1
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Zarate YA, Bosanko K, Derar N, Fish JL. Abnormalities in pharyngeal arch-derived structures in SATB2-associated syndrome. Clin Genet 2024; 106:209-213. [PMID: 38693682 PMCID: PMC11216868 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS, glass syndrome, OMIM#612313) is a neurodevelopmental autosomal dominant disorder with frequent craniofacial abnormalities including palatal and dental anomalies. To assess the role of Satb2 in craniofacial development, we analyzed mutant mice at different stages of development. Here, we show that Satb2 is broadly expressed in early embryonic mouse development including the mesenchyme of the second and third arches. Satb2-/- mutant mice exhibit microglossia, a shortened lower jaw, smaller trigeminal ganglia, and larger thyroids. We correlate these findings with the detailed clinical phenotype of four individuals with SAS and remarkable craniofacial phenotypes with one requiring mandibular distraction in childhood. We conclude that the mouse and patient data presented support less well-described phenotypic aspects of SAS including mandibular morphology and thyroid anatomical/functional issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Zarate
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katherine Bosanko
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nada Derar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Mohamed FF, Ge C, Hallett SA, Bancroft AC, Cowling RT, Ono N, Binrayes AA, Greenberg B, Levi B, Kaartinen VM, Franceschi RT. Control of craniofacial development by the collagen receptor, discoidin domain receptor 2. eLife 2023; 12:e77257. [PMID: 36656123 PMCID: PMC9977278 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the craniofacial skeleton requires interactions between progenitor cells and the collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). The mediators of these interactions are not well-defined. Mutations in the discoidin domain receptor 2 gene (DDR2), which encodes a non-integrin collagen receptor, are associated with human craniofacial abnormalities, such as midface hypoplasia and open fontanels. However, the exact role of this gene in craniofacial morphogenesis is not known. As will be shown, Ddr2-deficient mice exhibit defects in craniofacial bones including impaired calvarial growth and frontal suture formation, cranial base hypoplasia due to aberrant chondrogenesis and delayed ossification at growth plate synchondroses. These defects were associated with abnormal collagen fibril organization, chondrocyte proliferation and polarization. As established by localization and lineage-tracing studies, Ddr2 is expressed in progenitor cell-enriched craniofacial regions including sutures and synchondrosis resting zone cartilage, overlapping with GLI1 + cells, and contributing to chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages during skull growth. Tissue-specific knockouts further established the requirement for Ddr2 in GLI +skeletal progenitors and chondrocytes. These studies establish a cellular basis for regulation of craniofacial morphogenesis by this understudied collagen receptor and suggest that DDR2 is necessary for proper collagen organization, chondrocyte proliferation, and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma F Mohamed
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Chunxi Ge
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Shawn A Hallett
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Alec C Bancroft
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas SouthwesternDallasUnited States
| | - Randy T Cowling
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Noriaki Ono
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of DentistryHoustonUnited States
| | - Abdul-Aziz Binrayes
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Barry Greenberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas SouthwesternDallasUnited States
| | - Vesa M Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic & Materials Science, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
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3
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Seelan RS, Greene RM, Pisano MM. Role of lncRNAs and circRNAs in Orofacial Clefts. Microrna 2023; 12:171-176. [PMID: 38009000 DOI: 10.2174/2211536612666230524153442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Different modes of gene regulation, such as histone modification, transcription factor binding, DNA methylation, and microRNA (miRNA) expression, are critical for the spatiotemporal expression of genes in developing orofacial tissues. Aberrant regulation in any of these modes may contribute to orofacial defects. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), have been shown to alter miRNA expression, and are thus emerging as novel contributors to gene regulation. Some of these appear to function as 'miRNA sponges', thereby diminishing the availability of these miRNAs to inhibit the expression of target genes. Such ncRNAs are also termed competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). Here, we examine emerging data that shed light on how lncRNAs and circRNAs may alter miRNA regulation, thus affecting orofacial development and potentially contributing to orofacial clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnam S Seelan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Robert M Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - M Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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4
