are expressed in human heart. Abnormal electrical coupling between cardiomyocytes caused by structural remodeling of gap junction channels (alterations in connexin distribution and protein levels) has been associated with enhanced susceptibility to AF and recent studies have revealed multiple causative mutations or polymorphisms in 4 isoforms of connexins predisposing to AF. In this review, an overview of the genetics of AF is made, with a focus on the roles of mutant myocardial connexins and gap junctions in the pathogenesis of AF, to underscore the hypothesis that cardiac connexins are a major molecular target in the management of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Center Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
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6
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Abstract
Chronic venous disease is a worldwide problem associated with significant morbidity and is expected to increase in prevalence as the current population ages. This is a comprehensive review of the anatomy, pathophysiology, genomics, clinical classification, and treatment modalities of chronic venous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Alsaigh
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Vascular Medicine Section, Stanford University, 780 Welch Road, Suite CJ 350, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Eri Fukaya
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Vascular Medicine Section, Stanford University, 780 Welch Road, Suite CJ 350, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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7
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Connexin Expression Is Altered in Liver Development of Yotari ( dab1 -/-) Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910712. [PMID: 34639052 PMCID: PMC8509723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabled-1 (Dab1) protein is an intracellular adaptor of reelin signaling required for prenatal neuronal migration, as well as postnatal neurotransmission, memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Yotari, an autosomal recessive mutant of the mouse Dab1 gene is recognizable by its premature death, unstable gait and tremor. Previous findings are mostly based on neuronal abnormalities caused by Dab1 deficiency, but the role of the reelin signaling pathway in nonneuronal tissues and organs has not been studied until recently. Hepatocytes, the most abundant cells in the liver, communicate via gap junctions (GJ) are composed of connexins. Cell communication disruption in yotari mice was examined by analyzing the expression of connexins (Cxs): Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45 during liver development at 13.5 and 15.5 gestation days (E13.5 and E15.5). Analyses were performed using immunohistochemistry and fluorescent microscopy, followed by quantification of area percentage covered by positive signal. Data are expressed as a mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. All Cxs examined displayed a significant decrease in yotari compared to wild type (wt) individuals at E13.5. Looking at E15.5 we have similar results with exception of Cx37 showing negligible expression in wt. Channels formation triggered by pathological stimuli, as well as propensity to apoptosis, was studied by measuring the expression of Pannexin1 (Panx1) and Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) through developmental stages mentioned above. An increase in Panx1 expression of E15.5 yotari mice, as well as a strong jump of AIF in both phases suggesting that yotari mice are more prone to apoptosis. Our results emphasize the importance of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) during liver development and their possible involvement in liver pathology and diagnostics where they can serve as potential biomarkers and drug targets.
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8
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Martin-Almedina S, Mortimer PS, Ostergaard P. Development and physiological functions of the lymphatic system: insights from human genetic studies of primary lymphedema. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1809-1871. [PMID: 33507128 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary lymphedema is a long-term (chronic) condition characterized by tissue lymph retention and swelling that can affect any part of the body, although it usually develops in the arms or legs. Due to the relevant contribution of the lymphatic system to human physiology, while this review mainly focuses on the clinical and physiological aspects related to the regulation of fluid homeostasis and edema, clinicians need to know that the impact of lymphatic dysfunction with a genetic origin can be wide ranging. Lymphatic dysfunction can affect immune function so leading to infection; it can influence cancer development and spread, and it can determine fat transport so impacting on nutrition and obesity. Genetic studies and the development of imaging techniques for the assessment of lymphatic function have enabled the recognition of primary lymphedema as a heterogenic condition in terms of genetic causes and disease mechanisms. In this review, the known biological functions of several genes crucial to the development and function of the lymphatic system are used as a basis for understanding normal lymphatic biology. The disease conditions originating from mutations in these genes are discussed together with a detailed clinical description of the phenotype and the up-to-date knowledge in terms of disease mechanisms acquired from in vitro and in vivo research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin-Almedina
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Dermatology and Lymphovascular Medicine, St. George's Universities NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Lyons O, Walker J, Seet C, Ikram M, Kuchta A, Arnold A, Hernández-Vásquez M, Frye M, Vizcay-Barrena G, Fleck RA, Patel AS, Padayachee S, Mortimer P, Jeffery S, Berland S, Mansour S, Ostergaard P, Makinen T, Modarai B, Saha P, Smith A. Mutations in EPHB4 cause human venous valve aplasia. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e140952. [PMID: 34403370 PMCID: PMC8492339 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous valve (VV) failure causes chronic venous insufficiency, but the molecular regulation of valve development is poorly understood. A primary lymphatic anomaly, caused by mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase EPHB4, was recently described, with these patients also presenting with venous insufficiency. Whether the venous anomalies are the result of an effect on VVs is not known. VV formation requires complex "organization" of valve-forming endothelial cells, including their reorientation perpendicular to the direction of blood flow. Using quantitative ultrasound, we identified substantial VV aplasia and deep venous reflux in patients with mutations in EPHB4. We used a GFP reporter in mice to study expression of its ligand, ephrinB2, and analyzed developmental phenotypes after conditional deletion of floxed Ephb4 and Efnb2 alleles. EphB4 and ephrinB2 expression patterns were dynamically regulated around organizing valve-forming cells. Efnb2 deletion disrupted the normal endothelial expression patterns of the gap junction proteins connexin37 and connexin43 (both required for normal valve development) around reorientating valve-forming cells and produced deficient valve-forming cell elongation, reorientation, polarity, and proliferation. Ephb4 was also required for valve-forming cell organization and subsequent growth of the valve leaflets. These results uncover a potentially novel cause of primary human VV aplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lyons
