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Kolić D, Kovarik Z. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: Structure, function, and role in organophosphorus compound poisoning. Biofactors 2024; 50:868-884. [PMID: 38415801 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute organophosphorus compound (OP) poisoning induces symptoms of the cholinergic crises with the occurrence of severe epileptic seizures. Seizures are induced by hyperstimulation of the cholinergic system, but are enhanced by hyperactivation of the glutamatergic system. Overstimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors by the elevated acetylcholine causes glutamatergic hyperexcitation and an increased influx of Ca2+ into neurons through a type of ionotropic glutamate receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR). These excitotoxic signaling processes generate reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and activation of the neuroinflammatory response, which can lead to recurrent epileptic seizures, neuronal cell death, and long-term neurological damage. In this review, we illustrate the NMDAR structure, complexity of subunit composition, and the various receptor properties that change accordingly. Although NMDARs are in normal physiological conditions important for controlling synaptic plasticity and mediating learning and memory functions, we elaborate the detrimental role NMDARs play in neurotoxicity of OPs and focus on the central role NMDAR inhibition plays in suppressing neurotoxicity and modulating the inflammatory response. The limited efficacy of current medical therapies for OP poisoning concerning the development of pharmacoresistance and mitigating proinflammatory response highlights the importance of NMDAR inhibitors in preventing neurotoxic processes and points to new avenues for exploring therapeutics for OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Zhang Y, Shen J, Su H, Lin C. Association between composite dietary antioxidant index and epilepsy in American population: a cross-sectional study from NHANES. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2240. [PMID: 39154181 PMCID: PMC11330070 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a major global health challenge, affecting approximately 50 million people across the globe and resulting in significant economic impacts on individuals and society. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, highlighting the potential of antioxidant-rich dietary patterns in offering preventive and protective benefits by mitigating oxidative stress. The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) provides a measure for assessing dietary antioxidant intake, yet its link to epilepsy remains unexplored. METHODS Our analysis utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2013 to 2018, including 20,180 screened participants. Weighted logistic regression models were employed to examine the association between the CDAI and epilepsy prevalence. Non-linear associations were explored through restricted cubic splines (RCS), and the relationships between individual antioxidant components within the CDAI and epilepsy were also assessed. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, a negative association between the CDAI and epilepsy was suggested (OR = 0.991; p = 0.087, 95% CI [0.819,1.014]). Stratification of CDAI into quartiles revealed a significantly reduced risk of epilepsy in higher CDAI quartiles (Q3 and Q4) compared to the lowest quartile (Q1) (Q3: OR = 0.419; p = 0.030, 95% CI [0.192, 0.914]; Q4: OR = 0.421; p = 0.004, 95% CI [0.239, 0.742]), with a significant trend observed across quartiles (p for trend = 0.013). RCS analysis suggested a nonlinear association between CDAI levels and epilepsy (non-linear p = 0.049), which, however, was not statistically significant after full adjustment (non-linear p = 0.103). Additionally, significant negative correlations with epilepsy were observed for vitamin A and zinc (Vitamin A: OR = 0.999; p = 0.012, 95% CI [0.998, 1.000]; Zinc: OR = 0.931; p = 0.042, 95% CI [0.869, 0.997]). CONCLUSIONS Our research indicates a correlation where higher CDAI levels correspond to a reduced risk of epilepsy. Therefore, embracing a diet rich in antioxidants could be beneficial in preventing epilepsy. This finding holds considerable potential for shaping future strategies in both epilepsy prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Shen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Su
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Lin
- Department of Teaching and Research Section of Internal Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Li J, Mo JR, Hu SY, Dong X, Li JW, Yang LY, Wu YJ. Effects of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide in porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells against apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 280:109902. [PMID: 38508351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This study was intended to investigate whether Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEP) prevent oxidative stress and apoptosis of intestinal porcine epithelial cells from jejunum (IPEC-J2 cells) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Crude HEP were extracted and purified by chromatography. The ultraviolet and infrared spectra and monosaccharide composition of HEP were analyzed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was quantified by flow cytometry method, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production were determined by TBARS. Also, apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry method and the apoptosis-related regulatory molecules were determined by microplate or western blotting method. Our results showed that pretreatment of IPEC-J2 cells with HEP significantly scavenged ROS and reduced LDH and MDA production. HEP also reduced apoptosis and kept polarity of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, HEP increased the content of caspase-3 and PARP, and protein expression of Bcl-2, while inhibited Bax and Bad and reduced the content of caspase-9 and release of CytC. Meanwhile, HEP inhibited the protein expression of TNFR1, FAS, and FASL, and decreased the content of caspase-8. The results indicated that HEP had a protective effect against oxidative stress in IPEC-J2 cells and the underlying mechanism was reducing apoptosis via mitochondrial and death receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Jia-Rong Mo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Shi-Yu Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xin Dong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jia-Wei Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Li-Yu Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yi-Jian Wu
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
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4
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Ponomareva D, Ivanov A, Bregestovski P. Analysis of the Effects of Pentose Phosphate Pathway Inhibition on the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Epileptiform Activity in Hippocampal Slices. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1934. [PMID: 38339211 PMCID: PMC10856462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is one of three major pathways involved in glucose metabolism, which is regulated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) controls NADPH formation. NADPH, in turn, regulates the balance of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. G6PD dysfunction, affecting the PPP, is implicated in neurological disorders, including epilepsy. However, PPP's role in epileptogenesis and ROS production during epileptic activity remains unclear. To clarify these points, we conducted electrophysiological and imaging analyses on mouse hippocampal brain slices. Using the specific G6PD inhibitor G6PDi-1, we assessed its effects on mouse hippocampal slices, examining intracellular ROS, glucose/oxygen consumption, the NAD(P)H level and ROS production during synaptic stimulation and in the 4AP epilepsy model. G6PDi-1 increased basal intracellular ROS levels and reduced synaptically induced glucose consumption but had no impact on baselevel of NAD(P)H and ROS production from synaptic stimulation. In the 4AP model, G6PDi-1 did not significantly alter spontaneous seizure frequency or H2O2 release amplitude but increased the frequency and peak amplitude of interictal events. These findings suggest that short-term PPP inhibition has a minimal impact on synaptic circuit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Ponomareva
- Department of Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia;
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), UMR1106, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Anton Ivanov
- INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), UMR1106, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Piotr Bregestovski
- Department of Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia;
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), UMR1106, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
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5
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Liang LP, Pearson-Smith JN, Day BJ, Patel M. Novel Catalytic Antioxidant Formulation Decreases Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction in a Model of Nerve Agent Intoxication. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:358-366. [PMID: 37652711 PMCID: PMC10801718 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have an emerging role in the pathologic consequences of status epilepticus. We have previously demonstrated the efficacy of a water-for-injection formulation of the meso-porphyrin catalytic antioxidant, manganese (III) meso-tetrakis (N-N-diethylimidazole) porphyrin (AEOL10150) against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death initiated by kainic acid, pilocarpine, diisopropylflurophosphate (DFP), and soman. This previous dose and dosing strategy of AEOL10150 required smaller multiple daily injections, precluding our ability to test its efficacy against delayed consequences of nerve agent exposure such as neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, we developed formulations of AEOL10150 designed to deliver a larger dose once daily with improved brain pharmacodynamics. We examined four new formulations of AEOL10150 that resulted in 8 times higher subcutaneous dose with lower acute toxicity, slower absorption, longer half-life, and higher maximal plasma concentrations compared with our previous strategy. AEOL10150 brain levels exhibited improved pharmacodynamics over 24 hours with all four formulations. We tested a subcutaneous dose of 40 mg/kg AEOL10150 in two formulations (2% carboxymethyl cellulose and 4% polyethylene glycol-4000) in the DFP rat model, and both formulations exhibited significant protection against DFP-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, and in one formulation (4% polyethylene glycol-4000), AEOL10150 significantly protected against DFP-induced neuronal death, microglial activation, delayed memory impairment, and mortality. These results suggest that reformulation of AEOL10150 can attenuate acute and delayed outcomes of organophosphate neurotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Reformulation of manganese (III) meso-tetrakis (N-N-diethylimidazole) porphyrin allowed higher tolerated doses of the compound with improved pharmacodynamics. Specifically, one new formulation allowed fewer daily doses and improvement in acute and delayed outcomes of organophosphate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., J.N.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.); and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