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Rabin R, Hirsch Y, Chung WK, Ekstein J, Levy-Lahad E, Zuckerman S, Mor-Shaked H, Meiner V, Booth KT, Pappas J. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of COLEC10-Related 3MC syndrome: A glimpse into COLEC10-Related 3MC syndrome in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:3110-3117. [PMID: 35943032 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bi-allelic variants in COLEC11 and MASP1 have been associated with 3MC syndrome, a clinical entity made of up four rare autosomal recessive disorders: Carnevale, Mingarelli, Malpuech, and Michels syndromes, characterized by variable expression of facial dysmorphia, cleft lip/palate, postnatal growth deficiency, hearing loss, cognitive impairment, craniosynostosis, radioulnar synostosis, and genital and vesicorenal anomalies. More recently, bi-allelic variants in COLEC10 have been described to be associated with 3MC syndrome. Syndromic features seen in 3MC syndrome are thought to be due to disruption of the chemoattractant properties that influence neural crest cell migration. We identified nine individuals from five families of Ashkenazi Jewish descent with homozygosity of the c.311G > T (p.Gly104Val) variant in COLEC10 and phenotype consistent with 3MC syndrome. Carrier frequency was calculated among 52,278 individuals of Jewish descent. Testing revealed 400 carriers out of 39,750 individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, giving a carrier frequency of 1 in 99 or 1.01%. Molecular protein modeling suggested that the p.Gly104Val substitution alters local conformation. The c.311G > T (p.Gly104Val) variant likely represents a founder variant, and homozygosity is associated with features of 3MC syndrome. 3MC syndrome should be in the differential diagnosis for individuals with short stature, radioulnar synostosis, cleft lip and cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rabin
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yoel Hirsch
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Josef Ekstein
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shachar Zuckerman
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vardiella Meiner
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kevin T Booth
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Pappas
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Lasser M, Bolduc J, Murphy L, O'Brien C, Lee S, Girirajan S, Lowery LA. 16p12.1 Deletion Orthologs are Expressed in Motile Neural Crest Cells and are Important for Regulating Craniofacial Development in Xenopus laevis. Front Genet 2022; 13:833083. [PMID: 35401697 PMCID: PMC8987115 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.833083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) associated with neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by extensive phenotypic heterogeneity. In particular, one CNV was identified in a subset of children clinically diagnosed with intellectual disabilities (ID) that results in a hemizygous deletion of multiple genes at chromosome 16p12.1. In addition to ID, individuals with this deletion display a variety of symptoms including microcephaly, seizures, cardiac defects, and growth retardation. Moreover, patients also manifest severe craniofacial abnormalities, such as micrognathia, cartilage malformation of the ears and nose, and facial asymmetries; however, the function of the genes within the 16p12.1 region have not been studied in the context of vertebrate craniofacial development. The craniofacial tissues affected in patients with this deletion all derive from the same embryonic precursor, the cranial neural crest, leading to the hypothesis that one or more of the 16p12.1 genes may be involved in regulating neural crest cell (NCC)-related processes. To examine this, we characterized the developmental role of the 16p12.1-affected gene orthologs, polr3e, mosmo, uqcrc2, and cdr2, during craniofacial morphogenesis in the vertebrate model system, Xenopus laevis. While the currently-known cellular functions of these genes are diverse, we find that they share similar expression patterns along the neural tube, pharyngeal arches, and later craniofacial structures. As these genes show co-expression in the pharyngeal arches where NCCs reside, we sought to elucidate the effect of individual gene depletion on craniofacial development and NCC migration. We find that reduction of several 16p12.1 genes significantly disrupts craniofacial and cartilage formation, pharyngeal arch migration, as well as NCC specification and motility. Thus, we have determined that some of these genes play an essential role during vertebrate craniofacial patterning by regulating specific processes during NCC development, which may be an underlying mechanism contributing to the craniofacial defects associated with the 16p12.1 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lasser
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Bolduc
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Luke Murphy
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Caroline O'Brien
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Sangmook Lee
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Alfred B. Nobel Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Laura Anne Lowery,
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6
