1
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Feng X, Molteni H, Gregory M, Lanza J, Polsani N, Gupta I, Wyetzner R, Hawkins MB, Holmes G, Hopyan S, Harris MP, Atit RP. Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts and suture patency is dependent on fibronectin cues. Development 2024; 151:dev202371. [PMID: 38602508 PMCID: PMC11165720 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The skull roof, or calvaria, is comprised of interlocking plates of bones that encase the brain. Separating these bones are fibrous sutures that permit growth. Currently, we do not understand the instructions for directional growth of the calvaria, a process which is error-prone and can lead to skeletal deficiencies or premature suture fusion (craniosynostosis, CS). Here, we identify graded expression of fibronectin (FN1) in the mouse embryonic cranial mesenchyme (CM) that precedes the apical expansion of calvaria. Conditional deletion of Fn1 or Wasl leads to diminished frontal bone expansion by altering cell shape and focal actin enrichment, respectively, suggesting defective migration of calvarial progenitors. Interestingly, Fn1 mutants have premature fusion of coronal sutures. Consistently, syndromic forms of CS in humans exhibit dysregulated FN1 expression, and we also find FN1 expression altered in a mouse CS model of Apert syndrome. These data support a model of FN1 as a directional substrate for calvarial osteoblast migration that may be a common mechanism underlying many cranial disorders of disparate genetic etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Helen Molteni
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Megan Gregory
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jennifer Lanza
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rachel Wyetzner
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - M. Brent Hawkins
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Greg Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Kids, Toronto ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Radhika P. Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences and Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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2
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Wang X, Feng J, Luan S, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Su H, Wang Z. Linkage of CDC42 and T-helper cell ratio with anxiety, depression and quality of life in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Biomark Med 2024; 18:157-168. [PMID: 38440868 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2023-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the correlations between CDC42 and T-cell subsets concerning anxiety, depression and quality of life in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: Sera from 156 participants were analyzed for CDC42 levels and Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells. Results: CDC42 correlated with reduced Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios, lower anxiety and depression, and higher EuroQol visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) score. The Th17/Treg ratio correlated with elevated anxiety, depression, EuroQol-5 dimensions score and decreased EQ-VAS score. The Th1/Th2 ratio was positively related to the EQ-VAS score. Conclusion: CDC42 correlates with reduced Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios, reduced anxiety and depression, and improved quality of life in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Wang
- Department of Psychology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
| | - Junjie Feng
- Department of Psychology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
| | - Shaohua Luan
- Department of Cardiology Ward 3, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry Ward 9, Beijing Anding Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Shipan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Hongling Su
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
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3
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Ma YQ, Zhang XY, Zhao SW, Li D, Cai MQ, Yang H, Wang XM, Xue H. Retinoic acid delays murine palatal shelf elevation by inhibiting Wnt5a-mediated noncanonical Wnt signaling and downstream Cdc-42/F-actin remodeling in mesenchymal cells. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1658-1673. [PMID: 37675882 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian palatal shelves erupted from maxillary prominences undergo vertical extention, transient elevation, and horizontal growth to fuse. Previous studies in mice reported that the retinoic acid (RA) contributed to cleft palate in high incidence by delaying the elevating procedure, but little was known about the underlying biological mechanisms. METHODS In this study, hematoxylin-eosin and immunofluorescence staining were employed to evaluate the phenotypes and the expression of related markers in the RA-treated mice model. In situ hybridization and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of genes involved in Wnt signaling pathway. The palatal mesenchymal cells were cultured in vitro, and stimulated with RA or CASIN, and co-treated with Foxy5. Wnt5a and Ccd42 expression were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Phalloidin was used to label the microfilament cytoskeleton (F-actin) in cultured cells. RESULTS We revealed that RA resulted in 100% incidence of cleft palate in mouse embryos, and the expression of genes responsible for Wnt5a-mediated noncanonical Wnt signal transduction were specifically downregulated in mesenchymal palatal shelves. The in vitro study of palatal mesenchymal cells indicated that RA treatment disrupted the organized remodeling of cytoskeleton, an indicative structure of cell migration regulated by the small Rho GTPase Cdc42. Moreover, we showed that the suppression of cytoskeleton and cell migration induced by RA was partially restored using the small molecule Foxy-5-mediated activation of Wnt5A, and this restoration was attenuated by CASIN (a selective GTPase Cdc42 inhibitor) again. CONCLUSIONS These data identified a crucial mechanism for Wnt5a-mediated noncanonical Wnt signaling in acting downstream of Rho GTPase Cdc42 to regulate cytoskeletal remodeling and cell migration during the process of palate elevation. Our study provided a new explanation for the cause of cleft palate induced by RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing (No: 20JR10RA653 - ZDKF20210401), School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing (No: 20JR10RA653 - ZDKF20210401), School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing (No: 20JR10RA653 - ZDKF20210401), School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dou Li
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing (No: 20JR10RA653 - ZDKF20210401), School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Qin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing (No: 20JR10RA653 - ZDKF20210401), School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing (No: 20JR10RA653 - ZDKF20210401), School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing (No: 20JR10RA653 - ZDKF20210401), School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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4
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Dobson L, Barrell WB, Seraj Z, Lynham S, Wu SY, Krause M, Liu KJ. GSK3 and lamellipodin balance lamellipodial protrusions and focal adhesion maturation in mouse neural crest migration. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113030. [PMID: 37632751 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells are multipotent cells that delaminate from the neuroepithelium, migrating throughout the embryo. Aberrant migration causes developmental defects. Animal models are improving our understanding of neural crest anomalies, but in vivo migration behaviors are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that murine neural crest cells display actin-based lamellipodia and filopodia in vivo. Using neural crest-specific knockouts or inhibitors, we show that the serine-threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and the cytoskeletal regulator lamellipodin (Lpd) are required for lamellipodia formation while preventing focal adhesion maturation. Lpd is a substrate of GSK3, and phosphorylation of Lpd favors interactions with the Scar/WAVE complex (lamellipodia formation) at the expense of VASP and Mena interactions (adhesion maturation and filopodia formation). This improved understanding of cytoskeletal regulation in mammalian neural crest migration has general implications for neural crest anomalies and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dobson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - William B Barrell
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Zahra Seraj
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Steven Lynham
- Centre for Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Sheng-Yuan Wu
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Matthias Krause
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Karen J Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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5
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Bai Y, Zhao F, Wu T, Chen F, Pang X. Actin polymerization and depolymerization in developing vertebrates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213668. [PMID: 37745245 PMCID: PMC10515290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Development is a complex process that occurs throughout the life cycle. F-actin, a major component of the cytoskeleton, is essential for the morphogenesis of tissues and organs during development. F-actin is formed by the polymerization of G-actin, and the dynamic balance of polymerization and depolymerization ensures proper cellular function. Disruption of this balance results in various abnormalities and defects or even embryonic lethality. Here, we reviewed recent findings on the structure of G-actin and F-actin and the polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. We also focused on the functions of actin isoforms and the underlying mechanisms of actin polymerization/depolymerization in cellular and organic morphogenesis during development. This information will extend our understanding of the role of actin polymerization in the physiologic or pathologic processes during development and may open new avenues for developing therapeutics for embryonic developmental abnormalities or tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangchun Chen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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6
