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Chen D, Fan X, Wang K, Gong L, Melero-Martin JM, Pu WT. Pioneer factor ETV2 safeguards endothelial cell specification by recruiting the repressor REST to restrict alternative lineage commitment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.595971. [PMID: 38853821 PMCID: PMC11160620 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.595971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Mechanisms of cell fate specification remain a central question for developmental biology and regenerative medicine. The pioneer factor ETV2 is a master regulator for the endothelial cell (EC) lineage specification. Here, we studied mechanisms of ETV2-driven fate specification using a highly efficient system in which ETV2 directs human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesodermal progenitors to form ECs over two days. By applying CUT&RUN, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq) analyses, we characterized the transcriptomic profiles, chromatin landscapes, dynamic cis-regulatory elements (CREs), and molecular features of EC cell differentiation mediated by ETV2. This defined the scope of ETV2 pioneering activity and identified its direct downstream target genes. Induced ETV2 expression both directed specification of endothelial progenitors and suppressed acquisition of alternative fates. Functional screening and candidate validation revealed cofactors essential for efficient EC specification, including the transcriptional activator GABPA. Surprisingly, the transcriptional repressor REST was also necessary for efficient EC specification. ETV2 recruited REST to occupy and repress non-EC lineage genes. Collectively, our study provides an unparalleled molecular analysis of EC specification at single-cell resolution and identifies the important role of pioneer factors to recruit repressors that suppress commitment to alternative lineages.
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2
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Zhao Y, Yang Y, Wu X, Zhang L, Cai X, Ji J, Chen S, Vera A, Boström KI, Yao Y. CDK1 inhibition reduces osteogenesis in endothelial cells in vascular calcification. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176065. [PMID: 38456502 PMCID: PMC10972591 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a severe complication of cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that endothelial lineage cells transitioned into osteoblast-like cells and contributed to vascular calcification. Here, we found that inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) prevented endothelial lineage cells from transitioning to osteoblast-like cells and reduced vascular calcification. We identified a robust induction of CDK1 in endothelial cells (ECs) in calcified arteries and showed that EC-specific gene deletion of CDK1 decreased the calcification. We found that limiting CDK1 induced E-twenty-six specific sequence variant 2 (ETV2), which was responsible for blocking endothelial lineage cells from undergoing osteoblast differentiation. We also found that inhibition of CDK1 reduced vascular calcification in a diabetic mouse model. Together, the results highlight the importance of CDK1 suppression and suggest CDK1 inhibition as a potential option for treating vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xinjiang Cai
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jaden Ji
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sydney Chen
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Abigail Vera
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Payne S, Neal A, De Val S. Transcription factors regulating vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:28-58. [PMID: 36795082 PMCID: PMC10952167 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in regulating the dynamic and precise patterns of gene expression required for the initial specification of endothelial cells (ECs), and during endothelial growth and differentiation. While sharing many core features, ECs can be highly heterogeneous. Differential gene expression between ECs is essential to pattern the hierarchical vascular network into arteries, veins and capillaries, to drive angiogenic growth of new vessels, and to direct specialization in response to local signals. Unlike many other cell types, ECs have no single master regulator, instead relying on differing combinations of a necessarily limited repertoire of TFs to achieve tight spatial and temporal activation and repression of gene expression. Here, we will discuss the cohort of TFs known to be involved in directing gene expression during different stages of mammalian vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, with a primary focus on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Payne
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Alice Neal
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sarah De Val
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
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4
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Cho S, Aakash P, Lee S, Yoon YS. Endothelial cell direct reprogramming: Past, present, and future. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 180:22-32. [PMID: 37080451 PMCID: PMC10330356 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiovascular disease still remains as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality despite various medical, surgical, and interventional therapy. As such, cell therapy has emerged as an attractive option because it tackles underlying problem of the diseases by inducing neovascularization in ischemic tissue. After overall failure of adult stem or progenitor cells, studies attempted to generate endothelial cells (ECs) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). While endothelial cells (ECs) differentiated from PSCs successfully induced vascular regeneration, differentiating volatility and tumorigenic potential is a concern for their clinical applications. Alternatively, direct reprogramming strategies employ lineage-specific factors to change cell fate without achieving pluripotency. ECs have been successfully reprogrammed via ectopic expression of transcription factors (TFs) from endothelial lineage. The reprogrammed ECs induced neovascularization in vitro and in vivo and thus demonstrated their therapeutic value in animal models of vascular insufficiency. Methods of delivering reprogramming factors include lentiviral or retroviral vectors and more clinically relevant, non-integrative adenoviral and episomal vectors. Most studies made use of fibroblast as a source cell for reprogramming, but reprogrammability of other clinically relevant source cell types has to be evaluated. Specific mechanisms and small molecules that are involved in the aforementioned processes tackles challenges associated with direct reprogramming efficiency and maintenance of reprogrammed EC characteristics. After all, this review provides summary of past and contemporary methods of direct endothelial reprogramming and discusses the future direction to overcome these challenges to acquire clinically applicable reprogrammed ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonggeon Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Aakash
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sangho Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Gong W, Dsouza N, Garry DJ. SeATAC: a tool for exploring the chromatin landscape and the role of pioneer factors. Genome Biol 2023; 24:125. [PMID: 37218013 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) reveals chromatin accessibility across the genome. Currently, no method specifically detects differential chromatin accessibility. Here, SeATAC uses a conditional variational autoencoder model to learn the latent representation of ATAC-seq V-plots and outperforms MACS2 and NucleoATAC on six separate tasks. Applying SeATAC to several pioneer factor-induced differentiation or reprogramming ATAC-seq datasets suggests that induction of these factors not only relaxes the closed chromatin but also decreases chromatin accessibility of 20% to 30% of their target sites. SeATAC is a novel tool to accurately reveal genomic regions with differential chromatin accessibility from ATAC-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuming Gong
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6Th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Nikita Dsouza
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6Th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Kim TM, Lee RH, Kim MS, Lewis CA, Park C. ETV2/ER71, the key factor leading the paths to vascular regeneration and angiogenic reprogramming. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:41. [PMID: 36927793 PMCID: PMC10019431 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive efforts have been made to achieve vascular regeneration accompanying tissue repair for treating vascular dysfunction-associated diseases. Recent advancements in stem cell biology and cell reprogramming have opened unforeseen opportunities to promote angiogenesis in vivo and generate autologous endothelial cells (ECs) for clinical use. We have, for the first time, identified a unique endothelial-specific transcription factor, ETV2/ER71, and revealed its essential role in regulating endothelial cell generation and function, along with vascular regeneration and tissue repair. Furthermore, we and other groups have demonstrated its ability to directly reprogram terminally differentiated non-ECs into functional ECs, proposing ETV2/ER71 as an effective therapeutic target for vascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the up-to-date status of studies on ETV2/ER71, spanning from its molecular mechanism to vasculo-angiogenic role and direct cell reprogramming toward ECs. Furthermore, we discuss future directions to deploy the clinical potential of ETV2/ER71 as a novel and potent target for vascular disorders such as cardiovascular disease, neurovascular impairment and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Min Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-daero, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ra Ham Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Min Seong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Chloe A Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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7
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Das S, Gupta V, Bjorge J, Shi X, Gong W, Garry MG, Garry DJ. ETV2 and VEZF1 interaction and regulation of the hematoendothelial lineage during embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1109648. [PMID: 36923254 PMCID: PMC10009235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ets variant 2 (Etv2), a member of the Ets factor family, has an essential role in the formation of endothelial and hematopoietic cell lineages during embryonic development. The functional role of ETS transcription factors is, in part, dependent on the interacting proteins. There are relatively few studies exploring the coordinated interplay between ETV2 and its interacting proteins that regulate mesodermal lineage determination. In order to identify novel ETV2 interacting partners, a yeast two-hybrid analysis was performed and the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor VEZF1 (vascular endothelial zinc finger 1) was identified as a binding factor, which was specifically expressed within the endothelium during vascular development. To confirm this interaction, co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull down assays demonstrated the direct interaction between ETV2 and VEZF1. During embryoid body differentiation, Etv2 achieved its peak expression at day 3.0 followed by rapid downregulation, on the other hand Vezf1 expression increased through day 6 of EB differentiation. We have previously shown that ETV2 potently activated Flt1 gene transcription. Using a Flt1 promoter-luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that VEZF1 co-activated the Flt1 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Chromatin immunoprecipitation established VEZF1 binding to the Flt1 promoter. Vezf1 knockout embryonic stem cells had downregulation of hematoendothelial marker genes when undergoing embryoid body mediated mesodermal differentiation whereas overexpression of VEZF1 induced the expression of hematoendothelial genes during differentiation. These current studies provide insight into the co-regulation of the hemato-endothelial lineage development via a co-operative interaction between ETV2 and VEZF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabrata Das
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Vinayak Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Johannes Bjorge
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Xiaozhong Shi
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, JX, China
| | - Wuming Gong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mary G. Garry
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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8
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Choe YH, Sorensen J, Garry DJ, Garry MG. Blastocyst complementation and interspecies chimeras in gene edited pigs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1065536. [PMID: 36568986 PMCID: PMC9773398 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1065536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The only curative therapy for many endstage diseases is allograft organ transplantation. Due to the limited supply of donor organs, relatively few patients are recipients of a transplanted organ. Therefore, new strategies are warranted to address this unmet need. Using gene editing technologies, somatic cell nuclear transfer and human induced pluripotent stem cell technologies, interspecies chimeric organs have been pursued with promising results. In this review, we highlight the overall technical strategy, the successful early results and the hurdles that need to be addressed in order for these approaches to produce a successful organ that could be transplanted in patients with endstage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-ho Choe
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jacob Sorensen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mary G. Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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9
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Garry DJ, Weiner JI, Greising SM, Garry MG, Sachs DH. Mechanisms and strategies to promote cardiac xenotransplantation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 172:109-119. [PMID: 36030840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
End stage heart failure is a terminal disease, and the only curative therapy is orthotopic heart transplantation. Due to limited organ availability, alternative strategies have received intense interest for treatment of patients with advanced heart failure. Recent studies using gene-edited porcine organs suggest that cardiac xenotransplantation may provide a future source of organs. In this review, we highlight the historical milestones for cardiac xenotransplantation and the gene editing strategies designed to overcome immunological barriers, which have culminated in a recent cardiac pig-to-human xenotransplant. We also discuss recent results of studies on the engineering of human-porcine chimeric organs that may provide an alternative and complementary strategy to overcome some of the major immunological barriers to producing a new source of transplantable organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Garry
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America; NorthStar Genomics, Eagan, MN, United States of America.