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Boer EF, Maclary ET, Shapiro MD. Complex genetic architecture of three-dimensional craniofacial shape variation in domestic pigeons. Evol Dev 2021; 23:477-495. [PMID: 34914861 PMCID: PMC9119316 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the genetic basis of vertebrate craniofacial variation is a longstanding biological problem with broad implications in evolution, development, and human pathology. One of the most stunning examples of craniofacial diversification is the adaptive radiation of birds, in which the beak serves essential roles in virtually every aspect of their life histories. The domestic pigeon (Columba livia) provides an exceptional opportunity to study the genetic underpinnings of craniofacial variation because of its unique balance of experimental accessibility and extraordinary phenotypic diversity within a single species. We used traditional and geometric morphometrics to quantify craniofacial variation in an F2 laboratory cross derived from the straight-beaked Pomeranian Pouter and curved-beak Scandaroon pigeon breeds. Using a combination of genome-wide quantitative trait locus scans and multi-locus modeling, we identified a set of genetic loci associated with complex shape variation in the craniofacial skeleton, including beak shape, braincase shape, and mandible shape. Some of these loci control coordinated changes between different structures, while others explain variation in the size and shape of specific skull and jaw regions. We find that in domestic pigeons, a complex blend of both independent and coupled genetic effects underlie three-dimensional craniofacial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Boer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Emily T Maclary
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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7
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Boer EF, Van Hollebeke HF, Maclary ET, Holt C, Yandell M, Shapiro MD. A ROR2 coding variant is associated with craniofacial variation in domestic pigeons. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5069-5076.e5. [PMID: 34551284 PMCID: PMC8612976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process that is directed by evolutionarily conserved developmental pathways.1,2 Within species, canalized development typically produces modest morphological variation. However, as a result of millennia of artificial selection, the domestic pigeon displays radical craniofacial variation within a single species. One of the most striking cases of pigeon craniofacial variation is the short-beak phenotype, which has been selected in numerous breeds. Classical genetic experiments suggest that pigeon beak length is regulated by a small number of genetic factors, one of which is sex linked (Ku2 locus).3-5 However, the genetic underpinnings of pigeon craniofacial variation remain unknown. Using geometric morphometrics and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping on an F2 intercross between a short-beaked Old German Owl (OGO) and a medium-beaked Racing Homer (RH), we identified a single Z chromosome locus that explains a majority of the variation in beak morphology in the F2 population. Complementary comparative genomic analyses revealed that the same locus is strongly differentiated between breeds with short and medium beaks. Within the Ku2 locus, we identified an amino acid substitution in the non-canonical Wnt receptor ROR2 as a putative regulator of pigeon beak length. The non-canonical Wnt pathway serves critical roles in vertebrate neural crest cell migration and craniofacial morphogenesis.6,7 In humans, ROR2 mutations cause Robinow syndrome, a congenital disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, including a widened and shortened facial skeleton.8,9 Our results illustrate how the extraordinary craniofacial variation among pigeons can reveal genetic regulators of vertebrate craniofacial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Boer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Emily T Maclary
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Carson Holt
- Department of Human Genetics and USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics and USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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8
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SATB2 Immunoexpression in Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma and Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 16:339-343. [PMID: 34224081 PMCID: PMC9187816 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral ossifying fibromas (POFs) and peripheral odontogenic fibromas (POdFs) appear clinically similar but of different histogenesis. The novel marker SATB2 is involved in regulation of osteoblastic differentiation and phenotype. However, SATB2 expression has not been previously explored in POFs and POdFs. Given the potential for mineralized tissue formation in POFs and POdFs, and to more clarify the phenotype of the lesional cells, this study was aimed to immunohistochemically investigate SATB2 expression in POFs and POdFs. Fourteen cases of POF and POdF (7 cases each) were selected, stained for SATB2 immunohistochemically, and scored according to the percentage of positive lesional cells (0, no staining; 1 +, < 5%; 2 +, 5-25%; 3 +, 26-50%; 4 +, 51-75%; and 5 +, 76-100%), and the intensity of staining was graded as weak, moderate, or strong. The control group included the inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia-like area present in two cases, 1 case fibroma, and 1 case giant cell fibroma. Moderate to strong, and diffuse SATB2 nuclear immunoreactivity was detected in the lesional cells of all cases of POFs and POdFs with variable scores; 3-5 + for the POFs and 3-4 + for the POdFs (P = 0.101). The distribution of staining was more prominent in those lesional cells associated with the osteoid/calcification in the cases of POFs. No staining was noted in the control group. The lesional cells in both POFs and POdFs express SATB2 and may exhibit the osteoblastic-like phenotype. SATB2 staining may be useful for diagnosis of subsets of POFs with minimal or absent calcification and some POdFs with unidentifiable odontogenic epithelium.