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Yamamoto M, Hayashi S, Honkura Y, Hirano-Kawamoto A, Katori Y, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Abe S. Nasal capsule ossification: A histological study using human foetuses to find an association between the foetus and adult morphologies of the nasal wall. J Anat 2023; 243:517-533. [PMID: 36998216 PMCID: PMC10439375 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular biology studies have revealed the process of nasal capsule determination. We aimed to create a fate map showing the association between the adult and embryonic components of the nasal wall and nasal capsule derivatives. We examined paraffin-embedded histological sections between 15 mid-term (9-16 weeks) and 12 near-term (27-40 weeks) foetuses. Until 15 weeks, membranous ossification occurred 'along' the capsular cartilage, contributing to the formation of the vomer, maxilla and bony nasal septum as well as the nasal, frontal and lacrimal bones. After 15 weeks, a wide lateral part of the capsule became thin and fragmented, and degenerative cartilage was observed near the lacrimal bone, in the three conchae, and at the inferolateral end of the capsule sandwiched between the maxilla and palatine bone. The disappearing cartilages appeared to be replaced by nearby membranous bones. This type of membranous ossification did not appear to use the capsular cartilage as a 'mould', although the perichondrium may have a role in inducing ossification. Calcified cartilage indicated endochondral ossification in the inferior concha until 15 weeks and, later, at the bases of three conchae and around the future sphenoid sinus (i.e. the concha sphenoidalis). The capsular cartilage extended antero-superiorly over the frontal bone and inserted into the nasal bone. At 40 weeks, the capsular cartilage remained in the cribriform plate and at the inferolateral end along the palatine bone. Consequently, less guidance from the nasal capsule seemed to provide great individual variation in the shape of the wide anterolateral wall of the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shogo Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yohei Honkura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ai Hirano-Kawamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal Medicine, Cupid Clinic, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | | | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Szczawińska-Popłonyk A, Popłonyk N, Badura-Stronka M, Juengling J, Huhn K, Biskup S, Bancerz B, Walkowiak J. The clinical phenotype with gastrostomy and abdominal wall infection in a pediatric patient with Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome due to a heterozygous c.191A > G (p.Tyr64Cys) variant in CDC42: a case report. Front Genet 2023; 14:1108852. [PMID: 37347054 PMCID: PMC10280004 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The CDC42 (cell division cycle homolog 42) gene product, Cdc42 belongs to the Rho GTPase family which plays a pivotal role in the regulation of multiple cellular functions, including cell cycle progression, motility, migration, proliferation, transcription activation, and reactive oxygen species production. The Cdc42 molecule controls various tissue-specific functional pathways underpinning organogenesis as well as developmental integration of the hematopoietic and immune systems. Heterozygous c.191A>G (p.Tyr64Cys) pathogenic variants in CDC42 cause Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome characterized by a spectrum of phenotypic features comprising psychomotor developmental delay, sensorineural hearing loss, growth retardation, facial dysmorphism, cardiovascular and urinary tract malformations, camptodactyly, accompanied by thrombocytopenia and immunodeficiency of variable degree. Herein, we report a pediatric patient with the Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome due to a heterozygous p.Tyr64Cys variant in CDC42 manifesting as a congenital malformation complex accompanied by macrothrombocytopenia, poor specific antibody response, B and T cell immunodeficiency, and low serum immunoglobulin A level. We also suggst that feeding disorders, malnutrition, and a gastrointestinal infection could be a part of the phenotypic characteristics of Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome supporting the hypothesis of immune dysregulation and systemic inflammation occurring in the p.Tyr64Cys variant in CDC42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczawińska-Popłonyk
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Karol Jonscher University Hospital, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Popłonyk
- Student Scientific Society, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Badura-Stronka
- Centers for Medical Genetics Genesis, Poznań, Poland
- Chair and Department of Medical Genetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Kerstin Huhn
- Zentrum Fur Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- Zentrum Fur Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bartłomiej Bancerz
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Karol Jonscher University Hospital, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Karol Jonscher University Hospital, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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8
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Mahmoud M, Evans I, Wisniewski L, Tam Y, Walsh C, Walker-Samuel S, Frankel P, Scambler P, Zachary I. Bcar1/p130Cas is essential for ventricular development and neural crest cell remodelling of the cardiac outflow tract. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:1993-2005. [PMID: 34270692 PMCID: PMC9239580 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The adapter protein p130Cas, encoded by the Bcar1 gene, is a key regulator of cell movement, adhesion, and cell cycle control in diverse cell types. Bcar1 constitutive knockout mice are embryonic lethal by embryonic days (E) 11.5-12.5, but the role of Bcar1 in embryonic development remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Bcar1 specifically in cardiovascular development and defined the cellular and molecular mechanisms disrupted following targeted Bcar1 deletions. METHODS AND RESULTS We crossed Bcar1 floxed mice with Cre transgenic lines allowing for cell-specific knockout either in smooth muscle and early cardiac tissues (SM22-Cre), mature smooth muscle cells (smMHC-Cre), endothelial cells (Tie2-Cre), second heart field cells (Mef2c-Cre), or neural crest cells (NCC) (Pax3-Cre) and characterized these conditional knock outs using a combination of histological and molecular biology techniques. Conditional knockout of Bcar1 in SM22-expressing smooth muscle cells and cardiac tissues (Bcar1SM22KO) was embryonically lethal from E14.5-15.5 due to severe cardiovascular defects, including abnormal ventricular development and failure of outflow tract (OFT) septation leading to a single outflow vessel reminiscent of persistent truncus arteriosus. SM22-restricted loss of Bcar1 was associated with failure of OFT cushion cells to undergo differentiation to septal mesenchymal cells positive for SMC-specific α-actin, and disrupted expression of proteins and transcription factors involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Furthermore, knockout of Bcar1 specifically in NCC (Bcar1PAX3KO) recapitulated part of the OFT septation and aortic sac defects seen in the Bcar1SM22KO mutants, indicating a cell-specific requirement for Bcar1 in NCC essential for OFT septation. In contrast, conditional knockouts of Bcar1 in differentiated smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and second heart field cells survived to term and were phenotypically normal at birth and postnatally. CONCLUSION Our work reveals a cell-specific requirement for Bcar1 in NCC, early myogenic and cardiac cells, essential for OFT septation, myocardialization and EMT/cell cycle regulation and differentiation to myogenic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mahmoud
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ian Evans
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Laura Wisniewski
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Yuen Tam
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Claire Walsh
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Paul Frankel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Peter Scambler
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ian Zachary
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, BHF Laboratories, UCL Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
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9
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Zhao R, Trainor PA. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition during mammalian neural crest cell delamination. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:54-67. [PMID: 35277330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-defined cellular process that was discovered in chicken embryos and described as "epithelial to mesenchymal transformation" [1]. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their epithelial features and acquire mesenchymal character with migratory potential. EMT has subsequently been shown to be essential for both developmental and pathological processes including embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, tissue fibrosis and cancer [2]. During the past 5 years, interest and study of EMT especially in cancer biology have increased exponentially due to the implied role of EMT in multiple aspects of malignancy such as cell invasion, survival, stemness, metastasis, therapeutic resistance and tumor heterogeneity [3]. Since the process of EMT in embryogenesis and cancer progression shares similar phenotypic changes, core transcription factors and molecular mechanisms, it has been proposed that the initiation and development of carcinoma could be attributed to abnormal activation of EMT factors usually required for normal embryo development. Therefore, developmental EMT mechanisms, whose timing, location, and tissue origin are strictly regulated, could prove useful for uncovering new insights into the phenotypic changes and corresponding gene regulatory control of EMT under pathological conditions. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the phenotypic and molecular mechanisms involved in EMT and discuss the newly emerging concept of epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). Then we focus on our current knowledge of a classic developmental EMT event, neural crest cell (NCC) delamination, highlighting key differences in our understanding of NCC EMT between mammalian and non-mammalian species. Lastly, we highlight available tools and future directions to advance our understanding of mammalian NCC EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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10
