1
|
Chvojka J, Kudláček J, Liska K, Pant A, Jefferys JG, Jiruska P. Dissociation Between the Epileptogenic Lesion and Primary Seizure Onset Zone in the Tetanus Toxin Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Physiol Res 2024; 73:435-447. [PMID: 39027960 PMCID: PMC11299775 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) research, understanding the specific limbic structures' roles in seizures remains limited. This weakness can be attributed to the complex nature of TLE and the existence of various TLE subsyndromes, including non-lesional TLE. Conventional TLE models like kainate and pilocarpine hinder precise assessment of the role of individual limbic structures in TLE ictogenesis due to widespread limbic damage induced by the initial status epilepticus. In this study, we used a non-lesional TLE model characterized by the absence of initial status and cell damage to determine the spatiotemporal profile of seizure initiation and limbic structure recruitment in TLE. Epilepsy was induced by injecting a minute dose of tetanus toxin into the right dorsal hippocampus in seven animals. Following injection, animals were implanted with bipolar recording electrodes in the amygdala, dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, piriform, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortices of both hemispheres. The animals were video-EEG monitored for four weeks. In total, 140 seizures (20 seizures per animal) were analyzed. The average duration of each seizure was 53.2+/-3.9 s. Seizure could initiate in any limbic structure. Most seizures initiated in the ipsilateral (41 %) and contralateral (18 %) ventral hippocampi. These two structures displayed a significantly higher probability of seizure initiation than by chance. The involvement of limbic structures in seizure initiation varied between individual animals. Surprisingly, only 7 % of seizures initiated in the injected dorsal hippocampus. The limbic structure recruitment into the seizure activity wasn't random and displayed consistent patterns of early recruitment of hippocampi and entorhinal cortices. Although ventral hippocampus represented the primary seizure onset zone, the study demonstrated the involvement of multiple limbic structures in seizure initiation in a non-lesional TLE model. The study also revealed the dichotomy between the primary epileptogenic lesion and main seizure onset zones and points to the central role of ventral hippocampi in temporal lobe ictogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chvojka
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 5, Czech Republic. or
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeong KH, Zhu J, Park S, Kim WJ. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 6 Modulates Aberrant Axonal Sprouting in a Mouse Model of Pilocarpine-Induced Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2839-2853. [PMID: 37940780 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 (TRPV6) is a highly selective calcium-ion channel that belongs to the TRPV family. TRPV6 is widely distributed in the brain, but its role in neurological diseases such as epilepsy remains unknown. Here, we report for the first time that TRPV6 expression is upregulated in the hippocampus of a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model, mainly in the suprapyramidal bundle of the mossy fiber (MF) projection of the hippocampal CA3 regions. We found that TRPV6 overexpression via viral vector transduction attenuated abnormal MF sprouting (MFS), whereas TRPV6 knockdown aggravated the development of MFS and the incidence of recurrent seizures during epileptogenic progression. In the in vitro experiments, our results showed that modulation of TRPV6 expression resulted in a change in axonal formation in cultured hippocampal neurons. In addition, we found that TRPV6 was implicated in the regulation of Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3-β activity, which is closely related to the cellular mechanism of axonal outgrowth. Therefore, these findings suggest that TRPV6 may regulate the formation of aberrant synaptic circuits during epileptogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El Khamlichi A, El Ouazzani R, Melhaoui A, Arkha Y, Adeniran Bankole ND, Rifi L, Lahjouji F, Amor M, Jiddane M. Advocacy for Epilepsy Surgery in Africa: Moroccan Experience of 132 Cases. World Neurosurg 2024; 183:e421-e431. [PMID: 38154685 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Africa, epilepsy is a real burden. Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common drug-resistant focal epilepsy disorder, and temporal lobectomy is the most common effective treatment for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. OBJECTIVE We aim to highlight the Moroccan experience in epilepsy surgery and to ascertain its long-term outcome. Through the results of surgical treatment in our series, we hope to raise awareness of the need for epilepsy surgery in Africa and contribute to its development. METHODS We present a retrospective study of 132 patients who underwent surgery for epilepsy from January 2005 to December 2021 at our institution. The presurgical evaluation was based on clinical screening, interictal electroencephalography, video-electroencephalography, neuropsychological tests, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography in some cases. Data are presented as the median and ranges. For all analyses, P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Our series includes 132 patients (69 males; 52.27%); the median age at surgery was 24 years (range, 1-64). One hundred and fifteen patients (87%) were operated on for temporal lobe epilepsy, of whom 98 (85%) had anterior temporal lobectomy and 17 (15%) had lesionectomy. Seventeen patients (13%) were operated on for extratemporal epilepsy, of whom 4 had lesionectomy, 7 functional hemispherotomy, and 5 Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery. Our postoperative outcomes 3 months after surgery found 113 patients (85.6%) seizure-free (Engel class I), 16 with Engel class II (12.1%), and 3 with Engel class III (2.3%) in temporal lobe epilepsy. In extratemporal lobe epilepsy, 12 patients (70.5%) showed Engel class I, seizure-free, 4 Engel class II (23.5%), and 1 Engel class III (6%). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that most patients with drug-resistant epilepsy may benefit from surgical treatment without submitting to preoperative invasive explorations. This finding should help develop epilepsy surgery widely in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam El Khamlichi
- Department of Neurosurgery, l'hôpital des spécialités; National Center for Rehabilitation and Neurosciences, CHU Ibn Sina, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Reda El Ouazzani
- Department of Neurosurgery, l'hôpital des spécialités; National Center for Rehabilitation and Neurosciences, CHU Ibn Sina, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Adyl Melhaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, l'hôpital des spécialités; National Center for Rehabilitation and Neurosciences, CHU Ibn Sina, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yasser Arkha
- Department of Neurosurgery, l'hôpital des spécialités; National Center for Rehabilitation and Neurosciences, CHU Ibn Sina, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nourou Dine Adeniran Bankole
- Department of Neurosurgery, l'hôpital des spécialités; National Center for Rehabilitation and Neurosciences, CHU Ibn Sina, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Loubna Rifi
- Department of Neurosurgery, l'hôpital des spécialités; National Center for Rehabilitation and Neurosciences, CHU Ibn Sina, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatiha Lahjouji
- Department of Neurosurgery, l'hôpital des spécialités; National Center for Rehabilitation and Neurosciences, CHU Ibn Sina, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mourad Amor
- Department of Neurosurgery, l'hôpital des spécialités; National Center for Rehabilitation and Neurosciences, CHU Ibn Sina, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Jiddane
- Department of Neurosurgery, l'hôpital des spécialités; National Center for Rehabilitation and Neurosciences, CHU Ibn Sina, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bala A, Olejnik A, Mojżeszek M, Rysz A, Kunert P. Navigating Social Waters: Understanding Theory-of-Mind Challenges in Patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1410. [PMID: 38592233 PMCID: PMC10932399 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Temporal lobe epilepsy is a common neurological disease that affects many areas of patients' lives, including social competence. The aim of the study was to assess theory of mind in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and to investigate the demographic and clinical factors associated with this function. Methods: A total of 65 participants took part in the study, which included 44 patients with epilepsy and 21 demographically matched healthy individuals. The following neuropsychological tests were used to examine theory of mind: the Faux Pas Test, the Hinting Task, the Emotion Comprehension Test, and a cognitive function screen, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Results: Patients with epilepsy scored lower on all measures of the theory-of-mind tests. Moreover, in the clinical group, numerous moderate and strong correlations were found between the theory-of-mind tests and education, age at onset of epilepsy, lateralization of epileptic focus, cognitive status, and, to a lesser degree, number of anti-epileptic drugs, frequency of seizures, and age. In contrast, in the control group, significant correlations were found mostly between the theory-of-mind tests and sex, and, to a lesser degree, age. Education and cognitive functioning were not associated. Conclusions: Patients with epilepsy experience difficulties in theory of mind, which may have a negative impact on the quality of their social relationships. The level of theory-of-mind abilities correlates with particular clinical and demographic indicators. Recognizing these issues allows clinicians to implement tailored interventions, potentially improving patients' quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bala
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Olejnik
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Mojżeszek
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rysz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kunert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bi Z. Cognition of Time and Thinking Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1455:171-195. [PMID: 38918352 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60183-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
A common research protocol in cognitive neuroscience is to train subjects to perform deliberately designed experiments while recording brain activity, with the aim of understanding the brain mechanisms underlying cognition. However, how the results of this protocol of research can be applied in technology is seldom discussed. Here, I review the studies on time processing of the brain as examples of this research protocol, as well as two main application areas of neuroscience (neuroengineering and brain-inspired artificial intelligence). Time processing is a fundamental dimension of cognition, and time is also an indispensable dimension of any real-world signal to be processed in technology. Therefore, one may expect that the studies of time processing in cognition profoundly influence brain-related technology. Surprisingly, I found that the results from cognitive studies on timing processing are hardly helpful in solving practical problems. This awkward situation may be due to the lack of generalizability of the results of cognitive studies, which are under well-controlled laboratory conditions, to real-life situations. This lack of generalizability may be rooted in the fundamental unknowability of the world (including cognition). Overall, this paper questions and criticizes the usefulness and prospect of the abovementioned research protocol of cognitive neuroscience. I then give three suggestions for future research. First, to improve the generalizability of research, it is better to study brain activity under real-life conditions instead of in well-controlled laboratory experiments. Second, to overcome the unknowability of the world, we can engineer an easily accessible surrogate of the object under investigation, so that we can predict the behavior of the object under investigation by experimenting on the surrogate. Third, the paper calls for technology-oriented research, with the aim of technology creation instead of knowledge discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Bi
