1
|
Duan Y, Chen X, Wang T, Li M. The serine/threonine protein kinase MpSTE1 directly governs hyphal branching in Monascus spp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:255. [PMID: 38446219 PMCID: PMC10917826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Monascus spp. are commercially important fungi due to their ability to produce beneficial secondary metabolites such as the cholesterol-lowering agent lovastatin and natural food colorants azaphilone pigments. Although hyphal branching intensively influenced the production of these secondary metabolites, the pivotal regulators of hyphal development in Monascus spp. remain unclear. To identify these important regulators, we developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted image analysis tool for quantification of hyphae-branching and constructed a random T-DNA insertion library. High-throughput screening revealed that a STE kinase, MpSTE1, was considered as a key regulator of hyphal branching based on the hyphal phenotype. To further validate the role of MpSTE1, we generated an mpSTE1 gene knockout mutant, a complemented mutant, and an overexpression mutant (OE::mpSTE1). Microscopic observations revealed that overexpression of mpSTE1 led to a 63% increase in branch number while deletion of mpSTE1 reduced the hyphal branching by 68% compared to the wild-type strain. In flask cultures, the strain OE::mpSTE1 showed accelerated growth and glucose consumption. More importantly, the strain OE::mpSTE1 produced 9.2 mg/L lovastatin and 17.0 mg/L azaphilone pigments, respectively, 47.0% and 30.1% higher than those of the wild-type strain. Phosphoproteomic analysis revealed that MpSTE1 directly phosphorylated 7 downstream signal proteins involved in cell division, cytoskeletal organization, and signal transduction. To our best knowledge, MpSTE1 is reported as the first characterized regulator for tightly regulating the hyphal branching in Monascus spp. These findings significantly expanded current understanding of the signaling pathway governing the hyphal branching and development in Monascus spp. Furthermore, MpSTE1 and its analogs were demonstrated as promising targets for improving production of valuable secondary metabolites. KEY POINTS: • MpSTE1 is the first characterized regulator for tightly regulating hyphal branching • Overexpression of mpSTE1 significantly improves secondary metabolite production • A high-throughput image analysis tool was developed for counting hyphal branching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Duan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented FoodsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityHubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xizhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented FoodsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityHubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented FoodsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityHubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mu Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented FoodsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityHubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang B, Duan G, Liu L, Long Z, Bai X, Ou M, Wang P, Jiang D, Li D, Sun W. UvHOS3-mediated histone deacetylation is essential for virulence and negatively regulates ustilaginoidin biosynthesis in Ustilaginoidea virens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13429. [PMID: 38353606 PMCID: PMC10866089 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens is the causal agent of rice false smut, which has recently become one of the most important rice diseases worldwide. Ustilaginoidins, a major type of mycotoxins produced in false smut balls, greatly deteriorates grain quality. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are involved in regulating secondary metabolism in fungi. However, little is yet known on the functions of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis in U. virens. Here, we characterized the functions of the HDAC UvHOS3 in U. virens. The ΔUvhos3 deletion mutant exhibited the phenotypes of retarded growth, increased mycelial branches and reduced conidiation and virulence. The ΔUvhos3 mutants were more sensitive to sorbitol, sodium dodecyl sulphate and oxidative stress/H2 O2 . ΔUvhos3 generated significantly more ustilaginoidins. RNA-Seq and metabolomics analyses also revealed that UvHOS3 is a key negative player in regulating secondary metabolism, especially mycotoxin biosynthesis. Notably, UvHOS3 mediates deacetylation of H3 and H4 at H3K9, H3K18, H3K27 and H4K8 residues. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that UvHOS3 regulates mycotoxin biosynthesis, particularly for ustilaginoidin and sorbicillinoid production, by modulating the acetylation level of H3K18. Collectively, this study deepens the understanding of molecular mechanisms of the HDAC UvHOS3 in regulating virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis in phytopathogenic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
- College of Plant ProtectionSanya Institute of China Agricultural UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Guohua Duan
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhaoyi Long
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaolong Bai
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Mingming Ou
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Peiying Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Du Jiang