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9
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Parmar B, Verma U, Khaire K, Danes D, Balakrishnan S. Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Alters Craniofacial Patterning during Early Embryonic Development of Chick. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:16. [PMID: 33922791 PMCID: PMC8167724 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study from our lab revealed that the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) exclusively reduces the level of PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2) among prostanoids and hampers the normal development of several structures, strikingly the cranial vault, in chick embryos. In order to unearth the mechanism behind the deviant development of cranial features, the expression pattern of various factors that are known to influence cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) migration was checked in chick embryos after inhibiting COX-2 activity using etoricoxib. The compromised level of cell adhesion molecules and their upstream regulators, namely CDH1 (E-cadherin), CDH2 (N-cadherin), MSX1 (Msh homeobox 1), and TGF-β (Transforming growth factor beta), observed in the etoricoxib-treated embryos indicate that COX-2, through its downstream effector PGE2, regulates the expression of these factors perhaps to aid the migration of CNCCs. The histological features and levels of FoxD3 (Forkhead box D3), as well as PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen), further consolidate the role of COX-2 in the migration and survival of CNCCs in developing embryos. The results of the current study indicate that COX-2 plays a pivotal role in orchestrating craniofacial structures perhaps by modulating CNCC proliferation and migration during the embryonic development of chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat 390002, India; (B.P.); (U.V.); (K.K.); (D.D.)
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10
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LaMantia AS. Why Does the Face Predict the Brain? Neural Crest Induction, Craniofacial Morphogenesis, and Neural Circuit Development. Front Physiol 2020; 11:610970. [PMID: 33362582 PMCID: PMC7759552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.610970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchephalic and rhombencephalic neural crest cells generate the craniofacial skeleton, special sensory organs, and subsets of cranial sensory receptor neurons. They do so while preserving the anterior-posterior (A-P) identity of their neural tube origins. This organizational principle is paralleled by central nervous system circuits that receive and process information from facial structures whose A-P identity is in register with that in the brain. Prior to morphogenesis of the face and its circuits, however, neural crest cells act as "inductive ambassadors" from distinct regions of the neural tube to induce differentiation of target craniofacial domains and establish an initial interface between the brain and face. At every site of bilateral, non-axial secondary induction, neural crest constitutes all or some of the mesenchymal compartment for non-axial mesenchymal/epithelial (M/E) interactions. Thus, for epithelial domains in the craniofacial primordia, aortic arches, limbs, the spinal cord, and the forebrain (Fb), neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells establish local sources of inductive signaling molecules that drive morphogenesis and cellular differentiation. This common mechanism for building brains, faces, limbs, and hearts, A-P axis specified, neural crest-mediated M/E induction, coordinates differentiation of distal structures, peripheral neurons that provide their sensory or autonomic innervation in some cases, and central neural circuits that regulate their behavioral functions. The essential role of this neural crest-mediated mechanism identifies it as a prime target for pathogenesis in a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, the face and the brain "predict" one another, and this mutual developmental relationship provides a key target for disruption by developmental pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony-Samuel LaMantia
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Genetics and Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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11
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Hassan MG, Kaler H, Zhang B, Cox TC, Young N, Jheon AH. Effects of Multi-Generational Soft Diet Consumption on Mouse Craniofacial Morphology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:783. [PMID: 32754047 PMCID: PMC7367031 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in craniofacial morphology may arise as a result of adaptation to different environmental factors such as soft diet (SD), which lessens functional masticatory load. Prior studies have shown that changes in the masticatory muscle function associated with a switch to short-term SD led to changes in craniofacial morphology and alveolar bone architecture. However, the long-term effects of SD and the associated adaptive changes in craniofacial shape are unclear. Our novel study set out to profile prospective skull changes in mice fed with SDs over multiple generations using three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analysis (GMA). Our results revealed that short-term SD consumption led to a significant decrease in craniofacial size, along with numerous shape changes. Long-term SD consumption over 15 continuous generations was not associated with changes in craniofacial size; however, shape analysis revealed mice with shortened crania and mandibles in the anteroposterior dimension, as well as relative widening in the transverse dimension compared to the average shape of all mice analyzed in our study. Moreover, changes in shape and size associated with different functional loads appeared to be independent - shape changes persisted after diets were switched for one generation, whereas size decreased after one generation and then returned to baseline size. Our study is the first to study the role of prolonged, multi-generational SD consumption in the determination of craniofacial size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed G. Hassan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Harjot Kaler
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nathan Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrew H. Jheon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Divisions of Craniofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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12