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
- Institute for Future, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- School of Automation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang CS, Wu MC, Lai MC, Wu SN, Huang CW. Identification of New Antiseizure Medication Candidates in Preclinical Animal Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13143. [PMID: 37685950 PMCID: PMC10487685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a multifactorial neurologic disease that often leads to many devastating disabilities and an enormous burden on the healthcare system. Until now, drug-resistant epilepsy has presented a major challenge for approximately 30% of the epileptic population. The present article summarizes the validated rodent models of seizures employed in pharmacological researches and comprehensively reviews updated advances of novel antiseizure candidates in the preclinical phase. Newly discovered compounds that demonstrate antiseizure efficacy in preclinical trials will be discussed in the review. It is inspiring that several candidates exert promising antiseizure activities in drug-resistant seizure models. The representative compounds consist of derivatives of hybrid compounds that integrate multiple approved antiseizure medications, novel positive allosteric modulators targeting subtype-selective γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors, and a derivative of cinnamamide. Although the precise molecular mechanism, pharmacokinetic properties, and safety are not yet fully clear in every novel antiseizure candidate, the adapted approaches to design novel antiseizure medications provide new insights to overcome drug-resistant epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung City 42743, Taiwan;
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City 97004, Taiwan
| | - Man-Chun Wu
- Department of Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine Center, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung City 42743, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City 71004, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Manmatharayan A, Kogan M, Matias C, Syed M, Shelley I, Chinni A, Kang K, Talekar K, Faro SH, Mohamed FB, Sharan A, Wu C, Alizadeh M. Automated subfield volumetric analysis of amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamic nuclei in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. World Neurosurg X 2023; 19:100212. [PMID: 37304157 PMCID: PMC10250154 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Identifying relationships between clinical features and quantitative characteristics of the amygdala-hippocampal and thalamic subregions in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) may offer insights into pathophysiology and the basis for imaging prognostic markers of treatment outcome. Our aim was to ascertain different patterns of atrophy or hypertrophy in mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) patients and their associations with post-surgical seizure outcomes. To assess this aim, this study is designed in 2 folds: (1) hemispheric changes within MTS group and (2) association with postsurgical seizure outcomes. Methods and materials 27 mTLE subjects with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) were scanned for conventional 3D T1w MPRAGE images and T2w scans. With respect to 12 months post-surgical seizure outcomes, 15 subjects reported being seizure free (SF) and 12 reported continued seizures. Quantitative automated segmentation and cortical parcellation were performed using Freesurfer. Automatic labeling and volume estimation of hippocampal subfields, amygdala, and thalamic subnuclei were also performed. The volume ratio (VR) for each label was computed and compared between (1) between contralateral and ipsilateral MTS using Wilcoxon rank-sum test and (2) SF and not seizure free (NSF) groups using linear regression analysis. False Discovery rate (FDR) with significant level of 0.05 were used in both analyses to correct for multiple comparisons. Results Amygdala: The medial nucleus of the amygdala was the most significantly reduced in patients with continued seizures when compared to patients who remained seizure free. Hippocampus: Comparison of ipsilateral and contralateral volumes with seizure outcomes showed volume loss was most evident in the mesial hippocampal regions such as CA4 and hippocampal fissure. Volume loss was also most explicit in the presubiculum body in patients with continued seizures at the time of their follow-up. Ipsilateral MTS compared to contralateral MTS analysis showed the heads of the ipsilateral subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum, dentate gyrus, CA4, and CA3 were more significantly affected than their respective bodies. Volume loss was most noted in mesial hippocampal regions. Thalamus: VPL and PuL were the most significantly reduced thalamic nuclei in NSF patients. In all statistically significant areas, volume reduction was observed in the NSF group. No significant volume reductions were noted in the thalamus and amygdala when comparing ipsilateral to contralateral sides in mTLE subjects. Conclusions Varying degrees of volume loss were demonstrated in the hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala subregions of MTS, especially between patients who remained seizure-free and those who did not. The results obtained can be used to further understand mTLE pathophysiology. Clinical relevance/application In the future, we hope these results can be used to deepen the understanding of mTLE pathophysiology, leading to improved patient outcomes and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arichena Manmatharayan
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Michael Kogan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Caio Matias
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mashaal Syed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - India Shelley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Amar Chinni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Kichang Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Kiran Talekar
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Scott H. Faro
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Feroze B. Mohamed
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Ashwini Sharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mahdi Alizadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abijo A, Lee CY, Huang CY, Ho PC, Tsai KJ. The Beneficial Role of Photobiomodulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1828. [PMID: 37509468 PMCID: PMC10377111 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as Low-level Laser Therapy (LLLT), involves the use of light from a laser or light-emitting diode (LED) in the treatment of various disorders and it has recently gained increasing interest. Progressive neuronal loss with attendant consequences such as cognitive and/or motor decline characterize neurodegenerative diseases. The available therapeutic drugs have only been able to provide symptomatic relief and may also present with some side effects, thus precluding their use in treatment. Recently, there has been an exponential increase in interest and attention in the use of PBM as a therapy in various neurodegenerative diseases in animal studies. Because of the financial and social burden of neurodegenerative diseases on the sufferers and the need for the discovery of potential therapeutic inventions in their management, it is pertinent to examine the beneficial effects of PBM and the various cellular mechanisms by which it modulates neural activity. Here, we highlight the various ways by which PBM may possess beneficial effects on neural activity and has been reported in various neurodegenerative conditions (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, TBI, stroke) with the hope that it may serve as an alternative therapy in the management of neurodegenerative diseases because of the biological side effects associated with drugs currently used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Abijo
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ben S. Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo 121003, Nigeria
| | - Chun-Yuan Lee
- Aether Services, Taiwan, Ltd., Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu J, Tang F, Hu D, Zhang Z, Yan Y, Ma Y. TMT-based proteomics profile reveals changes of the entorhinal cortex in a kainic acid model of epilepsy in mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 800:137127. [PMID: 36792025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental modeling and clinical neuroimaging of patients has shown that certain seizures are capable of causing neuronal death. Research into cell death after seizures has identified the induction of the molecular machinery of apoptosis. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of epilepsy in adults, which is characterized by substantial pathological abnormalities in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC). Although decades of studies have revealed numerous molecular abnormalities in the hippocampus that are linked to TLE, the biochemical mechanisms associated with TLE in EC remain unclear. In this study, we explored these early phenotypical alterations in the EC 5 days after mice were given a systemic injection of kainic acid (KA) to induce status epilepticus (KA-SE). we used the Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) combined with LC-MS/MS approach to identify distinct proteins in the EC in a mouse model of KA-SE model. According to the findings, 355 differentially abundant proteins including 199 upregulated and 156 downregulated differentially abundant proteins were discovered. The first-ranked biological process according to Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was "negative control of extrinsic apoptotic signaling". "Apoptosis" was the most significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. Compared with those in control mice, BCL2L1, NTRK2 and MAPK10 abundance levels were reduced in KA mice. MAPK10 and NTRK2 act as upstream regulators to regulate BCL2L1, and BCL2L1 Inhibits cell death by blocking the voltage- dependent anion channel (VDAC) and preventing the release of the caspase activator, CYC1, from the mitochondrial membrane. However, ITPR1 was increased at the mRNA and protein levels in KA mice. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in ACTB, TUBA1A and TUBA4A levels between the two groups. Our results offer clues to help identify biomarkers for the development of pharmacological therapies targeted at epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fenglin Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Danmei Hu
- Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Zhijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yin Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuanlin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li J, Sha L, Xu Q. Long-term outcomes of classic and novel anti-seizure medication in a kainate-induced model of chronic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2023; 191:107095. [PMID: 36812803 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrahippocampal injection of kainate (KA) is a reliable model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) that replicates spontaneous recurrent seizures. Both electrographic seizures and electroclinical seizure (most generalized seizure) can be detected in KA model. Electrographic seizures such as high-voltage sharp waves (HVSWs) and hippocampal paroxysmal discharges (HPDs) are far more common and attracting much attention. A comprehensive study on the anticonvulsant effects of classic and novel antiseizure medications (ASMs) on spontaneous electroclinical seizures, especially during long-term treatment, is still lacking. Here, we evaluated the effects of six ASMs in this model on electroclinical seizures over eight weeks. METHODS Using 24-hour continuous electroencephalographical (EEG) monitoring in free-moving mice, we tested the effectiveness of six ASMs (valproic acid, VPA; carbamazepine, CBZ; lamotrigine, LTG; perampanel, PER; brivaracetam, BRV; and everolimus, EVL) on the electroclinical seizures over eight weeks in the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model. RESULTS VPA, CBZ, LTG, PER and BRV significantly suppressed electroclinical seizures in the early stages of treatment, but the mice gradually developed resistance to these drugs. Overall, the mean frequency of electroclinical seizures was not significantly lower during the 8-week treatment than that at baseline in any ASM-treated group. The individual responses to ASMs varied widely. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment with VPA, LTG, CBZ, PER, BRV and EVL did not relieve electroclinical seizures in this TLE model. Additionally, the window for screening new ASMs in this model should be set to at least 3 weeks to account for drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Longze Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Neuroscience Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Neuroscience Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Buckmaster PS, Reyes B, Kahn T, Wyeth M. Ventral Hippocampal Formation Is the Primary Epileptogenic Zone in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7482-7495. [PMID: 35995562 PMCID: PMC9525166 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0429-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is common, but mechanisms of seizure initiation are unclear. We evaluated seizure initiation in female and male rats that had been systemically treated with pilocarpine, a widely used model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Local field potential (LFP) recordings from many brain regions revealed variable sites of earliest recorded seizure activity, but mostly the ventral hippocampal formation. To test whether inactivation of the ventral hippocampal formation would reduce seizures, mini-osmotic pumps were used to continually and focally deliver TTX. High doses of TTX infused unilaterally into the ventral hippocampal formation blocked seizures reversibly but also reduced LFP amplitudes in remote brain regions, indicating distant effects. A lower dose did not reduce LFP amplitudes in remote brain regions but did not reduce seizures when infused unilaterally. Instead, seizures tended to initiate in the contralateral ventral hippocampal formation. Bilateral infusion of the lower dose into the ventral hippocampal formation reduced seizure frequency 85%. Similar bilateral treatment in the amygdala was not effective. Bilateral infusion of the dorsal hippocampus reduced seizure frequency, but only 17%. Together, these findings reveal that the ventral hippocampal formation is a primary bilaterally independent epileptogenic zone, and the dorsal hippocampus is a secondary epileptogenic zone in pilocarpine-treated rats. This is consistent with many human patients, and the results further validate the LFP method for identifying seizure onset zones. Finally, the findings are more consistent with a focal mechanism of ictogenesis rather than one involving a network of interdependent nodes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To better understand how seizures start, investigators need to know where seizures start in the animal models they study. In the widely used pilocarpine-treated rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy, earliest seizure activity was most frequently recorded in the ventral hippocampal formation. Confirming the primary role of the ventral hippocampal formation, seizure frequency was reduced most effectively when it was inactivated focally, bilaterally, and continually with infused TTX. These findings suggest that the ventral hippocampal formation is the primary site of seizure initiation in this animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy, consistent with findings in many human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Buckmaster
- Departments of Comparative Medicine
- Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Bianca Reyes
- Departments of Comparative Medicine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Iqbal S, Leon-Rojas JE, Galovic M, Vos SB, Hammers A, de Tisi J, Koepp MJ, Duncan JS. Volumetric analysis of the piriform cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2022; 185:106971. [PMID: 35810570 PMCID: PMC10510027 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The piriform cortex, at the confluence of the temporal and frontal lobes, generates seizures in response to chemical convulsants and electrical stimulation. Resection of more than 50% of the piriform cortex in anterior temporal lobe resection for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was associated with a 16-fold higher chance of seizure freedom. The objectives of the current study were to implement a robust protocol to measure piriform cortex volumes and to quantify the correlation of these volumes with clinical characteristics of TLE. Sixty individuals with unilateral TLE (33 left) and 20 healthy controls had volumetric analysis of left and right piriform cortex and hippocampi. A protocol for segmenting and measuring the volumes of the piriform cortices was implemented, with good inter-rater and test-retest reliability. The right piriform cortex volume was consistently larger than the left piriform cortex in both healthy controls and patients with TLE. In controls, the mean volume of the right piriform cortex was 17.7% larger than the left, and the right piriform cortex extended a mean of 6 mm (Range: -4 to 12) more anteriorly than the left. This asymmetry was also seen in left and right TLE. In TLE patients overall, the piriform cortices were not significantly smaller than in controls. Hippocampal sclerosis was associated with decreased ipsilateral and contralateral piriform cortex volumes. The piriform cortex volumes, both ipsilateral and contralateral to the epileptic temporal lobe, were smaller with a longer duration of epilepsy. There was no significant association between piriform cortex volumes and the frequency of focal seizures with impaired awareness or the number of anti-seizure medications taken. Implementation of robust segmentation will enable consistent neurosurgical resection in anterior temporal lobe surgery for refractory TLE..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabahat Iqbal
- UK National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jose E Leon-Rojas
- UK National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Salud y de la Vida, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marian Galovic
- UK National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sjoerd B Vos
- UK National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Computer Science, University College London, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Hammers
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College, London, United Kingdom; Kings College London & Guys and St Thomas' PET Centre at St. Thomas' Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Jane de Tisi
- UK National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias J Koepp
- UK National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - John S Duncan
- UK National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gorlewicz A, Barthet G, Zucca S, Vincent P, Griguoli M, Grosjean N, Wilczynski G, Mulle C. The Deletion of GluK2 Alters Cholinergic Control of Neuronal Excitability. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:2907-2923. [PMID: 34730179 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) are key regulators of synaptic circuits by acting at pre- and postsynaptic sites through either ionotropic or metabotropic actions. KARs can be activated by kainate, a potent neurotoxin, which induces acute convulsions. Here, we report that the acute convulsive effect of kainate mostly depends on GluK2/GluK5 containing KARs. By contrast, the acute convulsive activity of pilocarpine and pentylenetetrazol is not alleviated in the absence of KARs. Unexpectedly, the genetic inactivation of GluK2 rather confers increased susceptibility to acute pilocarpine-induced seizures. The mechanism involves an enhanced excitability of GluK2-/- CA3 pyramidal cells compared with controls upon pilocarpine application. Finally, we uncover that the absence of GluK2 increases pilocarpine modulation of Kv7/M currents. Taken together, our findings reveal that GluK2-containing KARs can control the excitability of hippocampal circuits through interaction with the neuromodulatory cholinergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gorlewicz
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gael Barthet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefano Zucca
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Peggy Vincent
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marilena Griguoli
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Noëlle Grosjean
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Grzegorz Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christophe Mulle
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chu PC, Yu HY, Lee CC, Fisher R, Liu HL. Pulsed-Focused Ultrasound Provides Long-Term Suppression of Epileptiform Bursts in the Kainic Acid-Induced Epilepsy Rat Model. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1368-1380. [PMID: 35581489 PMCID: PMC9587190 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) has potential utility for modulating regional brain excitability and possibly aiding seizure control; however, the duration of any beneficial effect is unknown. This study explores the efficacy and time course of a short series of pulsed FUS in suppressing EEG epileptiform spikes/bursts in a kainic acid (KA) animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Forty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were recorded for 14 weeks with EEG while software calculated EEG numbers of epileptiform spikes and bursts (≥ 3 spikes/s). Four regimens of FUS given in a single session at week 7 were evaluated, with mechanical index (MI) ranging from 0.25 to 0.75, intensity spatial peak temporal average (ISPTA) from 0.1 to 2.8 W per cm2, duty cycle from 1 to 30%, and three consecutive pulse trains for 5 or 10 min each. Controls included sham injections in four and KA without FUS in eleven animals. Histological analysis investigated tissue effects. All animals receiving KA evidenced EEG spikes, averaging 10,378 ± 1651 spikes per 8 h and 1255 ± 199 bursts per 8 h by weeks 6-7. The KA-only group showed a 30% of increase in spikes and bursts by week 14. Compared to the KA-only group, spike counts were reduced by about 25%, burst counts by about 33%, and burst durations by about 50% with FUS. Behavioral seizures were not analyzed, but electrographic seizures longer than 10 s declined up to 70% after some FUS regimens. Repeated-measure ANOVA showed a significant effect of higher intensity and longer sonication duration FUS treatment using 0.75-MI, ISPTA 2.8 W/cm2, 30% duty cycle for 10-min sonications (group effect, F (4, 15) = 6.321, p < 0.01; interaction effect, F (44, 165) = 1.726, p < 0.01), with the hippocampal protective effect lasting to week 14, accompanied by decreased inflammation and gliosis effect. In contrast, spike and burst suppression were achieved using an FUS regimen with 0.25-MI ISPTA 0.5 W/cm2, 30% duty cycle for 10-min sonications. This regimen reduced inflammation and gliosis at weeks 8-14 and protected hippocampal tissue. This study demonstrates that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound can modulate epileptiform activity for up to 7 weeks and, if replicated in the clinical setting, might be a practical treatment for epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Chu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 106
| | - Hsiang-Yu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert Fisher
- Department of Neurology, Stanford Neuroscience Health Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 213 Quarry Road, Room 4865, Palo Alto, CA, 94304-5979, USA.
| | - Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 106.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wei Zhang VJ, Jackson G, Fitt G, Perchyonok Y, Vaughan DN. Seizure Duration and Spread Dynamics in MRI-Defined Subtypes of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neurology 2022; 99:e355-e363. [PMID: 35508399 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES MR and PET imaging enables subgroups of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) to be defined on the basis of structural pathology. Few studies have examined the variation in electroclinical seizure spread patterns based on imaging findings. We performed a retrospective cohort study, to investigate the electroclinical differences between three specific groups of TLE: MRI-negative PET-positive TLE (MRI-neg TLE), temporal lobe lesion TLE (Lesional TLE) and unilateral hippocampal sclerosis TLE (HS-TLE). METHODS Patients with an electroclinical diagnosis of TLE who had video-scalp EEG recordings of seizures, were identified from the retrospective database of the Austin Comprehensive Epilepsy Program between 2005 and 2019. The cohort was further selected into the three defined groups based on imaging findings, using MRI and FDG-PET. Timings of clinical and electrographic seizure progression were measured, considering the onset, ipsilateral lobar spread, contralateral spread and termination. Durations were compared between groups using linear mixed models with inclusion of demographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS A total of 105 patients (137 seizures) were included, comprising 36 with MRI-neg TLE (54 seizures), 36 with Lesional TLE (18 lateral versus 16 mesial lesions; 44 seizures) and 33 with HS-TLE (39 seizures). Seizure duration was similar between MRI-neg TLE and Lesional TLE (mean 75.9 vs 71.7 seconds, p=0.91). Further dividing Lesional TLE into medial versus lateral temporal revealed no timing difference either. However, the HS-TLE group had longer total seizure duration (114 seconds) compared to both MRI-neg TLE (p<0.001) and Lesional TLE (p<0.001). Progression of electrographic spread also reflected this pattern, with involvement of extra-temporal regions and then the contralateral hemisphere each taking significantly longer in HS-TLE. DISCUSSION MRI-neg TLE appears electrographically similar to Lesional TLE, whether mesial or lateral, in the duration of seizures and the timing of electrographic spread. Both appear electrographically different from HS-TLE where propagation is slower, suggesting engagement of different epileptogenic networks or seizure suppression mechanisms. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that the electroclinical features of seizures in HS-TLE are different than MRI-neg TLE and lesional TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Jia Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg Fitt
- Department of Radiology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuliya Perchyonok
- Department of Radiology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Noel Vaughan
- Department of Neurology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gorlewicz A, Pijet B, Orlova K, Kaczmarek L, Knapska E. Epileptiform GluN2B–driven excitation in hippocampus as a therapeutic target against temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
17
|
Klodowski DA, George BJ, Sperling MR. Seizure Latency and Epilepsy Localization as Predictors of Recurrence Following Epilepsy Surgery. Epilepsia 2022; 63:1074-1080. [PMID: 35286721 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary purpose is to determine if the time between epilepsy surgery and first seizure recurrence can estimate the timing of the next seizure event for temporal and extratemporal epilepsy. A secondary endpoint aimed to compare temporal and extratemporal epilepsy surgery and examine which subgroup has a higher hazard of subsequent seizure recurrence. METHODS Data was used from a retrospective database at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Records were stratified into temporal (N = 943) and extratemporal (N = 125) surgeries. Analyses were done using SAS and utilized Cox-Proportional hazards models while controlling for demographics and clinical factors. The primary predictor of time between surgery and first recurrence was treated as a nominal variable binned into six segments, while secondary endpoints used a categorical predictor of epilepsy location while controlling for seizure latency. RESULTS Generally, as seizure latency following surgery increased, the time between first seizure and second seizure increased. These results were statistical meaningful in the temporal set (Wald Chi Square: 40.4715, df = 5, p<0.0001). Outcomes could also be interpreted based on predictor group, for instance, if seizure one occurred between one to two months following surgery in the temporal set, the median number of days until the next seizure was 35.5 days (95% CIs: 21 - 89 days). Secondary analysis showed that temporal lobe epilepsy had a lower hazard of a second seizure than extratemporal lobe epilepsy (89.2% reduction in hazard; 95% CIs: 0.015 - 0.795). SIGNIFICANCE This analysis provides a framework to use initial seizure latency to predict the median number of days until the next seizure event, while stratifying based on epilepsy location and controlling for multiple variables. It also suggests that the hazard of seizure recurrence in temporal lobe epilepsy is lower than extratemporal lobe epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Klodowski
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University.,Jefferson College of Population Health
| | - Brandon J George
- Jefferson College of Population Health.,Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang GH, Chuang AY, Lai YC, Chen HI, Hsueh SW, Yang YC. Pre- and post-synaptic A-type K + channels regulate glutamatergic transmission and switch of the network into epileptiform oscillations. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3754-3777. [PMID: 35170022 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Anticonvulsants targeting K+ channels have not been clinically available, although neuronal hyperexcitability in seizures could be suppressed by activation of K+ channels. Voltage-gated A-type K+ channel (A-channel) inhibitors may be prescribed for diseases of neuromuscular junction but could cause seizures. Consistently, genetic loss of function of A-channels may also cause seizures. It is unclear why inhibition of A-channels, if compared with the other types of K+ channels, is particularly prone to seizure induction. This hinders the development of relevant therapeutic interventions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The epileptogenic mechanisms of A-channel inhibition and antiepileptic actions of A-channel activation were investigated in electrophysiological and behavioral seizures with pharmacological and optogenetic maneuvers. KEY RESULTS Presynaptic Kv1.4 and postsynaptic Kv4.3 A-channels act synergistically to gate glutamatergic transmission and control rhythmogenesis in the amygdala. The interconnected neurons set into the oscillatory mode by A-channel inhibition would reverberate with regular paces and the same top frequency, demonstrating a spatiotemporally well-orchestrated system with built-in oscillatory rhythms normally curbed by A-channels. Accordingly, selective over-excitation of glutamatergic neurons or inhibition of A-channels suffices to induce behavioral seizures, which are effectively ameliorated by A-channel activators such as NS-5806 or AMPA receptor antagonists such as perampanel. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Transsynaptic voltage-dependent A-channels serve as a biophysical-biochemical transducer responsible for a novel form of synaptic plasticity. Such a network-level switch into and out of the oscillatory mode may underlie a wide-scope of telencephalic information processing, or to its extreme, epileptic seizures. A-channels thus constitute a potential target of antiepileptic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hsun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Hsueh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Merten JE, Villarrubia SA, Holly KS, Kemp AS, Kumler AC, Larson-Prior LJ, Murray TA. The use of rodent models to better characterize the relationship among epilepsy, sleep, and memory. Epilepsia 2022; 63:525-536. [PMID: 34985784 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, is known to be associated with impaired sleep and memory. Although the specific mechanisms underlying these impairments are uncertain, the known role of sleep in memory consolidation suggests a potential relationship may exist between seizure activity, disrupted sleep, and memory impairment. A possible mediator in this relationship is the sleep spindle, the characteristic electroencephalographic (EEG) feature of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep in humans and other mammals. Growing evidence supports the idea that sleep spindles, having thalamic origin, may mediate the process of long-term memory storage and plasticity by generating neuronal conditions that favor these processes. To study this potential relationship, a single model in which memory, sleep, and epilepsy can be simultaneously observed is of necessity. Rodent models of epilepsy appear to fulfill this requirement. Not only do rodents express both sleep spindles and seizure-induced sleep disruptions, but they also allow researchers to invasively study neurobiological processes both pre- and post- epileptic onset via the artificial induction of epilepsy (a practice that cannot be carried out in human subjects). However, the degree to which sleep architecture differs between rodents and humans makes direct comparisons between the two challenging. This review addresses these challenges and concludes that rodent sleep studies are useful in observing the functional roles of sleep and how they are affected by epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Merten
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Kevin S Holly
- Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisina, USA
| | - Aaron S Kemp
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Informatics, UAMS, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Allison C Kumler
- Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisina, USA
| | - Linda J Larson-Prior
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Informatics, UAMS, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, Pediatrics, UAMS, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Teresa A Murray
- Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Righes Marafiga J, Vendramin Pasquetti M, Calcagnotto ME. In vitro Oscillation Patterns Throughout the Hippocampal Formation in a Rodent Model of Epilepsy. Neuroscience 2021; 479:1-21. [PMID: 34710537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific oscillatory patterns are considered biomarkers of pathological neuronal network in brain diseases, such as epilepsy. However, the dynamics of underlying oscillations during the epileptogenesis throughout the hippocampal formation in the temporal lobe epilepsy is not clear. Here, we characterized in vitro oscillatory patterns within the hippocampal formation of epileptic rats, under 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced hyperexcitability and during the spontaneous network activity, at two periods of epileptogenesis. First, at the beginning of epileptic chronic phase, 30 days post-pilocarpine-induced Status Epilepticus (SE). Second, at the established epilepsy, 60 days post-SE. The 4-AP-bathed slices from epileptic rats had increased susceptibility to ictogenesis in CA1 at 30 days post-SE, and in entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus at 60 days post-SE. Higher power and phase coherence were detected mainly for gamma and/or high frequency oscillations (HFOs), in a region- and stage-specific manner. Interestingly, under spontaneous network activity, even without 4-AP-induced hyperexcitability, slices from epileptic animals already exhibited higher power of gamma and HFOs in different areas of hippocampal formation at both periods of epileptogenesis, and higher phase coherence in fast ripples at 60 days post-SE. These findings reinforce the critical role of gamma and HFOs in each one of the hippocampal formation areas during ongoing neuropathological processes, tuning the neuronal network to epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Righes Marafiga
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory (NNNESP Lab.), Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayara Vendramin Pasquetti
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory (NNNESP Lab.), Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory (NNNESP Lab.), Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gala D, Gurusamy V, Patel K, Damodar S, Swaminath G, Ullal G. Stem Cell Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Novel Therapeutic Approach. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9040077. [PMID: 34842629 PMCID: PMC8628773 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a rapidly evolving field of regenerative medicine being employed for the management of various central nervous system disorders. The ability to self-renew, differentiate into specialized cells, and integrate into neuronal networks has positioned stem cells as an ideal mechanism for the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy is characterized by repetitive seizures caused by imbalance in the GABA and glutamate neurotransmission following neuronal damage. Stem cells provide benefit by reducing the glutamate excitotoxicity and strengthening the GABAergic inter-neuron connections. Similar to the abnormal neuroanatomic location in epilepsy, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is caused by hyperarousal in the amygdala and decreased activity of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, stem cells could be used to modulate neuronal interconnectivity. In this review, we provide a rationale for the use of stem cell therapy in the treatment of PTSD.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pototskiy E, Vinokuroff K, Ojeda A, Major CK, Sharma D, Anderson T, Howard K, Borenstein R, Musto AE. Downregulation of CD40L-CD40 attenuates seizure susceptibility and severity of seizures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17262. [PMID: 34446808 PMCID: PMC8390750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Unregulated neuro-inflammation mediates seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Our aim was to determine the effect of CD40-CD40L activation in experimental seizures. CD40 deficient mice (CD40KO) and control mice (wild type, WT) received pentenyltetrazole (PTZ) or pilocarpine to evaluate seizures and status epilepticus (SE) respectively. In mice, anti-CD40L antibody was administered intranasally before PTZ. Brain samples from human TLE and post-seizure mice were processed to determine CD40-CD40L expression using histological and molecular techniques. CD40 expression was higher in hippocampus from human TLE and in cortical neurons and hippocampal neural terminals after experimental seizures. CD40-CD40L levels increased after seizures in the hippocampus and in the cortex. After SE, CD40L/CD40 levels increased in cortex and showed an upward trend in the hippocampus. CD40KO mice demonstrated reduction in seizure severity and in latency compared to WT mice. Anti-CD40L antibody limited seizure susceptibility and seizure severity. CD40L-CD40 interaction can serve as a target for an immuno-therapy for TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Pototskiy