| | - Joshua I Weiner
- Departments of Surgery, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Sarah M Greising
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Mary G Garry
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America; NorthStar Genomics, Eagan, MN, United States of America
| | - David H Sachs
- Departments of Surgery, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
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10
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A COP1-GATA2 axis suppresses AR signaling and prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205350119. [PMID: 36251994 PMCID: PMC9618149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205350119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is crucial for driving prostate cancer (PCa), the most diagnosed and the second leading cause of death in male patients with cancer in the United States. Androgen deprivation therapy is initially effective in most instances of AR-positive advanced or metastatic PCa. However, patients inevitably develop lethal castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), which is also resistant to the next-generation AR signaling inhibitors. Most CRPCs maintain AR expression, and blocking AR signaling remains a main therapeutic approach. GATA2 is a pioneer transcription factor emerging as a key therapeutic target for PCa because it promotes AR expression and activation. While directly inhibiting GATA2 transcriptional activity remains challenging, enhancing GATA2 degradation is a plausible therapeutic strategy. How GATA2 protein stability is regulated in PCa remains unknown. Here, we show that constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, drives GATA2 ubiquitination at K419/K424 for degradation. GATA2 lacks a conserved [D/E](x)xxVP[D/E] degron but uses alternate BR1/BR2 motifs to bind COP1. By promoting GATA2 degradation, COP1 inhibits AR expression and activation and represses PCa cell and xenograft growth and castration resistance. Accordingly, GATA2 overexpression or COP1 mutations that disrupt COP1-GATA2 binding block COP1 tumor-suppressing activities. We conclude that GATA2 is a major COP1 substrate in PCa and that COP1 promotion of GATA2 degradation is a direct mechanism for regulating AR expression and activation, PCa growth, and castration resistance.
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11
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Gong W, Das S, Sierra-Pagan JE, Skie E, Dsouza N, Larson TA, Garry MG, Luzete-Monteiro E, Zaret KS, Garry DJ. ETV2 functions as a pioneer factor to regulate and reprogram the endothelial lineage. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:672-684. [PMID: 35550615 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature is an essential organ for the delivery of blood and oxygen to all tissues of the body and is thus relevant to the treatment of ischaemic diseases, injury-induced regeneration and solid tumour growth. Previously, we demonstrated that ETV2 is an essential transcription factor for the development of cardiac, endothelial and haematopoietic lineages. Here we report that ETV2 functions as a pioneer factor that relaxes closed chromatin and regulates endothelial development. By comparing engineered embryonic stem cell differentiation and reprogramming models with multi-omics techniques, we demonstrated that ETV2 was able to bind nucleosomal DNA and recruit BRG1. BRG1 recruitment remodelled chromatin around endothelial genes and helped to maintain an open configuration, resulting in increased H3K27ac deposition. Collectively, these results will serve as a platform for the development of therapeutic initiatives directed towards cardiovascular diseases and solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuming Gong
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Javier E Sierra-Pagan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erik Skie
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nikita Dsouza
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thijs A Larson
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Edgar Luzete-Monteiro
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Zaret
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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12
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Zug R. Developmental disorders caused by haploinsufficiency of transcriptional regulators: a perspective based on cell fate determination. Biol Open 2022; 11:bio058896. [PMID: 35089335 PMCID: PMC8801891 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders are caused by loss-of-function mutations in a single copy of transcription factor (TF) and chromatin regulator genes. Although this dosage sensitivity has long been known, how and why haploinsufficiency (HI) of transcriptional regulators leads to developmental disorders (DDs) is unclear. Here I propose the hypothesis that such DDs result from defects in cell fate determination that are based on disrupted bistability in the underlying gene regulatory network (GRN). Bistability, a crucial systems biology concept to model binary choices such as cell fate decisions, requires both positive feedback and ultrasensitivity, the latter often achieved through TF cooperativity. The hypothesis explains why dosage sensitivity of transcriptional regulators is an inherent property of fate decisions, and why disruption of either positive feedback or cooperativity in the underlying GRN is sufficient to cause disease. I present empirical and theoretical evidence in support of this hypothesis and discuss several issues for which it increases our understanding of disease, such as incomplete penetrance. The proposed framework provides a mechanistic, systems-level explanation of HI of transcriptional regulators, thus unifying existing theories, and offers new insights into outstanding issues of human disease. This article has an associated Future Leader to Watch interview with the author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zug
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Garry DJ, Garry MG. Interspecies chimeras as a platform for exogenic organ production and transplantation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1838-1844. [PMID: 34165344 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211024948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are warranted. Here, we provide a brief review outlining the rationale and feasibility for the generation of intraspecies and interspecies chimeras, which one day may serve as a platform for organ transplantation. These strategies are further associated with consideration of scientific and ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,NorthStar Genomics, LLC, Eagan, MN 55122, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,NorthStar Genomics, LLC, Eagan, MN 55122, USA
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14
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Garry DJ, Caplan AL, Garry MG. Chimeric Humanized Vasculature and Blood: The Intersection of Science and Ethics. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 14:538-540. [PMID: 32294412 PMCID: PMC7160389 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The only curative therapy for diseases such as organ failure is orthotopic organ transplantation. Organ transplantation has been limited due to the shortage of donor organs. The huge disparity between those who need and those who receive transplantation therapy drives the pursuit of alternative treatments. Therefore, novel therapies are warranted. Recent studies support the feasibility of generating human-porcine chimeras that one day would provide humanized vasculature and blood for transplantation and serve as important research models. The ethical issues they raise require open discussion and dialog lest promising lines of inquiry flounder due to unfounded fears or compromised public trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) Street SE (CCRB 4-146), Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Arthur L Caplan
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) Street SE (CCRB 4-146), Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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15
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Singh BN, Sierra-Pagan JE, Gong W, Das S, Theisen JWM, Skie E, Garry MG, Garry DJ. ETV2 (Ets Variant Transcription Factor 2)- Rhoj Cascade Regulates Endothelial Progenitor Cell Migration During Embryogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2875-2890. [PMID: 33115267 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial progenitors migrate early during embryogenesis to form the primary vascular plexus. The regulatory mechanisms that govern their migration are not completely defined. Here, we describe a novel role for ETV2 (Ets variant transcription factor 2) in cell migration and provide evidence for an ETV2-Rhoj network as a mechanism responsible for this process. Approach and Results: Analysis of RNAseq datasets showed robust enrichment of migratory/motility pathways following overexpression of ETV2 during mesodermal differentiation. We then analyzed ETV2 chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq and assay for transposase accessible chromatin-seq datasets, which showed enrichment of chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq peaks with increased chromatin accessibility in migratory genes following overexpression of ETV2. Migratory assays showed that overexpression of ETV2 enhanced cell migration in mouse embryonic stem cells, embryoid bodies, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Knockout of Etv2 led to migratory defects of Etv2-EYFP+ angioblasts to their predefined regions of developing embryos relative to wild-type controls at embryonic day (E) 8.5, supporting its role during migration. Mechanistically, we showed that ETV2 binds the promoter region of Rhoj serving as an upstream regulator of cell migration. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of Etv2-EYFP+ sorted cells revealed coexpression of Etv2 and Rhoj in endothelial progenitors at E7.75 and E8.25. Overexpression of ETV2 led to a robust increase in Rhoj in both embryoid bodies and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, whereas, its expression was abolished in the Etv2 knockout embryoid bodies. Finally, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Rhoj resulted in migration defects, which were partially rescued by overexpression of ETV2. CONCLUSIONS These results define an ETV2-Rhoj cascade, which is important for the regulation of endothelial progenitor cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairab N Singh