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionSanya Institute of China Agricultural UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rogers AM, Taylor R, Egan MJ. The cell-end protein Tea4 spatially regulates hyphal branch initiation and appressorium remodeling in the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:br2. [PMID: 37903237 PMCID: PMC10881174 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of specialized infection cells, called appressoria, from polarized germ tubes of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, requires remarkable remodeling of cell polarity and architecture, yet our understanding of this process remains incomplete. Here we investigate the behavior and role of cell-end marker proteins in appressorium remodeling and hyphal branch emergence. We show that the SH3 domain-containing protein Tea4 is required for the normal formation of an F-actin ring at Tea1-GFP-labeled polarity nodes, which contributes to the remodeling of septin structures and repolarization of the appressorium. Further, we show that Tea1 localizes to a cortical structure during hyphal septation which, unlike contractile septin rings, persists after septum formation, and, in combination with other polarity determinants, likely spatially regulates branch emergence. Genetic loss of Tea4 leads to mislocalization of Tea1 at the hyphal apex and with it, impaired growth directionality. In contrast, Tea1 is largely depleted from septation events in Δtea4 mutants and branching and septation are significantly reduced. Together, our data provide new insight into polarity remodeling during infection-related and vegetative growth by the blast fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audra Mae Rogers
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Rachel Taylor
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Martin John Egan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Dai M, Lu L, Zhang Y. The C 2H 2-Type Transcription Factor ZfpA, Coordinately with CrzA, Affects Azole Susceptibility by Regulating the Multidrug Transporter Gene atrF in Aspergillus fumigatus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0032523. [PMID: 37318356 PMCID: PMC10434176 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00325-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus has risen steadily over the past few decades due to the limited effective treatment options and the emergence of antifungal-resistant isolates. In clinic-isolated A. fumigatus, the azole resistance mechanism is primarily caused by mutations of the drug target and/or overexpression of drug efflux pumps. However, knowledge about how drug efflux pumps are transcriptionally regulated is limited. In this study, we found that loss of a C2H2 transcription factor ZfpA (zinc finger protein) results in the marked upregulation of a series of drug efflux pump-encoding genes, especially atrF, which contributes to azole drug resistance in A. fumigatus. CrzA is a previously identified positive transcription factor for genes of drug efflux pumps, and ZfpA transcriptionally inhibits expressions of drug efflux pumps in a CrzA-dependent way. Under the treatment of azoles, both ZfpA and CrzA transfer to nuclei and coregulate the expression of multidrug transporters and then keep normal drug susceptibility in fungal cells. Findings in this study demonstrated that ZfpA is not only involved in fungal growth and virulence potential but also negatively regulates antifungal drug susceptibility. IMPORTANCE Conserved across all kingdoms of life, ABC transporters comprise one of the largest protein families. They are associated with multidrug resistance, affecting aspects such as resistance to antimicrobials or anticancer drugs. Despite the importance of ABC transporters in multidrug resistance, the understanding of their regulatory network is still limited in A. fumigatus. Here, we found that the loss of the transcription factor ZfpA induces the expression of the ABC transporter gene atrF, altering azole susceptibility in A. fumigatus. ZfpA, coordinately with CrzA, affects the azole susceptibility by regulating the expression of the ABC transporter gene atrF. These findings reveal the regulatory mechanism of the ABC transporter gene atrF in A. fumigatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ledoux C, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G, Bobée C, Lalanne C, Herbert É, David P. Prediction and experimental evidence of different growth phases of the Podospora anserina hyphal network. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8501. [PMID: 37231023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35327-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Under ideal conditions, the growth of the mycelial network of a filamentous fungus is monotonous, showing an ever increasing complexity with time. The components of the network growth are very simple and based on two mechanisms: the elongation of each hypha, and their multiplication by successive branching. These two mechanisms are sufficient to produce a complex network, and could be localized only at the tips of hyphae. However, branching can be of two types, apical or lateral, depending on its location on the hyphae, therefore imposing the redistribution of the necessary material in the whole mycelium. From an evolutionary point of view, maintaining different branching processes, with additional energy needs for structure and metabolism, is intriguing. We propose in this work to discuss the advantages of each branching type using a new observable for the network growth, allowing us to compare growth configurations. For this purpose, we build on experimental observations of the Podospora anserina mycelium growth, enabling us to feed and constrain a lattice-free modeling of this network based on a binary tree. First, we report the set of statistics related to the branches of P. anserina that we have implemented into the model. Then, we build the density observable, allowing us to discuss the succession of growth phases. We predict that density over time is not monotonic, but shows a decay growth phase, clearly separated from an other one by a stationary phase. The time of appearance of this stable region appears to be driven solely by the growth rate. Finally, we show that density is an appropriate observable to differentiate growth stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ledoux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, 75013, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Cécilia Bobée