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | | | - Andrew Ojeda
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronen Borenstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Alberto E Musto
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang M, Li B, Liu Y, Tang R, Lang Y, Huang Q, He J. Different Modes of Low-Frequency Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Attenuation of Epilepsy Based on the Topological Theory. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12081001. [PMID: 34442623 PMCID: PMC8399944 DOI: 10.3390/mi12081001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is common brain dysfunction, where abnormal synchronized activities can be observed across multiple brain regions. Low-frequency focused pulsed ultrasound has been proven to modulate the epileptic brain network. In this study, we used two modes of low-intensity focused ultrasound (pulsed-wave and continuous-wave) to sonicate the brains of KA-induced epileptic rats, analyzed the EEG functional brain connections to explore their respective effect on the epileptic brain network, and discuss the mechanism of ultrasound neuromodulation. By comparing the brain network characteristics before and after sonication, we found that two modes of ultrasound both significantly affected the functional brain network, especially in the low-frequency band below 12 Hz. After two modes of sonication, the power spectral density of the EEG signals and the connection strength of the brain network were significantly reduced, but there was no significant difference between the two modes. Our results indicated that the ultrasound neuromodulation could effectively regulate the epileptic brain connections. The ultrasound-mediated attenuation of epilepsy was independent of modes of ultrasound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjian Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
| | - Bo Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
| | - Rongyu Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiran Lang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
| | - Jiping He
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-68917396
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nonperiodic stimulation for the treatment of refractory epilepsy: Applications, mechanisms, and novel insights. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106609. [PMID: 31704250 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the central nervous system is a promising alternative for the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Successful clinical and experimental stimulation is most usually carried out as continuous trains of current or voltage pulses fired at rates of 100 Hz or above, since lower frequencies yield controversial results. On the other hand, stimulation frequency should be as low as possible, in order to maximize implant safety and battery efficiency. Moreover, the development of stimulation approaches has been largely empirical in general, while they should be engineered with the neurobiology of epilepsy in mind if a more robust, efficient, efficacious, and safe application is intended. In an attempt to reconcile evidence of therapeutic effect with the understanding of the underpinnings of epilepsy, our group has developed a nonstandard form of low-frequency stimulation with randomized interpulse intervals termed nonperiodic stimulation (NPS). The rationale was that an irregular temporal pattern would impair neural hypersynchronization, which is a hallmark of epilepsy. In this review, we start by briefly revisiting the literature on the molecular, cellular, and network level mechanisms of epileptic phenomena in order to highlight this often-overlooked emergent property of cardinal importance in the pathophysiology of the disease. We then review our own studies on the efficacy of NPS against acute and chronic experimental seizures and also on the anatomical and physiological mechanism of the method, paying special attention to the hypothesis that the lack of temporal regularity induces desynchronization. We also put forward a novel insight regarding the temporal structure of NPS that may better encompass the set of findings published by the group: the fact that intervals between stimulation pulses have a distribution that follows a power law and thus may induce natural-like activity that would compete with epileptiform discharge for the recruitment of networks. We end our discussion by mentioning ongoing research and future projects of our lab.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang M, Li B, Lv X, Liu S, Liu Y, Tang R, Lang Y, Huang Q, He J. Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Attenuation of Acute Seizure Activity Based on EEG Brain Functional Connectivity. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060711. [PMID: 34071964 PMCID: PMC8228165 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ultrasound has been used for noninvasive stimulation and is a promising technique for treating neurological diseases. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, that is attributed to uncontrollable abnormal neuronal hyperexcitability. Abnormal synchronized activities can be observed across multiple brain regions during a seizure. (2) Methods: we used low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) to sonicate the brains of epileptic rats, analyzed the EEG functional brain network to explore the effect of LIFU on the epileptic brain network, and continued to explore the mechanism of ultrasound neuromodulation. LIFU was used in the hippocampus of epileptic rats in which a seizure was induced by kainic acid. (3) Results: By comparing the brain network characteristics before and after sonication, we found that LIFU significantly impacted the functional brain network, especially in the low-frequency band. The brain network connection strength across multiple brain regions significantly decreased after sonication compared to the connection strength in the control group. The brain network indicators (the path length, clustering coefficient, small-worldness, local efficiency and global efficiency) all changed significantly in the low-frequency. (4) Conclusions: These results revealed that LIFU could reduce the network connections of epilepsy circuits and change the structure of the brain network at the whole-brain level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjian Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Bo Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Xiaodong Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sican Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Rongyu Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yiran Lang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiping He
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
ÇETİNKAYA A, FİDAN E, GÖKSU S, BOZAT B, DEMİR S. Evaluation of the Protective Effect of The Cup Therapy on the Epileptic Seizure in Rats. KONURALP TIP DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.18521/ktd.777484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
27
|
Denison T, Koubeissi M, Krook-Magnuson E, Mogul D, Worrell G, Schevon C. Stimulating Solutions for Intractable Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 2021; 21:15357597211012466. [PMID: 33926248 PMCID: PMC8655249 DOI: 10.1177/15357597211012466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable devices for controlling medically intractable seizures nondestructively are rapidly advancing. These offer reversible, potentially, restorative options beyond traditional, surgical procedures, which rely, largely on resection or ablation of selected brain sites. Several lines of, investigation aimed at improving efficacy of these devices are discussed, ranging from identifying novel subcortical, white matter, or cell-type specific targets to engineering advances for adaptive techniques based- on continuous, dynamic system analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Denison
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and MRC
Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamad Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington
University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - David Mogul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Catherine Schevon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kudlacek J, Chvojka J, Kumpost V, Hermanovska B, Posusta A, Jefferys JGR, Maturana MI, Novak O, Cook MJ, Otahal J, Hlinka J, Jiruska P. Long-term seizure dynamics are determined by the nature of seizures and the mutual interactions between them. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105347. [PMID: 33771663 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The seemingly random and unpredictable nature of seizures is a major debilitating factor for people with epilepsy. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that the epileptic brain exhibits long-term fluctuations in seizure susceptibility, and seizure emergence seems to be a consequence of processes operating over multiple temporal scales. A deeper insight into the mechanisms responsible for long-term seizure fluctuations may provide important information for understanding the complex nature of seizure genesis. In this study, we explored the long-term dynamics of seizures in the tetanus toxin model of temporal lobe epilepsy. The results demonstrate the existence of long-term fluctuations in seizure probability, where seizures form clusters in time and are then followed by seizure-free periods. Within each cluster, seizure distribution is non-Poissonian, as demonstrated by the progressively increasing inter-seizure interval (ISI), which marks the approaching cluster termination. The lengthening of ISIs is paralleled by: increasing behavioral seizure severity, the occurrence of convulsive seizures, recruitment of extra-hippocampal structures and the spread of electrographic epileptiform activity outside of the limbic system. The results suggest that repeated non-convulsive seizures obey the 'seizures-beget-seizures' principle, leading to the occurrence of convulsive seizures, which decrease the probability of a subsequent seizure and, thus, increase the following ISI. The cumulative effect of repeated convulsive seizures leads to cluster termination, followed by a long inter-cluster period. We propose that seizures themselves are an endogenous factor that contributes to long-term fluctuations in seizure susceptibility and their mutual interaction determines the future evolution of disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kudlacek
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chvojka
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Kumpost
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hermanovska
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Posusta
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John G R Jefferys
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matias I Maturana
- The Graeme Clark Institute & Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Seer Medical, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark J Cook
- The Graeme Clark Institute & Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jakub Otahal
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- Department of Nonlinear Modelling, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 182 07, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rasia-Filho AA, Guerra KTK, Vásquez CE, Dall’Oglio A, Reberger R, Jung CR, Calcagnotto ME. The Subcortical-Allocortical- Neocortical continuum for the Emergence and Morphological Heterogeneity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Brain. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:616607. [PMID: 33776739 PMCID: PMC7991104 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.616607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cortical and subcortical areas integrate emotion, memory, and cognition when interpreting various environmental stimuli for the elaboration of complex, evolved social behaviors. Pyramidal neurons occur in developed phylogenetic areas advancing along with the allocortex to represent 70-85% of the neocortical gray matter. Here, we illustrate and discuss morphological features of heterogeneous spiny pyramidal neurons emerging from specific amygdaloid nuclei, in CA3 and CA1 hippocampal regions, and in neocortical layers II/III and V of the anterolateral temporal lobe in humans. Three-dimensional images of Golgi-impregnated neurons were obtained using an algorithm for the visualization of the cell body, dendritic length, branching pattern, and pleomorphic dendritic spines, which are specialized plastic postsynaptic units for most excitatory inputs. We demonstrate the emergence and development of human pyramidal neurons in the cortical and basomedial (but not the medial, MeA) nuclei of the amygdala with cells showing a triangular cell body shape, basal branched dendrites, and a short apical shaft with proximal ramifications as "pyramidal-like" neurons. Basomedial neurons also have a long and distally ramified apical dendrite not oriented to the pial surface. These neurons are at the beginning of the allocortex and the limbic lobe. "Pyramidal-like" to "classic" pyramidal neurons with laminar organization advance from the CA3 to the CA1 hippocampal regions. These cells have basal and apical dendrites with specific receptive synaptic domains and several spines. Neocortical pyramidal neurons in layers II/III and V display heterogeneous dendritic branching patterns adapted to the space available and the afferent inputs of each brain area. Dendritic spines vary in their distribution, density, shapes, and sizes (classified as stubby/wide, thin, mushroom-like, ramified, transitional forms, "atypical" or complex forms, such as thorny excrescences in the MeA and CA3 hippocampal region). Spines were found isolated or intermingled, with evident particularities (e.g., an extraordinary density in long, deep CA1 pyramidal neurons), and some showing a spinule. We describe spiny pyramidal neurons considerably improving the connectional and processing complexity of the brain circuits. On the other hand, these cells have some vulnerabilities, as found in neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease and in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A. Rasia-Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kétlyn T. Knak Guerra
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Escobar Vásquez
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Dall’Oglio
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roman Reberger
- Medical Engineering Program, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cláudio R. Jung
- Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biochemistry Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Onat FY, Eşkazan E. Are Absence and Limbic Seizures Mutually Exclusive?: An Experimental Approach to Enigmatic Clinical Concept. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1722870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe impressive advances in the several disciplines including neurophysiology, molecular biology, neuroimmunology, neurogenetics, neuroimaging, and neuropharmacology of epilepsies have been stimulating a mutual interaction among basic scientists, clinicians, and professionals from other disciplines, leading to the identification of clinical questions and then the design of basic science paradigms to test enigmatic clinical issues. Based on a clinical observation that the coexistence of genetic (idiopathic) generalized typical absence and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in the same patient is extremely rare and debatable, we addressed the rare coexistence in the same individual, designed an experimental approach to test the validity of this clinical concept and to study the underlying mechanisms involved. Here we presented evidence of a mutual cross-interaction in the circuits involved in typical absence and temporal lobe epilepsy. This article delineates a phenomenological picture and comprehends a theoretical understanding of a mutual cross-interaction in typical absence as a representative of genetic generalized epilepsies and limbic epilepsy in which seizures often start from the mesial temporal lobe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Yılmaz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esat Eşkazan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abdelnour F, Dayan M, Devinsky O, Thesen T, Raj A. Algebraic relationship between the structural network's Laplacian and functional network's adjacency matrix is preserved in temporal lobe epilepsy subjects. Neuroimage 2020; 228:117705. [PMID: 33385550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between anatomic and resting state functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks is a major focus of current research. In previous work, we introduced a model based on eigen decomposition of the Laplacian which predicts the functional network from the structural network in healthy brains. In this work, we apply the eigen decomposition model to two types of epilepsy; temporal lobe epilepsy associated with mesial temporal sclerosis, and MRI-normal temporal lobe epilepsy. Our findings show that the eigen relationship between function and structure holds for patients with temporal lobe epilepsy as well as normal individuals. These results suggest that the brain under TLE conditions reconfigures and rewires the fine-scale connectivity (a process which the model parameters are putatively sensitive to), in order to achieve the necessary structure-function relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farras Abdelnour
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Graduate Program in BioEngineering UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Michael Dayan
- Human Neuroscience Platform, Fondation Campus Biotech Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Thesen
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience & Behavioral Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Ashish Raj
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Graduate Program in BioEngineering UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hao J, Cui Y, Niu B, Yu L, Lin Y, Xia Y, Yao D, Guo D. Roles of Very Fast Ripple (500-1000[Formula: see text]Hz) in the Hippocampal Network During Status Epilepticus. Int J Neural Syst 2020; 31:2150002. [PMID: 33357153 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065721500027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Very fast ripples (VFRs, 500-1000[Formula: see text]Hz) are considered more specific than high-frequency oscillations (80-500[Formula: see text]Hz) as biomarkers of epileptogenic zones. Although VFRs are frequent abnormal phenomena in epileptic seizures, their functional roles remain unclear. Here, we detected the VFRs in the hippocampal network and tracked their roles during status epilepticus (SE) in rats with pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). All regions in the hippocampal network exhibited VFRs in the baseline, preictal, ictal and postictal states, with the ictal state containing the most VFRs. Moreover, strong phase-locking couplings existed between VFRs and slow oscillations (1-12[Formula: see text]Hz) in the ictal and postictal states for all regions. Further investigation indicated that during VFRs, the build-up of slow oscillations in the ictal state began from the temporal lobe and then spread through the whole hippocampal network via two different pathways, which might be associated with the underlying propagation of epileptiform discharges in the hippocampal network. Overall, we provide a functional description of the emergence of VFRs in the hippocampal network during SE, and we also establish that VFRs may be the physiological representation of the pathological alterations in hippocampal network activity during SE in TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Hao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic, Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan 611731, P. R. China
| | - Yan Cui
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic, Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan 611731, P. R. China
| | - Bochao Niu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic, Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan 611731, P. R. China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical, Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Lin
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic, Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan 611731, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xia
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic, Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan 611731, P. R. China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic, Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan 611731, P. R. China.,School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Daqing Guo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic, Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan 611731, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sirvanci S, Akakin D, Gulcebi İdrizoglu M, Kaya OT, Karamahmutoglu T, Turgan Aşık ZN, Onat F. Ultrastructural GABA immunogold labeling in the substantia nigra pars reticulata of kindled genetic absence epilepsy rats. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:379-386. [PMID: 33118420 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1839153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) is a well-known animal model of absence epilepsy and they are resistant to electrical kindling stimulations. The present study aimed to examine possible differences in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and synapse counts in the substantia nigra pars reticulata anterior (SNRa) and posterior (SNRp) regions between GAERS and Wistar rats receiving kindling stimulations. Animals in the kindling group either received six stimulations in the amygdala and had grade 2 seizures or they were kindled, having grade five seizures. Rats were decapitated one hour after the last stimulation. SNR regions were obtained after vibratome sectioning of the brain tissue. GABA immunoreactivity was detected by immunogold method and synapses were counted. Sections were observed by transmission electron microscope and analyzed by Image J program. GABA density in the SNRa region of fully kindled GAERS and Wistar groups increased significantly compared to that of their corresponding grade 2 groups. The number of synapses increased significantly in kindled and grade 2 GAERS groups, compared to kindled and grade 2 Wistar groups, respectively, in the SNRa region. GABA density in the SNRp region of kindled GAERS group increased significantly compared to that of GAERS grade 2 group. In the SNRp region, both kindled and grade 2 GAERS groups were found to have increased number of synapses compared to that of GAERS control group. We concluded that both SNRa and SNRp regions may be important in modulating resistance of GAERS to kindling stimulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serap Sirvanci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | - Dilek Akakin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | | | - Ozlem Tugce Kaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | - Tugba Karamahmutoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | - Zehra Nur Turgan Aşık
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Narin A. Detection of Focal and Non-focal Epileptic Seizure Using Continuous Wavelet Transform-Based Scalogram Images and Pre-trained Deep Neural Networks. Ing Rech Biomed 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
35
|
Jeong JH, Lee SH, Kho AR, Hong DK, Kang DH, Kang BS, Park MK, Choi BY, Choi HC, Lim MS, Suh SW. The Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) Inhibitors Suppress Seizure-Induced Neuron Death by Inhibiting Zinc Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217897. [PMID: 33114331 PMCID: PMC7663745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is an ion channel that mediates monovalent cations out of cells, as well as the entry of divalent cations, such as zinc, magnesium, and calcium, into the cell. It has been reported that inhibitors of TRPM7 are neuroprotective in various neurological diseases. Previous studies in our lab suggested that seizure-induced neuronal death may be caused by the excessive release of vesicular zinc and the subsequent accumulation of zinc in the neurons. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of carvacrol and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), both inhibitors of TRPM7, on the accumulation of intracellular zinc in dying neurons following seizure. Here, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of carvacrol and 2-APB against pilocarpine-induced seizure. Carvacrol (50 mg/kg) was injected once per day for 3 or 7 days after seizure. 2-APB (2 mg/kg) was also injected once per day for 3 days after seizure. We found that inhibitors of TRPM7 reduced seizure-induced TRPM7 overexpression, intracellular zinc accumulation, and reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, there was a suppression of oxidative stress, glial activation, and the blood–brain barrier breakdown. In addition, inhibitors of TRPM7 remarkably decreased apoptotic neuron death following seizure. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that TRPM7-mediated zinc translocation is involved in neuron death after seizure. The present study suggests that inhibitors of TRPM7 may have high therapeutic potential to reduce seizure-induced neuron death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Dong Hyeon Kang
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Man-Sup Lim
- Department of Medical Education, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.H.J.); (S.H.L.); (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (D.H.K.); (B.S.K.); (M.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.C.); (H.C.C.); (M.-S.L.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ke J, Foley LM, Hitchens TK, Richardson RM, Modo M. Ex vivo mesoscopic diffusion MRI correlates with seizure frequency in patients with uncontrolled mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4529-4548. [PMID: 32691978 PMCID: PMC7555080 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hippocampal connectivity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) remains poorly understood. The use of ex vivo hippocampal samples excised from patients with mTLE affords mesoscale diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify individual cell layers, such as the pyramidal (PCL) and granule cell layers (GCL), which are thought to be impacted by seizure activity. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of control (n = 3) and mTLE (n = 7) hippocampi on an 11.7 T MRI scanner allowed us to reveal intra‐hippocampal connectivity and evaluate how epilepsy affected mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD), as well as fractional anisotropy (FA). Regional measurements indicated a volume loss in the PCL of the cornu ammonis (CA) 1 subfield in mTLE patients compared to controls, which provided anatomical context. Diffusion measurements, as well as streamline density, were generally higher in mTLE patients compared to controls, potentially reflecting differences due to tissue fixation. mTLE measurements were more variable than controls. This variability was associated with disease severity, as indicated by a strong correlation (r = 0.87) between FA in the stratum radiatum and the frequency of seizures in patients. MD and RD of the PCL in subfields CA3 and CA4 also correlated strongly with disease severity. No correlation of MR measures with disease duration was evident. These results reveal the potential of mesoscale diffusion MRI to examine layer‐specific diffusion changes and connectivity to determine how these relate to clinical measures. Improving the visualization of intra‐hippocampal connectivity will advance the development of novel hypotheses about seizure networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ke
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lesley M Foley
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R Mark Richardson
- Centre for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michel Modo
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Centre for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pharmacologically induced absence seizures versus kindling in Wistar rats. North Clin Istanb 2020; 7:25-34. [PMID: 32232200 PMCID: PMC7103736 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2019.80664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of γ-butyrolactone (GBL), a prodrug of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid -induced absence seizures on the development of kindling in Wistar rats. METHODS: Three groups of adult male Wistar rats under anesthesia were implanted with bilateral cortical recording electrodes for the GBL group (GBL) and/or bipolar stimulation electrodes into the right basolateral amygdala for the Kindling group (KI) alone and Kindling plus GBL group (GBL+KI). Rats in the KI and GBL+KI groups were stimulated twice daily at the afterdischarge threshold until they reached Racine’s stage 5 seizure state. The animals in the GBL + group had an i.p injection of GBL 20 minutes before each electrical stimulation, and the effects of GBL-induced seizures on the development of kindling were investigated. The animals in the GBL group were injected GBL twice daily i.p. for 15 days without receiving any electrical stimulation. RESULTS: The KI animals reached stage 5 seizure stage at 12th stimulations, whereas the GBL+KI rats reached at 27th stimulations. The mean numbers of stimulations needed for the development of the first stage 3, 4, or 5 generalized seizures were significantly higher in the GBL+KI group than the KI group. CONCLUSION: The resistance to amygdala kindling in the GBL model can be modulated by the absence seizure mechanism alone, without the intervention of an abnormal genetic background.