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Javier E Sierra-Pagan
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Wuming Gong
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Joshua W M Theisen
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Department of Pediatrics (J.W.M.T.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Erik Skie
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Mary G Garry
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center (M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Stem Cell Institute (M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center (M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Stem Cell Institute (M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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16
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Lange L, Hoffmann D, Schwarzer A, Ha TC, Philipp F, Lenz D, Morgan M, Schambach A. Inducible Forward Programming of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Hemato-endothelial Progenitor Cells with Hematopoietic Progenitor Potential. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 14:122-137. [PMID: 31839543 PMCID: PMC6962646 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a promising platform to model early embryonic developmental processes, to create disease models that can be evaluated by drug screens as well as proof-of-concept experiments for regenerative medicine. However, generation of iPSC-derived hemato-endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cells for these applications is challenging due to variable and limited cell numbers, which necessitates enormous up-scaling or development of demanding protocols. Here, we unravel the function of key transcriptional regulators SCL, LMO2, GATA2, and ETV2 (SLGE) on early hemato-endothelial specification and establish a fully inducible and stepwise hemato-endothelial forward programming system based on SLGE-regulated overexpression. Regulated induction of SLGE in stable SLGE-iPSC lines drives very efficient generation of large numbers of hemato-endothelial progenitor cells (CD144+/CD73–), which produce hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD45+/CD34+/CD38–/CD45RA−/CD90+/CD49f+) through a gradual process of endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). Inducible and robust hemato-endothelial forward programming of human iPSCs Efficient, scalable generation of hemato-endothelial progenitor cells Production of HPCs with HSC-like immunophenotype and multi-lineage potential Whole transcriptome screen for potential regulators of definitive hematopoiesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Lange
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian Schwarzer
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostasis and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Teng-Cheong Ha
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Philipp
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniela Lenz
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Castaño J, Aranda S, Bueno C, Calero-Nieto FJ, Mejia-Ramirez E, Mosquera JL, Blanco E, Wang X, Prieto C, Zabaleta L, Mereu E, Rovira M, Jiménez-Delgado S, Matson DR, Heyn H, Bresnick EH, Göttgens B, Di Croce L, Menendez P, Raya A, Giorgetti A. GATA2 Promotes Hematopoietic Development and Represses Cardiac Differentiation of Human Mesoderm. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:515-529. [PMID: 31402335 PMCID: PMC6742600 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, GATA2 is a master regulator of hematopoiesis and is expressed throughout embryo development and in adult life. Although the essential role of GATA2 in mouse hematopoiesis is well established, its involvement during early human hematopoietic development is not clear. By combining time-controlled overexpression of GATA2 with genetic knockout experiments, we found that GATA2, at the mesoderm specification stage, promotes the generation of hemogenic endothelial progenitors and their further differentiation to hematopoietic progenitor cells, and negatively regulates cardiac differentiation. Surprisingly, genome-wide transcriptional and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that GATA2 bound to regulatory regions, and repressed the expression of cardiac development-related genes. Moreover, genes important for hematopoietic differentiation were upregulated by GATA2 in a mostly indirect manner. Collectively, our data reveal a hitherto unrecognized role of GATA2 as a repressor of cardiac fates, and highlight the importance of coordinating the specification and repression of alternative cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Castaño
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199-203, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sergi Aranda
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Fernando J Calero-Nieto
- Department of Hematology, Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva Mejia-Ramirez
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199-203, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Mosquera
- Bioinformatics Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, 08908 Spain
| | - Enrique Blanco
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Lorea Zabaleta
- Laboratory of Hematological Diseases, Fundación Inbiomed, San Sebastian, 20009, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Mereu
- CNAG-CRG, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199-203, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Senda Jiménez-Delgado
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199-203, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Daniel R Matson
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Holger Heyn
- CNAG-CRG, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red en Cancer (CIBERONIC) ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Raya
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199-203, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Alessandra Giorgetti
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199-203, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain.
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18
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Lee DH, Kim TM, Kim JK, Park C. ETV2/ER71 Transcription Factor as a Therapeutic Vehicle for Cardiovascular Disease. Theranostics 2019; 9:5694-5705. [PMID: 31534512 PMCID: PMC6735401 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have long been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States as well as worldwide. Despite numerous efforts over the past few decades, the number of the patients with cardiovascular disease still remains high, thereby necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies equipped with a better understanding of the biology of the cardiovascular system. Recently, the ETS transcription factor, ETV2 (also known as ER71), has been recognized as a master regulator of the development of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in pathophysiological angiogenesis and the endothelial cell reprogramming. Here, we discuss the detailed mechanisms underlying ETV2/ER71-regulated cardiovascular lineage development. In addition, recent reports on the novel functions of ETV2/ER71 in neovascularization and direct cell reprogramming are discussed with a focus on its therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases.
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19
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Abstract
The formation and remodeling of a functional circulatory system is critical for sustaining prenatal and postnatal life. During embryogenesis, newly differentiated endothelial cells require further specification to create the unique features of distinct vessel subtypes needed to support tissue morphogenesis. In this review, we explore signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators that modulate endothelial cell differentiation and specification, as well as applications of these processes to stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. We also summarize recent technical advances, including the growing utilization of single-cell sequencing to study vascular heterogeneity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Qiu
- From the Department of Genetics (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Medicine (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- From the Department of Genetics (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Medicine (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (J.Q., K.K.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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20
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Current Advances in Red Blood Cell Generation Using Stem Cells from Diverse Sources. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9281329. [PMID: 31467565 PMCID: PMC6701316 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9281329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood transfusions hold an indispensable part in the modern healthcare system. Up to date, the blood supply is largely dependent on donations. Unfortunately, collecting the clinical-grade blood products has become a challenging mission due to accelerated population aging, which not only increases the need for blood transfusions but also decreases the number of healthy donors. Moreover, individuals with severe hematological abnormalities or rare blood phenotypes need alternative therapeutic approaches instead of conventional blood transfusion. In these aspects, the concept of in vitro/ex vivo production of blood cells has been emerging and many attempts have been focused on manufacturing mature erythrocytes, so-called red blood cells (RBCs), the most common and important component among the blood derivatives. In this review, we provide a general overview regarding the current strategies for generating RBCs from various stem cell sources including pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as well as circulating blood stem cells and the remaining challenges that must be overcome prior to their practical application.