| | - Jennifer N Pearson-Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., J.N.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.); and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
| | - Brian J Day
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., J.N.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.); and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., J.N.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.); and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
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6
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Tripathi S, Nathan CL, Tate MC, Horbinski CM, Templer JW, Rosenow JM, Sita TL, James CD, Deneen B, Miller SD, Heimberger AB. The immune system and metabolic products in epilepsy and glioma-associated epilepsy: emerging therapeutic directions. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174753. [PMID: 38193532 PMCID: PMC10906461 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy has a profound impact on quality of life. Despite the development of new antiseizure medications (ASMs), approximately one-third of affected patients have drug-refractory epilepsy and are nonresponsive to medical treatment. Nearly all currently approved ASMs target neuronal activity through ion channel modulation. Recent human and animal model studies have implicated new immunotherapeutic and metabolomic approaches that may benefit patients with epilepsy. In this Review, we detail the proinflammatory immune landscape of epilepsy and contrast this with the immunosuppressive microenvironment in patients with glioma-related epilepsy. In the tumor setting, excessive neuronal activity facilitates immunosuppression, thereby contributing to subsequent glioma progression. Metabolic modulation of the IDH1-mutant pathway provides a dual pathway for reversing immune suppression and dampening seizure activity. Elucidating the relationship between neurons and immunoreactivity is an area for the prioritization and development of the next era of ASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwat Tripathi
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Craig M. Horbinski
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Pathology, and
| | | | | | - Timothy L. Sita
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles D. James
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
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7
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Zilberter Y, Tabuena DR, Zilberter M. NOX-induced oxidative stress is a primary trigger of major neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102539. [PMID: 37838279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) causing cognitive impairment and dementia are difficult to treat due to the lack of understanding of primary initiating factors. Meanwhile, major sporadic NDDs share many risk factors and exhibit similar pathologies in their early stages, indicating the existence of common initiation pathways. Glucose hypometabolism associated with oxidative stress is one such primary, early and shared pathology, and a likely major cause of detrimental disease-associated cascades; targeting this common pathology may therefore be an effective preventative strategy for most sporadic NDDs. However, its exact cause and trigger remain unclear. Recent research suggests that early oxidative stress caused by NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation is a shared initiating mechanism among major sporadic NDDs and could prove to be the long-sought ubiquitous NDD trigger. We focus on two major NDDs - Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as on acquired epilepsy which is an increasingly recognized comorbidity in NDDs. We also discuss available data suggesting the relevance of the proposed mechanisms to other NDDs. We delve into the commonalities among these NDDs in neuroinflammation and NOX involvement to identify potential therapeutic targets and gain a deeper understanding of the underlying causes of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Zilberter
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Dennis R Tabuena
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Gao X, You Z, Huang C, Liu Z, Tan Z, Li J, Liu Y, Liu X, Wei F, Fan Z, Qi S, Sun J. NCBP1 Improves Cognitive Function in Mice by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Neuronal Loss, and Glial Activation After Status Epilepticus. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6676-6688. [PMID: 37474884 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe manifestation of epilepsy which can cause neurologic injury and death. This study aimed to identify key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and find a potential drug target for SE treatment. Tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis was applied to screen differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in epilepsy. The adeno-associated virus was employed to overexpress candidate DEP in mice, and kainic acid (KA) was used to generate a mouse model of epilepsy. Then histopathological examination of the hippocampal tissue was performed, and the inflammatory factors levels in serum and hippocampus were measured. The IP-MS analysis was carried out to identify the interacting protein of nuclear cap-binding protein 1 (NCBP1). The results were that NCBP1 was downregulated in the epileptic hippocampus. NCBP1 overexpression alleviated KA-induced cognitive impairment in mice and reduced the apoptosis and damage of hippocampal neurons. Additionally, overexpressed NCBP1 increased the expression of NeuN and reduced the expression of GFAP and IBA-1 in the hippocampus of the mice. Further study indicated that NCBP1 overexpression inhibited the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ in serum and hippocampus as well as MDA and LDH in the hippocampus, whereas it increased the SOD levels, suggesting that overexpression of NCBP1 could diminish KA-induced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. The IP-MS analysis identified that ELAVL4 was the NCBP1-interacting protein. In conclusion, this finding suggests that NCBP1 may potentially serve as a drug target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhipeng You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zixiao Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiran Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xingan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhijie Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sihua Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Jiahang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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9
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Mercado-Gómez OF, Arriaga-Ávila VS, Vega-García A, Orozco-Suarez S, Pérez-Koldenkova V, Camarillo-Sánchez JJ, Álvarez-Herrera M, Guevara-Guzmán R. Daytime-Restricted Feeding Ameliorates Oxidative Stress by Increasing NRF2 Transcriptional Factor in the Rat Hippocampus in the Pilocarpine-Induced Acute Seizure Model. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1442. [PMID: 37891811 PMCID: PMC10605835 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizure-mediated oxidative stress is a crucial mechanism in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. This study evaluated the antioxidant effects of daytime-restricted feeding (DRF) and the role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in a lithium-pilocarpine model seizure model that induces status epilepticus (SE). We performed a lipoperoxidation assay and dihydroethidium fluorescence to measure oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus (malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species). The protein content of Nrf2 and its downstream protein SOD2 was evaluated using Western blotting. The cellular distribution of the Nrf2 and SOD2 proteins in the pyramidal cell layer of both the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal subfields and astrocytes (GFAP marker) were quantified using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Our results indicate that DRF reduced the malondialdehyde levels and the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, a significant increase in Nrf2 and SOD2 protein content was observed in animals subjected to restrictive diet. In addition, DRF increased the relative intensity of the Nrf2 fluorescence in the perinuclear and nuclear compartments of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 subfield. Nrf2 immunoreactivity and the astrocyte marker GFAP also increased their colocalization under DRF conditions. Additionally, SOD2 immunoreactivity was increased in CA1 pyramidal neurons but not in the CA3 region. Our findings suggest that DRF partially prevents oxidative stress by increasing the Nrf2 transcriptional factor and the SOD2 enzyme during the development of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Fabián Mercado-Gómez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (O.F.M.-G.); (V.S.A.-Á.); (A.V.-G.); (J.J.C.-S.); (M.Á.-H.)
| | - Virginia Selene Arriaga-Ávila
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (O.F.M.-G.); (V.S.A.-Á.); (A.V.-G.); (J.J.C.-S.); (M.Á.-H.)
| | - Angélica Vega-García
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (O.F.M.-G.); (V.S.A.-Á.); (A.V.-G.); (J.J.C.-S.); (M.Á.-H.)