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Walker
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Seet
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Ikram
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kuchta
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Hernández-Vásquez
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maike Frye
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland A. Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish S. Patel
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soundrie Padayachee
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siren Berland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taija Makinen
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Bijan Modarai
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Section of Vascular Risk and Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Wolpe AG, Ruddiman CA, Hall PJ, Isakson BE. Polarized Proteins in Endothelium and Their Contribution to Function. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:65-91. [PMID: 33503620 DOI: 10.1159/000512618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein localization in endothelial cells is tightly regulated to create distinct signaling domains within their tight spatial restrictions including luminal membranes, abluminal membranes, and interendothelial junctions, as well as caveolae and calcium signaling domains. Protein localization in endothelial cells is also determined in part by the vascular bed, with differences between arteries and veins and between large and small arteries. Specific protein polarity and localization is essential for endothelial cells in responding to various extracellular stimuli. In this review, we examine protein localization in the endothelium of resistance arteries, with occasional references to other vessels for contrast, and how that polarization contributes to endothelial function and ultimately whole organism physiology. We highlight the protein localization on the luminal surface, discussing important physiological receptors and the glycocalyx. The protein polarization to the abluminal membrane is especially unique in small resistance arteries with the presence of the myoendothelial junction, a signaling microdomain that regulates vasodilation, feedback to smooth muscle cells, and ultimately total peripheral resistance. We also discuss the interendothelial junction, where tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions all convene and regulate endothelial function. Finally, we address planar cell polarity, or axial polarity, and how this is regulated by mechanosensory signals like blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Wolpe
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire A Ruddiman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Phillip J Hall
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
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11
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Cha B, Ho YC, Geng X, Mahamud MR, Chen L, Kim Y, Choi D, Kim TH, Randolph GJ, Cao X, Chen H, Srinivasan RS. YAP and TAZ maintain PROX1 expression in the developing lymphatic and lymphovenous valves in response to VEGF-C signaling. Development 2020; 147:dev195453. [PMID: 33060128 PMCID: PMC7758626 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is an integral part of digestive, immune and circulatory systems. The homeobox transcription factor PROX1 is necessary for the development of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic valves (LVs) and lymphovenous valves (LVVs). We and others previously reported a feedback loop between PROX1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) signaling. PROX1 promotes the expression of the VEGF-C receptor VEGFR3 in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). In turn, VEGF-C signaling maintains PROX1 expression in LECs. However, the mechanisms of PROX1/VEGF-C feedback loop remain poorly understood. Whether VEGF-C signaling is necessary for LV and LVV development is also unknown. Here, we report for the first time that VEGF-C signaling is necessary for valve morphogenesis. We have also discovered that the transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ are required to maintain PROX1 expression in LVs and LVVs in response to VEGF-C signaling. Deletion of Yap and Taz in the lymphatic vasculature of mouse embryos did not affect the formation of LVs or LVVs, but resulted in the degeneration of these structures. Our results have identified VEGF-C, YAP and TAZ as a crucial molecular pathway in valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yeunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xinwei Cao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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12
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Abstract
Of the 21 members of the connexin family, 4 (Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45) are expressed in the endothelium and/or smooth muscle of intact blood vessels to a variable and dynamically regulated degree. Full-length connexins oligomerize and form channel structures connecting the cytosol of adjacent cells (gap junctions) or the cytosol with the extracellular space (hemichannels). The different connexins vary mainly with regard to length and sequence of their cytosolic COOH-terminal tails. These COOH-terminal parts, which in the case of Cx43 are also translated as independent short isoforms, are involved in various cellular signaling cascades and regulate cell functions. This review focuses on channel-dependent and -independent effects of connexins in vascular cells. Channels play an essential role in coordinating and synchronizing endothelial and smooth muscle activity and in their interplay, in the control of vasomotor actions of blood vessels including endothelial cell reactivity to agonist stimulation, nitric oxide-dependent dilation, and endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor-type responses. Further channel-dependent and -independent roles of connexins in blood vessel function range from basic processes of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis to vascular permeability and interactions with leukocytes with the vessel wall. Together, these connexin functions constitute an often underestimated basis for the enormous plasticity of vascular morphology and function enabling the required dynamic adaptation of the vascular system to varying tissue demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pohl