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, 75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Éric Herbert
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Pascal David
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, 75013, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Overproduction of Laccase by Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus sanguineus in Farnesol-Pineapple Waste Solid Fermentation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of farnesol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, on the production of laccases by Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus sanguineus in pineapple waste solid-state fermentation was evaluated. Extracellular laccase production reached a maximum of 77.88 ± 5.62 U/g (236% above control) in farnesol-induced cultures of T. versicolor on the 17th day, whereas in a similar P. sanguineus culture, a maximal laccase activity of 130.95 ± 2.20 U/g (159% increase) was obtained on the 17th day. A single 45 KDa laccase was produced by both fungi under the influence of farnesol. These and other data allow us to conclude that farnesol acted as an inducer of the same form of laccase in both fungi. Farnesol disfavored fungal growth by increasing the lag phase, but it also clearly improved the oxidative state of the cultures. Contrary to the results obtained previously in submerged cultures, farnesol did not promote hyperbranching in the fungal mycelia. This is the first demonstration that farnesol is an excellent inducer of laccases in T. versicolor and P. sanguineus in solid-state cultivation. In quantitative terms, the results can be regarded as an excellent starting point for developing industrial or at least pre-industrial procedures to produce laccases using T. versicolor and P sanguineus under the stimulus of farnesol.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kurian SM, Lichius A, Read ND. Ca2+ Signalling Differentially Regulates Germ-Tube Formation and Cell Fusion in Fusarium oxysporum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010090. [PMID: 35050029 PMCID: PMC8780837 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an important plant pathogen and an emerging opportunistic human pathogen. Germination of conidial spores and their fusion via conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs) are significant events during colony establishment in culture and on host plants and, hence, very likely on human epithelia. CAT fusion exhibited by conidial germlings of Fusarium species has been postulated to facilitate mitotic recombination, leading to heterokaryon formation and strains with varied genotypes and potentially increased virulence. Ca2+ signalling is key to many of the important physiological processes in filamentous fungi. Here, we tested pharmacological agents with defined modes of action in modulation of the mammalian Ca2+ signalling machinery for their effect on germination and CAT-mediated cell fusion in F. oxysporum. We found various drug-specific and dose-dependent effects. Inhibition of calcineurin by FK506 or cyclosporin A, as well as chelation of extracellular Ca2+ by BAPTA, exclusively inhibit CAT induction but not germ-tube formation. On the other hand, inhibition of Ca2+ channels by verapamil, calmodulin inhibition by calmidazolium, and inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uniporters by RU360 inhibited both CAT induction and germ-tube formation. Thapsigargin, an inhibitor of mammalian sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), partially inhibited CAT induction but had no effect on germ-tube formation. These results provide initial evidence for morphologically defining roles of Ca2+-signalling components in the early developmental stages of F. oxysporum colony establishment—most notably, the indication that calcium ions act as self-signalling molecules in this process. Our findings contribute an important first step towards the identification of Ca2+ inhibitors with fungas-specific effects that could be exploited for the treatment of infected plants and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smija M. Kurian
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Lichius
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Nick D. Read