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21
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Singh BN, Gong W, Das S, Theisen JWM, Sierra-Pagan JE, Yannopoulos D, Skie E, Shah P, Garry MG, Garry DJ. Etv2 transcriptionally regulates Yes1 and promotes cell proliferation during embryogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9736. [PMID: 31278282 PMCID: PMC6611806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Etv2, an Ets-transcription factor, governs the specification of the earliest hemato-endothelial progenitors during embryogenesis. While the transcriptional networks during hemato-endothelial development have been well described, the mechanistic details are incompletely defined. In the present study, we described a new role for Etv2 as a regulator of cellular proliferation via Yes1 in mesodermal lineages. Analysis of an Etv2-ChIPseq dataset revealed significant enrichment of Etv2 peaks in the upstream regions of cell cycle regulatory genes relative to non-cell cycle genes. Our bulk-RNAseq analysis using the doxycycline-inducible Etv2 ES/EB system showed increased levels of cell cycle genes including E2f4 and Ccne1 as early as 6 h following Etv2 induction. Further, EdU-incorporation studies demonstrated that the induction of Etv2 resulted in a ~2.5-fold increase in cellular proliferation, supporting a proliferative role for Etv2 during differentiation. Next, we identified Yes1 as the top-ranked candidate that was expressed in Etv2-EYFP+ cells at E7.75 and E8.25 using single cell RNA-seq analysis. Doxycycline-mediated induction of Etv2 led to an increase in Yes1 transcripts in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, the level of Yes1 was reduced in Etv2 null embryoid bodies. Using bioinformatics algorithms, biochemical, and molecular biology techniques, we show that Etv2 binds to the promoter region of Yes1 and functions as a direct upstream transcriptional regulator of Yes1 during embryogenesis. These studies enhance our understanding of the mechanisms whereby Etv2 governs mesodermal fate decisions early during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairab N Singh
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Wuming Gong
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joshua W M Theisen
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Javier E Sierra-Pagan
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Demetris Yannopoulos
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Erik Skie
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pruthvi Shah
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Medicine Department and the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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22
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MAPK p38alpha Kinase Influences Haematopoiesis in Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5128135. [PMID: 31281375 PMCID: PMC6589316 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5128135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of p38alpha kinase mediates cell response to various extracellular factors including many interleukins and growth factors important for haematopoiesis. The role of p38alpha kinase was previously analysed in particular haematopoietic cells. In this study and for the first time, the role of p38alpha kinase in haematopoiesis was studied using a model of continuous haematopoietic development in pluripotent embryonic stem cells in vitro. The expression of transcripts associated with haematopoiesis and the potential for the formation of specific haematopoietic cell colonies were compared between wild-type and mutant p38alpha gene-depleted cells. The absence of p38alpha kinase led to the inhibition of hemangioblast formation during the first step of haematopoiesis. Later, during differentiation, due to the lack of p38alpha kinase, erythrocyte maturation was impaired. Mutant p38α−/− cells also exhibited decreased potential with respect to the expansion of granulocyte colony-forming units. This effect was reversed in the absence of erythropoietin as shown by colony-forming unit assay in media for colony-forming unit granulocytes/macrophages. p38alpha kinase thus plays an important role in the differentiation of common myeloid precursor cells into granulocyte lineages.
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23
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In vivo transduction of ETV2 improves cardiac function and induces vascular regeneration following myocardial infarction. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-14. [PMID: 30755583 PMCID: PMC6372609 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular regeneration in ischemic hearts has been considered a target for new therapeutic strategies. It has been reported that ETV2 is essential for vascular development, injury-induced neovascularization and direct cell reprogramming of non-endothelial cells into endothelial cells. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential of ETV2 in murine models of myocardial infarction in vivo. Direct myocardial delivery of lentiviral ETV2 into rodents undergoing myocardial infarction dramatically upregulated the expression of markers for angiogenesis as well as anti-fibrosis and anti-inflammatory factors in vivo. Consistent with these findings, echocardiography showed significantly improved cardiac function in hearts with induced myocardial infarction upon ETV2 injection compared to that in the control virus-injected group as determined by enhanced ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In addition, ETV2-injected hearts were protected against massive fibrosis with a remarkable increase in capillary density. Interestingly, major fractions of capillaries were stained positive for ETV2. In addition, ECs infected with ETV2 showed enhanced proliferation, suggesting a direct role of ETV2 in vascular regeneration in diseased hearts. Furthermore, culture media from ETV2-overexpressing cardiac fibroblasts promoted endothelial cell migration based on scratch assay. Importantly, intramyocardial injection of the adeno-associated virus form of ETV2 into rat hearts with induced myocardial infarction designed for clinical applicability consistently resulted in significant augmentation of cardiac function. We provide compelling evidence that ETV2 has a robust effect on vascular regeneration and enhanced cardiac repair after myocardial infarction, highlighting a potential therapeutic function of ETV2 as an efficient means to treat failing hearts. A gene therapy strategy that stimulates cardiovascular repair could improve recovery for heart attack patients. Heart attacks inflict severe damage on the heart and blood vessels, tissues with limited capacity for self-repair. Researchers led by Kiwon Ban of the City University of Hong Kong and Hun-Jun Park of the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, have now demonstrated that a gene responsible for cardiovascular development can also efficiently stimulate heart repair. They used viruses to deliver the gene into a mouse model of heart attack, and showed that treated heart tissues exhibited strong recovery relative to untreated controls. The treatment reduced scar tissue formation and promoted proliferation of the cells lining blood vessels and blood vessel formation, measurably improving heart function. This approach could lay the groundwork for treating a common potentially fatal event.
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24
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Kang H, Mesquitta WT, Jung HS, Moskvin OV, Thomson JA, Slukvin II. GATA2 Is Dispensable for Specification of Hemogenic Endothelium but Promotes Endothelial-to-Hematopoietic Transition. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:197-211. [PMID: 29861167 PMCID: PMC6066910 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional factor GATA2 is required for blood and hematopoietic stem cell formation during the hemogenic endothelium (HE) stage of development in the embryo. However, it is unclear if GATA2 controls HE lineage specification or if it solely regulates endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). To address this problem, we innovated a unique system, which involved generating GATA2 knockout human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines with conditional GATA2 expression (iG2-/- hESCs). We demonstrated that GATA2 activity is not required for VE-cadherin+CD43-CD73+ non-HE or VE-cadherin+CD43-CD73- HE generation and subsequent HE diversification into DLL4+ arterial and DLL4- non-arterial lineages. However, GATA2 is primarily needed for HE to undergo EHT. Forced expression of GATA2 in non-HE failed to induce blood formation. The lack of GATA2 requirement for generation of HE and non-HE indicates the critical role of GATA2-independent pathways in specification of these two distinct endothelial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyunJun Kang
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin Graduate School, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Walatta-Tseyon Mesquitta
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin Graduate School, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ho Sun Jung
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin Graduate School, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Oleg V Moskvin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin Graduate School, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N. Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53707-7365, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Igor I Slukvin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin Graduate School, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53707-7365, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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25
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Koyano-Nakagawa N, Garry DJ. Etv2 as an essential regulator of mesodermal lineage development. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1294-1306. [PMID: 28859300 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'master regulatory factors' that position at the top of the genetic hierarchy of lineage determination have been a focus of intense interest, and have been investigated in various systems. Etv2/Etsrp71/ER71 is such a factor that is both necessary and sufficient for the development of haematopoietic and endothelial lineages. As such, genetic ablation of Etv2 leads to complete loss of blood and vessels, and overexpression can convert non-endothelial cells to the endothelial lineage. Understanding such master regulatory role of a lineage is not only a fundamental quest in developmental biology, but also holds immense possibilities in regenerative medicine. To harness its activity and utility for therapeutic interventions, it is essential to understand the regulatory mechanisms, molecular function, and networks that surround Etv2. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of Etv2 biology focused on mouse and human systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th st. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th st. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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26