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Nie X, Ricupero CL, Jiao K, Yang P, Mao JJ. mTOR deletion in neural crest cells disrupts cardiac outflow tract remodeling and causes a spectrum of cardiac defects through the mTORC1 pathway. Dev Biol 2021; 477:241-250. [PMID: 34052210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A critical cell type participating in cardiac outflow tract development is a subpopulation of the neural crest cells, the cardiac neural crest cells (NCCs), whose defect causes a spectrum of cardiovascular abnormalities. Accumulating evidence indicates that mTOR, which belongs to the PI3K-related kinase family and impacts multiple signaling pathways in a variety of contexts, plays a pivotal role for NCC development. Here, we investigated functional roles of mTOR for cardiac neural crest development using several lines of mouse genetic models. We found that disruption of mTOR caused NCC defects and failure of cardiac outflow tract separation, which resulted in a spectrum of cardiac defects including persistent truncus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect and ventricular wall defect. Specifically, mutant neural crest cells showed reduced migration into the cardiac OFT and prematurely exited the cell cycle. A number of critical factors and fundamental signaling pathways, which are important for neural crest and cardiomyocyte development, were impaired. Moreover, actin dynamics was disrupted by mTOR deletion. Finally, by phenotyping the neural crest Rptor and Rictor knockout mice respectively, we demonstrate that mTOR acts principally through the mTORC1 pathway for cardiac neural crest cells. Altogether, these data established essential roles of mTOR for cardiac NCC development and imply that dysregulation of mTOR in NCCs may underline a spectrum of cardiac defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Nie
- Center for Birth Defects Research,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Christopher L Ricupero
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Center for Birth Defects Research,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Danescu A, Rens EG, Rehki J, Woo J, Akazawa T, Fu K, Edelstein-Keshet L, Richman JM. Symmetry and fluctuation of cell movements in neural crest-derived facial mesenchyme. Development 2021; 148:dev.193755. [PMID: 33757991 PMCID: PMC8126411 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the face, symmetry is established when bilateral streams of neural crest cells leave the neural tube at the same time, follow identical migration routes and then give rise to the facial prominences. However, developmental instability exists, particularly surrounding the steps of lip fusion. The causes of instability are unknown but inability to cope with developmental fluctuations are a likely cause of congenital malformations, such as non-syndromic orofacial clefts. Here, we tracked cell movements over time in the frontonasal mass, which forms the facial midline and participates in lip fusion, using live-cell imaging of chick embryos. Our mathematical examination of cell velocity vectors uncovered temporal fluctuations in several parameters, including order/disorder, symmetry/asymmetry and divergence/convergence. We found that treatment with a Rho GTPase inhibitor completely disrupted the temporal fluctuations in all measures and blocked morphogenesis. Thus, we discovered that genetic control of symmetry extends to mesenchymal cell movements and that these movements are of the type that could be perturbed in asymmetrical malformations, such as non-syndromic cleft lip. This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview. Highlighted Article: Live imaging of the chick embryo face followed by mathematical analysis of mesenchymal cell tracks captures novel fluctuations between states of order/disorder as well as symmetry/asymmetry, revealing developmental instabilities that are part of normal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Danescu
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elisabeth G Rens
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, 1986 Mathematics Road, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jaspreet Rehki
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Johnathan Woo
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Takashi Akazawa
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katherine Fu
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Leah Edelstein-Keshet
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, 1986 Mathematics Road, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Joy M Richman
- Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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12
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Nasreddine G, El Hajj J, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M. Orofacial clefts embryology, classification, epidemiology, and genetics. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108373. [PMID: 34083042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) rank as the second most common congenital birth defect in the United States after Down syndrome and are the most common head and neck congenital malformations. They are classified as cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CPO). OFCs have significant psychological and socio-economic impact on patients and their families and require a multidisciplinary approach for management and counseling. A complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors contributes to the incidence and clinical presentation of OFCs. In this comprehensive review, the embryology, classification, epidemiology and etiology of clefts are thoroughly discussed and a "state-of-the-art" snapshot of the recent advances in the genetics of OFCs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghenwa Nasreddine
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joelle El Hajj
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Michella Ghassibe-Sabbagh
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
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13
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Wang XM, Liu WL, Chen Y, Pang XX, Wang YH, Wu M, Shi B, Li CH. Lithium-induced overexpression of β-catenin delays murine palatal shelf elevation by Cdc-42 mediated F-actin remodeling in mesenchymal cells. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:427-438. [PMID: 33300673 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium chloride (LiCl) is widely used for the treatment of manic and other psychotic disorders, but the administration of lithium can result in several congenital defects in the fetus, including cleft palate (Meng, Wang, Torensma, Jw & Bian, 2015) (Szabo, 1970). However, the mechanism of Lithium's action as a developmental toxicant in palatogenesis is not well known. METHODS In this study, hematoxylin-eosin and immunofluorescence staining were employed to evaluate the phenotypes and the expression of related markers in the LiCl-treated mice model. The palatal mesenchymal cells were cultured in vitro, and stimulated with LiCl or SKL2000, and co-treated with CASIN. β-catenin protein and other cytoskeleton associated markers were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS We found that Lithium disrupted palate elevation by increasing the expression of β-catenin in C57BL/6J mice with the high incidence of cleft palate (62.5%). LiCl disturbed the F-actin responsible for cytoskeletal remodeling in mesenchymal cells, which proved to be essential in generating the elevating force during palatal elevation. Additionally, our Western blotting analysis revealed that the overexpression of β-catenin resulted in up-regulation of Cdc42, which mediated the downstream F-actin synthesis. CONCLUSIONS We concluded the LiCl-induced β-catenin overexpression delayed murine palatal shelf elevation by disturbing Cdc42 mediated F-actin cytoskeleton synthesis in the palatal mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Szczawinska-Poplonyk A, Ploski R, Bernatowska E, Pac M. A Novel CDC42 Mutation in an 11-Year Old Child Manifesting as Syndromic Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammation, Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, and Malignancy: A Case Report. Front Immunol 2020; 11:318. [PMID: 32231661 PMCID: PMC7082228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The CDC42 (Cell Division Cycle 42) gene product, CDC42, is a member of the family of small Rho GTPases, which are implicated in a broad spectrum of physiological functions in cell cycle regulation, including establishing and controlling of the cell actin cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, cell polarity, proliferation, motility and migration, transcription activation, reactive oxygen species production, and tumorigenesis. The CDC42 gene mutations are associated with distinct clinical phenotypes characterized by neurodevelopmental, growth, hematological, and immunological disturbances. Case presentation: We report the case of an 11-year-old boy with syndromic features, immunodeficiency, and autoinflammation who developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and malignant lymphoproliferation. In this patient, a novel heterozygous p.Cys81Tyr mutation in the CDC42 gene was found by whole exome sequencing. Conclusions: The Cdc42 molecule plays a pivotal role in cell cycle regulation and a wide array of tissue-specific functions, and its deregulation may result in a broad spectrum of molecular and cellular dysfunctions, making patients with CDC42 gene mutations susceptible to infections, immune dysregulation, and malignancy. In the patient studied, a syndromic phenotype with facial dysmorphism, neurodevelopmental delay, immunodeficiency, autoinflammation, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis shares common features with Takenouchi–Kosaki syndrome and with C-terminal variants in CDC42. It is important to emphasize that Hodgkin's lymphoma is described for the first time in the medical literature in a pediatric patient with the novel p.Cys81Tyr mutation in the CDC42 gene. Further studies are required to delineate precisely the CDC42 genotype–phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczawinska-Poplonyk