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roudbary M, Vahedi-Shahandashti R, Santos ALSD, Roudbar Mohammadi S, Aslani P, Lass-Flörl C, Rodrigues CF. Biofilm formation in clinically relevant filamentous fungi: a therapeutic challenge. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:197-221. [PMID: 34358430 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1950121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are highly-organized microbial communities attached to a biotic or an abiotic surface, surrounded by an extracellular matrix secreted by the biofilm-forming cells. The majority of fungal pathogens contribute to biofilm formation within tissues or biomedical devices, leading to serious and persistent infections. The clinical significance of biofilms relies on the increased resistance to conventional antifungal therapies and suppression of the host immune system, which leads to invasive and recurrent fungal infections. While different features of yeast biofilms are well-described in the literature, the structural and molecular basis of biofilm formation of clinically related filamentous fungi has not been fully addressed. This review aimed to address biofilm formation in clinically relevant filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Department of General Microbiology, Microbiology Institute Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | | | - Peyman Aslani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turning Inside Out: Filamentous Fungal Secretion and Its Applications in Biotechnology, Agriculture, and the Clinic. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070535. [PMID: 34356914 PMCID: PMC8307877 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are found in virtually every marine and terrestrial habitat. Vital to this success is their ability to secrete a diverse range of molecules, including hydrolytic enzymes, organic acids, and small molecular weight natural products. Industrial biotechnologists have successfully harnessed and re-engineered the secretory capacity of dozens of filamentous fungal species to make a diverse portfolio of useful molecules. The study of fungal secretion outside fermenters, e.g., during host infection or in mixed microbial communities, has also led to the development of novel and emerging technological breakthroughs, ranging from ultra-sensitive biosensors of fungal disease to the efficient bioremediation of polluted environments. In this review, we consider filamentous fungal secretion across multiple disciplinary boundaries (e.g., white, green, and red biotechnology) and product classes (protein, organic acid, and secondary metabolite). We summarize the mechanistic understanding for how various molecules are secreted and present numerous applications for extracellular products. Additionally, we discuss how the control of secretory pathways and the polar growth of filamentous hyphae can be utilized in diverse settings, including industrial biotechnology, agriculture, and the clinic.
Collapse
|
10
|
Nagy LG, Varga T, Csernetics Á, Virágh M. Fungi took a unique evolutionary route to multicellularity: Seven key challenges for fungal multicellular life. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
11
|
Fungal oxylipins direct programmed developmental switches in filamentous fungi. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5158. [PMID: 33056992 PMCID: PMC7557911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi differentiate along complex developmental programs directed by abiotic and biotic signals. Currently, intrinsic signals that govern fungal development remain largely unknown. Here we show that an endogenously produced and secreted fungal oxylipin, 5,8-diHODE, induces fungal cellular differentiation, including lateral branching in pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus, and appressorium formation in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. The Aspergillus branching response is specific to a subset of oxylipins and is signaled through G-protein coupled receptors. RNA-Seq profiling shows differential expression of many transcription factors in response to 5,8-diHODE. Screening of null mutants of 33 of those transcription factors identifies three transcriptional regulators that appear to mediate the Aspergillus branching response; one of the mutants is locked in a hypo-branching phenotype, while the other two mutants display a hyper-branching phenotype. Our work reveals an endogenous signal that triggers crucial developmental processes in filamentous fungi, and opens new avenues for research on the morphogenesis of filamentous fungi. Fungi produce oxygenated fatty acids, or oxylipins, of unclear function. Here, Niu et al. show that an Aspergillus oxylipin induces various developmental processes in several fungi, including lateral branching in human pathogenic Aspergillus species, and appressorium formation in the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mela AP, Rico-Ramírez AM, Glass NL. Syncytia in Fungi. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102255. [PMID: 33050028 PMCID: PMC7600787 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi typically grow as interconnected multinucleate syncytia that can be microscopic to many hectares in size. Mechanistic details and rules that govern the formation and function of these multinucleate syncytia are largely unexplored, including details on syncytial morphology and the regulatory controls of cellular and molecular processes. Recent discoveries have revealed various adaptations that enable fungal syncytia to accomplish coordinated behaviors, including cell growth, nuclear division, secretion, communication, and adaptation of the hyphal network for mixing nuclear and cytoplasmic organelles. In this review, we highlight recent studies using advanced technologies to define rules that govern organizing principles of hyphal and colony differentiation, including various aspects of nuclear and mitochondrial cooperation versus competition. We place these findings into context with previous foundational literature and present still unanswered questions on mechanistic aspects, function, and morphological diversity of fungal syncytia across the fungal kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Mela
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.P.M.); (A.M.R.-R.)
| | - Adriana M. Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.P.M.); (A.M.R.-R.)
| | - N. Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.P.M.); (A.M.R.-R.)