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Wang YJ, Huang J, Liu W, Kou X, Tang H, Wang H, Yu X, Gao S, Ouyang K, Yang HT. IP3R-mediated Ca2+ signals govern hematopoietic and cardiac divergence of Flk1+ cells via the calcineurin-NFATc3-Etv2 pathway. J Mol Cell Biol 2018; 9:274-288. [PMID: 28419336 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signals participate in various cellular processes with spatial and temporal dynamics, among which, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs)-mediated Ca2+ signals are essential for early development. However, the underlying mechanisms of IP3R-regulated cell fate decision remain largely unknown. Here we report that IP3Rs are required for the hematopoietic and cardiac fate divergence of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Deletion of IP3Rs (IP3R-tKO) reduced Flk1+/PDGFRα- hematopoietic mesoderm, c-Kit+/CD41+ hematopoietic progenitor cell population, and the colony-forming unit activity, but increased cardiac progenitor markers as well as cardiomyocytes. Concomitantly, the expression of a key regulator of hematopoiesis, Etv2, was reduced in IP3R-tKO cells, which could be rescued by the activation of Ca2+ signals and calcineurin or overexpression of constitutively active form of NFATc3. Furthermore, IP3R-tKO impaired specific targeting of Etv2 by NFATc3 via its evolutionarily conserved cis-element in differentiating ESCs. Importantly, the activation of Ca2+-calcineurin-NFAT pathway reversed the phenotype of IP3R-tKO cells. These findings reveal an unrecognized governing role of IP3Rs in hematopoietic and cardiac fate commitment via IP3Rs-Ca2+-calcineurin-NFATc3-Etv2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jijun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huayuan Tang
- Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiujian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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27
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Frye M, Taddei A, Dierkes C, Martinez-Corral I, Fielden M, Ortsäter H, Kazenwadel J, Calado DP, Ostergaard P, Salminen M, He L, Harvey NL, Kiefer F, Mäkinen T. Matrix stiffness controls lymphatic vessel formation through regulation of a GATA2-dependent transcriptional program. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1511. [PMID: 29666442 PMCID: PMC5904183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue and vessel wall stiffening alters endothelial cell properties and contributes to vascular dysfunction. However, whether extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness impacts vascular development is not known. Here we show that matrix stiffness controls lymphatic vascular morphogenesis. Atomic force microscopy measurements in mouse embryos reveal that venous lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) progenitors experience a decrease in substrate stiffness upon migration out of the cardinal vein, which induces a GATA2-dependent transcriptional program required to form the first lymphatic vessels. Transcriptome analysis shows that LECs grown on a soft matrix exhibit increased GATA2 expression and a GATA2-dependent upregulation of genes involved in cell migration and lymphangiogenesis, including VEGFR3. Analyses of mouse models demonstrate a cell-autonomous function of GATA2 in regulating LEC responsiveness to VEGF-C and in controlling LEC migration and sprouting in vivo. Our study thus uncovers a mechanism by which ECM stiffness dictates the migratory behavior of LECs during early lymphatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Frye
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Taddei
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW11AT, London, UK
| | - Cathrin Dierkes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ines Martinez-Corral
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthew Fielden
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ortsäter
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Kazenwadel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, SA5000, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dinis P Calado
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW11AT, London, UK
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, SW170RE, London, UK
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, SA5000, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149, Münster, Germany
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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Klein D. iPSCs-based generation of vascular cells: reprogramming approaches and applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1411-1433. [PMID: 29243171 PMCID: PMC5852192 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) research have opened a new avenue for stem cell-based generation of vascular cells. Based on their growth and differentiation potential, human iPSCs constitute a well-characterized, generally unlimited cell source for the mass generation of lineage- and patient-specific vascular cells without any ethical concerns. Human iPSCs-derived vascular cells are perfectly suited for vascular disease modeling studies because patient-derived iPSCs possess the disease-causing mutation, which might be decisive for full expression of the disease phenotype. The application of vascular cells for autologous cell replacement therapy or vascular engineering derived from immune-compatible iPSCs possesses huge clinical potential, but the large-scale production of vascular-specific lineages for regenerative cell therapies depends on well-defined, highly reproducible culture and differentiation conditions. This review will focus on the different strategies to derive vascular cells from human iPSCs and their applications in regenerative therapy, disease modeling and drug discovery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Klein
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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29
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Singh BN, Tahara N, Kawakami Y, Das S, Koyano-Nakagawa N, Gong W, Garry MG, Garry DJ. Etv2-miR-130a-Jarid2 cascade regulates vascular patterning during embryogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189010. [PMID: 29232705 PMCID: PMC5726724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of the primitive vasculature is necessary for the formation of a complex branched vascular architecture. However, the factors that modulate these processes are incompletely defined. Previously, we defined the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in endothelial specification. In the present study, we further examined the Etv2-Cre mediated ablation of DicerL/L and characterized the perturbed vascular patterning in the embryo proper and yolk-sac. We mechanistically defined an important role for miR-130a, an Etv2 downstream target, in the mediation of vascular patterning and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Inducible overexpression of miR-130a resulted in robust induction of vascular sprouts and angiogenesis with increased uptake of acetylated-LDL. Mechanistically, miR-130a directly regulated Jarid2 expression by binding to its 3’-UTR region. Over-expression of Jarid2 in HUVEC cells led to defective tube formation indicating its inhibitory role in angiogenesis. The knockout of miR-130a showed increased levels of Jarid2 in the ES/EB system. In addition, the levels of Jarid2 transcripts were increased in the Etv2-null embryos at E8.5. In the in vivo settings, injection of miR-130a specific morpholinos in zebrafish embryos resulted in perturbed vascular patterning with reduced levels of endothelial transcripts in the miR-130a morphants. Further, co-injection of miR-130a mimics in the miR-130a morphants rescued the vascular defects during embryogenesis. qPCR and in situ hybridization techniques demonstrated increased expression of jarid2a in the miR-130a morphants in vivo. These findings demonstrate a critical role for Etv2-miR-130a-Jarid2 in vascular patterning both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairab N. Singh
- Lillehei Heart Institute Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Naoyuki Tahara
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Lillehei Heart Institute Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Lillehei Heart Institute Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Wuming Gong
- Lillehei Heart Institute Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Mary G. Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJG); (MGG)
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJG); (MGG)
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30
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Home P, Kumar RP, Ganguly A, Saha B, Milano-Foster J, Bhattacharya B, Ray S, Gunewardena S, Paul A, Camper SA, Fields PE, Paul S. Genetic redundancy of GATA factors in the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage ensures the progression of preimplantation and postimplantation mammalian development. Development 2017; 144:876-888. [PMID: 28232602 PMCID: PMC5374352 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GATA transcription factors are implicated in establishing cell fate during mammalian development. In early mammalian embryos, GATA3 is selectively expressed in the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage and regulates gene expression to promote trophoblast fate. However, trophoblast-specific GATA3 function is dispensable for early mammalian development. Here, using dual conditional knockout mice, we show that genetic redundancy of Gata3 with paralog Gata2 in trophoblast progenitors ensures the successful progression of both pre- and postimplantation mammalian development. Stage-specific gene deletion in trophoblasts reveals that loss of both GATA genes, but not either alone, leads to embryonic lethality prior to the onset of their expression within the embryo proper. Using ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses, we define the global targets of GATA2/GATA3 and show that they directly regulate a large number of common genes to orchestrate stem versus differentiated trophoblast fate. In trophoblast progenitors, GATA factors directly regulate BMP4, Nodal and Wnt signaling components that promote embryonic-extraembryonic signaling cross-talk, which is essential for the development of the embryo proper. Our study provides genetic evidence that impairment of trophoblast-specific GATA2/GATA3 function could lead to early pregnancy failure. Summary: During trophoblast development in mice, GATA2 and GATA3 act synergistically by directly regulating a large number of common genes, and together are important to ensure trophoblast lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ram Parikshan Kumar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Avishek Ganguly
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Biswarup Saha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Milano-Foster
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Bhaswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Soma Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Arindam Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Patrick E Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Soumen Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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31