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Defining embryonic developmental effects of chemical mixtures using the embryonic stem cell test. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Delaney A, Volochayev R, Meader B, Lee J, Almpani K, Noukelak GY, Henkind J, Chalmers L, Law JR, Williamson KA, Jacobsen CM, Buitrago TP, Perez O, Cho CH, Kaindl A, Rauch A, Steindl K, Garcia JE, Russell BE, Prasad R, Mondal UK, Reigstad HM, Clements S, Kim S, Inoue K, Arora G, Salnikov KB, DiOrio NP, Prada R, Capri Y, Morioka K, Mizota M, Zechi-Ceide RM, Kokitsu-Nakata NM, Tonello C, Vendramini-Pittoli S, da Silva Dalben G, Balasubramanian R, Dwyer AA, Seminara SB, Crowley WF, Plummer L, Hall JE, Graham JM, Lin AE, Shaw ND. Insight Into the Ontogeny of GnRH Neurons From Patients Born Without a Nose. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa065. [PMID: 32034419 PMCID: PMC7108682 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The reproductive axis is controlled by a network of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons born in the primitive nose that migrate to the hypothalamus alongside axons of the olfactory system. The observation that congenital anosmia (inability to smell) is often associated with GnRH deficiency in humans led to the prevailing view that GnRH neurons depend on olfactory structures to reach the brain, but this hypothesis has not been confirmed. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to determine the potential for normal reproductive function in the setting of completely absent internal and external olfactory structures. METHODS We conducted comprehensive phenotyping studies in 11 patients with congenital arhinia. These studies were augmented by review of medical records and study questionnaires in another 40 international patients. RESULTS All male patients demonstrated clinical and/or biochemical signs of GnRH deficiency, and the 5 men studied in person had no luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses, suggesting absent GnRH activity. The 6 women studied in person also had apulsatile LH profiles, yet 3 had spontaneous breast development and 2 women (studied from afar) had normal breast development and menstrual cycles, suggesting a fully intact reproductive axis. Administration of pulsatile GnRH to 2 GnRH-deficient patients revealed normal pituitary responsiveness but gonadal failure in the male patient. CONCLUSIONS Patients with arhinia teach us that the GnRH neuron, a key gatekeeper of the reproductive axis, is associated with but may not depend on olfactory structures for normal migration and function, and more broadly, illustrate the power of extreme human phenotypes in answering fundamental questions about human embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Delaney
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rita Volochayev
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brooke Meader
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Janice Lee
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Germaine Y Noukelak
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Laura Chalmers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Jennifer R Law
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen A Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christina M Jacobsen
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetic and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Orlando Perez
- Academia Nacional de Medicina de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Chie-Hee Cho
- Department of Radiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Kaindl
- Biology & Neurobiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jose Elias Garcia
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Bianca E Russell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rameshwar Prasad
- Department of Neonatology, IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Uttam K Mondal
- Department of Neonatology, IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Hallvard M Reigstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Scott Clements
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Susan Kim
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gazal Arora
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn B Salnikov
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole P DiOrio
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rolando Prada
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, Children’s University Hospital of San Jose, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yline Capri
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Kosuke Morioka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michiyo Mizota
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kagoshima Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Roseli M Zechi-Ceide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Nancy M Kokitsu-Nakata
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Siulan Vendramini-Pittoli
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew A Dwyer
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- William F. Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janet E Hall
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John M Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie D Shaw
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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A combination insecticide at sub-lethal dose debilitated the expression pattern of crucial signalling molecules that facilitate craniofacial patterning in domestic chick Gallus domesticus. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 76:106836. [PMID: 31593814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides despite being agents that protect the plants and humans from noxious pests, are infamous for their potential to cause detrimental health issues in nontargeted species. In order to ascertain the latter, a set of experiments were conducted by exposing early chick embryos to a widely used combination insecticide (Ci, 50% chlorpyrifos and 5% cypermethrin). The results revealed a myriad of congenital defects pertaining to craniofacial development such as anophthalmia, microphthalmia, exencephaly as well as deformed beak and cranial structures. These teratological manifestations could be attributed to the Ci induced alteration in the titre of major regulators of neurulation and ossification. Therefore, the mRNA and/or the protein level expression pattern of genes which are reported to be involved in the craniofacial development were studied at selected time points of embryonic development. The analysis of the result showed that there have been significant alternations in the expression patterns of the signalling molecules such as SHH, WNTs, CDH1, CDH2, L1CAM, PAX6, HOX, PCNA, GLI3, BMP7, FGF8, GLIs, SOX9, RUNX2, DLX5, COL10A1, CASPASE3 etc. on embryonic days 2, 4 and/or 10. Concurrently, on day 10, whole-mount skeletal staining and biochemical estimation of hydroxyproline were carried out in the cranial tissues of the embryos. The overall result of the current study indicates that exposure to Ci during early development impede the crucial regulatory signals that orchestrate the morphogenesis of cranial neural crest cells thereby hindering the normal progression of neural tube and endochondral ossification which collectively lead to craniofacial dysmorphism in domestic chicks.