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Silva PM, Puerner C, Seminara A, Bassilana M, Arkowitz RA. Secretory Vesicle Clustering in Fungal Filamentous Cells Does Not Require Directional Growth. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2231-2245.e5. [PMID: 31433995 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During symmetry breaking, the highly conserved Rho GTPase Cdc42 becomes stabilized at a defined site via an amplification process. However, little is known about how a new polarity site is established in an already asymmetric cell-a critical process in a changing environment. The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans switches from budding to filamentous growth in response to external cues, a transition controlled by Cdc42. Here, we have used optogenetic manipulation of cell polarity to reset growth in asymmetric filamentous C. albicans cells. We show that increasing the level of active Cdc42 on the plasma membrane results in disruption of the exocyst subunit Sec3 localization and a striking de novo clustering of secretory vesicles. This new cluster of secretory vesicles is highly dynamic, moving by hops and jumps, until a new growth site is established. Our results reveal that secretory vesicle clustering can occur in the absence of directional growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Silva
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Charles Puerner
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Agnese Seminara
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institute Physics of Nice (INPHYNI), Ave. J. Vallot, Nice, France
| | - Martine Bassilana
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Robert A Arkowitz
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Renshaw H, Juvvadi PR, Cole DC, Steinbach WJ. The class V myosin interactome of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus reveals novel interactions with COPII vesicle transport proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:232-237. [PMID: 32446373 PMCID: PMC7248123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus causes life-threatening invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. Adaptation to the host environment is integral to survival of A. fumigatus and requires the coordination of short- and long-distance vesicular transport to move essential components throughout the fungus. We previously reported the importance of MyoE, the only class V myosin, for hyphal growth and virulence of A. fumigatus. Class V myosins are actin-based, cargo-carrying motor proteins that contain unique binding sites for specific cargo. Specific cargo carried by myosin V has not been identified in any fungus, and previous studies have only identified single components that interact with class V myosins. Here we utilized a mass spectrometry-based whole proteomic approach to identify MyoE interacting proteins in A. fumigatus for the first time. Several proteins previously shown to interact with myosin V through physical and genetic approaches were confirmed, validating our proteomic analysis. Importantly, we identified novel MyoE-interacting proteins, including members of the cytoskeleton network, cell wall synthesis, calcium signaling and a group of coat protein complex II (COPII) proteins involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi transport. Furthermore, we analyzed the localization patterns of the COPII proteins, UsoA (Uso1), SrgE (Sec31), and SrgF (Sec23), which suggested a potential role for MyoE in ER to Golgi trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Renshaw
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Praveen R Juvvadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - D Christopher Cole
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - William J Steinbach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Laundon D, Chrismas N, Wheeler G, Cunliffe M. Chytrid rhizoid morphogenesis resembles hyphal development in multicellular fungi and is adaptive to resource availability. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200433. [PMID: 32517626 PMCID: PMC7341943 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key to the ecological prominence of fungi is their distinctive cell biology, our understanding of which has been principally based on dikaryan hyphal and yeast forms. The early-diverging Chytridiomycota (chytrids) are ecologically important and a significant component of fungal diversity, yet their cell biology remains poorly understood. Unlike dikaryan hyphae, chytrids typically attach to substrates and feed osmotrophically via anucleate rhizoids. The evolution of fungal hyphae appears to have occurred from rhizoid-bearing lineages and it has been hypothesized that a rhizoid-like structure was the precursor to multicellular hyphae. Here, we show in a unicellular chytrid, Rhizoclosmatium globosum, that rhizoid development exhibits striking similarities with dikaryan hyphae and is adaptive to resource availability. Rhizoid morphogenesis exhibits analogous patterns to hyphal growth and is controlled by β-glucan-dependent cell wall synthesis and actin polymerization. Chytrid rhizoids growing from individual cells also demonstrate adaptive morphological plasticity in response to resource availability, developing a searching phenotype when carbon starved and spatial differentiation when interacting with particulate organic matter. We demonstrate that the adaptive cell biology and associated developmental plasticity considered characteristic of hyphal fungi are shared more widely across the Kingdom Fungi and therefore could be conserved from their most recent common ancestor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davis Laundon
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nathan Chrismas