Collapse
|
38
|
Allone C, Bonanno L, Lo Buono V, Corallo F, Palmeri R, Micchia K, Pollicino P, Bramanti A, Marino S. Neuropsychological assessment and clinical evaluation in temporal lobe epilepsy with associated cortical dysplasia. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 72:146-150. [PMID: 31918906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is a chronic neurological disorder, often associated to cognitive deficits. Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), frequently associated to high risk of epilepsy, can lead to abnormalities in cognition. The aim of this study was to explore neuropsychological performance and to identify potential risk factors for cognitive impairment in TLE subjects with associated FCD. Our sample was composed by 46 TLE patients with FCD (37.76 ± 12.60 years; 29 females and 16 males) and 44 healthy controls (41.05 ± 9.74 years; 25 females and 19 males). All subjects performed a neuropsychological battery associated to a measurement of depression and anxiety. Results showed a poor performance of all domains of cognitive functioning and identified age of epilepsy onset as potential risk factor of cognitive impairment. These findings support the importance to focus on cognitive impairment in TLE patients with FCD to better clarify the impact of epilepsy features and FCD in therapeutic and everyday management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilla Bonanno
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Katia Micchia
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Bramanti
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems "ISASI Eduardo Caianiello", CNR, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Fuctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kilicaslan EE, Türe HS, Kasal Mİ, Çavuş NN, Akyüz DA, Akhan G, Besiroglu L. Differences in obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions between patients with epilepsy with obsessive-compulsive symptoms and patients with OCD. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 102:106640. [PMID: 31805512 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Clinical correlates of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were evaluated in 100 adult consecutive outpatients with epilepsy, using the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II), and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS) was applied to determine the types and severity of OCS to the 45 patients with epilepsy who were over 21 points on the OCI-R scale and 30 patients who were with diagnosed obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among the patients in the psychiatry outpatient clinic, as a control group. As a result, it was found that patients with epilepsy with OCS tend to have more symmetry/exactness obsessions and compulsions, whereas patients with OCD had significantly more contamination/cleaning and aggressiveness obsessions and compulsions. In addition, OCS was found to be significantly higher in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and extratemporal epilepsy than generalized epilepsy. However, OCS were correlated with depression, dissociation, and schizotypy in patients with epilepsy, while only depression was predictive when regression analysis was performed for OCS. This study is the first study to compare patients with OCD with patients with epilepsy in terms of the nature of OCS and first identified the differences in OCS dimensions between patients with epilepsy with OCS and patients with OCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esin Evren Kilicaslan
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Basin Sitesi, 35150 Izmir, Turkey.
| | - H Sabiha Türe
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Neurology Department, Basin Sitesi, 35150 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Meltem İzci Kasal
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Basin Sitesi, 35150 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nebile Nur Çavuş
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Basin Sitesi, 35150 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Altın Akyüz
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Neurology Department, Basin Sitesi, 35150 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Galip Akhan
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Neurology Department, Basin Sitesi, 35150 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Lutfullah Besiroglu
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Basin Sitesi, 35150 Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Upadhya D, Kodali M, Gitai D, Castro OW, Zanirati G, Upadhya R, Attaluri S, Mitra E, Shuai B, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. A Model of Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Presenting Constantly Rhythmic and Robust Spontaneous Seizures, Co-morbidities and Hippocampal Neuropathology. Aging Dis 2019; 10:915-936. [PMID: 31595192 PMCID: PMC6764729 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal prototypes illustrating the various attributes of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are available. These models have been invaluable for comprehending multiple epileptogenic processes, modifications in electrophysiological properties, neuronal hyperexcitability, neurodegeneration, neural plasticity, and chronic neuroinflammation in TLE. Some models have also uncovered the efficacy of new antiepileptic drugs or biologics for alleviating epileptogenesis, cognitive impairments, or spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Nonetheless, the suitability of these models for testing candidate therapeutics in conditions such as chronic TLE is debatable because of a lower frequency of SRS and an inconsistent pattern of SRS activity over days, weeks or months. An ideal prototype of chronic TLE for investigating novel therapeutics would need to display a large number of SRS with a dependable frequency and severity and related co-morbidities. This study presents a new kainic acid (KA) model of chronic TLE generated through induction of status epilepticus (SE) in 6-8 weeks old male F344 rats. A rigorous characterization in the chronic epilepsy period validated that the animal prototype mimicked the most salient features of robust chronic TLE. Animals displayed a constant frequency and intensity of SRS across weeks and months in the 5th and 6th month after SE, as well as cognitive and mood impairments. Moreover, SRS frequency displayed a rhythmic pattern with 24-hour periodicity and a consistently higher number of SRS in the daylight period. Besides, the model showed many neuropathological features of chronic TLE, which include a partial loss of inhibitory interneurons, reduced neurogenesis with persistent aberrant migration of newly born neurons, chronic neuroinflammation typified by hypertrophied astrocytes and rod-shaped microglia, and a significant aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus. This consistent chronic seizure model is ideal for investigating the efficacy of various antiepileptic drugs and biologics as well as understanding multiple pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Gitai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Olagide W Castro
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eeshika Mitra
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Precursors of seizures due to specific spatial-temporal modifications of evolving large-scale epileptic brain networks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10623. [PMID: 31337840 PMCID: PMC6650408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing when, where, and how seizures are initiated in large-scale epileptic brain networks remains a widely unsolved problem. Seizure precursors – changes in brain dynamics predictive of an impending seizure – can now be identified well ahead of clinical manifestations, but either the seizure onset zone or remote brain areas are reported as network nodes from which seizure precursors emerge. We aimed to shed more light on the role of constituents of evolving epileptic networks that recurrently transit into and out of seizures. We constructed such networks from more than 3200 hours of continuous intracranial electroencephalograms recorded in 38 patients with medication refractory epilepsy. We succeeded in singling out predictive edges and predictive nodes. Their particular characteristics, namely edge weight respectively node centrality (a fundamental concept of network theory), from the pre-ictal periods of 78 out of 97 seizures differed significantly from the characteristics seen during inter-ictal periods. The vast majority of predictive nodes were connected by most of the predictive edges, but these nodes never played a central role in the evolving epileptic networks. Interestingly, predictive nodes were entirely associated with brain regions deemed unaffected by the focal epileptic process. We propose a network mechanism for a transition into the pre-seizure state, which puts into perspective the role of the seizure onset zone in this transition and highlights the necessity to reassess current concepts for seizure generation and seizure prevention.