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bernatowska
- Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Pac
- Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Suzuki A, Yoshioka H, Summakia D, Desai NG, Jun G, Jia P, Loose DS, Ogata K, Gajera MV, Zhao Z, Iwata J. MicroRNA-124-3p suppresses mouse lip mesenchymal cell proliferation through the regulation of genes associated with cleft lip in the mouse. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:852. [PMID: 31727022 PMCID: PMC6854646 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cleft lip (CL), one of the most common congenital birth defects, shows considerable geographic and ethnic variation, with contribution of both genetic and environmental factors. Mouse genetic studies have identified several CL-associated genes. However, it remains elusive how these CL-associated genes are regulated and involved in CL. Environmental factors may regulate these genes at the post-transcriptional level through the regulation of non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs). In this study, we sought to identify miRNAs associated with CL in mice. Results Through a systematic literature review and a Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) database search, we identified 55 genes that were associated with CL in mice. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis of these genes predicted that a total of 33 miRNAs target multiple CL-associated genes, with 20 CL-associated genes being potentially regulated by multiple miRNAs. To experimentally validate miRNA function in cell proliferation, we conducted cell proliferation/viability assays for the selected five candidate miRNAs (miR-124-3p, let-7a-5p, let-7b-5p, let-7c-5p, and let-7d-5p). Overexpression of miR-124-3p, but not of the others, inhibited cell proliferation through suppression of CL-associated genes in cultured mouse embryonic lip mesenchymal cells (MELM cells) isolated from the developing mouse lip region. By contrast, miR-124-3p knockdown had no effect on MELM cell proliferation. This miRNA-gene regulatory mechanism was mostly conserved in O9–1 cells, an established cranial neural crest cell line. Expression of miR-124-3p was low in the maxillary processes at E10.5, when lip mesenchymal cells proliferate, whereas it was greatly increased at later developmental stages, suggesting that miR-124-3p expression is suppressed during the proliferation phase in normal palate development. Conclusions Our findings indicate that upregulated miR-124-3p inhibits cell proliferation in cultured lip cells through suppression of CL-associated genes. These results will have a significant impact, not only on our knowledge about lip morphogenesis, but also on the development of clinical approaches for the diagnosis and prevention of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dima Summakia
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Neha G Desai
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S Loose
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenichi Ogata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mona V Gajera
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. .,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Cdc42 activation by endothelin regulates neural crest cell migration in the cardiac outflow tract. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:795-812. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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17
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Aizawa R, Yamada A, Seki T, Tanaka J, Nagahama R, Ikehata M, Kato T, Sakashita A, Ogata H, Chikazu D, Maki K, Mishima K, Yamamoto M, Kamijo R. Cdc42 regulates cranial suture morphogenesis and ossification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:145-149. [PMID: 30853186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) is ubiquitously expressed small GTPases belonging to the Rho family of proteins. Previously, we generated limb bud mesenchyme-specific Cdc42 inactivated mice (Cdc42 conditional knockout mice; Cdc42 fl/fl; Prx1-Cre), which showed short limbs and cranial bone deformities, though the mechanism related to the cranium phenotype was unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of Cdc42 in cranial bone development. Our results showed that loss of Cdc42 caused a defect of intramembranous ossification in cranial bone tissues which is related to decreased expressions of cranial suture morphogenesis genes, including Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). These findings demonstrate that Cdc42 plays a crucial role in cranial osteogenesis, and is controlled by Ihh- and BMP-mediated signaling during cranium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Aizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tatsuaki Seki
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Nagahama
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ikehata
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakashita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ogata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daichi Chikazu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koutaro Maki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Berenguer M, Darnaudery M, Claverol S, Bonneu M, Lacombe D, Rooryck C. Prenatal retinoic acid exposure reveals candidate genes for craniofacial disorders. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17492. [PMID: 30504818 PMCID: PMC6269437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromes that display craniofacial anomalies comprise a major class of birth defects. Both genetic and environmental factors, including prenatal retinoic acid (RA) exposure, have been associated with these syndromes. While next generation sequencing has allowed the discovery of new genes implicated in these syndromes, some are still poorly characterized such as Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum (OAVS). Due to the lack of clear diagnosis for patients, developing new strategies to identify novel genes involved in these syndromes is warranted. Thus, our study aimed to explore the link between genetic and environmental factors. Owing to a similar phenotype of OAVS reported after gestational RA exposures in humans and animals, we explored RA targets in a craniofacial developmental context to reveal new candidate genes for these related disorders. Using a proteomics approach, we detected 553 dysregulated proteins in the head region of mouse embryos following their exposure to prenatal RA treatment. This novel proteomic approach implicates changes in proteins that are critical for cell survival/apoptosis and cellular metabolism which could ultimately lead to the observed phenotype. We also identified potential molecular links between three major environmental factors known to contribute to craniofacial defects including maternal diabetes, prenatal hypoxia and RA exposure. Understanding these links could help reveal common key pathogenic mechanisms leading to craniofacial disorders. Using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, this work identified two new RA targets, Gnai3 and Eftud2, proteins known to be involved in craniofacial disorders, highlighting the power of this proteomic approach to uncover new genes whose dysregulation leads to craniofacial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Berenguer
- University Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Darnaudery
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée (NUTRINEURO), UMR 1286, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France - Inra, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée (NUTRINEURO), UMR 1286, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Center of Functional Genomics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Bonneu
- Center of Functional Genomics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- University Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Rooryck
- University Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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19
