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Liu Z, Ypsilanti AR, Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E, Dickel DE, Sanders SJ, Dong S, Pennacchio LA, Visel A, Rubenstein JL. Nr2f1 enhancers have distinct functions in controlling Nr2f1 expression during cortical development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402368121. [PMID: 39312666 PMCID: PMC11459158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402368121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that transcription factor (TF) encoding genes, which temporally control development in multiple cell types, can have tens of enhancers that regulate their expression. The NR2F1 TF developmentally promotes caudal and ventral cortical regional fates. Here, we epigenomically compared the activity of Nr2f1's enhancers during mouse cortical development with their activity in a transgenic assay. We identified at least six that are likely to be important in prenatal cortical development, with three harboring de novo mutants identified in ASD individuals. We chose to study the function of two of the most robust enhancers by deleting them singly or together. We found that they have distinct and overlapping functions in driving Nr2f1's regional and laminar expression in the developing cortex. Thus, these two enhancers, probably in combination with the others that we defined epigenetically, precisely tune Nr2f1's regional, cell type, and temporal expression during corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Liu
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Athéna R. Ypsilanti
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | | | - Diane E. Dickel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Stephan J. Sanders
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7TY, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY10013
| | - Shan Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Len A. Pennacchio
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA94720
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA94720
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA95343
| | - John L. Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
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Liu YN, Chen WY, Yeh HL, Chen WH, Jiang KC, Li HR, Dung PVT, Chen ZQ, Lee WJ, Hsiao M, Huang J, Wen YC. MCTP1 increases the malignancy of androgen-deprived prostate cancer cells by inducing neuroendocrine differentiation and EMT. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadc9142. [PMID: 38861615 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adc9142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (PCa) (NEPC), an aggressive subtype that is associated with poor prognosis, may arise after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which ADT induces neuroendocrine differentiation in advanced PCa. We found that transmembrane protein 1 (MCTP1), which has putative Ca2+ sensing function and multiple Ca2+-binding C2 domains, was abundant in samples from patients with advanced PCa. MCTP1 was associated with the expression of the EMT-associated transcription factors ZBTB46, FOXA2, and HIF1A. The increased abundance of MCTP1 promoted PC3 prostate cancer cell migration and neuroendocrine differentiation and was associated with SNAI1-dependent EMT in C4-2 PCa cells after ADT. ZBTB46 interacted with FOXA2 and HIF1A and increased the abundance of MCTP1 in a hypoxia-dependent manner. MCTP1 stimulated Ca2+ signaling and AKT activation to promote EMT and neuroendocrine differentiation by increasing the SNAI1-dependent expression of EMT and neuroendocrine markers, effects that were blocked by knockdown of MCTP1. These data suggest an oncogenic role for MCTP1 in the maintenance of a rare and aggressive prostate cancer subtype through its response to Ca2+ and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ru Li
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Phan Vu Thuy Dung
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Qing Chen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yu-Ching Wen
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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3
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Steinhart MR, van der Valk WH, Osorio D, Serdy SA, Zhang J, Nist-Lund C, Kim J, Moncada-Reid C, Sun L, Lee J, Koehler KR. Mapping oto-pharyngeal development in a human inner ear organoid model. Development 2023; 150:dev201871. [PMID: 37796037 PMCID: PMC10698753 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Inner ear development requires the coordination of cell types from distinct epithelial, mesenchymal and neuronal lineages. Although we have learned much from animal models, many details about human inner ear development remain elusive. We recently developed an in vitro model of human inner ear organogenesis using pluripotent stem cells in a 3D culture, fostering the growth of a sensorineural circuit, including hair cells and neurons. Despite previously characterizing some cell types, many remain undefined. This study aimed to chart the in vitro development timeline of the inner ear organoid to understand the mechanisms at play. Using single-cell RNA sequencing at ten stages during the first 36 days of differentiation, we tracked the evolution from pluripotency to various ear cell types after exposure to specific signaling modulators. Our findings showcase gene expression that influences differentiation, identifying a plethora of ectodermal and mesenchymal cell types. We also discern aspects of the organoid model consistent with in vivo development, while highlighting potential discrepancies. Our study establishes the Inner Ear Organoid Developmental Atlas (IODA), offering deeper insights into human biology and improving inner ear tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Steinhart
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Wouter H. van der Valk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- OtoBiology Leiden, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery; Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW); Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Osorio
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara A. Serdy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carl Nist-Lund
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cynthia Moncada-Reid
- Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology (SHBT) Graduate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liang Sun
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiyoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karl R. Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Luo D, Liu Y, Yuan S, Bi X, Yang Y, Zhu H, Li Z, Ji L, Yu X. The emerging role of NR2F1-AS1 in the tumorigenesis and progression of human cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 235:153938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Kong L, Yang W, Chen L, Qian L. The DNA methylation-regulated MCTP1 activates the drug-resistance of esophageal cancer cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3342-3352. [PMID: 33571139 PMCID: PMC7906193 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating studies have demonstrated that drug-resistance remains a great obstacle for the effective treatment of cancers. Esophageal cancer is still one of the most common cancers worldwide, which also suffers from the drug-resistance during clinical treatment. Here we performed drug-resistance profiling assays and identified several drug-resistant and drug-sensitive esophageal cancer cell lines. The following methylation sequencing showed that the MCTP1 gene is hypermethylated in the drug-resistant esophageal cancer cells. As a result, the expression of MCTP1 is down-regulated in the drug-resistant esophageal cancer cells. Down-regulation of MCTP1 also affects the migration and apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells, as revealed by the wound-healing and apoptosis assays. Further investigations proposed two signaling pathways that might involve in the MCTP1-mediated drug-resistance of esophageal cancer cells. All these results suggested that MCTP1 activates the drug-resistance of esophageal cancer cells, which has implications for further design of new biomarker of esophageal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingsuo Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, West District of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Wan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West District of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Lanren Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West District of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Liting Qian