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Biomedical Centre, Cardiovascular Physiology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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13
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Lyons O, Saha P, Seet C, Kuchta A, Arnold A, Grover S, Rashbrook V, Sabine A, Vizcay-Barrena G, Patel A, Ludwinski F, Padayachee S, Kume T, Kwak BR, Brice G, Mansour S, Ostergaard P, Mortimer P, Jeffery S, Brown N, Makinen T, Petrova TV, Modarai B, Smith A. Human venous valve disease caused by mutations in FOXC2 and GJC2. J Exp Med 2020; 214:2437-2452. [PMID: 28724617 PMCID: PMC5551565 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous valves (VVs) prevent venous hypertension and ulceration. We report that FOXC2 and GJC2 mutations are associated with reduced VV number and length. In mice, early VV formation is marked by elongation and reorientation ("organization") of Prox1hi endothelial cells by postnatal day 0. The expression of the transcription factors Foxc2 and Nfatc1 and the gap junction proteins Gjc2, Gja1, and Gja4 were temporospatially regulated during this process. Foxc2 and Nfatc1 were coexpressed at P0, and combined Foxc2 deletion with calcineurin-Nfat inhibition disrupted early Prox1hi endothelial organization, suggesting cooperative Foxc2-Nfatc1 patterning of these events. Genetic deletion of Gjc2, Gja4, or Gja1 also disrupted early VV Prox1hi endothelial organization at postnatal day 0, and this likely underlies the VV defects seen in patients with GJC2 mutations. Knockout of Gja4 or Gjc2 resulted in reduced proliferation of Prox1hi valve-forming cells. At later stages of blood flow, Foxc2 and calcineurin-Nfat signaling are each required for growth of the valve leaflets, whereas Foxc2 is not required for VV maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lyons
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Christopher Seet
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Adam Kuchta
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Steven Grover
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Victoria Rashbrook
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Center for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Ash Patel
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Francesca Ludwinski
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Soundrie Padayachee
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Glen Brice
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Peter Mortimer
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Nigel Brown
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Taija Makinen
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bijan Modarai
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
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14
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Abstract
The formation and remodeling of a functional circulatory system is critical for sustaining prenatal and postnatal life. During embryogenesis, newly differentiated endothelial cells require further specification to create the unique features of distinct vessel subtypes needed to support tissue morphogenesis. In this review, we explore signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators that modulate endothelial cell differentiation and specification, as well as applications of these processes to stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. We also summarize recent technical advances, including the growing utilization of single-cell sequencing to study vascular heterogeneity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Qiu
- From the Department of Genetics (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Medicine (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- From the Department of Genetics (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Medicine (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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15
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Abstract
The systemic circulation depends upon a highly organized, hierarchal blood vascular network that requires the successful specification of arterial and venous endothelial cells during development. This process is driven by a cascade of signaling events (including Hedgehog, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Notch, connexin (Cx), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- β), and COUP transcription factor 2 (COUP-TFII)) to influence endothelial cell cycle status and expression of arterial or venous genes and is further regulated by hemodynamic flow. Failure of endothelial cells to properly undergo arteriovenous specification may contribute to vascular malformation and dysfunction, such as in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) where abnormal vessel structures, such as large shunts lacking clear arteriovenous identity and function, form and compromise peripheral blood flow. This review provides an overview of recent findings in the field of arteriovenous specification and highlights key regulators of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Karen Hirschi
- 2Departments of Medicine, Genetics, and Biomedical Engineering, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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16
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Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Zawieja SD, Li M, Srinivasan RS, Simon AM, de Wit C, de la Torre R, Martinez-Lemus LA, Hennig GW, Davis MJ. Mechanisms of Connexin-Related Lymphedema. Circ Res 2018; 123:964-985. [PMID: 30355030 PMCID: PMC6771293 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mutations in GJC2 and GJA1, encoding Cxs (connexins) 47 and 43, respectively, are linked to lymphedema, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Because efficient lymph transport relies on the coordinated contractions of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) and their electrical coupling through Cxs, Cx-related lymphedema is proposed to result from dyssynchronous contractions of lymphatic vessels. OBJECTIVE To determine which Cx isoforms in LMCs and lymphatic endothelial cells are required for the entrainment of lymphatic contraction waves and efficient lymph transport. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed novel methods to quantify the spatiotemporal entrainment of lymphatic contraction waves and used optogenetic techniques to analyze calcium signaling within and between the LMC and the lymphatic endothelial cell layers. Genetic deletion of the major lymphatic endothelial cell Cxs (Cx43, Cx47, or Cx37) revealed that none were necessary for the synchronization of the global calcium events that triggered propagating contraction waves. We identified Cx45 in human and mouse LMCs as the critical Cx mediating the conduction of pacemaking signals and entrained contractions. Smooth muscle-specific Cx45 deficiency resulted in 10- to 18-fold reduction in conduction speed, partial-to-severe loss of contractile coordination, and impaired lymph pump function ex vivo and in vivo. Cx45 deficiency resulted in profound inhibition of lymph transport in vivo, but only under an imposed gravitational load. CONCLUSIONS Our results (1) identify Cx45 as the Cx isoform mediating the entrainment of the contraction waves in LMCs; (2) show that major endothelial Cxs are dispensable for the entrainment of contractions; (3) reveal a lack of coupling between lymphatic endothelial cells and LMCs, in contrast to arterioles; (4) point to lymphatic valve defects, rather than contraction dyssynchrony, as the mechanism underlying GJC2- or GJA1-related lymphedema; and (5) show that a gravitational load exacerbates lymphatic contractile defects in the intact mouse hindlimb, which is likely critical for the development of lymphedema in the adult mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott D. Zawieja
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Min Li
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - R. Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City OK
| | | | - Cor de Wit
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck Germany
| | | | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | | | - Michael J. Davis
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and University of Missouri School of Medicine
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17
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Srinivasan RS. Intraluminal valves: development, function and disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1273-1287. [PMID: 29125824 PMCID: PMC5719258 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which function in parallel to provide nutrients and remove waste from the body. Vascular function depends on valves, which regulate unidirectional fluid flow against gravitational and pressure gradients. Severe valve disorders can cause mortality and some are associated with severe morbidity. Although cardiac valve defects can be treated by valve replacement surgery, no treatment is currently available for valve disorders of the veins and lymphatics. Thus, a better understanding of valves, their development and the progression of valve disease is warranted. In the past decade, molecules that are important for vascular function in humans have been identified, with mouse studies also providing new insights into valve formation and function. Intriguing similarities have recently emerged between the different types of valves concerning their molecular identity, architecture and development. Shear stress generated by fluid flow has also been shown to regulate endothelial cell identity in valves. Here, we review our current understanding of valve development with an emphasis on its mechanobiology and significance to human health, and highlight unanswered questions and translational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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18
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Molica F, Figueroa XF, Kwak BR, Isakson BE, Gibbins JM. Connexins and Pannexins in Vascular Function and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061663. [PMID: 29874791 PMCID: PMC6032213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) and pannexins (Panxs) are ubiquitous membrane channel forming proteins that are critically involved in many aspects of vascular physiology and pathology. The permeation of ions and small metabolites through Panx channels, Cx hemichannels and gap junction channels confers a crucial role to these proteins in intercellular communication and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review provides an overview of current knowledge with respect to the pathophysiological role of these channels in large arteries, the microcirculation, veins, the lymphatic system and platelet function. The essential nature of these membrane proteins in vascular homeostasis is further emphasized by the pathologies that are linked to mutations and polymorphisms in Cx and Panx genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Xavier F Figueroa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Faculdad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile.
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK.
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19
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Boucher J, Simonneau C, Denet G, Clarhaut J, Balandre AC, Mesnil M, Cronier L, Monvoisin A. Pannexin-1 in Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Regulates Lymphangiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061558. [PMID: 29882918 PMCID: PMC6032340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms governing the formation of lymphatic vasculature are not yet well understood. Pannexins are transmembrane proteins that form channels which allow for diffusion of ions and small molecules (<1 kDa) between the extracellular space and the cytosol. The expression and function of pannexins in blood vessels have been studied in the last few decades. Meanwhile, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the role of pannexins during human lymphatic vessel formation. Here we show, using primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs), pharmacological tools (probenecid, Brilliant Blue FCF, mimetic peptides [10Panx]) and siRNA-mediated knockdown that Pannexin-1 is necessary for capillary tube formation on Matrigel and for VEGF-C-induced invasion. These results newly identify Pannexin-1 as a protein highly expressed in HDLECs and its requirement during in vitro lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Boucher
- CNRS ERL 7003, Laboratoire "Signalisation & Transports Ioniques Membranaires", University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Claire Simonneau
- CNRS ERL 7003, Laboratoire "Signalisation & Transports Ioniques Membranaires", University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Golthlay Denet
- CNRS ERL 7003, Laboratoire "Signalisation & Transports Ioniques Membranaires", University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Jonathan Clarhaut
- CNRS UMR 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France.
- CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Annie-Claire Balandre
- CNRS ERL 7003, Laboratoire "Signalisation & Transports Ioniques Membranaires", University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Marc Mesnil
- CNRS ERL 7003, Laboratoire "Signalisation & Transports Ioniques Membranaires", University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Laurent Cronier
- CNRS ERL 7003, Laboratoire "Signalisation & Transports Ioniques Membranaires", University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Arnaud Monvoisin
- CNRS ERL 7003, Laboratoire "Signalisation & Transports Ioniques Membranaires", University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France.