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Zheng J, Nie X, He L, Yoon A, Wu L, Zhang X, Vats M, Schiff M, Xiang L, Tian Z, Ling J, Mao J. Epithelial Cdc42 Deletion Induced Enamel Organ Defects and Cystogenesis. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1346-1354. [PMID: 29874522 PMCID: PMC6199676 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518779546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc42, a Rho family small GTPase, regulates cytoskeleton organization, vesicle trafficking, and other cellular processes in development and homeostasis. However, Cdc42's roles in prenatal tooth development remain elusive. Here, we investigated Cdc42 functions in mouse enamel organ. Cdc42 showed highly dynamic temporospatial patterns in the developing enamel organ, with robust expression in the outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum (SR), and stratum intermedium layers. Strikingly, epithelium-specific Cdc42 deletion resulted in cystic lesions in the enamel organ. Cystic lesions were first noted at embryonic day 15.5 and progressively enlarged during gestation. At birth, cystic lesions occupied the bulk of the entire enamel organ, with intracystic erythrocyte accumulation. Ameloblast differentiation was retarded upon epithelial Cdc42 deletion. Apoptosis occurred in the Cdc42 mutant enamel organ prior to and synchronously with cystogenesis. Transmission electron microscopy examination showed disrupted actin assemblies, aberrant desmosomes, and significantly fewer cell junctions in the SR cells of Cdc42 mutants than littermate controls. Autophagosomes were present in the SR cells of Cdc42 mutants relative to the virtual absence of autophagosome in the SR cells of littermate controls. Epithelium-specific Cdc42 deletion attenuated Wnt/β-catenin and Shh signaling in dental epithelium and induced aberrant Sox2 expression in the secondary enamel knot. These findings suggest that excessive cell death and disrupted cell-cell connections may be among multiple factors responsible for the observed cystic lesions in Cdc42 mutant enamel organs. Taken together, Cdc42 exerts multidimensional and pivotal roles in enamel organ development and is particularly required for cell survival and tooth morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Zheng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X. Nie
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L. He
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A.J. Yoon
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Division, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L. Wu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X. Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Vats
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M.D. Schiff
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L. Xiang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z. Tian
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. Ling
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J.J. Mao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Gonzalez Malagon SG, Lopez Muñoz AM, Doro D, Bolger TG, Poon E, Tucker ER, Adel Al-Lami H, Krause M, Phiel CJ, Chesler L, Liu KJ. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 controls migration of the neural crest lineage in mouse and Xenopus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1126. [PMID: 29555900 PMCID: PMC5859133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest migration is critical to its physiological function. Mechanisms controlling mammalian neural crest migration are comparatively unknown, due to difficulties accessing this cell population in vivo. Here we report requirements of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in regulating the neural crest in Xenopus and mouse models. We demonstrate that GSK3 is tyrosine phosphorylated (pY) in mouse neural crest cells and that loss of GSK3 leads to increased pFAK and misregulation of Rac1 and lamellipodin, key regulators of cell migration. Genetic reduction of GSK3 results in failure of migration. We find that pY-GSK3 phosphorylation depends on anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a protein associated with neuroblastoma. Consistent with this, neuroblastoma cells with increased ALK activity express high levels of pY-GSK3, and blockade of GSK3 or ALK can affect migration of these cells. Altogether, this work identifies a role for GSK3 in cell migration during neural crest development and cancer. Defects in neural crest development cause neurocristopathies and cancer, but what regulates this is unclear. Here, the authors show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) regulates migration of neural crest cells, as shown on genetic deletion of GSK3 in the mouse, and that this acts via anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna M Lopez Muñoz
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel Doro
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Triòna G Bolger
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Evon Poon
- Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Tucker
- Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hadeel Adel Al-Lami
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Matthias Krause
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Christopher J Phiel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Louis Chesler
- Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Karen J Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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21
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Genuth MA, Allen CDC, Mikawa T, Weiner OD. Chick cranial neural crest cells use progressive polarity refinement, not contact inhibition of locomotion, to guide their migration. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S252-S261. [PMID: 29501457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To move directionally, cells can bias the generation of protrusions or select among randomly generated protrusions. Here we use 3D two-photon imaging of chick branchial arch 2 directed neural crest cells to probe how these mechanisms contribute to directed movement, whether a subset or the majority of cells polarize during movement, and how the different classes of protrusions relate to one another. We find that, in contrast to Xenopus, cells throughout the stream are morphologically polarized along the direction of overall stream movement and do not exhibit contact inhibition of locomotion. Instead chick neural crest cells display a progressive sharpening of the morphological polarity program. Neural crest cells have weak spatial biases in filopodia generation and lifetime. Local bursts of filopodial generation precede the generation of larger protrusions. These larger protrusions are more spatially biased than the filopodia, and the subset of protrusions that are productive for motility are the most polarized of all. Orientation rather than position is the best correlate of the protrusions that are selected for cell guidance. This progressive polarity refinement strategy may enable neural crest cells to efficiently explore their environment and migrate accurately in the face of noisy guidance cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Genuth
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Takashi Mikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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22
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Dinsmore CJ, Soriano P. MAPK and PI3K signaling: At the crossroads of neural crest development. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S79-S97. [PMID: 29453943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated growth factor signaling is essential for proper formation and development of the neural crest. The many ligands and receptors implicated in these processes signal through relatively few downstream pathways, frequently converging on the MAPK and PI3K pathways. Despite decades of study, there is still considerable uncertainty about where and when these signaling pathways are required and how they elicit particular responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of growth factor-induced MAPK and PI3K signaling in the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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23
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Hutson MR, Keyte AL, Hernández-Morales M, Gibbs E, Kupchinsky ZA, Argyridis I, Erwin KN, Pegram K, Kneifel M, Rosenberg PB, Matak P, Xie L, Grandl J, Davis EE, Katsanis N, Liu C, Benner EJ. Temperature-activated ion channels in neural crest cells confer maternal fever-associated birth defects. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/500/eaal4055. [PMID: 29018170 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Birth defects of the heart and face are common, and most have no known genetic cause, suggesting a role for environmental factors. Maternal fever during the first trimester is an environmental risk factor linked to these defects. Neural crest cells are precursor populations essential to the development of both at-risk tissues. We report that two heat-activated transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, TRPV1 and TRPV4, were present in neural crest cells during critical windows of heart and face development. TRPV1 antagonists protected against the development of hyperthermia-induced defects in chick embryos. Treatment with chemical agonists of TRPV1 or TRPV4 replicated hyperthermia-induced birth defects in chick and zebrafish embryos. To test whether transient TRPV channel permeability in neural crest cells was sufficient to induce these defects, we engineered iron-binding modifications to TRPV1 and TRPV4 that enabled remote and noninvasive activation of these channels in specific cellular locations and at specific developmental times in chick embryos with radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. Transient stimulation of radio frequency-controlled TRP channels in neural crest cells replicated fever-associated defects in developing chick embryos. Our data provide a previously undescribed mechanism for congenital defects, whereby hyperthermia activates ion channels that negatively affect fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Hutson
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Jean and George Brumley, Jr. Neonatal-Perinatal Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna L Keyte
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Jean and George Brumley, Jr. Neonatal-Perinatal Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Miriam Hernández-Morales
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eric Gibbs
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zachary A Kupchinsky
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ioannis Argyridis
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kyle N Erwin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Jean and George Brumley, Jr. Neonatal-Perinatal Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly Pegram
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Jean and George Brumley, Jr. Neonatal-Perinatal Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Margaret Kneifel
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Paul B Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pavle Matak
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Luke Xie
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jörg Grandl