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 3230031, Anhui, P.R. China
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6
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Gu S, Olszewski R, Taukulis I, Wei Z, Martin D, Morell RJ, Hoa M. Characterization of rare spindle and root cell transcriptional profiles in the stria vascularis of the adult mouse cochlea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18100. [PMID: 33093630 PMCID: PMC7581811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stria vascularis (SV) in the cochlea generates and maintains the endocochlear potential, thereby playing a pivotal role in normal hearing. Knowing transcriptional profiles and gene regulatory networks of SV cell types establishes a basis for studying the mechanism underlying SV-related hearing loss. While we have previously characterized the expression profiles of major SV cell types in the adult mouse, transcriptional profiles of rare SV cell types remained elusive due to the limitation of cell capture in single-cell RNA-Seq. The role of these rare cell types in the homeostatic function of the adult SV remain largely undefined. In this study, we performed single-nucleus RNA-Seq on the adult mouse SV in conjunction with sample preservation treatments during the isolation steps. We distinguish rare SV cell types, including spindle cells and root cells, from other cell types, and characterize their transcriptional profiles. Furthermore, we also identify and validate novel specific markers for these rare SV cell types. Finally, we identify homeostatic gene regulatory networks within spindle and root cells, establishing a basis for understanding the functional roles of these cells in hearing. These novel findings will provide new insights for future work in SV-related hearing loss and hearing fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Gu
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program, National Institutes on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, 35 Convent Dr., Room 1F-226, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rafal Olszewski
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program, National Institutes on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, 35 Convent Dr., Room 1F-226, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ian Taukulis
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program, National Institutes on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, 35 Convent Dr., Room 1F-226, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Biomedical Research Informatics Office, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Martin
- Biomedical Research Informatics Office, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert J Morell
- Computational Biology and Genomics Core, National Institutes on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael Hoa
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program, National Institutes on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, 35 Convent Dr., Room 1F-226, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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Téllez-Arreola JL, Silva M, Martínez-Torres A. MCTP-1 modulates neurotransmitter release in C. elegans. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 107:103528. [PMID: 32650044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple C2 and Transmembrane Domain Proteins (MCTPs) are putative calcium sensors. Proteins that contain C2 domains play essential roles in membrane trafficking and exocytosis; however, MCTPs functions in neurotransmitter release are not known. Here we report that in C. elegans mctp-1 is under the control of two promoters - one active in the nervous system and the second in the spermatheca. We generated and characterized a loss of function amt1 mutant and compared it to a previously published loss of function mutant (av112). Loss of mctp-1 function causes defects in egg-laying, crawling velocity, and thrashing rates. Both amt1 and av112 mutants are hyposensitive to the acetylcholinesterase blocker aldicarb, suggesting that MCTP-1 may play a role in synaptic vesicle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Téllez-Arreola
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, C.P. 76215 Juriquilla, Querétaro, México; School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Malan Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, C.P. 76215 Juriquilla, Querétaro, México.
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8
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Zhang Y, Zheng A, Xu R, Zhou F, Hao A, Yang H, Yang P. NR2F1-induced NR2F1-AS1 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via activating Hedgehog signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:497-504. [PMID: 31530388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has uncovered the extremely important roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the progression of malignant tumors which includes numerous processes of gene regulation. LncRNA NR2F1-AS1 has been confirmed to have close correlation with the tumorigenesis of diverse cancers. However, the underlying regulatory function of it on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression is poorly known and thus needs more elucidations. In this study, a markedly elevated expression of NR2F1-AS1 was discovered in ESCC cells. Functional assays demonstrated that NR2F1-AS1 deficiency repressed ESCC progression. Molecular mechanism tests verified that knockdown of NR2F1-AS1 could lower the expression of GLI2 (a key protein molecule of Hedgehog signaling pathway) in ESCC. Additionally, NR2F1-AS1 was confirmed to facilitate ESCC progression via activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway. NR2F1-AS1 activated Hedgehog signaling pathway by regulating GLI2 to upregulate NR2F1 expression in ESCC. Besides, NR2F1 was testified to activate NR2F1-AS1 transcription in ESCC. Final rescue assays further demonstrated that NR2F1 upregulation could reverse the NR2F1-AS1 knockdown-mediated function on ESCC progression. Briefly, NR2F1-induced NR2F1-AS1 promotes ESCC progression through activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Zhang
- The First Department of Radiation Oncology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, No.1, Huanbin Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan Province, China
| | - Anping Zheng
- The First Department of Radiation Oncology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, No.1, Huanbin Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruiping Xu
- The First Department of Radiation Oncology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, No.1, Huanbin Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan Province, China.
| | - Fuyou Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, No.1, Huanbin Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan Province, China
| | - Anlin Hao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, No.1, Huanbin Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan Province, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, No.1, Huanbin Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan Province, China
| | - Pengyu Yang
- The First Department of Radiation Oncology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, No.1, Huanbin Road, Anyang, 455000, Henan Province, China
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