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20
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Studennikova VV, Severgina LO, Dzyundzya AN, Korovin IA. [Lower extremity varicose veins in childhood and at a young age: Mechanism of development and specific features]. Arkh Patol 2018; 79:56-60. [PMID: 28792000 DOI: 10.17116/patol201779456-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In Russia more than 125,000 patients with various venous diseases, lower extremity varicose veins (LEVV) being predominant, were annually operated on. In recent years, there has been a trend toward younger patients with signs of LEVV. Screening studies have revealed the signs of the disease in 10-15% of high-school children. The high prevalence of LEVV as a whole and its younger onset in recent decades cause more attention to an investigation of the relationship between the development of varicose veins, in childhood and adolescence in particular, and genomic changes. Patients with varicose veins have been noted to have a genetically reduced capacity for contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the vein walls, their remodeling due to the increased synthesis of matrix Gla protein, overproduction of TGF-β1, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, hyperhomocysteinemia, and mutations in the genes encoding the synthesis of thrombomodulin. Varicose vein transformation is considered to be a minor phenomenon of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) leading to failure of their walls due to abnormalities in the fibrous structures and extracellular matrix. Confirmation of the role of UCTD in the development of varicose veins will be able to provide an individual approach to treating patients and to choosing adequate postoperative therapy aimed at preventing a disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Studennikova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - L O Severgina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Dzyundzya
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Korovin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Fang JS, Coon BG, Gillis N, Chen Z, Qiu J, Chittenden TW, Burt JM, Schwartz MA, Hirschi KK. Shear-induced Notch-Cx37-p27 axis arrests endothelial cell cycle to enable arterial specification. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2149. [PMID: 29247167 PMCID: PMC5732288 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of a functional vascular network is rate-limiting in embryonic development, tissue repair and engineering. During blood vessel formation, newly generated endothelial cells rapidly expand into primitive plexi that undergo vascular remodeling into circulatory networks, requiring coordinated growth inhibition and arterial-venous specification. Whether the mechanisms controlling endothelial cell cycle arrest and acquisition of specialized phenotypes are interdependent is unknown. Here we demonstrate that fluid shear stress, at arterial flow magnitudes, maximally activates NOTCH signaling, which upregulates GJA4 (commonly, Cx37) and downstream cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1B (p27). Blockade of any of these steps causes hyperproliferation and loss of arterial specification. Re-expression of GJA4 or CDKN1B, or chemical cell cycle inhibition, restores endothelial growth control and arterial gene expression. Thus, we elucidate a mechanochemical pathway in which arterial shear activates a NOTCH-GJA4-CDKN1B axis that promotes endothelial cell cycle arrest to enable arterial gene expression. These insights will guide vascular regeneration and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Fang
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brian G Coon
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Noelle Gillis
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Zehua Chen
- Computational Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, Advanced Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory, WuXi NextCODE 55 Cambridge Parkway, 8th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jingyao Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Thomas W Chittenden
- Computational Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, Advanced Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory, WuXi NextCODE 55 Cambridge Parkway, 8th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, A-111, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 21 Ames Street #56-651, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Janis M Burt
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Road, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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22
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23
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Begandt D, Good ME, Keller AS, DeLalio LJ, Rowley C, Isakson BE, Figueroa XF. Pannexin channel and connexin hemichannel expression in vascular function and inflammation. BMC Cell Biol 2017; 18:2. [PMID: 28124621 PMCID: PMC5267334 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of blood flow distribution and tissue homeostasis depend on the tight regulation of and coordination between the microvascular network and circulating blood cells. Channels formed by connexins or pannexins that connect the intra- and extracellular compartments allow the release of paracrine signals, such as ATP and prostaglandins, and thus play a central role in achieving fine regulation and coordination of vascular function. This review focuses on vascular connexin hemichannels and pannexin channels. We review their expression pattern within the arterial and venous system with a special emphasis on how post-translational modifications by phosphorylation and S-nitrosylation of these channels modulate their function and contribute to vascular homeostasis. Furthermore, we highlight the contribution of these channels in smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in the regulation of vasomotor tone as well as how these channels in endothelial cells regulate inflammatory responses such as during ischemic and hypoxic conditions. In addition, this review will touch on recent evidence implicating a role for these proteins in regulating red blood cell and platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Begandt
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Miranda E Good
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alex S Keller
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Leon J DeLalio
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Carol Rowley
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xavier F Figueroa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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24
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Betterman KL, Harvey NL. The lymphatic vasculature: development and role in shaping immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:276-92. [PMID: 27088921 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is an integral component of the immune system. Lymphatic vessels are a key highway via which immune cells are trafficked, serving not simply as a passive route of transport, but to actively shape and coordinate immune responses. Reciprocally, immune cells provide signals that impact the growth, development, and activity of the lymphatic vasculature. In addition to immune cell trafficking, lymphatic vessels are crucial for fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption. The field of lymphatic vascular research is rapidly expanding, fuelled by rapidly advancing technology that has enabled the manipulation and imaging of lymphatic vessels, together with an increasing recognition of the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a myriad of human pathologies. In this review we provide an overview of the genetic pathways and cellular processes important for development and maturation of the lymphatic vasculature, discuss recent work revealing important roles for the lymphatic vasculature in directing immune cell traffic and coordinating immune responses and highlight the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a range of pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Betterman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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25
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Munger SJ, Davis MJ, Simon AM. Defective lymphatic valve development and chylothorax in mice with a lymphatic-specific deletion of Connexin43. Dev Biol 2016; 421:204-218. [PMID: 27899284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic valves (LVs) are cusped luminal structures that permit the movement of lymph in only one direction and are therefore critical for proper lymphatic vessel function. Congenital valve aplasia or agenesis can, in some cases, be a direct cause of lymphatic disease. Knowledge about the molecular mechanisms operating during the development and maintenance of LVs may thus aid in the establishment of novel therapeutic approaches to treat lymphatic disorders. In this study, we examined the role of Connexin43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), during valve development. Mouse embryos with a null mutation in Cx43 (Gja1) were previously shown to completely lack mesenteric LVs at embryonic day 18. However, interpreting the phenotype of Cx43-/- mice was complicated by the fact that global deletion of Cx43 causes perinatal death due to heart defects during embryogenesis. We have now generated a mouse model (Cx43∆LEC) with a lymphatic-specific ablation of Cx43 and show that the absence of Cx43 in LECs causes a delay (rather than a complete block) in LV initiation, an increase in immature valves with incomplete leaflet elongation, a reduction in the total number of valves, and altered lymphatic capillary patterning. The physiological consequences of these lymphatic changes were leaky valves, insufficient lymph transport and reflux, and a high incidence of lethal chylothorax. These results demonstrate that the expression of Cx43 is specifically required in LECs for normal development of LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Davis
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Alexander M Simon
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85724, USA.