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eric J Benner
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Jean and George Brumley, Jr. Neonatal-Perinatal Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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24
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Xu T, Xie HQ, Li Y, Xia Y, Chen Y, Xu L, Wang L, Zhao B. CDC42 expression is altered by dioxin exposure and mediated by multilevel regulations via AhR in human neuroblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10103. [PMID: 28860601 PMCID: PMC5578991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that dioxin causes dysregulation of microRNAs (miRs) in a variety of tissues or cells. However, little is known about dioxin effects on neuronal miRs expression. In the present study, 277 differentially expressed miRs were identified by miRs microarray analysis in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, at 10−10 M) treated SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. Among them, 53 miRs exhibited changes of more than 0.4-fold. Consistent with the microarray data, we verified the induction effect of TCDD on hsa-miR-608 expression, which is a primate-specific miR associated with brain functions. Bioinformatics analysis showed involvement of hsa-miR-608 in cytoskeleton organization, in which one of the hsa-miR-608 target genes, Cell Division Cycle 42 (CDC42), might play a role. We also confirmed induction of CDC42 expression by TCDD in SK-N-SH cells. TCDD induced the expression of CDC42 mRNA in hsa-miR-608 inhibitor transfected cells more obviously than in control cells, suggesting involvement of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in the TCDD-induced CDC42 regulation. Furthermore, CH223191, an antagonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), counteracted TCDD-induced hsa-miR-608 and CDC42 expression. These results indicated that AhR not only mediates transcriptional induction of CDC42, but also hsa-miR-608-induced post-transcriptional regulation of CDC42 in dioxin treated neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Heidi Q Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yunping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yingjie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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25
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Quintana AM, Hernandez JA, Gonzalez CG. Functional analysis of the zebrafish ortholog of HMGCS1 reveals independent functions for cholesterol and isoprenoids in craniofacial development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180856. [PMID: 28686747 PMCID: PMC5501617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 8 different human syndromes caused by mutations in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. A subset of these disorders such as Smith-Lemli-Opitz disorder, are associated with facial dysmorphia. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying such facial deficits are not fully understood, primarily because of the diverse functions associated with the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Recent evidence has demonstrated that mutation of the zebrafish ortholog of HMGCR results in orofacial clefts. Here we sought to expand upon these data, by deciphering the cholesterol dependent functions of the cholesterol synthesis pathway from the cholesterol independent functions. Moreover, we utilized loss of function analysis and pharmacological inhibition to determine the extent of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in animals with aberrant cholesterol and/or isoprenoid synthesis. Our analysis confirmed that mutation of hmgcs1, which encodes the first enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, results in craniofacial abnormalities via defects in cranial neural crest cell differentiation. Furthermore targeted pharmacological inhibition of the cholesterol synthesis pathway revealed a novel function for isoprenoid synthesis during vertebrate craniofacial development. Mutation of hmgcs1 had no effect on Shh signaling at 2 and 3 days post fertilization (dpf), but did result in a decrease in the expression of gli1, a known Shh target gene, at 4 dpf, after morphological deficits in craniofacial development and chondrocyte differentiation were observed in hmgcs1 mutants. These data raise the possibility that deficiencies in cholesterol modulate chondrocyte differentiation by a combination of Shh independent and Shh dependent mechanisms. Moreover, our results describe a novel function for isoprenoids in facial development and collectively suggest that cholesterol regulates craniofacial development through versatile mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M. Quintana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States of America
- Border Biomedical Research Center, NeuroModulation Cluster, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jose A. Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Cesar G. Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States of America
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26
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Woodham EF, Paul NR, Tyrrell B, Spence HJ, Swaminathan K, Scribner MR, Giampazolias E, Hedley A, Clark W, Kage F, Marston DJ, Hahn KM, Tait SWG, Larue L, Brakebusch CH, Insall RH, Machesky LM. Coordination by Cdc42 of Actin, Contractility, and Adhesion for Melanoblast Movement in Mouse Skin. Curr Biol 2017; 27:624-637. [PMID: 28238662 PMCID: PMC5344686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The individual molecular pathways downstream of Cdc42, Rac, and Rho GTPases are well documented, but we know surprisingly little about how these pathways are coordinated when cells move in a complex environment in vivo. In the developing embryo, melanoblasts originating from the neural crest must traverse the dermis to reach the epidermis of the skin and hair follicles. We previously established that Rac1 signals via Scar/WAVE and Arp2/3 to effect pseudopod extension and migration of melanoblasts in skin. Here we show that RhoA is redundant in the melanocyte lineage but that Cdc42 coordinates multiple motility systems independent of Rac1. Similar to Rac1 knockouts, Cdc42 null mice displayed a severe loss of pigmentation, and melanoblasts showed cell-cycle progression, migration, and cytokinesis defects. However, unlike Rac1 knockouts, Cdc42 null melanoblasts were elongated and displayed large, bulky pseudopods with dynamic actin bursts. Despite assuming an elongated shape usually associated with fast mesenchymal motility, Cdc42 knockout melanoblasts migrated slowly and inefficiently in the epidermis, with nearly static pseudopods. Although much of the basic actin machinery was intact, Cdc42 null cells lacked the ability to polarize their Golgi and coordinate motility systems for efficient movement. Loss of Cdc42 de-coupled three main systems: actin assembly via the formin FMNL2 and Arp2/3, active myosin-II localization, and integrin-based adhesion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Woodham
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Nikki R Paul
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Benjamin Tyrrell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Heather J Spence
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michelle R Scribner
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Evangelos Giampazolias
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - William Clark
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel J Marston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institute Curie, CNRS UMR3347, INSERM U1021, Bat 110, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Cord H Brakebusch
- Biotech Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Robert H Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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27
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Li J, Liu Y, Jin Y, Wang R, Wang J, Lu S, VanBuren V, Dostal DE, Zhang SL, Peng X. Essential role of Cdc42 in cardiomyocyte proliferation and cell-cell adhesion during heart development. Dev Biol 2016; 421:271-283. [PMID: 27986432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and functions as a molecular switch in regulating cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival. However, the role of Cdc42 in heart development remains largely unknown. To determine the function of Cdc42 in heart formation, we have generated a Cdc42 cardiomyocyte knockout (CCKO) mouse line by crossing Cdc42 flox mice with myosin light chain (MLC) 2a-Cre mice. The inactivation of Cdc42 in embryonic cardiomyocytes induced lethality after embryonic day 12.5. Histological analysis of CCKO embryos showed cardiac developmental defects that included thin ventricular walls and ventricular septum defects. Microarray and real-time PCR data also revealed that the expression level of p21 was significantly increased and cyclin B1 was dramatically decreased, suggesting that Cdc42 is required for cardiomyocyte proliferation. Phosphorylated Histone H3 staining confirmed that the inactivation of Cdc42 inhibited cardiomyocytes proliferation. In addition, transmission electron microscope studies showed disorganized sarcomere structure and disruption of cell-cell contact among cardiomyocytes in CCKO hearts. Accordingly, we found that the distribution of N-cadherin/β-Catenin in CCKO cardiomyocytes was impaired. Taken together, our data indicate that Cdc42 is essential for cardiomyocyte proliferation, sarcomere organization and cell-cell adhesion during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Li
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Yixin Jin
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA; Department of Cardiology, Yangpu District Central Hospital, Tongji University, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Sarah Lu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Vincent VanBuren
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - David E Dostal
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Shenyuan L Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA.
| | - Xu Peng
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA.