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suarez
- Medical Research Unit in Neurological Diseases, National Medical Center XXI, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Vadim Pérez-Koldenkova
- National Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, National Medical Center XXI, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Juan José Camarillo-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (O.F.M.-G.); (V.S.A.-Á.); (A.V.-G.); (J.J.C.-S.); (M.Á.-H.)
| | - Marcelino Álvarez-Herrera
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (O.F.M.-G.); (V.S.A.-Á.); (A.V.-G.); (J.J.C.-S.); (M.Á.-H.)
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (O.F.M.-G.); (V.S.A.-Á.); (A.V.-G.); (J.J.C.-S.); (M.Á.-H.)
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10
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Aly EK, Mahmoud HS, Alkhalifah DHM, Shehab GMG, Abuelsaad ASA, Abdel-Rehiem ES, Abdul-Hamid M. Bee venom ameliorates oxidative stress and histopathological changes of hippocampus, liver and testis during status epileptics. Neuropeptides 2023; 101:102368. [PMID: 37562116 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The unrelenting progression of neurodegenerative diseases has a negative impact on affected individuals, their families, and society. Recurrent epileptic seizures are the hallmark of epilepsy, and treating it effectively remains difficult. Clarify and understanding effects of the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in epilepsy by comparing the therapeutic effects between rats receiving valproic acid (VPA) and Bee venom (BV) was aimed throughout the present study. Four male Wistar rat groups were included: control, epileptic group receiving pilocarpine (PILO), epileptic group treated with VPA and BV respectively. Cognitive functions were assessed by evaluating latency time in hot plate, despair swim test, grooming, rearing and ambulation frequency in the open field. BV has ameliorative effect on electrolytes balancing, assured by decreasing lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and increasing catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. BV enhanced restoration of liver functions indicated by alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), total proteins, and albumin; hormonal parameters total and free testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) were preserved by BV with great recovery of hippocampus, liver and testicular histopathology and ultrastructure comparing with the epileptic rats. The present findings suggested that BV and its active components offer fresh options for controlling epilepsy and prospective methods via minimize or manage the severe consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa K Aly
- Cell Biology & Histology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Mahmoud
- Ecology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Dalal Hussien M Alkhalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber M G Shehab
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelaziz S A Abuelsaad
- Immunology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Eman S Abdel-Rehiem
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Manal Abdul-Hamid
- Cell Biology & Histology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt.
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11
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Rivadeneyra-Domínguez E, Zamora-Bello I, Castañeda-Morales JM, Díaz-Vallejo JJ, Rosales-Sánchez Ó, Rodríguez-Landa JF. The standardized extract of Centella asiatica L. Urb attenuates the convulsant effect induced by lithium/pilocarpine without affecting biochemical and haematological parameters in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:343. [PMID: 37759286 PMCID: PMC10523769 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Status epilepticus (SE) is a type of epileptic activity characterized by a failure of the inhibitory mechanisms that limit seizures, which are mainly regulated by the GABAergic system. This imbalance increases glutamatergic neurotransmission and consequently produces epileptic activity. It is also associated with oxidative stress due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences. Unfortunately, long-term treatment with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) may produce hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and haematological alterations. In this way, some secondary metabolites of plants have been used to ameliorate the deterioration of nervous system disorders through their antioxidant properties, in addition to their anticonvulsant effects. An example is Centella asiatica, a plant noted to have a reputed neuroprotective effect related to its antioxidant activity. However, similar to conventional drugs, natural molecules may produce side effects when consumed in high doses, which could occur with Centella asiatica. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica L. Urb with tested anticonvulsant activity on biochemical and haematological parameters in rats subjected to lithium/pilocarpine-induced seizures. METHODS Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7 each): vehicle (purified water), Centella asiatica (200 and 400 mg/kg), and carbamazepine (CBZ) (300 mg/kg) as a pharmacological control of anticonvulsant activity. Treatments were administered orally every 24 h for 35 consecutive days. On Day 36, SE was induced using the lithium/pilocarpine model (3 mEq/kg, i.p. and 30 mg/kg s.c., respectively), and the behavioural and biochemical effects were evaluated. RESULTS Centella asiatica 400 mg/kg increased the latency to the first generalized seizure and SE onset and significantly reduced the time to the first generalized seizure compared to values in the vehicle group. Biochemical parameters, i.e., haematic cytometry, blood chemistry, and liver function tests, showed no significant differences among the different treatments. CONCLUSION The dose of Centella asiatica that produces anticonvulsant activity in the lithium/pilocarpine model devoid of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and alterations in haematological parameters suggests that the standardized extract of this plant could be of utility in the development of new safe therapies for the treatment of convulsions associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac Zamora-Bello
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | | | - Óscar Rosales-Sánchez
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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12
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Fuchs M, Viel C, Lehto A, Lau H, Klein J. Oxidative stress in rat brain during experimental status epilepticus: effect of antioxidants. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1233184. [PMID: 37767398 PMCID: PMC10520702 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1233184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants have been proposed as a treatment for diseases of the central nervous system. However, few studies actually studied their effects in the brain. To test central actions of antioxidants, we used the lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo) model of status epilepticus (SE) in the rat in which seizures are accompanied by significant oxidative stress. We used in vivo microdialysis to determine isoprostane levels during SE in real time and brain homogenates for other measures of oxidative stress. Six different antioxidants were tested in acute and preventive experiments (vitamin C, vitamin E, ebselen, resveratrol, n-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone and coenzyme Q10). None of the antioxidants had an effect when given acutely during SE. In contrast, when antioxidants were given for 3 days prior to seizure induction, vitamins C and E reduced isoprostane formation by 58% and 65%, respectively. Pretreatment with the other antioxidants was ineffective. In brain homogenates prepared after 90 min of seizures, SE decreased the ratio of reduced vs. oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG ratio) from 60.8 to 7.50 and caused a twofold increase of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and protein carbonyls. Pretreatment with vitamin C or vitamin E mitigated these effects and increased the GSH/GSSG ratio to 23.9 and 28.3, respectively. Again, the other antioxidants were not effective. We conclude that preventive treatment with vitamin C or vitamin E ameliorates seizure-induced oxidative damage in the brain. Several well-studied antioxidants were inactive, possibly due to limited brain permeability or a lack of chain-breaking antioxidant activity in hydrophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jochen Klein
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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13
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Yu C, Deng XJ, Xu D. Microglia in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106249. [PMID: 37536386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of most common chronic neurological disorders, and the antiseizure medications developed by targeting neurocentric mechanisms have not effectively reduced the proportion of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Further exploration of the cellular or molecular mechanism of epilepsy is expected to provide new options for treatment. Recently, more and more researches focus on brain network components other than neurons, among which microglia have attracted much attention for their diverse biological functions. As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia have highly plastic transcription, morphology and functional characteristics, which can change dynamically in a context-dependent manner during the progression of epilepsy. In the pathogenesis of epilepsy, highly reactive microglia interact with other components in the epileptogenic network by performing crucial functions such as secretion of soluble factors and phagocytosis, thus continuously reshaping the landscape of the epileptic brain microenvironment. Indeed, microglia appear to be both pro-epileptic and anti-epileptic under the different spatiotemporal contexts of disease, rendering interventions targeting microglia biologically complex and challenging. This comprehensive review critically summarizes the pathophysiological role of microglia in epileptic brain homeostasis alterations and explores potential therapeutic or modulatory targets for epilepsy targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Xue-Jun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Da Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