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26
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Cha B, Geng X, Mahamud MR, Fu J, Mukherjee A, Kim Y, Jho EH, Kim TH, Kahn ML, Xia L, Dixon JB, Chen H, Srinivasan RS. Mechanotransduction activates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote lymphatic vascular patterning and the development of lymphatic and lymphovenous valves. Genes Dev 2016; 30:1454-69. [PMID: 27313318 PMCID: PMC4926867 DOI: 10.1101/gad.282400.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Cha et al. show that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is the link between fluid flow and lymphatic vascular morphogenesis. They provide a molecular and structural framework to study mammalian lymphatic vasculature by demonstrating that mechanical stimulation is a critical regulator of lymphatic vascular development via activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Lymphatic vasculature regulates fluid homeostasis by returning interstitial fluid to blood circulation. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are the building blocks of the entire lymphatic vasculature. LECs originate as a homogeneous population of cells predominantly from the embryonic veins and undergo stepwise morphogenesis to become the lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels or valves. The molecular mechanisms underlying the morphogenesis of the lymphatic vasculature remain to be fully understood. Here we show that canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is necessary for lymphatic vascular morphogenesis. Lymphatic vascular-specific ablation of β-catenin in mice prevents the formation of lymphatic and lymphovenous valves. Additionally, lymphatic vessel patterning is defective in these mice, with abnormal recruitment of mural cells. We found that oscillatory shear stress (OSS), which promotes lymphatic vessel maturation, triggers Wnt/β-catenin signaling in LECs. In turn, Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls the expression of several molecules, including the lymphedema-associated transcription factor FOXC2. Importantly, FOXC2 completely rescues the lymphatic vessel patterning defects in mice lacking β-catenin. Thus, our work reveals that mechanical stimulation is a critical regulator of lymphatic vascular development via activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and, in turn, FOXC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Jianxin Fu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Anish Mukherjee
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Yeunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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27
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Munger SJ, Geng X, Srinivasan RS, Witte MH, Paul DL, Simon AM. Segregated Foxc2, NFATc1 and Connexin expression at normal developing venous valves, and Connexin-specific differences in the valve phenotypes of Cx37, Cx43, and Cx47 knockout mice. Dev Biol 2016; 412:173-90. [PMID: 26953188 PMCID: PMC4826804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Venous valves (VVs) are critical for unidirectional blood flow from superficial and deep veins towards the heart. Congenital valve aplasia or agenesis may, in some cases, be a direct cause of vascular disease, motivating an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of VVs. Three gap junction proteins (Connexins), Cx37, Cx43, and Cx47, are specifically expressed at VVs in a highly polarized fashion. VVs are absent from adult mice lacking Cx37; however it is not known if Cx37 is required for the initial formation of valves. In addition, the requirement of Cx43 and Cx47 for VV development has not been studied. Here, we provide a detailed description of Cx37, Cx43, and Cx47 expression during mouse vein development and show by gene knockout that each Cx is necessary for normal valve development. The valve phenotypes in the knockout lines exhibit Cx-specific differences, however, including whether peripheral or central VVs are affected by gene inactivation. In addition, we show that a Cx47 null mutation impairs peripheral VV development but does not affect lymphatic valve formation, a finding of significance for understanding how some CX47 mutations cause inherited lymphedema in humans. Finally, we demonstrate a striking segregation of Foxc2 and NFATc1 transcription factor expression between the downstream and upstream faces, respectively, of developing VV leaflets and show that this segregation is closely associated with the highly polarized expression of Cx37, Cx43, and Cx47. The partition of Foxc2 and NFATc1 expression at VV leaflets makes it unlikely that these factors directly cooperate during the leaflet elongation stage of VV development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Marlys H Witte
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - David L Paul
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Alexander M Simon
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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28
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Lim KC, Silasi-Mansat R, Uddin MKM, Miura N, Xia L, Simon AM, Engel JD, Chen H, Lupu F, Srinivasan RS. Multiple mouse models of primary lymphedema exhibit distinct defects in lymphovenous valve development. Dev Biol 2015; 409:218-233. [PMID: 26542011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph is returned to the blood circulation exclusively via four lymphovenous valves (LVVs). Despite their vital importance, the architecture and development of LVVs is poorly understood. We analyzed the formation of LVVs at the molecular and ultrastructural levels during mouse embryogenesis and identified three critical steps. First, LVV-forming endothelial cells (LVV-ECs) differentiate from PROX1(+) progenitors and delaminate from the luminal side of the veins. Second, LVV-ECs aggregate, align perpendicular to the direction of lymph flow and establish lympho-venous connections. Finally, LVVs mature with the recruitment of mural cells. LVV morphogenesis is disrupted in four different mouse models of primary lymphedema and the severity of LVV defects correlate with that of lymphedema. In summary, we have provided the first and the most comprehensive analysis of LVV development. Furthermore, our work suggests that aberrant LVVs contribute to lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Silasi-Mansat
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mohammad K M Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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29