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Kanki Y, Nakaki R, Shimamura T, Matsunaga T, Yamamizu K, Katayama S, Suehiro JI, Osawa T, Aburatani H, Kodama T, Wada Y, Yamashita JK, Minami T. Dynamically and epigenetically coordinated GATA/ETS/SOX transcription factor expression is indispensable for endothelial cell differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:4344-4358. [PMID: 28334937 PMCID: PMC5416769 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies of the differentiation from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) provide an excellent model for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying vascular development, temporal dynamics of gene expression and chromatin modifications have not been well studied. Herein, using transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses based on H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 modifications at a genome-wide scale, we analysed the EC differentiation steps from ES cells and crucial epigenetic modifications unique to ECs. We determined that Gata2, Fli1, Sox7 and Sox18 are master regulators of EC that are induced following expression of the haemangioblast commitment pioneer factor, Etv2. These master regulator gene loci were repressed by H3K27me3 throughout the mesoderm period but rapidly transitioned to histone modification switching from H3K27me3 to H3K4me3 after treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor. SiRNA knockdown experiments indicated that these regulators are indispensable not only for proper EC differentiation but also for blocking the commitment to other closely aligned lineages. Collectively, our detailed epigenetic analysis may provide an advanced model for understanding temporal regulation of chromatin signatures and resulting gene expression profiles during EC commitment. These studies may inform the future development of methods to stimulate the vascular endothelium for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Kanki
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Division of Vascular Biology, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.,Division of Systems Biology, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakaki
- Division of Genome Sciences, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Teppei Shimamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taichi Matsunaga
- Department of Stem Cell Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Deparment of Cell Growth and Differentiation, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamizu
- Department of Stem Cell Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Deparment of Cell Growth and Differentiation, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shiori Katayama
- Department of Stem Cell Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Deparment of Cell Growth and Differentiation, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Suehiro
- Division of Vascular Biology, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Osawa
- Division of Vascular Biology, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.,Division of Systems Biology, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Division of Genome Sciences, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Division of Systems Biology, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Youichiro Wada
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Jun K Yamashita
- Department of Stem Cell Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Deparment of Cell Growth and Differentiation, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Minami
- Division of Vascular Biology, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Vascular Biology, IRDA, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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32
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Tsang KM, Hyun JS, Cheng KT, Vargas M, Mehta D, Ushio-Fukai M, Zou L, Pajcini KV, Rehman J, Malik AB. Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation to Functional Arterial Endothelial Cells through Sequential Activation of ETV2 and NOTCH1 Signaling by HIF1α. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:796-806. [PMID: 28781077 PMCID: PMC5599266 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of functional arterial endothelial cells (aECs) from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) holds great promise for vascular tissue engineering. However, the mechanisms underlying their generation and the potential of aECs in revascularizing ischemic tissue are not fully understood. Here, we observed that hypoxia exposure of mouse ESCs induced an initial phase of HIF1α-mediated upregulation of the transcription factor Etv2, which in turn induced the commitment to the EC fate. However, sustained activation of HIF1α in these EC progenitors thereafter induced NOTCH1 signaling that promoted the transition to aEC fate. We observed that transplantation of aECs mediated arteriogenesis in the mouse hindlimb ischemia model. Furthermore, transplantation of aECs in mice showed engraftment in ischemic myocardium and restored cardiac function in contrast to ECs derived under normoxia. Thus, HIF1α activation of Etv2 in ESCs followed by NOTCH1 signaling is required for the generation aECs that are capable of arteriogenesis and revascularization of ischemic tissue. Hypoxia enhances ESC to EC differentiation via HIF1α-ETV2 signaling HIF1α directs arterial endothelial specification by upregulating Notch signaling Transplantation of hypoxia-derived aECs induces arteriogenesis in hindlimb ischemia Hypoxia-derived aECs restore cardiac function following myocardial infarction
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Man Tsang
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - James S Hyun
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kwong Tai Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Micaela Vargas
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kostandin V Pajcini
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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33
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Extracellular vesicles of ETV2 transfected fibroblasts stimulate endothelial cells and improve neovascularization in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:801-814. [PMID: 28466428 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia are common conditions related to lack of blood supply to tissues. Depending on the ischemic sites, ischemia can cause different diseases, such as hindlimb ischemia, heart infarction and stroke. This study aims to evaluate how extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from ETV2 transfected fibroblasts affect endothelial cell proliferation and neovascularization in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Human fibroblasts were isolated and cultured under standard conditions and expanded to the 3th passage before use in experiments. Human fibroblasts were transduced with a viral vector containing the ETV2 gene. Transduced cells were selected by puromycin treatment. These cells were further cultured for collection of EVs, which were isolated from culture supernatant. Following co-culture with endothelial cells, EVs were evaluated for their effect on endothelial cell proliferation and were directly injected into ischemic tissues of a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. The results showed that EVs could induce endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and improved neovascularization in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Our results suggest that EVs derived from ETV2-transfected fibroblasts can be promising non-cellular products for the regeneration of blood vessels.
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Van Pham P, Vu NB, Truong MTH, Huynh OT, Nguyen HT, Pham HL, Phan NK. Hepatocyte growth factor improves direct reprogramming of fibroblasts towards endothelial progenitor cells via ETV2 transduction. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-016-0045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ackermann M, Liebhaber S, Klusmann JH, Lachmann N. Lost in translation: pluripotent stem cell-derived hematopoiesis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1388-402. [PMID: 26174486 PMCID: PMC4644373 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells represent a promising cell type to gain novel insights into human biology. Understanding the differentiation process of PSCs in vitro may allow for the identification of cell extrinsic/intrinsic factors, driving the specification process toward all cell types of the three germ layers, which may be similar to the human in vivo scenario. This would not only lay the ground for an improved understanding of human embryonic development but would also contribute toward the generation of novel cell types used in cell replacement therapies. In this line, especially the developmental process of mesodermal cells toward the hematopoietic lineage is of great interest. Therefore, this review highlights recent progress in the field of hematopoietic specification of pluripotent stem cell sources. In addition, we would like to shed light on emerging factors controlling primitive and definitive hematopoietic development and to highlight recent approaches to improve the differentiation potential of PSC sources toward hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. While the generation of fully defined hematopoietic stem cells from PSCs remains challenging in vitro, we here underline the instructive role of cell extrinsic factors such as cytokines for the generation of PSC-derived mature hematopoietic cells. Thus, we have comprehensively examined the role of cytokines for the derivation of mature hematopoietic cell types such as macrophages, granulocytes, megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, dendritic cells, and cells of the B- and T-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mania Ackermann
- RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steffi Liebhaber
- RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nico Lachmann
- RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany JRG Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Significant improvement of direct reprogramming efficacy of fibroblasts into progenitor endothelial cells by ETV2 and hypoxia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:104. [PMID: 27488544 PMCID: PMC4973107 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) transplantation is a promising therapy for ischemic diseases such as ischemic myocardial infarction and hindlimb ischemia. However, limitation of EPC sources remains a major obstacle. Direct reprogramming has become a powerful tool to produce EPCs from fibroblasts. Some recent efforts successfully directly reprogrammed human fibroblasts into functional EPCs; however, the procedure efficacy was low. This study therefore aimed to improve the efficacy of direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts to functional EPCs. Methods Human fibroblasts isolated from foreskin were directly reprogrammed into EPCs by viral ETV2 transduction. Reprogramming efficacy was improved by culturing transduced fibroblasts in hypoxia conditions (5 % oxygen). Phenotype analyses confirmed that single-factor ETV2 transduction successfully reprogrammed dermal fibroblasts into functional EPCs. Results Hypoxia treatment during the reprogramming procedure increased the efficacy of reprogramming from 1.21 ± 0.61 % in normoxia conditions to 7.52 ± 2.31 % in hypoxia conditions. Induced EPCs in hypoxia conditions exhibited functional EPC phenotypes similar to those in normoxia conditions, such as expression of CD31 and VEGFR2, and expressed endothelial gene profiles similar to human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. These cells also formed capillary-like networks in vitro. Conclusion Our study demonstrates a new simple method to increase the reprogramming efficacy of human fibroblasts to EPCs using ETV2 and hypoxia.