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Glen Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Michael Cunliffe
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Bieger BD, Rogers AM, Bates S, Egan MJ. Long-distance early endosome motility in Aspergillus fumigatus promotes normal hyphal growth behaviors in controlled microenvironments but is dispensable for virulence. Traffic 2020; 21:479-487. [PMID: 32378777 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, early endosomes are continuously trafficked to, and from, the growing hyphal tip by microtubule-based motor proteins, serving as platforms for the long-distance transport of diverse cargos including mRNA, signaling molecules, and other organelles which hitchhike on them. While the cellular machinery for early endosome motility in filamentous fungi is fairly well characterized, the broader physiological significance of this process remains less well understood. We set out to determine the importance of long-distance early endosome trafficking in Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic human pathogenic fungus that can cause devastating pulmonary infections in immunocompromised individuals. We first characterized normal early endosome motile behavior in A. fumigatus, then generated a mutant in which early endosome motility is severely perturbed through targeted deletion of the gene encoding for FtsA, one of a complex of proteins that links early endosomes to their motor proteins. Using a microfluidics-based approach we show that contact-induced hyphal branching behaviors are impaired in ΔftsA mutants, but that FtsA-mediated early endosome motility is dispensable for virulence in an invertebrate infection model. Overall, our study provides new insight into early endosome motility in an important human pathogenic fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baronger Dowell Bieger
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Audra Mae Rogers
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Steven Bates
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Martin John Egan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Perez R, Luccioni M, Kamakaka R, Clamons S, Gaut N, Stirling F, Adamala KP, Silver PA, Endy D. Enabling community-based metrology for wood-degrading fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:2. [PMID: 32206323 PMCID: PMC7081594 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass could support a greatly-expanded bioeconomy. Current strategies for using biomass typically rely on single-cell organisms and extensive ancillary equipment to produce precursors for downstream manufacturing processes. Alternative forms of bioproduction based on solid-state fermentation and wood-degrading fungi could enable more direct means of manufacture. However, basic methods for cultivating wood-degrading fungi are often ad hoc and not readily reproducible. Here, we developed standard reference strains, substrates, measurements, and methods sufficient to begin to enable reliable reuse of mycological materials and products in simple laboratory settings. RESULTS We show that a widely-available and globally-regularized consumer product (Pringles™) can support the growth of wood-degrading fungi, and that growth on Pringles™-broth can be correlated with growth on media made from a fully-traceable and compositionally characterized substrate (National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference Material 8492 Eastern Cottonwood Whole Biomass Feedstock). We also establish a Relative Extension Unit (REU) framework that is designed to reduce variation in quantification of radial growth measurements. So enabled, we demonstrate that five laboratories were able to compare measurements of wood-fungus performance via a simple radial extension growth rate assay, and that our REU-based approach reduced variation in reported measurements by up to ~ 75%. CONCLUSIONS Reliable reuse of materials, measures, and methods is necessary to enable distributed bioproduction processes that can be adopted at all scales, from local to industrial. Our community-based measurement methods incentivize practitioners to coordinate the reuse of standard materials, methods, strains, and to share information supporting work with wood-degrading fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Perez
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Room 252, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Marina Luccioni
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Room 252, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Rohinton Kamakaka
- Department of MCD Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Samuel Clamons
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, MC 138-78, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Department of Control and Dynamical Systems, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, MC 138-78, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Nathaniel Gaut
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 420 Washington Ave. SE, 5-178 MCB, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Finn Stirling
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Warren Alpert Building, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 200 Longwood Avenue, Warren Alpert Building, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Katarzyna P. Adamala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 420 Washington Ave. SE, 5-178 MCB, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Pamela A. Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Warren Alpert Building, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 200 Longwood Avenue, Warren Alpert Building, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Drew Endy
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Room 252, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| |
Collapse
|