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Kanady JD, Munger SJ, Witte MH, Simon AM. Combining Foxc2 and Connexin37 deletions in mice leads to severe defects in lymphatic vascular growth and remodeling. Dev Biol 2015; 405:33-46. [PMID: 26079578 PMCID: PMC4529811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs), proteins that are vital for intercellular communication in vertebrates, have recently been shown to play a critical role in lymphatic development. However, our knowledge is currently limited regarding the functional relationships of Cxs with other proteins and signaling pathways. Cell culture studies have shown that Cx37 is necessary for coordinated activation of the transcription factor NFATc1, which cooperates with Foxc2 (another transcription factor) during lymphatic endothelial development. These data suggest that Cxs, Foxc2, and NFATc1 are part of a common developmental pathway. Here, we present a detailed characterization of Foxc2(+/-)Cx37(-/-) mice, demonstrating that lymphatic network architecture and valve formation rely on the concurrent embryonic expression and function of Foxc2 and Cx37. Foxc2(+/-)Cx37(-/-) mice have lymphedema in utero, exhibit craniofacial abnormalities, show severe dilation of intestinal lymphatics, display abnormal lacteal development, lack lymphatic valves, and typically die perinatally (outcomes not seen in Foxc2(+/-) or Cx37(-/-) mice separately). We provide a rigorous, quantitative documentation of lymphatic vascular network changes that highlight the specific structural alterations that occur in Foxc2(+/-)Cx37(-/-) mice. These data provide further evidence suggesting that Foxc2 and Cx37 are elements in a common molecular pathway directing lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Kanady
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | | | - Marlys H Witte
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Alexander M Simon
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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30
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Meens MJ, Kwak BR, Duffy HS. Role of connexins and pannexins in cardiovascular physiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2779-92. [PMID: 26091747 PMCID: PMC11113959 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Connexins and pannexins form connexons, pannexons and membrane channels, which are critically involved in many aspects of cardiovascular physiology. For that reason, a vast number of studies have addressed the role of connexins and pannexins in the arterial and venous systems as well as in the heart. Moreover, a role for connexins in lymphatics has recently also been suggested. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the involvement of connexins and pannexins in cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn J. Meens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Specializations-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Specializations-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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31
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Pocock ES, Alsaigh T, Mazor R, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Cellular and molecular basis of Venous insufficiency. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:24. [PMID: 25520775 PMCID: PMC4268799 DOI: 10.1186/s13221-014-0024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVD) has a range of clinical presentations, including tortuous, distended veins in lower extremities, increasing skin pigmentation, and in severe cases ulceration of the affected skin. Venous insufficiency, a precursor to CVD characterized by improper return of blood from the lower extremities to the heart, must be studied in its earliest stages at a time when preventative measures could be applied in man. This underscores the need for basic research into biomarkers and genetic predisposing factors affecting the progression of venous disease. Investigation over the past decade has yielded insight into these specific genetic, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of venous disease. Among the many advances include the elucidation of an increasing role for matrix metalloproteinases as important mediators of the degenerative process involved with venous insufficiency. This may be preceded by an inflammatory process which further contributes to venular degeneration and endothelial dysfunction seen in advanced presentation of disease. Furthermore, genomic analyses have shed light upon temporal expression patterns of matrix remodeling proteins in diseased tissue samples. In this review we examine some of the current findings surrounding cellular, molecular and genetic advances in delineating the etiology of chronic venous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Pocock
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, 92093-0412 La Jolla, California
| | - Tom Alsaigh
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, 92093-0412 La Jolla, California
| | - Rafi Mazor
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, 92093-0412 La Jolla, California
| | - Geert W Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, The Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, 92093-0412 La Jolla, California
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32
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Bazigou E, Wilson JT, Moore JE. Primary and secondary lymphatic valve development: molecular, functional and mechanical insights. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:38-45. [PMID: 25086182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluid homeostasis in vertebrates critically relies on the lymphatic system forming a hierarchical network of lymphatic capillaries and collecting lymphatics, for the efficient drainage and transport of extravasated fluid back to the cardiovascular system. Blind-ended lymphatic capillaries employ specialized junctions and anchoring filaments to encourage a unidirectional flow of the interstitial fluid into the initial lymphatic vessels, whereas collecting lymphatics are responsible for the active propulsion of the lymph to the venous circulation via the combined action of lymphatic muscle cells and intraluminal valves. Here we describe recent findings on molecular and physical factors regulating the development and maturation of these two types of valves and examine their role in tissue-fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bazigou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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33