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28
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O'Neill AK, Kindberg AA, Niethamer TK, Larson AR, Ho HYH, Greenberg ME, Bush JO. Unidirectional Eph/ephrin signaling creates a cortical actomyosin differential to drive cell segregation. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:217-229. [PMID: 27810913 PMCID: PMC5084648 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eph/ephrins drive cell segregation and boundary formation. O’Neill et al. discover that segregation is driven by unidirectional kinase-dependent EphB signaling. Unidirectional signaling generates a cortical actin differential between ephrin-B1– and EphB2-expressing cells and requires ROCK activity for cell segregation. Cell segregation is the process by which cells self-organize to establish developmental boundaries, an essential step in tissue formation. Cell segregation is a common outcome of Eph/ephrin signaling, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In craniofrontonasal syndrome, X-linked mosaicism for ephrin-B1 expression has been hypothesized to lead to aberrant Eph/ephrin-mediated cell segregation. Here, we use mouse genetics to exploit mosaicism to study cell segregation in the mammalian embryo and integrate live-cell imaging to examine the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Our data demonstrate that dramatic ephrin-B1–mediated cell segregation occurs in the early neuroepithelium. In contrast to the paradigm that repulsive bidirectional signaling drives cell segregation, unidirectional EphB kinase signaling leads to cell sorting by the Rho kinase–dependent generation of a cortical actin differential between ephrin-B1– and EphB-expressing cells. These results define mechanisms of Eph/ephrin-mediated cell segregation, implicating unidirectional regulation of cortical actomyosin contractility as a key effector of this fundamental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey K O'Neill
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Abigail A Kindberg
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Terren K Niethamer
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Andrew R Larson
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95817.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 .,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Benítez-Burraco A, Lattanzi W, Murphy E. Language Impairments in ASD Resulting from a Failed Domestication of the Human Brain. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:373. [PMID: 27621700 PMCID: PMC5002430 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders entailing social and cognitive deficits, including marked problems with language. Numerous genes have been associated with ASD, but it is unclear how language deficits arise from gene mutation or dysregulation. It is also unclear why ASD shows such high prevalence within human populations. Interestingly, the emergence of a modern faculty of language has been hypothesized to be linked to changes in the human brain/skull, but also to the process of self-domestication of the human species. It is our intention to show that people with ASD exhibit less marked domesticated traits at the morphological, physiological, and behavioral levels. We also discuss many ASD candidates represented among the genes known to be involved in the “domestication syndrome” (the constellation of traits exhibited by domesticated mammals, which seemingly results from the hypofunction of the neural crest) and among the set of genes involved in language function closely connected to them. Moreover, many of these genes show altered expression profiles in the brain of autists. In addition, some candidates for domestication and language-readiness show the same expression profile in people with ASD and chimps in different brain areas involved in language processing. Similarities regarding the brain oscillatory behavior of these areas can be expected too. We conclude that ASD may represent an abnormal ontogenetic itinerary for the human faculty of language resulting in part from changes in genes important for the “domestication syndrome” and, ultimately, from the normal functioning of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Elliot Murphy
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
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30
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Signore IA, Jerez C, Figueroa D, Suazo J, Marcelain K, Cerda O, Colombo Flores A. Inhibition of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase induces orofacial defects in zebrafish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:814-830. [PMID: 27488927 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common birth defects, which include a range of disorders with a complex etiology affecting formation of craniofacial structures. Some forms of syndromic OFCs are produced by defects in the cholesterol pathway. The principal enzyme of the cholesterol pathway is the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Our aim is to study whether defects of HMGCR function would produce orofacial malformation similar to those found in disorders of cholesterol synthesis. METHODS We used zebrafish hmgcrb mutants and HMGCR inhibition assay using atorvastatin during early and late stages of orofacial morphogenesis in zebrafish. To describe craniofacial phenotypes, we stained cartilage and bone and performed in situ hybridization using known craniofacial markers. Also, we visualized neural crest cell migration in a transgenic fish. RESULTS Our results showed that mutants displayed loss of cartilage and diminished orofacial outgrowth, and in some cases palatal cleft. Late treatments with statin show a similar phenotype. Affected-siblings displayed a moderate phenotype, whereas early-treated embryos had a minor cleft. We found reduced expression of the downstream component of Sonic Hedgehog-signaling gli1 in ventral brain, oral ectoderm, and pharyngeal endoderm in mutants and in late atorvastatin-treated embryos. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that HMGCR loss-of-function primarily affects postmigratory cranial neural crest cells through abnormal Sonic Hedgehog signaling, probably induced by reduction in metabolites of the cholesterol pathway. Malformation severity correlates with the grade of HMGCR inhibition, developmental stage of its disruption, and probably with availability of maternal lipids. Together, our results might help to understand the spectrum of orofacial phenotypes found in cholesterol synthesis disorders. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:814-830, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra A Signore
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Filosofía y Ciencias de la Complejidad (IFICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Jerez
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Figueroa
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Suazo
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine Marcelain
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Colombo Flores
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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31
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Oshima-Nakayama M, Yamada A, Kurosawa T, Aizawa R, Suzuki D, Saito Y, Kassai H, Sato Y, Yamamoto M, Shirota T, Aiba A, Maki K, Kamijo R. Cdc42 is crucial for facial and palatal formation during craniofacial development. Bone Rep 2016; 5:1-6. [PMID: 28326341 PMCID: PMC4926830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial deformities with multifactorial etiologies, such as cleft palate and facial dysmorphism, represent some of the most frequent congenital birth defects seen in humans. Their pathogeneses are often related to cranial neural crest (CNC) cells. During CNC cell migration, changes in cell shape and formation, as well as maintenance of subcellular structures, such as filopodia and lamellipodia, are dependent on the complex functions of Rho family small GTPases, which are regulators of actin cytoskeletal organization. Cdc42, a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, is known to play critical roles in organogenesis of various tissues. To investigate the physiological functions of Cdc42 during craniofacial development, we generated CNC-derived cell-specific inactivated Cdc42 mutant mice (Cdc42fl/fl;P0-cre). Most of the Cdc42fl/fl;P0-cre neonates were viable at birth, though they appeared weaker and no milk was found in their stomachs, and all died within a few days. They had a short face and intracranial bleeding, and abnormal calcification of the cranium. Cdc42fl/fl;P0-cre neonates also demonstrated a cleft palate and there was no fusion of the secondary palate because of failure of palatal shelf elongation for the process of palate closure. Cdc42 is crucial for facial and palatal formation during craniofacial development. Cranial neural crest-derived cell-specific Cdc42 deletion mutant mice were generated. Cdc42 mutant mice were found to have a cleft palate. Palatal shelf elongation failed in Cdc42 mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Oshima-Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kurosawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Aizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.; Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Dai Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kassai
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shirota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koutaro Maki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohta, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Suzuki A, Sangani DR, Ansari A, Iwata J. Molecular mechanisms of midfacial developmental defects. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:276-93. [PMID: 26562615 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of midfacial processes requires the coordination of a variety of cellular functions of both mesenchymal and epithelial cells to develop complex structures. Any failure or delay in midfacial development as well as any abnormal fusion of the medial and lateral nasal and maxillary prominences will result in developmental defects in the midface with a varying degree of severity, including cleft, hypoplasia, and midline expansion. Despite the advances in human genome sequencing technology, the causes of nearly 70% of all birth defects, which include midfacial development defects, remain unknown. Recent studies in animal models have highlighted the importance of specific signaling cascades and genetic-environmental interactions in the development of the midfacial region. This review will summarize the current understanding of the morphogenetic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying midfacial birth defects based on mouse models with midfacial developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Dhruvee R Sangani