Collapse
|
42
|
A broadband method of quantifying phase synchronization for discriminating seizure EEG signals. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
43
|
Budikayanti A, Larasari A, Malik K, Syeban Z, Indrawati LA, Octaviana F. Screening of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Patients with Epilepsy: Using a Valid and Reliable Indonesian Version of Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Neurol Res Int 2019; 2019:5902610. [PMID: 31275648 PMCID: PMC6582805 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5902610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common types of anxiety disorder in epilepsy population, comprising 21.9%, that would further impair patients' quality of life. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) is the only screening tool for GAD that has been validated in patients with epilepsy (PWE). It is a self-reporting instrument that can be completed in less than three minutes; hence, its usage is appropriate in primary healthcare and neurology outpatient clinic. This study aimed to obtain a valid and reliable Indonesian version of GAD-7, assess its accuracy, and finally evaluate the prevalence of GAD in Indonesian PWE along with its contributing factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta. The GAD-7 was translated and adapted using World Health Organization (WHO) steps. Validity, reliability, test-retest reliability, and diagnostic accuracy were evaluated. Then, epilepsy outpatients were screened for GAD using the Indonesian version of GAD-7. RESULTS Internal validity and reliability for Indonesian version of GAD-7 were satisfactory with validity coefficient of 0.648 to 0.800 (p<0.01) and Cronbach's alpha value of 0.867. The best cutoff value to detect GAD in Indonesian PWE was >6 with the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of 100%, 84.4%, 100%, and 55.8%, respectively. ROC analysis showed the area under the curve of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-0.99). The total subjects screened with the validated Indonesian version of GAD-7 were 146, and 49% were screened as having GAD. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics had no statistically significant association with the presence of GAD. CONCLUSION The Indonesian version of GAD-7 was a valuable screening tool to detect GAD in PWE. GAD was screened in a quite high proportion of PWE. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were not proven to play role in its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astri Budikayanti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andira Larasari
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Khamelia Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zakiah Syeban
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Luh Ari Indrawati
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fitri Octaviana
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gimenes C, Malheiros JM, Battapady H, Tannus A, Hamani C, Covolan L. The neural response to deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus: A MEMRI and c-Fos study. Brain Res Bull 2019; 147:133-139. [PMID: 30658130 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) refers to the delivery of electric current to specific deep brain structures through implanted electrodes. Recently approved for use in United States, DBS to the anterior nucleus of thalamus (ANT) is a safe and effective alternative treatment for medically refractory seizures. Despite the anti-seizure effects of ANT DBS, preclinical and clinical studies have failed to demonstrate it actions at a whole brain level. OBJECTIVE Here, we used a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based approach in healthy adult rats to investigate the effects of ANT DBS through the circuit of Papez, which has central role in the generation and propagation of limbic seizures, in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS After ANT electrode implantation and recovery, ANT DBS and SHAM (sham animals had electrodes implanted but were not stimulated) rats received one single injection of the contrast enhancer, manganese chloride (60 mg/kg, ip). Twelve hours after, rats underwent the baseline scan using the MEMRI (Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging) technique. We used the same MEMRI and parvalbumin sequence to follow the DBS delivered during 1 h (130 Hz and 200 μA). Perfusion was followed by subsequent c-Fos and parvalbumin immunostaining of brain sections. RESULTS Acute unilateral ANT DBS significantly reduced the overall manganese uptake and consequently, the MEMRI contrast in the circuit of Papez. Additionally, c-Fos expression was bilaterally increased in the cingulate cortex and posterior hypothalamus, areas directly connected to ANT, as well as in amygdala and subiculum, within the limbic circuitry. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that MEMRI can be used to detect whole-brain responses to DBS, as the high frequency stimulation parameters used here caused a significant reduction of cell activity in the circuit of Papez that might help to explain the antiepileptic effects of ANT DBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Gimenes
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alberto Tannus
- Physics Institute of Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clement Hamani
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luciene Covolan
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vrinda M, Arun S, Srikumar B, Kutty BM, Shankaranarayana Rao B. Temporal lobe epilepsy-induced neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits: Implications for aging. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 95:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
46
|
Deep brain stimulation probing performance is enhanced by pairing stimulus with epileptic seizure. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 88:380-387. [PMID: 30352775 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The unpredictability of spontaneous and recurrent seizures significantly impairs the quality of life of patients with epilepsy. Probing neural network excitability with deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) has shown promising results predicting pathological shifts in brain states. This work presents a proof-of-principal that active electroencephalographic (EEG) probing, as a seizure predictive tool, is enhanced by pairing DBS and the electrographic seizure itself. The ictogenic model used consisted of inducing seizures by continuous intravenous infusion of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ - 2.5 mg/ml/min) while a probing DBS was delivered to the thalamus (TH) or amygdaloid complex to detect changes prior to seizure onset. Cortical electrophysiological recordings were performed before, during, and after PTZ infusion. Thalamic DBS probing, but not amygdaloid, was able to predict seizure onset without any observable proconvulsant effects. However, previously pairing amygdaloid DBS and epileptic polyspike discharges (day-1) elicited distinct preictal cortically recorded evoked response (CRER) (day-2) when compared with control groups that received the same amount of electrical pulses at different moments of the ictogenic progress at day-1. In conclusion, our results have demonstrated that the pairing strategy potentiated the detection of an altered brain state prior to the seizure onset. The EEG probing enhancement method opens many possibilities for both diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.
Collapse
|
47
|
Ma BB, Rao VR. Responsive neurostimulation: Candidates and considerations. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 88:388-395. [PMID: 30355456 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) has recently emerged as a safe and effective treatment for some patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy who are not candidates for surgical resection. Responsive neurostimulation involves an implanted neurostimulator and intracranial leads that detect incipient seizures and respond with electrical counterstimulation. Over 1800 patients have been treated with RNS since its FDA approval in 2013. Despite its widespread use, however, RNS presents distinct challenges for clinicians. What types of patients are most well-suited for treatment with RNS? Given the availability of two other neurostimulation modalities, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS), what patient characteristics favor or disfavor RNS? Once RNS candidates are identified, lead placement presents another challenge. Unlike VNS and thalamic DBS, which both involve prespecified electrode locations, RNS involves intracranial strip and/or depth electrodes that can be flexibly configured based on knowledge of the seizure onset zone. The efficacy of RNS may depend on optimal lead configuration, but there are few resources to guide clinicians in formulating lead placement strategies. Here, we address these challenges, first by reviewing clinical trial data supporting the safety and efficacy of RNS. Then, through a series of clinical vignettes from our center, we provide a framework for RNS patient selection. For each clinical scenario, we illustrate typical strategies for RNS lead placement. We outline considerations for choosing among available neurostimulation devices based on their intrinsic features. For example, a unique feature of RNS is that the neurostimulator provides chronic electrocorticography (ECoG), which has powerful diagnostic potential. We highlight emerging applications of chronic ECoG, and we discuss how the limitations of RNS will inform development of next-generation devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandy B Ma
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vikram R Rao
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yu X, Zhou T, Yu H, Chang LY, Wei LL. Corilagin Reduces the Frequency of Seizures and Improves Cognitive Function in a Rat Model of Chronic Epilepsy. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2832-2840. [PMID: 29730669 PMCID: PMC5958630 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, epilepsy is an important chronic neurological condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of corilagin, an ellagitannin extracted from medicinal plants, on the frequency of seizures and cognitive function in a rat model of chronic epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chronic epilepsy was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) for 36 days. Corilagin, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, was injected IP into treated rats, 24 days before the start of PTZ treatment, until the end of the protocol. The effects of corilagin were assessed by the pattern of epileptic seizures; cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) navigation test. The mechanism of action of corilagin was investigated by measuring cytokine levels and oxidative stress parameters, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory (CAI) activity. Histological analysis of fixed brain tissue sections included cresyl violet acetate staining (Nissl staining) for Nissl substance in the neuronal cytoplasm. RESULTS The corilagin-treated rats, compared with the control group, showed a significantly lower rate of epileptic events, improved cognitive function, reduced level of cytokines, reduced ROS production reduced CAI activity in the brain tissues (P<0.01). Histology of the rat brain tissues study showed that corilagin treatment maintained the neuronal cellular structure and number of surviving cells compared with the control group of rats. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study showed that corilagin reduced the frequency of seizures and improved the cognitive function in a rat model of chronic epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yu
- Department of Neurology, XiangYang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, XiangYang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Heng Yu
- Department of Neurology, XiangYang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Li-Ying Chang
- Department of Neurology, XiangYang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Ling-Li Wei
- Department of Neurology, XiangYang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Janca R, Krsek P, Jezdik P, Cmejla R, Tomasek M, Komarek V, Marusic P, Jiruska P. The Sub-Regional Functional Organization of Neocortical Irritative Epileptic Networks in Pediatric Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:184. [PMID: 29628910 PMCID: PMC5876241 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Between seizures, irritative network generates frequent brief synchronous activity, which manifests on the EEG as interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). Recent insights into the mechanism of IEDs at the microscopic level have demonstrated a high variance in the recruitment of neuronal populations generating IEDs and a high variability in the trajectories through which IEDs propagate across the brain. These phenomena represent one of the major constraints for precise characterization of network organization and for the utilization of IEDs during presurgical evaluations. We have developed a new approach to dissect human neocortical irritative networks and quantify their properties. We have demonstrated that irritative network has modular nature and it is composed of multiple independent sub-regions, each with specific IED propagation trajectories and differing in the extent of IED activity generated. The global activity of the irritative network is determined by long-term and circadian fluctuations in sub-region spatiotemporal properties. Also, the most active sub-region co-localizes with the seizure onset zone in 12/14 cases. This study demonstrates that principles of recruitment variability and propagation are conserved at the macroscopic level and that they determine irritative network properties in humans. Functional stratification of the irritative network increases the diagnostic yield of intracranial investigations with the potential to improve the outcomes of surgical treatment of neocortical epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radek Janca
- Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Krsek
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Jezdik
- Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roman Cmejla
- Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Tomasek
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vladimir Komarek
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Marusic
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hernandez AR, Hernandez CM, Campos KT, Truckenbrod LM, Sakarya Y, McQuail JA, Carter CS, Bizon JL, Maurer AP, Burke SN. The Antiepileptic Ketogenic Diet Alters Hippocampal Transporter Levels and Reduces Adiposity in Aged Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73:450-458. [PMID: 29040389 PMCID: PMC5861916 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional ketosis is induced by high fat/low carbohydrate dietary regimens, which produce high levels of circulating ketone bodies, shifting metabolism away from glucose utilization. While ketogenic diets (KD) were initially introduced to suppress seizures, they are garnering attention for their potential to treat a myriad of neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders that are associated with advanced age. The feasibility and physiological impact of implementing a long-term KD in old animals, however, has not been systematically examined. In this study, young and aged rats consumed a calorically- and nutritionally-matched KD or control diet for 12 weeks. All KD-fed rats maintained higher levels of BHB and lower levels of glucose relative to controls. However, it took the aged rats longer to reach asymptotic levels of BHB compared to young animals. Moreover, KD-fed rats had significantly less visceral white and brown adipose tissue than controls without a loss of lean mass. Interestingly, the KD led to significant alterations in protein levels of hippocampal transporters for monocarboxylates, glucose, and vesicular glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Most notably, the age-related decline in vesicular glutamate transporter expression was reversed by the KD. These data demonstrate the feasibility and potential benefits of KDs for treating age-associated neural dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew P Maurer
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Sara N Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville
| |
Collapse
|