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15
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Blackburn PR, Zepeda-Mendoza CJ, Kruisselbrink TM, Schimmenti LA, García-Miñaur S, Palomares M, Nevado J, Mori MA, Le Meur G, Klee EW, Le Caignec C, Lapunzina P, Isidor B, Babovic-Vuksanovic D. Variable expressivity of syndromic BMP4-related eye, brain, and digital anomalies: A review of the literature and description of three new cases. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1379-1388. [PMID: 31053785 PMCID: PMC6777538 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia with brain and digital anomalies (MCOPS6, MIM# 607932) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by loss-of-function variants or large deletions involving BMP4, which encodes bone morphogenetic protein 4, a member of the TGF-β protein superfamily. BMP4 has a number of roles in embryonic development including neurogenesis, lens induction, development of cartilage and bone, urogenital development, limb and digit patterning, hair follicle regeneration, as well as tooth formation. In addition to syndromic microphthalmia, BMP4 variants have been implicated in non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and congenital healed cleft lip indicating different allelic presentations. MCOPS6 subjects may also lack some of the major phenotypic hallmarks of the disorder, including microphthalmia, indicating variable expressivity. As only a handful of individuals with MCOPS6 have been described, we review the clinical findings in previously reported cases with either deletions or loss-of-function variants in BMP4. We describe three new cases, including two subjects with novel deletions and one subject with a likely pathogenic de novo nonsense variant [c.1052C>G, p.(S351*)] in BMP4. One of the subjects had dual molecular diagnoses including a co-occurring microdeletion at 17q21.31 associated with Koolen de Vries syndrome, which has a partially overlapping disease phenotype. None of these individuals had clinically apparent microphthalmia or anopthalmia, which have been reported in a majority of previously described cases. One subject had exophthalmia and strabismus, while another had bilateral Peters anomaly and sclerocornea, thus expanding the phenotype associated with BMP4 loss-of-function variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Blackburn
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Teresa M Kruisselbrink
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lisa A Schimmenti
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sixto García-Miñaur
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Palomares
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Mori
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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16
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McCarthy GD, Drewell RA, Dresch JM. Analyzing the stability of gene expression using a simple reaction-diffusion model in an early Drosophila embryo. Math Biosci 2019; 316:108239. [PMID: 31454629 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2019.108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In all complex organisms, the precise levels and timing of gene expression controls vital biological processes. In higher eukaryotes, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the complex molecular control of transcription (the synthesis of RNA from DNA) and translation (the synthesis of proteins from RNA) events driving this gene expression are not fully understood. In particular, for Drosophila melanogaster, there is a plethora of experimental data, including quantitative measurements of both RNA and protein concentrations, but the precise mechanisms that control the dynamics of gene expression during early development and the processes which lead to steady-state levels of certain proteins remain elusive. This study analyzes a current mathematical modeling approach in an attempt to better understand the long-term behavior of gene regulation. The model is a modified reaction-diffusion equation which has been previously employed in predicting gene expression levels and studying the relative contributions of transcription and translation events to protein abundance [10,11,24]. Here, we use Matrix Algebra and Analysis techniques to study the stability of the gene expression system and analyze equilibria, using very general assumptions regarding the parameter values incorporated into the model. We prove that, given realistic biological parameter values, the system will result in a unique, stable equilibrium solution. Additionally, we give an example of this long-term behavior using the model alongside actual experimental data obtained from Drosophila embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D McCarthy
- School of Natural Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA 01002, United States.
| | - Robert A Drewell
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, United States.
| | - Jacqueline M Dresch
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, United States.