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Afreen Ansari
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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33
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Yang SW, Ting HC, Lo YT, Wu TY, Huang HW, Yang CJ, Chan JFR, Chuang MC, Hsu YHH. Guanine nucleotide induced conformational change of Cdc42 revealed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:42-51. [PMID: 26542736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42 regulates pathways related to cell division. Dysregulation of Cdc42 can lead to cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. GTP induced activation mechanism plays an important role in the activity and biological functions of Cdc42. P-loop, Switch I and Switch II are critical regions modulating the enzymatic activity of Cdc42. We applied amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HDXMS) to investigate the dynamic changes of apo-Cdc42 after GDP, GTP and GMP-PCP binding. The natural substrate GTP induced significant decreases of deuteration in P-loop and Switch II, moderate changes of deuteration in Switch I and significant changes of deuteration in the α7 helix, a region far away from the active site. GTP binding induced similar effects on H/D exchange to its non-hydrolysable analog, GMP-PCP. HDXMS results indicate that GTP binding blocked the solvent accessibility in the active site leading to the decrease of H/D exchange rate surrounding the active site, and further triggered a conformational change resulting in the drastic decrease of H/D exchange rate at the remote α7 helix. Comparing the deuteration levels in three activation states of apo-Cdc42, Cdc42-GDP and Cdc42-GMP-PCP, the apo-Cdc42 has the most flexible structure, which can be stabilized by guanine nucleotide binding. The rates of H/D exchange of Cdc42-GDP are between the GMP-PCP-bound and the apo form, but more closely to the GMP-PCP-bound form. Our results show that the activation of Cdc42 is a process of conformational changes involved with P-loop, Switch II and α7 helix for structural stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chi Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Yang
- Department of Materials Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yuan-Hao Howard Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Life Science Research Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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34
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Jurberg AD, Vasconcelos-Fontes L, Cotta-de-Almeida V. A Tale from TGF-β Superfamily for Thymus Ontogeny and Function. Front Immunol 2015; 6:442. [PMID: 26441956 PMCID: PMC4564722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways control every aspect of cell behavior, organ formation, and tissue homeostasis throughout the lifespan of any individual. This review takes an ontogenetic view focused on the large superfamily of TGF-β/bone morphogenetic protein ligands to address thymus morphogenesis and function in T cell differentiation. Recent findings on a role of GDF11 for reversing aging-related phenotypes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Dias Jurberg
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ; Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Larissa Vasconcelos-Fontes
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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35
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Chaki SP, Barhoumi R, Rivera GM. Actin remodeling by Nck regulates endothelial lumen formation. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3047-60. [PMID: 26157164 PMCID: PMC4551318 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nck-dependent actin remodeling enables endothelial morphogenesis by promoting cell elongation and proper organization of VE-cadherin intercellular junctions. Nck determines spatiotemporal patterns of Cdc42/aPKC activation to regulate endothelial apical-basal polarity and lumen formation. Multiple angiogenic cues modulate phosphotyrosine signaling to promote vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Despite its functional and clinical importance, how vascular cells integrate phosphotyrosine-dependent signaling to elicit cytoskeletal changes required for endothelial morphogenesis remains poorly understood. The family of Nck adaptors couples phosphotyrosine signals with actin dynamics and therefore is well positioned to orchestrate cellular processes required in vascular formation and remodeling. Culture of endothelial cells in three-dimensional collagen matrices in the presence of VEGF stimulation was combined with molecular genetics, optical imaging, and biochemistry to show that Nck-dependent actin remodeling promotes endothelial cell elongation and proper organization of VE-cadherin intercellular junctions. Major morphogenetic defects caused by abrogation of Nck signaling included loss of endothelial apical-basal polarity and impaired lumenization. Time-lapse imaging using a Förster resonance energy transfer biosensor, immunostaining with phospho-specific antibodies, and GST pull-down assays showed that Nck determines spatiotemporal patterns of Cdc42/aPKC activation during endothelial morphogenesis. Our results demonstrate that Nck acts as an important hub integrating angiogenic cues with cytoskeletal changes that enable endothelial apical-basal polarization and lumen formation. These findings point to Nck as an emergent target for effective antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar P Chaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
| | - Gonzalo M Rivera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467
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36
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Bankhead EJ, Colasanto MP, Dyorich KM, Jamrich M, Murtaugh LC, Fuhrmann S. Multiple requirements of the focal dermal hypoplasia gene porcupine during ocular morphogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:197-213. [PMID: 25451153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt glycoproteins control key processes during development and disease by activating various downstream pathways. Wnt secretion requires post-translational modification mediated by the O-acyltransferase encoded by the Drosophila porcupine homolog gene (PORCN). In humans, PORCN mutations cause focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH, or Goltz syndrome), an X-linked dominant multisystem birth defect that is frequently accompanied by ocular abnormalities such as coloboma, microphthalmia, or even anophthalmia. Although genetic ablation of Porcn in mouse has provided insight into the etiology of defects caused by ectomesodermal dysplasia in FDH, the requirement for Porcn and the actual Wnt ligands during eye development have been unknown. In this study, Porcn hemizygosity occasionally caused ocular defects reminiscent of FDH. Conditional inactivation of Porcn in periocular mesenchyme led to defects in mid- and hindbrain and in craniofacial development, but was insufficient to cause ocular abnormalities. However, a combination of conditional Porcn depletion in optic vesicle neuroectoderm, lens, and neural crest-derived periocular mesenchyme induced severe eye abnormalities with high penetrance. In particular, we observed coloboma, transdifferentiation of the dorsal and ventral retinal pigment epithelium, defective optic cup periphery, and closure defects of the eyelid, as well as defective corneal morphogenesis. Thus, Porcn is required in both extraocular and neuroectodermal tissues to regulate distinct Wnt-dependent processes during morphogenesis of the posterior and anterior segments of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Bankhead
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mary P Colasanto
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kayla M Dyorich
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Milan Jamrich
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Sabine Fuhrmann
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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37
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Kelly ML, Astsaturov A, Rhodes J, Chernoff J. A Pak1/Erk signaling module acts through Gata6 to regulate cardiovascular development in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2014; 29:350-9. [PMID: 24823378 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proper neural crest development and migration is critical during embryonic development, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this process remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the protein kinase Erk, which plays a central role in a number of key developmental processes in vertebrates, is regulated in the developing neural crest by p21-activated protein kinase 1 (Pak1). Furthermore, we show that activated Erk signals by phosphorylating the transcription factor Gata6 on a conserved serine residue to promote neural crest migration and proper formation of craniofacial structures, pigment cells, and the outflow tract of the heart. Our data suggest an essential role for Pak1 as an Erk activator, and Gata6 as an Erk target, during neural crest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie L Kelly
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Artyom Astsaturov
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jennifer Rhodes
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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