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Molica F, Meens MJP, Morel S, Kwak BR. Mutations in cardiovascular connexin genes. Biol Cell 2014; 106:269-93. [PMID: 24966059 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) form a family of transmembrane proteins comprising 21 members in humans. Cxs differ in their expression patterns, biophysical properties and ability to combine into homomeric or heteromeric gap junction channels between neighbouring cells. The permeation of ions and small metabolites through gap junction channels or hemichannels confers a crucial role to these proteins in intercellular communication and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Among others, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45 and Cx47 are found in heart, blood and lymphatic vessels. Mutations or polymorphisms in the genes coding for these Cxs have not only been implicated in cardiovascular pathologies but also in a variety of other disorders. While mutations in Cx43 are mostly linked to oculodentodigital dysplasia, Cx47 mutations are associated with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease and lymphoedema. Cx40 mutations are principally linked to atrial fibrillation. Mutations in Cx37 have not yet been described, but polymorphisms in the Cx37 gene have been implicated in the development of arterial disease. This review addresses current knowledge on gene mutations in cardiovascular Cxs systematically and links them to alterations in channel properties and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medical Specializations - Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Cheng XW, Sasaki T, Kuzuya M. The role of cysteinyl cathepsins in venous disorders. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:216-8. [PMID: 24553831 DOI: 10.1160/th13-10-0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X W Cheng
- Xian Wu Cheng, MD, PhD, FAHA, Associate Professor of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan, Tel.: +81 52 744 2364, Fax: +81 52 744 2371, E-mail: or
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35
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Verheule S, Kaese S. Connexin diversity in the heart: insights from transgenic mouse models. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23818881 PMCID: PMC3694209 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac conduction is mediated by gap junction channels that are formed by connexin (Cx) protein subunits. The connexin family of proteins consists of more than 20 members varying in their biophysical properties and ability to combine with other connexins into heteromeric gap junction channels. The mammalian heart shows regional differences both in connexin expression profile and in degree of electrical coupling. The latter reflects functional requirements for conduction velocity which needs to be low in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and high in the ventricular conduction system. Over the past 20 years knowledge of the biology of gap junction channels and their role in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias has increased enormously. This review focuses on the insights gained from transgenic mouse models. The mouse heart expresses Cx30, 30.2, 37, 40, 43, 45, and 46. For these connexins a variety of knock-outs, heart-specific knock-outs, conditional knock-outs, double knock-outs, knock-ins and overexpressors has been studied. We discuss the cardiac phenotype in these models and compare Cx expression between mice and men. Mouse models have enhanced our understanding of (patho)-physiological implications of Cx diversity in the heart. In principle connexin-specific modulation of electrical coupling in the heart represents an interesting treatment strategy for cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Verheule
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
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36
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Koltowska K, Betterman KL, Harvey NL, Hogan BM. Getting out and about: the emergence and morphogenesis of the vertebrate lymphatic vasculature. Development 2013; 140:1857-70. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.089565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system develops from the pre-existing blood vasculature of the vertebrate embryo. New insights into lymphatic vascular development have recently been achieved with the use of alternative model systems, new molecular tools, novel imaging technologies and growing interest in the role of lymphatic vessels in human disorders. The signals and cellular mechanisms that facilitate the emergence of lymphatic endothelial cells from veins, guide migration through the embryonic environment, mediate interactions with neighbouring tissues and control vessel maturation are beginning to emerge. Here, we review the most recent advances in lymphatic vascular development, with a major focus on mouse and zebrafish model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Koltowska
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly L. Betterman
- Division of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Division of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Benjamin M. Hogan
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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37
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Meens MJ, Pfenniger A, Kwak BR, Delmar M. Regulation of cardiovascular connexins by mechanical forces and junctions. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:304-14. [PMID: 23612582 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins form a family of transmembrane proteins that consists of 20 members in humans and 21 members in mice. Six connexins assemble into a connexon that can function as a hemichannel or connexon that can dock to a connexon expressed by a neighbouring cell, thereby forming a gap junction channel. Such intercellular channels synchronize responses in multicellular organisms through direct exchange of ions, small metabolites, and other second messenger molecules between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. Multiple connexins are expressed in the cardiovascular system. These connexins not only experience the different biomechanical forces within this system, but may also act as effector proteins in co-ordinating responses within groups of cells towards these forces. This review discusses recent insights regarding regulation of cardiovascular connexins by mechanical forces and junctions. It specifically addresses effects of (i) shear stress on endothelial connexins, (ii) hypertension on vascular connexins, and (iii) changes in afterload and the composition of myocardial mechanical junctions on cardiac connexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn J Meens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Foundation for Medical Research, University of Geneva, 2nd floor, 64 Avenue de Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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