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14
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Che Has AT. The applications of the pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus: 40 years of progress (1983-2023). Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114551. [PMID: 37348654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus is a neurological disorder that can result in various neuropathological conditions and presentations. Various studies involving animal models have been accomplished to understand and replicating its prominent manifestations including characteristics of related clinical cases. Up to these days, there are variety of methods and techniques to be utilized in inducing this disorder that can be chemically or electrically applied which depending on the experimental designs and targets of the studies. In particular, the chemically induced pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus is a reliable choice which has evolved for 40 years from its initial discovery back in 1983. Although the development of the model can be considered as a remarkable breakthrough in understanding status epilepticus, several aspects of the model have been improved, throughout the years. Among the major issues in developing this model are the morbidity and mortality rates during induction process. Several modifications have been introduced in the process by different studies to tackle the related problems including application of dose fractionation, adaptation of pilocarpine to lithium-pilocarpine model and utilization of various drugs. Despite all challenges and drawbacks, this model has proven its pertinent and relevance with improvements that have been adapted since it was introduced 40 years ago. In this review, we emphasize on the evolution of this animal model from the beginning until now (1983 - 2023) and the related issues that have made this model still a popular choice in status epilepticus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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15
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Alrashdi BM, Fehaid A, Kassab RB, Rizk S, Habotta OA, Abdel Moneim AE. Biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles Using Epigallocatechin Gallate Protect against Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Acute Epileptic Seizures in Mice via Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Activities. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1955. [PMID: 37509594 PMCID: PMC10377216 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several negative outcomes are associated with current anti-epileptic medications. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a plant-derived compound called catechin and has many medicinal activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles are also showing their neuroprotective effect. The anti-epileptic effect of EGCG, alone or with SeNPs, is still debated. Here, we aimed to investigate the potential anti-seizure effect of biosynthesized SeNPs using EGCG (EGCG-SeNPs) against epileptic seizures and hippocampal damage, which is enhanced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injection in mice. Mice were grouped as follows: control; PTZ-exposed group (epileptic model); EGCG + PTZ-treated group; sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) + PTZ-treated group; EGCG-SeNPs + PTZ-treated group; and valproic acid (VPA) + PTZ-treated group. EGCG-SeNPs administration showed anti-epileptic activity by increasing the latency time and reducing the seizure duration following the PTZ injection. Additionally, EGCG-SeNPs counteracted the PTZ-induced changes in oxidants and antioxidants. Moreover, EGCG-SeNPs inhibited the inflammatory response by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing the immunoreactivity of the glial fibrillary acidic protein and mRNA expression of glutamate receptor subunit zeta-1 (NMDAR; Grin1), showing their inhibitory effect on epilepsy-associated inflammation. Moreover, EGCG-SeNPs reduced PTZ-induced neuronal apoptosis, as indicated by a reduction in the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins and an elevation of the anti-apoptotic protein. Moreover, EGCG-SeNPs administration significantly modulated the PTZ-induced changes in monoamine levels and acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampal tissue. The obtained findings suggest the anti-seizure activity of EGCG-SeNPs via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, along with their neuromodulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barakat M Alrashdi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 41412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Fehaid
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65799, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Rizk
- Department of Immunizations and Vaccines, Hadayek Helwan Medical Center for Family Health, Cairo 4042342, Egypt
| | - Ola A Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11792, Egypt
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16
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Meyer C, Rao NS, Vasanthi SS, Pereira B, Gage M, Putra M, Holtkamp C, Huss J, Thippeswamy T. Peripheral and central effects of NADPH oxidase inhibitor, mitoapocynin, in a rat model of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) toxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1195843. [PMID: 37416507 PMCID: PMC10320212 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1195843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OP) are highly toxic chemical nerve agents that have been used in chemical warfare. Currently, there are no effective medical countermeasures (MCMs) that mitigate the chronic effects of OP exposure. Oxidative stress is a key mechanism underlying OP-induced cell death and inflammation in the peripheral and central nervous systems and is not mitigated by the available MCMs. NADPH oxidase (NOX) is one of the leading producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following status epilepticus (SE). In this study, we tested the efficacy of the mitochondrial-targeted NOX inhibitor, mitoapocynin (MPO) (10 mg/kg, oral), in a rat diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) model of OP toxicity. In DFP-exposed animals, MPO decreased oxidative stress markers nitrite, ROS, and GSSG in the serum. Additionally, MPO significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α post-DFP exposure. There was a significant increase in GP91phox, a NOX2 subunit, in the brains of DFP-exposed animals 1-week post-challenge. However, MPO treatment did not affect NOX2 expression in the brain. Neurodegeneration (NeuN and FJB) and gliosis [microglia (IBA1 and CD68), and astroglia (GFAP and C3)] quantification revealed a significant increase in neurodegeneration and gliosis after DFP-exposure. A marginal reduction in microglial cells and C3 colocalization with GFAP in DFP + MPO was observed. The MPO dosing regimen used in this study at 10 mg/kg did not affect microglial CD68 expression, astroglial count, or neurodegeneration. MPO reduced DFP-induced oxidative stress and inflammation markers in the serum but only marginally mitigated the effects in the brain. Dose optimization studies are required to determine the effective dose of MPO to mitigate DFP-induced changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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17
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Łukawski K, Czuczwar SJ. Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration in Animal Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051049. [PMID: 37237916 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are generated in the brain, as well as in other organs, and their production is proportional to the brain activity. Due to its low antioxidant capacity, the brain is particularly sensitive to free radical damage, which may affect lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. The available evidence clearly points to a role for oxidative stress in neuronal death and pathophysiology of epileptogenesis and epilepsy. The present review is devoted to the generation of free radicals in some animal models of seizures and epilepsy and the consequences of oxidative stress, such as DNA or mitochondrial damage leading to neurodegeneration. Additionally, antioxidant properties of antiepileptic (antiseizure) drugs and a possible use of antioxidant drugs or compounds in patients with epilepsy are reviewed. In numerous seizure models, the brain concentration of free radicals was significantly elevated. Some antiepileptic drugs may inhibit these effects; for example, valproate reduced the increase in brain malondialdehyde (a marker of lipid peroxidation) concentration induced by electroconvulsions. In the pentylenetetrazol model, valproate prevented the reduced glutathione concentration and an increase in brain lipid peroxidation products. The scarce clinical data indicate that some antioxidants (melatonin, selenium, vitamin E) may be recommended as adjuvants for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łukawski
- Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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18