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17
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Merkuri F, Fish JL. Developmental processes regulate craniofacial variation in disease and evolution. Genesis 2018; 57:e23249. [PMID: 30207415 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Variation in development mediates phenotypic differences observed in evolution and disease. Although the mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation are still largely unknown, recent research suggests that variation in developmental processes may play a key role. Developmental processes mediate genotype-phenotype relationships and consequently play an important role regulating phenotypes. In this review, we provide an example of how shared and interacting developmental processes may explain convergence of phenotypes in spliceosomopathies and ribosomopathies. These data also suggest a shared pathway to disease treatment. We then discuss three major mechanisms that contribute to variation in developmental processes: genetic background (gene-gene interactions), gene-environment interactions, and developmental stochasticity. Finally, we comment on evolutionary alterations to developmental processes, and the evolution of disease buffering mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjodor Merkuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Liu
- King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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19
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Logjes RJH, Breugem CC, Van Haaften G, Paes EC, Sperber GH, van den Boogaard MJH, Farlie PG. The ontogeny of Robin sequence. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1349-1368. [PMID: 29696787 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and concomitant airway obstruction defined as "Robin sequence" (RS) is caused by oropharyngeal developmental events constrained by a reduced stomadeal space. This sequence of abnormal embryonic development also results in an anatomical configuration that might predispose the fetus to a cleft palate. RS is heterogeneous and many different etiologies have been described including syndromic, RS-plus, and isolated forms. For an optimal diagnosis, subsequent treatment and prognosis, a thorough understanding of the embryology and pathogenesis is necessary. This manuscript provides an update about our current understanding of the development of the mandible, tongue, and palate and possible mechanisms involved in the development of RS. Additionally, we provide the reader with an up-to-date summary of the different etiologies of this phenotype and link this to the embryologic, developmental, and genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht J H Logjes
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corstiaan C Breugem
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Van Haaften
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma C Paes
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey H Sperber
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Peter G Farlie
- Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
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Kamiya K, Abe Y, Inoue K, Osaki T, Kawano R, Miki N, Takeuchi S. Well-Controlled Cell-Trapping Systems for Investigating Heterogeneous Cell-Cell Interactions. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701208. [PMID: 29369539 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems have been developed for patterning single cells to study cell-cell interactions. However, patterning multiple types of cells to understand heterogeneous cell-cell interactions remains difficult. Here, it is aimed to develop a cell-trapping device to assemble multiple types of cells in the well-controlled order and morphology. This device mainly comprises a parylene sheet for assembling cells and a microcomb for controlling the cell-trapping area. The cell-trapping area is controlled by moving the parylene sheet on an SU-8 microcomb using tweezers. Gentle downward flow is used as a driving force for the cell-trapping. The assembly of cells on a parylene sheet with round and line-shaped apertures is demonstrated. The cell-cell contacts of the trapped cells are then investigated by direct cell-cell transfer of calcein via connexin nanopores. Finally, using the device with a system for controlling the cell-trapping area, three different types of cells in the well-controlled order are assembled. The correct cell order rate obtained using the device is 27.9%, which is higher than that obtained without the sliding parylene system (0.74%). Furthermore, the occurrence of cell-cell contact between the three cell types assembled is verified. This cell-patterning device will be a useful tool for investigating heterogeneous cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kamiya
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
| | - Yuta Abe
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- School of Integrated Design Engineering Keio University 3‐14‐1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
| | - Kosuke Inoue
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- School of Integrated Design Engineering Keio University 3‐14‐1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba Meguro‐ku Tokyo 153‐8505 Japan
| | - Ryuji Kawano
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
| | - Norihisa Miki
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Keio University 3‐14‐1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba Meguro‐ku Tokyo 153‐8505 Japan