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Sumanas S, Choi K. ETS Transcription Factor ETV2/ER71/Etsrp in Hematopoietic and Vascular Development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 118:77-111. [PMID: 27137655 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective establishment of the hematopoietic and vascular systems is prerequisite for successful embryogenesis. The ETS transcription factor Etv2 has proven to be essential for hematopoietic and vascular development. Etv2 expression marks the onset of the hematopoietic and vascular development and its deficiency leads to an absolute block in hematopoietic and vascular development. Etv2 is transiently expressed during development and is mainly expressed in testis in adults. Consistent with its expression pattern, Etv2 is transiently required for the generation of the optimal levels of the hemangiogenic cell population. Deletion of this gene after the hemangiogenic progenitor formation leads to normal hematopoietic and vascular development. Mechanistically, ETV2 induces the hemangiogenic program by activating blood and endothelial cell lineage specifying genes and enhancing VEGF signaling. Moreover, ETV2 establishes an ETS hierarchy by directly activating other Ets genes, which in the face of transient Etv2 expression, presumably maintain blood and endothelial cell program initiated by ETV2 through an ETS switching mechanism. Current studies suggest that the hemangiogenic progenitor population is exclusively sensitive to ETV2-dependent FLK1 signaling. Any perturbation in the ETV2, VEGF, and FLK1 balance causing insufficient hemangiogenic progenitor cell generation would lead to defects in hematopoietic and endothelial cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sumanas
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - K Choi
- Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Methods to isolate endothelial cells from murine and human pluripotent stem cells continue to evolve and increasingly diverse endothelial cell populations have been generated. This review provides an update of key articles published within the past year that report on some of those advances. RECENT FINDINGS Cooperative interactions among microRNA (miRNA), transcription factors and some downstream interacting proteins have been reported to enhance endothelial specification from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Endothelial cell differentiation can also be modulated by various growth factor additions, Notch pathway activation or inhibition, and modulation of the microenvironment of the differentiating ESC and iPSC. Functionality of the derived endothelium has been demonstrated by a variety of in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Finally, two recent reports have identified endothelial progenitor populations with robust proliferative potential. SUMMARY Progress in differentiating endothelial cells from ESC and iPSC has been made. The recent report of formation of endothelial colony forming cells from human ESC and iPSC provides a protocol that can generate clinically relevant numbers of cells for human cell therapy.
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GARRY DANIELJ. Etv2 IS A MASTER REGULATOR OF HEMATOENDOTHELIAL LINEAGES. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2016; 127:212-223. [PMID: 28066054 PMCID: PMC5216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ets transcription factors are important developmental regulators and have been shown to function as modulators of cell fate. We have previously discovered Ets variant 2 (Etv2) as an essential regulator of the hematoendothelial lineage. We have demonstrated that Etv2 mutant embryos are non-viable and lack hematoendothelial lineages. We have utilized gene editing technologies to define upstream regulators of the Etv2 gene and we and others have defined downstream target genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that Etv2, in combination with co-factors, promote a hematoendothelial fate in differentiating human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Collectively, these studies support the notion that Etv2 is a master regulator of the hematoendothelial lineages. Definition of these master regulators and the use of emerging technologies will provide a platform for engineering large animal models that will be useful for clinical research and regenerative medicine and will potentially impact the treatment of chronic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- DANIEL J. GARRY
- Correspondence and reprint requests: Daniel J. Garry, MD, PhD,
Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St SE, (CCRB 4-146), Minneapolis, MN 55455612-626-2178
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Oh SY, Kim JY, Park C. The ETS Factor, ETV2: a Master Regulator for Vascular Endothelial Cell Development. Mol Cells 2015; 38:1029-36. [PMID: 26694034 PMCID: PMC4696993 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate vessel development and its coordinated function is essential for proper embryogenesis and homeostasis in the adult. Defects in vessels cause birth defects and are an important etiology of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, tumor and diabetes retinopathy. The accumulative data indicate that ETV2, an ETS transcription factor, performs a potent and indispensable function in mediating vessel development. This review discusses the recent progress of the study of ETV2 with special focus on its regulatory mechanisms and cell fate determining role in developing mouse embryos as well as somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yeong Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Children’s Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Children’s Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Children’s Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
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Singh BN, Kawakami Y, Akiyama R, Rasmussen TL, Garry MG, Gong W, Das S, Shi X, Koyano-Nakagawa N, Garry DJ. The Etv2-miR-130a Network Regulates Mesodermal Specification. Cell Rep 2015; 13:915-23. [PMID: 26565905 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to regulate critical developmental stages during embryogenesis. Here, we defined an Etv2-miR-130a cascade that regulates mesodermal specification and determination. Ablation of Dicer in the Etv2-expressing precursors resulted in altered mesodermal lineages and embryonic lethality. We identified miR-130a as a direct target of Etv2 and demonstrated its role in the segregation of bipotent hemato-endothelial progenitors toward the endothelial lineage. Gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that miR-130a promoted the endothelial program at the expense of the cardiac program without impacting the hematopoietic lineages. In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of miR-130a demonstrated a reduction of the endothelial program without affecting hematopoiesis. Mechanistically, miR-130a directly suppressed Pdgfra expression and promoted the endothelial program by blocking Pdgfra signaling. Inhibition or activation of Pdgfra signaling phenocopied the miR-130a overexpression and knockout phenotypes, respectively. In summary, we report the function of a miRNA that specifically promotes the divergence of the hemato-endothelial progenitor to the endothelial lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairab N Singh
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryutaro Akiyama
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tara L Rasmussen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wuming Gong
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Shi
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Koyano-Nakagawa N, Shi X, Rasmussen TL, Das S, Walter CA, Garry DJ. Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Ets Variant 2 (Etv2) Gene Expression and Hematoendothelial Lineages. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28107-28119. [PMID: 26396195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Etv2 is an essential transcriptional regulator of hematoendothelial lineages during embryogenesis. Although Etv2 downstream targets have been identified, little is known regarding the upstream transcriptional regulation of Etv2 gene expression. In this study, we established a novel methodology that utilizes the differentiating ES cell and embryoid body system to define the modules and enhancers embedded within the Etv2 promoter. Using this system, we defined an autoactivating role for Etv2 that is mediated by two adjacent Ets motifs in the proximal promoter. In addition, we defined the role of VEGF/Flk1-Calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade in the transcriptional regulation of Etv2. Furthermore, we defined an Etv2-Flt1-Flk1 cascade that serves as a negative feedback mechanism to regulate Etv2 gene expression. To complement and extend these studies, we demonstrated that the Flt1 null embryonic phenotype was partially rescued in the Etv2 conditional knockout background. In summary, these studies define upstream and downstream networks that serve as a transcriptional rheostat to regulate Etv2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Xiaozhong Shi
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Tara L Rasmussen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Camille A Walter
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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Theodoris CV, Li M, White MP, Liu L, He D, Pollard KS, Bruneau BG, Srivastava D. Human disease modeling reveals integrated transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency. Cell 2015; 160:1072-86. [PMID: 25768904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which transcription factor haploinsufficiency alters the epigenetic and transcriptional landscape in human cells to cause disease are unknown. Here, we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (ECs) to show that heterozygous nonsense mutations in NOTCH1 that cause aortic valve calcification disrupt the epigenetic architecture, resulting in derepression of latent pro-osteogenic and -inflammatory gene networks. Hemodynamic shear stress, which protects valves from calcification in vivo, activated anti-osteogenic and anti-inflammatory networks in NOTCH1(+/+), but not NOTCH1(+/-), iPSC-derived ECs. NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency altered H3K27ac at NOTCH1-bound enhancers, dysregulating downstream transcription of more than 1,000 genes involved in osteogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Computational predictions of the disrupted NOTCH1-dependent gene network revealed regulatory nodes that, when modulated, restored the network toward the NOTCH1(+/+) state. Our results highlight how alterations in transcription factor dosage affect gene networks leading to human disease and reveal nodes for potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina V Theodoris
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Molong Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark P White
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel He