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George AG, Farrell JS, Colangeli R, Wall AK, Gom RC, Kesler MT, Rodriguez de la Hoz C, Villa BR, Perera T, Rho JM, Kurrasch D, Teskey GC. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is prevented by blocking postictal hypoxia. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109513. [PMID: 36948357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is at times a fatal disease. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of epilepsy-related mortality in people with intractable epilepsy and is defined by exclusion; non-accidental, non-toxicologic, and non-anatomic causes of death. While SUDEP often follows a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, the mechanisms that ultimately lead to terminal apnea and then asystole remain elusive and there is a lack of preventative treatments. Based on the observation that discrete seizures lead to local and postictal vasoconstriction, resulting in hypoperfusion, hypoxia and behavioural disturbances in the forebrain we reasoned those similar mechanisms may play a role in SUDEP when seizures invade the brainstem. Here we tested this neurovascular-based hypothesis of SUDEP in awake non-anesthetized mice by pharmacologically preventing seizure-induced vasoconstriction, with cyclooxygenase-2 or L-type calcium channel antagonists. In both acute and chronic mouse models of seizure-induced premature mortality, ibuprofen and nicardipine extended life while systemic drug levels remained high enough to be effective. We also examined the potential role of spreading depolarization in the acute model of seizure-induced premature mortality. These data provide a proof-of-principle for the neurovascular hypothesis of SUDEP rather than spreading depolarization and the use of currently available drugs to prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antis G George
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jordan S Farrell
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Roberto Colangeli
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alexandra K Wall
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Renaud C Gom
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mitchell T Kesler
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | - Bianca R Villa
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tefani Perera
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Kurrasch
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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19
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Becchetti A, Grandi LC, Cerina M, Amadeo A. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and epilepsy. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106698. [PMID: 36796465 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the causes of epilepsy, especially the genetic, comprehending the biological mechanisms that lead to the epileptic phenotype remains difficult. A paradigmatic case is constituted by the epilepsies caused by altered neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which exert complex physiological functions in mature as well as developing brain. The ascending cholinergic projections exert potent control of forebrain excitability, and wide evidence implicates nAChR dysregulation as both cause and effect of epileptiform activity. First, tonic-clonic seizures are triggered by administration of high doses of nicotinic agonists, whereas non-convulsive doses have kindling effects. Second, sleep-related epilepsy can be caused by mutations on genes encoding nAChR subunits widely expressed in the forebrain (CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNA2). Third, in animal models of acquired epilepsy, complex time-dependent alterations in cholinergic innervation are observed following repeated seizures. Heteromeric nAChRs are central players in epileptogenesis. Evidence is wide for autosomal dominant sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (ADSHE). Studies of ADSHE-linked nAChR subunits in expression systems suggest that the epileptogenic process is promoted by overactive receptors. Investigation in animal models of ADSHE indicates that expression of mutant nAChRs can lead to lifelong hyperexcitability by altering i) the function of GABAergic populations in the mature neocortex and thalamus, ii) synaptic architecture during synaptogenesis. Understanding the balance of the epileptogenic effects in adult and developing networks is essential to plan rational therapy at different ages. Combining this knowledge with a deeper understanding of the functional and pharmacological properties of individual mutations will advance precision and personalized medicine in nAChR-dependent epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI (Milan Center of Neuroscience), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano 20126, Italy.
| | - Laura Clara Grandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI (Milan Center of Neuroscience), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano 20126, Italy.
| | - Marta Cerina
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI (Milan Center of Neuroscience), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano 20126, Italy.
| | - Alida Amadeo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano 20133, Italy.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A. Dienel
- Department of Neurology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock Arkansas USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Lisa Gillinder
- Mater Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Faculty of Medicine Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Mater Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Faculty of Medicine Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- Faculty of Medicine School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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21
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The Neuroprotective Effect Associated with Echinops spinosus in an Acute Seizure Model Induced by Pentylenetetrazole. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:273-283. [PMID: 36074199 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Echinops spinosus (ES) is a medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmacological and biological effects. It is a medicinal herb having a variety of therapeutic characteristics, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial capabilities. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant characteristics of E. spinosa extract (ESE) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced acute seizures. Negative control rats, ESE treatment rats, PTZ acute seizure model rats, ESE + PTZ rats, and Diazepam + PTZ rats were used in the study. The rats were given a 7-day treatment. ESE pretreatment elevated the latency to seizure onset and lowered seizure duration after PTZ injection. By reducing Bax levels and enhancing antiapoptotic Bcl-2 production, ESE prevented the release of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2, as well as preventing hippocampal cell death after PTZ injection. ESE corrected the PTZ-induced imbalance in gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and increased the enzyme activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. Echinops spinosus is a potent neuromodulatory, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic plant that could be employed as a natural anticonvulsant in the future.
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22
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Dienel GA, Gillinder L, McGonigal A, Borges K. Potential new roles for glycogen in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2023; 64:29-53. [PMID: 36117414 PMCID: PMC10952408 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Seizures often originate in epileptogenic foci. Between seizures (interictally), these foci and some of the surrounding tissue often show low signals with 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in many epileptic patients, even when there are no radiologically detectable structural abnormalities. Low FDG-PET signals are thought to reflect glucose hypometabolism. Here, we review knowledge about metabolism of glucose and glycogen and oxidative stress in people with epilepsy and in acute and chronic rodent seizure models. Interictal brain glucose levels are normal and do not cause apparent glucose hypometabolism, which remains unexplained. During seizures, high amounts of fuel are needed to satisfy increased energy demands. Astrocytes consume glycogen as an additional emergency fuel to supplement glucose during high metabolic demand, such as during brain stimulation, stress, and seizures. In rodents, brain glycogen levels drop during induced seizures and increase to higher levels thereafter. Interictally, in people with epilepsy and in chronic epilepsy models, normal glucose but high glycogen levels have been found in the presumed brain areas involved in seizure generation. We present our new hypothesis that as an adaptive response to repeated episodes of high metabolic demand, high interictal glycogen levels in epileptogenic brain areas are used to support energy metabolism and potentially interictal neuronal activity. Glycogenolysis, which can be triggered by stress or oxidative stress, leads to decreased utilization of plasma glucose in epileptogenic brain areas, resulting in low FDG signals that are related to functional changes underlying seizure onset and propagation. This is (partially) reversible after successful surgery. Last, we propose that potential interictal glycogen depletion in epileptogenic and surrounding areas may cause energy shortages in astrocytes, which may impair potassium buffering and contribute to seizure generation. Based on these hypotheses, auxiliary fuels or treatments that support glycogen metabolism may be useful to treat epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A. Dienel
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Lisa Gillinder
- Mater HospitalSouth BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineMater Research Institute, University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Mater HospitalSouth BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineMater Research Institute, University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Karin Borges