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Ritzman TB, Banovich N, Buss KP, Guida J, Rubel MA, Pinney J, Khang B, Ravosa MJ, Stone AC. Facing the facts: The Runx2 gene is associated with variation in facial morphology in primates. J Hum Evol 2017; 111:139-151. [PMID: 28874267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic and adaptive factors that cause variation in primate facial form-including differences among the major primate clades and variation related to feeding and/or social behavior-are relatively well understood. However, comparatively little is known about the genetic mechanisms that underlie diversity in facial form in primates. Because it is essential for osteoblastic differentiation and skeletal development, the runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is one gene that may play a role in these genetic mechanisms. Specifically, polymorphisms in the QA ratio (determined by the ratio of the number of polyglutamines to polyalanines in one functional domain of Runx2) have been shown to be correlated with variation in facial length and orientation in other mammal groups. However, to date, the relationship between variation in this gene and variation in facial form in primates has not been explicitly tested. To test the hypothesis that the QA ratio is correlated with facial form in primates, the current study quantified the QA ratio, facial length, and facial angle in a sample of 33 primate species and tested for correlation using phylogenetic generalized least squares. The results indicate that the QA ratio of the Runx2 gene is positively correlated with variation in relative facial length in anthropoid primates. However, no correlation was found in strepsirrhines, and there was no correlation between facial angle and the QA ratio in any groups. These results suggest that, in primates, the QA ratio of the Runx2 gene may play a role in modulating facial size, but not facial orientation. This study therefore provides important clues about the genetic and developmental mechanisms that may underlie variation in facial form in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence B Ritzman
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Nicholas Banovich
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaitlin P Buss
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Guida
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Meagan A Rubel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pinney
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bao Khang
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Anne C Stone
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Center for Bioarchaeological Research, ASU, Tempe, AZ, USA; Institute of Human Origins, ASU, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Munye MM, Diaz-Font A, Ocaka L, Henriksen ML, Lees M, Brady A, Jenkins D, Morton J, Hansen SW, Bacchelli C, Beales PL, Hernandez-Hernandez V. COLEC10 is mutated in 3MC patients and regulates early craniofacial development. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006679. [PMID: 28301481 PMCID: PMC5373641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
3MC syndrome is an autosomal recessive heterogeneous disorder with features linked to developmental abnormalities. The main features include facial dysmorphism, craniosynostosis and cleft lip/palate; skeletal structures derived from cranial neural crest cells (cNCC). We previously reported that lectin complement pathway genes COLEC11 and MASP1/3 are mutated in 3MC syndrome patients. Here we define a new gene, COLEC10, also mutated in 3MC families and present novel mutations in COLEC11 and MASP1/3 genes in a further five families. The protein products of COLEC11 and COLEC10, CL-K1 and CL-L1 respectively, form heteromeric complexes. We show COLEC10 is expressed in the base membrane of the palate during murine embryo development. We demonstrate how mutations in COLEC10 (c.25C>T; p.Arg9Ter, c.226delA; p.Gly77Glufs*66 and c.528C>G p.Cys176Trp) impair the expression and/or secretion of CL-L1 highlighting their pathogenicity. Together, these findings provide further evidence linking the lectin complement pathway and complement factors COLEC11 and COLEC10 to morphogenesis of craniofacial structures and 3MC etiology. The 3MC syndrome is a unifying term amalgamating four rare recessive genetic disorders with overlapping features namely; Mingarelli, Malpuech, Michels and Carnevale syndromes. It is characterised by facial malformations including, high-arched eyebrows, cleft lip/palate, hypertelorism, developmental delay and hearing loss. We previously reported that lectin complement pathway genes COLEC11 and MASP1/3 were mutated in 3MC syndrome patients. Here we describe a new gene from the same pathway, COLEC10, mutated in 3MC patients. Our results show that COLEC10 is expressed in craniofacial tissues during development. We demonstrate how CL-L1, the protein expressed by COLEC10, can act as a cellular chemoattractant in vitro, controlling cell movement and migration. We overexpressed constructs carrying COLEC10 non-sense mutations found in our patients, CL-L1 failed to be expressed and secreted. Moreover, when we expressed a missense COLEC10 construct, CL-L1 was expressed but failed to be secreted. In sum, we discovered a new gene, COLEC10, mutated in 3MC syndrome and we propose a pathogenic mechanism for 3MC relating to the failure of CL-L1 function and its craniofacial developmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M. Munye
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Diaz-Font
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Ocaka
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maiken L. Henriksen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melissa Lees
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Northwick Park Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dagan Jenkins
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Morton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Soren W. Hansen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Chiara Bacchelli
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PLB); (VHH)
| | - Victor Hernandez-Hernandez
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PLB); (VHH)
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Zarate YA, Fish JL. SATB2-associated syndrome: Mechanisms, phenotype, and practical recommendations. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:327-337. [PMID: 27774744 PMCID: PMC5297989 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The SATB2‐associated syndrome is a recently described syndrome characterized by developmental delay/intellectual disability with absent or limited speech development, craniofacial abnormalities, behavioral problems, dysmorphic features, and palatal and dental abnormalities. Alterations of the SATB2 gene can result from a variety of different mechanisms that include contiguous deletions, intragenic deletions and duplications, translocations with secondary gene disruption, and point mutations. The multisystemic nature of this syndrome demands a multisystemic approach and we propose evaluation and management guidelines. The SATB2‐associated syndrome registry has now been started and that will allow gathering further clinical information and refining the provided surveillance recommendations. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Zarate
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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