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Gong W, Gohla RM, Bowlin KM, Koyano-Nakagawa N, Garry DJ, Shi X. Kelch Repeat and BTB Domain Containing Protein 5 (Kbtbd5) Regulates Skeletal Muscle Myogenesis through the E2F1-DP1 Complex. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15350-61. [PMID: 25940086 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously isolated a muscle-specific Kelch gene, Kelch repeat and BTB domain containing protein 5 (Kbtbd5)/Kelch-like protein 40 (Klhl40). In this report, we identified DP1 as a direct interacting factor for Kbtbd5 using a yeast two-hybrid screen and in vitro binding assays. Our studies demonstrate that Kbtbd5 interacts and regulates the cytoplasmic localization of DP1. GST pulldown assays demonstrate that the dimerization domain of DP1 interacts with all three of the Kbtbd5 domains. We further show that Kbtbd5 promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of DP1, thereby inhibiting E2F1-DP1 activity. To investigate the in vivo function of Kbtbd5, we used gene disruption technology and engineered Kbtbd5 null mice. Targeted deletion of Kbtbd5 resulted in postnatal lethality. Histological studies reveal that the Kbtbd5 null mice have smaller muscle fibers, a disorganized sarcomeric structure, increased extracellular matrix, and decreased numbers of mitochondria compared with wild-type controls. RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses demonstrate the up-regulation of E2F1 target apoptotic genes (Bnip3 and p53inp1) in Kbtbd5 null skeletal muscle. Consistent with these observations, the cellular apoptosis in Kbtbd5 null mice was increased. Breeding of Kbtbd5 null mouse into the E2F1 null background rescues the lethal phenotype of the Kbtbd5 null mice but not the growth defect. The expression of Bnip3 and p53inp1 in Kbtbd5 mutant skeletal muscle are also restored to control levels in the E2F1 null background. In summary, our studies demonstrate that Kbtbd5 regulates skeletal muscle myogenesis through the regulation of E2F1-DP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuming Gong
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Rachel M Gohla
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Kathy M Bowlin
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Daniel J Garry
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Xiaozhong Shi
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
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Liu F, Li D, Yu YYL, Kang I, Cha MJ, Kim JY, Park C, Watson DK, Wang T, Choi K. Induction of hematopoietic and endothelial cell program orchestrated by ETS transcription factor ER71/ETV2. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:654-69. [PMID: 25802403 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ETS factor ETV2 (aka ER71) is essential for the generation of the blood and vascular system, as ETV2 deficiency leads to a complete block in blood and endothelial cell formation and embryonic lethality in the mouse. However, the ETV2-mediated gene regulatory network and signaling governing hematopoietic and endothelial cell development are poorly understood. Here, we map ETV2 global binding sites and carry out in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells, and germ line and conditional knockout mouse studies to uncover mechanisms involved in the hemangiogenic fate commitment from mesoderm. We show that ETV2 binds to enhancers that specify hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages. We find that the hemangiogenic progenitor population in the developing embryo can be identified as FLK1(high)PDGFRα(-). Notably, these hemangiogenic progenitors are exclusively sensitive to ETV2-dependent FLK1 signaling. Importantly, ETV2 turns on other Ets genes, thereby establishing an ETS hierarchy. Consequently, the hematopoietic and endothelial cell program initiated by ETV2 is maintained partly by other ETS factors through an ETS switching mechanism. These findings highlight the critical role that transient ETV2 expression plays in the regulation of hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineage specification and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yik Yeung Lawrence Yu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Inyoung Kang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Min-Ji Cha
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dennis K Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Shi X, Zirbes KM, Rasmussen TL, Ferdous A, Garry MG, Koyano-Nakagawa N, Garry DJ. The transcription factor Mesp1 interacts with cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (Creb1) and coactivates Ets variant 2 (Etv2) gene expression. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9614-25. [PMID: 25694434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm posterior 1 (Mesp1) is well recognized for its role in cardiac development, although it is expressed broadly in mesodermal lineages. We have previously demonstrated important roles for Mesp1 and Ets variant 2 (Etv2) during lineage specification, but their relationship has not been defined. This study reveals that Mesp1 binds to the proximal promoter and transactivates Etv2 gene expression via the CRE motif. We also demonstrate the protein-protein interaction between Mesp1 and cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (Creb1) in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing transgenesis, lineage tracing, flow cytometry, and immunostaining technologies, we define the lineage relationship between Mesp1- and Etv2-expressing cell populations. We observe that the majority of Etv2-EYFP(+) cells are derived from Mesp1-Cre(+) cells in both the embryo and yolk sac. Furthermore, we observe that the conditional deletion of Etv2, using a Mesp1-Cre transgenic strategy, results in vascular and hematopoietic defects similar to those observed in the global deletion of Etv2 and that it has embryonic lethality by embryonic day 9.5. In summary, our study supports the hypothesis that Mesp1 is a direct upstream transactivator of Etv2 during embryogenesis and that Creb1 is an important cofactor of Mesp1 in the transcriptional regulation of Etv2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Shi
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
| | - Katie M Zirbes
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
| | - Tara L Rasmussen
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
| | - Anwarul Ferdous
- the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Mary G Garry
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
| | - Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
| | - Daniel J Garry
- From the Lillehei Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
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Notch1 acts via Foxc2 to promote definitive hematopoiesis via effects on hemogenic endothelium. Blood 2015; 125:1418-26. [PMID: 25587036 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-568170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic and vascular development share many common features, including cell surface markers and sites of origin. Recent lineage-tracing studies have established that definitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells arise from vascular endothelial-cadherin(+) hemogenic endothelial cells of the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, but the genetic programs underlying the specification of hemogenic endothelial cells remain poorly defined. Here, we discovered that Notch induction enhances hematopoietic potential and promotes the specification of hemogenic endothelium in differentiating cultures of mouse embryonic stem cells, and we identified Foxc2 as a highly upregulated transcript in the hemogenic endothelial population. Studies in zebrafish and mouse embryos revealed that Foxc2 and its orthologs are required for the proper development of definitive hematopoiesis and function downstream of Notch signaling in the hemogenic endothelium. These data establish a pathway linking Notch signaling to Foxc2 in hemogenic endothelial cells to promote definitive hematopoiesis.
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Robinson AS, Materna SC, Barnes RM, De Val S, Xu SM, Black BL. An arterial-specific enhancer of the human endothelin converting enzyme 1 (ECE1) gene is synergistically activated by Sox17, FoxC2, and Etv2. Dev Biol 2014; 395:379-389. [PMID: 25179465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (Ece-1), a crucial component of the Endothelin signaling pathway, is required for embryonic development and is an important regulator of vascular tone, yet the transcriptional regulation of the ECE1 gene has remained largely unknown. Here, we define the activity and regulation of an enhancer from the human ECE1 locus in vivo. The enhancer identified here becomes active in endothelial progenitor cells shortly after their initial specification and is dependent on a conserved FOX:ETS motif, a composite binding site for Forkhead transcription factors and the Ets transcription factor Etv2, for activity in vivo. The ECE1 FOX:ETS motif is bound and cooperatively activated by FoxC2 and Etv2, but unlike other described FOX:ETS-dependent enhancers, ECE1 enhancer activity becomes restricted to arterial endothelium and endocardium by embryonic day 9.5 in transgenic mouse embryos. The ECE1 endothelial enhancer also contains an evolutionarily-conserved, consensus SOX binding site, which is required for activity in transgenic mouse embryos. Importantly, the ECE1 SOX site is bound and activated by Sox17, a transcription factor involved in endothelial cell differentiation and an important regulator of arterial identity. Moreover, the ECE1 enhancer is cooperatively activated by the combinatorial action of FoxC2, Etv2, and Sox17. Although Sox17 is required for arterial identity, few direct transcriptional targets have been identified in endothelial cells. Thus, this work has important implications for our understanding of endothelial specification and arterial subspecification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Robinson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
| | - Stefan C Materna
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
| | - Ralston M Barnes
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
| | - Sarah De Val
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
| | - Shan-Mei Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517
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Direct induction of haematoendothelial programs in human pluripotent stem cells by transcriptional regulators. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4372. [PMID: 25019369 PMCID: PMC4107340 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing pluripotent stem cell technologies for modeling hematopoietic stem cell development and blood therapies requires identifying key regulators of hematopoietic commitment from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here, by screening the effect of 27 candidate factors, we reveal two groups of transcriptional regulators capable of inducing distinct hematopoietic programs from hPSCs: panmyeloid (ETV2 and GATA2) and erythro-megakaryocytic (GATA2 and TAL1). In both cases, these transcription factors directly convert hPSCs to endothelium, which subsequently transforms into blood cells with pan-myeloid or erythromegakaryocytic potential. These data demonstrate that two distinct genetic programs regulate the hematopoietic development from hPSCs and that both of these programs specify hPSCs directly to hemogenic endothelial cells. Additionally, this study provides a novel method for the efficient induction of blood and endothelial cells from hPSCs via overexpression of modified mRNA for the selected transcription factors.
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