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Biomedical Sciences, University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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Tetrapleura tetraptera curtails oxidative and proinflammatory biochemical events in lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Singh PK, Saadi A, Sheeni Y, Shekh-Ahmad T. Specific inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 modifies chronic epilepsy. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102549. [PMID: 36459714 PMCID: PMC9712695 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work by us and others has implicated NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes as main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following a brain insult such as status epilepticus, contributing to neuronal damage and development of epilepsy. Although several NOX isoforms have been examined in the context of epilepsy, most attention has focused on NOX2. In this present study, we demonstrate the effect of gp91ds-tat, a specific competitive inhibitor of NOX2, in in vitro epileptiform activity model as well as in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) model in rats. We showed that in in vitro seizure model, gp91ds-tat modulated Ca2+ oscillation, prevented epileptiform activity-induced ROS generation, mitochondrial depolarization, and neuronal death. Administration of gp91ds-tat 1 h after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus significantly decreased the expression of NOX2, as well as the overall NOX activity in the cortex and the hippocampus. Finally, we showed that upon continuous intracerebroventricular administration to epileptic rats, gp91ds-tat significantly reduced the seizure frequency and the total number of seizures post-treatment compared to the scrambled peptide-treated animals. The results of the study suggest that NOX2 may have an important effect on modulation of epileptiform activity and has a critical role in mediating seizure-induced NOX activation, ROS generation and oxidative stress in the brain, and thus significantly contributes to development of epilepsy following a brain insult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Corresponding author. The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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25
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Effects of Hyssopus Officinalis Hydroalcoholic Extract on Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Convulsive Seizures in Rat. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3792-3804. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Research progress on oxidative stress regulating different types of neuronal death caused by epileptic seizures. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6279-6298. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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27
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Negative effects of brain regulatory T cells depletion on epilepsy. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102335. [PMID: 35931355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration of immune cells is observed in the epileptogenic zone; however, the relationship between epilepsy and regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains only partially understood. We aimed to investigate brain-infiltrating Tregs to reveal their underlying role in epilepsy. We analyzed the infiltration of Tregs in the epileptogenic zones from patients with epilepsy and a pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) model. Next, we evaluated the effects of brain Treg depletion on neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, oxidative stress, seizure activity and behavioral changes in the pilocarpine model. We also explored the impact of Treg expansion in the brain on seizure activity. There were a large number of Tregs in the epileptogenic zones of human and experimental epilepsy. The number of brain Tregs was negatively correlated with the frequency of seizures in patients with epilepsy. Our further findings demonstrated that brain Treg depletion promoted astrocytosis, microgliosis, inflammatory cytokine production, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus after status epilepticus (SE). Moreover, brain Treg depletion increased seizure activity and contributed to behavioral impairments in experimental chronic TLE. Interestingly, intracerebroventricular injection of CCL20 amplified Tregs in brain tissue, thereby inhibiting seizure activity. Taken together, our study highlights the therapeutic potential of regulating Tregs in epileptic brain tissue.
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Bayrak G, Turkyilmaz IB, Yanardag R. The protective effect of vitamin U on pentylenetetrazole-induced brain damage in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23169. [PMID: 35833322 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is preferred for experimental epilepsy induction. PTZ damages brain and other organs by elevating oxidative substances. Vitamin U (Vit U) is sulfur derivative substance that proved to be an excellent antioxidant. The current study was intended to determine the protective role of Vit U on PTZ-induced brain damage. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four groups. The Control group (Group I), was given saline for 7 days intraperitoneally (i.p); Vit U (Group II) was given as 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days by gavage; PTZ was injected into animals (Group III) at a single dose of 60 mg/kg, by i.p; PTZ + Vit U group (Group IV) was administered PTZ and Vit U in same dose and time as aforementioned. After the experiment was terminated, brain tissues were taken for the preparation of homogenates. In the PTZ group, glutathione and lipid peroxidation levels, alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase, acetylcholine esterase, antioxidant enzyme activities, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide levels were increased. However, total antioxidant capacity was decreased in the PTZ group. Vit U ameliorated these effects in the PTZ-induced brain damage. Consequently, we can suggest that Vit U protected brain tissue via its antioxidant feature against PTZ kindling epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Bayrak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismet Burcu Turkyilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Gøtzsche CR, Woldbye DPD, Hundahl CA, Hay-Schmidt A. Neuroglobin deficiency increases seizure susceptibility but does not affect basal behavior in mice. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1921-1932. [PMID: 35822521 PMCID: PMC9544565 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglobin (Ngb) is found in the neurones of several different brain areas and is known to bind oxygen and other gaseous molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro, but it does not seem to act as a respiratory molecule for neurones. Using male and female Ngb‐knockout (KO) mice, we addressed the role of Ngb in neuronal brain activity using behavioral tests but found no differences in general behaviors, memory processes, and anxiety−/depression‐like behaviors. Oxidative stress and ROS play key roles in epileptogenesis, and oxidative injury produced by an excessive production of free radicals is involved in the initiation and progression of epilepsy. The ROS binding properties led us to hypothesize that lack of Ngb could affect central coping with excitatory stimuli. We consequently explored whether exposure to the excitatory molecule kainate (KA) would increase severity of seizures in mice lacking Ngb. We found that the duration and severity of seizures were increased, while the latency time to develop seizures was shortened in Ngb‐KO compared to wildtype adult female mice. Consistently, c‐fos expression after KA was significantly increased in Ngb‐KO mice in the amygdala and piriform cortex, regions rich in Ngb and known to be centrally involved in seizure generation. Moreover, the measured c‐fos expression levels were correlated with seizure susceptibility. With these new findings combined with previous studies we propose that Ngb could constitute an intrinsic defense mechanism against neuronal hyperexcitability and oxidative stress by buffering of ROS in amygdala and other Ngb‐containing brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper R Gøtzsche
- Department for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P D Woldbye
- Department for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Hay-Schmidt
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Almeida C, Pongilio RP, Móvio MI, Higa GSV, Resende RR, Jiang J, Kinjo ER, Kihara AH. Distinct Cell-specific Roles of NOX2 and MyD88 in Epileptogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:926776. [PMID: 35859905 PMCID: PMC9289522 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.926776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is often related to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Both processes subserve alterations observed in epileptogenesis and ultimately involve distinct classes of cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and specific neural subtypes. For this reason, molecules associated with oxidative stress response and neuroinflammation have been proposed as potential targets for therapeutic strategies. However, these molecules can participate in distinct intracellular pathways depending on the cell type. To illustrate this, we reviewed the potential role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) in astrocytes, microglia, and neurons in epileptogenesis. Furthermore, we presented approaches to study genes in different cells, employing single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) transcriptomic analyses, transgenic technologies and viral serotypes carrying vectors with specific promoters. We discussed the importance of identifying particular roles of molecules depending on the cell type, endowing more effective therapeutic strategies to treat TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayo Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | | | - Marília Inês Móvio
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Resende
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular e Nanobiotecnologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Erika Reime Kinjo
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
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31
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Amin F, Tabassum S, Sarwar S, Qureshi R, Sohaib Khalid M, Riaz N, Al-Qahtani WH, Murtaza I. Neuroprotective Effect of Otostegia limbata Against PTZ-Induced Mice Model of Epilepsy by Attenuated Expression of p-NFκB and TNF-α. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:779681. [PMID: 35392411 PMCID: PMC8982360 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.779681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Currently available antiepileptic drugs have severe side effects and do not offer complete cure. Herbal remedies have been used for centuries to treat many neurodegenerative disorders. Otostegia limbata L. belongs to the largest and medicinally important family Lamiaceae and is distributed in hilly areas of Pakistan. This study was designed to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant potential of O. limbata. The methanolic extract showed significant antioxidant activity assessed by (1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging, and iron chelation antioxidant assays. The methanolic extract was evaluated for its anticonvulsant effect, employing the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced mice model of epilepsy. Three different doses of O. limbata (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) were administered orally 30 min before PTZ [50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)] injection, while diazepam was used as a positive control. The extract at 300 mg/kg significantly decreased the duration and increased the latency of the PTZ-induced seizures. The expression of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (p-TNF-α) and phosphorylated transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), in the cortex and hippocampus of the brains of treated mice were analyzed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis. The morphological changes and number of surviving neurons were recorded through hematoxylin and eosin staining. The seizure score and survival rate of the treated group showed considerable differences as compared to the PTZ group. TNF-α and p-NF-K b expression were downregulated as compared to the PTZ group. The anticonvulsant effect may be the outcome of the antioxidant potential and high levels of phenols and flavonoids detected in the methanolic plant extract through Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Amin
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Tabassum
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Sobia Tabassum,
| | - Sadia Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rahmatullah Qureshi
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohaib Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveeda Riaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wahidah H. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iram Murtaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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32
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Al Omairi NE, Albrakati A, Alsharif KF, Almalki AS, Alsanie W, Abd Elmageed ZY, Zaafar D, Lokman MS, Bauomy AA, Belal SK, Abdel-Daim MM, Abdel Moneim AE, Alyami H, Kassab RB. Selenium Nanoparticles with Prodigiosin Rescue Hippocampal Damage Associated with Epileptic Seizures Induced by Pentylenetetrazole in Rats. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030354. [PMID: 35336729 PMCID: PMC8945383 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by neuronal hyper electrical activity and the development of unprovoked seizures. Although several antiepileptic drugs are currently available, their application is associated with undesirable adverse effects. In an attempt to find a novel antiepileptic medication with minimum side effects, we have investigated the potential neuroprotective activity of prodigiosin, a red pigment produced by bacterial species that have important pharmaceutical and biological activities biosynthesized with selenium formulation (SeNPs-PDG) against a murine epileptic model mediated by pentylenetetrazole. The main recorded findings revealed that SeNPs-PDG delayed the onset of epileptic seizures and decreased their duration significantly. Additionally, SeNPs-PDG prevented hippocampal cell loss, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, restored the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and notably normalized the monoaminergic and cholinergic transmission. These promising findings indicate that SeNPs-PDG might serve as a naturally derived anticonvulsant agent due to their active antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuromodulatory properties. Abstract Background: Prodigiosin (PDG) is a red pigment synthesized by bacterial species with important pharmaceutical and biological activities. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities of green biosynthesized selenium formulations with PDG (SeNPs-PDG) versus pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures. Methods: Rats were assigned into six experimental groups: control; PTZ (60 mg/kg, epileptic model); sodium valproate (200 mg/kg) + PTZ; PDG (300 mg/kg) + PTZ; sodium selenite (0.5 mg/kg) + PTZ; and SeNPs-PDG (0.5 mg/kg) + PTZ. The treatment duration is extended to 28 days. Results: SeNPs-PDG pre-treatment delayed seizures onset and reduced duration upon PTZ injection. Additionally, SeNPs-PDG enhanced the antioxidant capacity of hippocampal tissue by activating the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 and innate antioxidants (glutathione and glutathione derivatives, in addition to superoxide dismutase and catalase) and decreasing the levels of pro-oxidants (lipoperoxidation products and nitric oxide). SeNPs-PDG administration inhibited inflammatory reactions associated with epileptic seizure development by suppressing the production and activity of glial fibrillary acidic protein and pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor kappa B. Moreover, SeNPs-PDG protected against hippocampal cell loss following PTZ injection by decreasing the levels of cytosolic cytochrome c, Bax, and caspase-3 and enhancing the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Interestingly, SeNPs-PDG restored the PTZ-induced imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acids and improved monoaminergic and cholinergic transmission. Conclusions: These promising antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuromodulatory activities indicate that SeNPs-PDG might serve as a naturally derived anticonvulsant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif E. Al Omairi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (N.E.A.O.); (H.A.)
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-555696608
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (K.F.A.); (W.A.)
| | | | - Walaa Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (K.F.A.); (W.A.)
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71203, USA;
| | - Dalia Zaafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 11311, Egypt;
| | - Maha S. Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (A.E.A.M.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Amira A. Bauomy
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, ArRass 52719, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saied K. Belal
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (A.E.A.M.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Hussain Alyami
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (N.E.A.O.); (H.A.)
| | - Rami B. Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (A.E.A.M.); (R.B.K.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al-Baha University, Al-Mukhwah 65554, Saudi Arabia
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Abd Allah HN, Abdul-Hamid M, Mahmoud AM, Abdel-Reheim ES. Melissa officinalis L. ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation and upregulates Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2214-2226. [PMID: 34363578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures, and its effective management continues to be a therapeutic challenge. Oxidative stress and local inflammatory response accompany the status epilepticus (SE). This study evaluated the effect of Melissa officinalis extract (MOE) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of pilocarpine (PILO)-administered rats, pointing to the involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Rats received PILO via intraperitoneal administration and were treated with MOE for 2 weeks. MOE prevented neuronal loss; decreased lipid peroxidation, Cox-2, PGE2, and BDNF; and downregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampus of PILO-treated rats. In addition, MOE enhanced GSH and antioxidant enzymes, upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA abundance, and increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. Na+/K+-ATPase activity and GABA were increased, and glutamate and acetylcholine were decreased in the hippocampus of epileptic rats treated with MOE. In conclusion, MOE attenuated neuronal loss, oxidative stress, and inflammation; activated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling; and modulated neurotransmitters, GFAP, and Na+/K+-ATPase in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. These findings suggest that M. officinalis can mitigate epileptogenesis, pending further studies to explore the exact underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar N Abd Allah
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Manal Abdul-Hamid
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
- Biotechnology Department, Research Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Eman S Abdel-Reheim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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34
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Unifying mechanism behind the onset of acquired epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 43:87-96. [PMID: 34887128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acquired epilepsy (AE) can result from a number of brain insults and neurological diseases with wide etiological diversity sharing one common outcome of brain epileptiform activity. This implies that despite their disparity, all these initiating pathologies affect the same fundamental brain functions underlying network excitability. Identifying such mechanisms and their availability as therapeutic targets would help develop an effective strategy for epileptogenesis prevention. In this opinion article, we propose that the vicious cycle of NADPH oxidase (NOX)-mediated oxidative stress and glucose hypometabolism is the underlying cause of AE, as available data reveal a critical role for both pathologies in epileptogenesis and the process of seizure initiation. Altogether, here we present a novel view on the mechanisms behind the onset of AE and identify therapeutic targets for potential clinical applications.
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35
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Zimmer TS, David B, Broekaart DWM, Schidlowski M, Ruffolo G, Korotkov A, van der Wel NN, van Rijen PC, Mühlebner A, van Hecke W, Baayen JC, Idema S, François L, van Eyll J, Dedeurwaerdere S, Kessels HW, Surges R, Rüber T, Gorter JA, Mills JD, van Vliet EA, Aronica E. Seizure-mediated iron accumulation and dysregulated iron metabolism after status epilepticus and in temporal lobe epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:729-759. [PMID: 34292399 PMCID: PMC8423709 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal dysfunction due to iron accumulation in conjunction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) could represent an important, yet underappreciated, component of the epileptogenic process. However, to date, alterations in iron metabolism in the epileptogenic brain have not been addressed in detail. Iron-related neuropathology and antioxidant metabolic processes were investigated in resected brain tissue from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS), post-mortem brain tissue from patients who died after status epilepticus (SE) as well as brain tissue from the electrically induced SE rat model of TLE. Magnetic susceptibility of the presumed seizure-onset zone from three patients with focal epilepsy was compared during and after seizure activity. Finally, the cellular effects of iron overload were studied in vitro using an acute mouse hippocampal slice preparation and cultured human fetal astrocytes. While iron-accumulating neurons had a pyknotic morphology, astrocytes appeared to acquire iron-sequestrating capacity as indicated by prominent ferritin expression and iron retention in the hippocampus of patients with SE or TLE. Interictal to postictal comparison revealed increased magnetic susceptibility in the seizure-onset zone of epilepsy patients. Post-SE rats had consistently higher hippocampal iron levels during the acute and chronic phase (when spontaneous recurrent seizures are evident). In vitro, in acute slices that were exposed to iron, neurons readily took up iron, which was exacerbated by induced epileptiform activity. Human astrocyte cultures challenged with iron and ROS increased their antioxidant and iron-binding capacity, but simultaneously developed a pro-inflammatory phenotype upon chronic exposure. These data suggest that seizure-mediated, chronic neuronal iron uptake might play a role in neuronal dysfunction/loss in TLE-HS. On the other hand, astrocytes sequester iron, specifically in chronic epilepsy. This function might transform astrocytes into a highly resistant, pro-inflammatory phenotype potentially contributing to pro-epileptogenic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till S Zimmer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastian David
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diede W M Broekaart
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schidlowski
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ruffolo
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Anatoly Korotkov
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- Department Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C van Rijen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Centre, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Hecke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C Baayen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth François
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jonathan van Eyll
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Helmut W Kessels
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theodor Rüber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan A Gorter
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James D Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, UK
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands.
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Petrillo S, Pietrafusa N, Trivisano M, Calabrese C, Saura F, Gallo MG, Bertini ES, Vigevano F, Specchio N, Piemonte F. Imbalance of Systemic Redox Biomarkers in Children with Epilepsy: Role of Ferroptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081267. [PMID: 34439515 PMCID: PMC8389337 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess if ferroptosis, a new type of programmed cell death accompanied by iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione depletion, occurs in children with epilepsy, and in order to identify a panel of biomarkers useful for patient stratification and innovative-targeted therapies, we measured ferroptosis biomarkers in blood from 83 unrelated children with a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy and 44 age-matched controls. We found a marked dysregulation of three ferroptosis key markers: a consistent increase of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), the main by-product of lipid peroxidation, a significant decrease of glutathione (GSH) levels, and a partial inactivation of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), the mediator of lipid peroxides detoxification. Furthermore, we found a significant increase of NAPDH oxidase 2 (NOX2) in the blood of children, supporting this enzyme as a primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in epilepsy. Additionally, since the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) induction protects the brain from epileptic seizure damage, we also evaluated the NRF2 expression in the blood of children. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory transcription factor was activated in patients, although not enough to re-establish a correct redox homeostasis for counteracting ferroptosis. Ferroptosis-mediated oxidative damage has been proposed as an emergent mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Overall, our study confirms a crucial role for ferroptosis in epilepsy, leading to the identification of a panel of biomarkers useful to find new therapeutic targets. Developing innovative drugs, which act by inhibiting the ferroptosis signaling axis, may represent a promising strategy for new anti-seizure medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrillo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.G.G.); (E.S.B.)
| | - Nicola Pietrafusa
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (M.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Marina Trivisano
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (M.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Costanza Calabrese
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (M.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Francesca Saura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Giovanna Gallo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.G.G.); (E.S.B.)
| | - Enrico Silvio Bertini
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.G.G.); (E.S.B.)
| | - Federico Vigevano
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network on Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Piazza S. Onforio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network on Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Piazza S. Onforio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.G.G.); (E.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-6859-2102
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Manouze H, Ghestem A, Bennis M, Sokar Z, Benoliel JJ, Becker C, Ba-M'hamed S, Bernard C. Antiseizure effects of Anacyclus pyrethrum in socially isolated rats with and without a positive handling strategy. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2551-2564. [PMID: 34347880 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aqueous extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum (AEAPR) is used in traditional medicine to treat epilepsy, but whether it has antiseizure properties has not been established. Because extracts of the plant have antioxidant properties, we hypothesized that it may be particularly potent in conditions associated with oxidative stress, in particular social isolation. METHODS We addressed these objectives in the pilocarpine experimental model of epilepsy using socially isolated rats maintaining contacts with (handled) and without (unhandled) positive handling strategy. Both groups were further divided into treated (AEAPR was added to the drinking water) and untreated groups. Continuous (24/7) electroencephalography (EEG) recordings started in the sixth week after status epilepticus (SE) with a predrug control period of 3 weeks, followed by 3 weeks of daily treatment with AEAPR or water, and finally a postdrug control period of 3 weeks. At the end of the experimental procedure, we measured lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase activities in the hippocampus to assess oxidative stress. RESULTS A. pyrethrum treatment significantly reduced seizure frequency by 51% and 57%, duration by 30% and 33%, and severity by 31% and 26% in isolated handled and unhandled rats, respectively. The beneficial effects on seizures were still present 3 weeks after the end of the treatment. The treatment reduced lipid peroxidation as well as SOD, GPx, and catalase activities. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that A. pyrethrum has antiseizure and antioxidant properties, even in social isolation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Manouze
- Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Lab of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology & Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Antoine Ghestem
- Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Bennis
- Lab of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology & Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Zahra Sokar
- Lab of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology & Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Jean-Jacques Benoliel
- Service de Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,INSERM UMRS 1124, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chrystel Becker
- INSERM UMRS 1124, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Saadia Ba-M'hamed
- Lab of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology & Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Christophe Bernard
- Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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Zhu F, Xiang Y, Zeng L. Progress on mitochondrial silence information regulator family in epilepsy. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2021; 50:403-408. [PMID: 34402260 PMCID: PMC8710281 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SIRT3, SIRT4 and SIRT5 are located in mitochondria and also known as mitochondrial sirtuins. They play important roles in regulating many cellular functions including cell survival, cell cycle or apoptosis, DNA repair and metabolism. Mitochondrial sirtuins are involved in the protection of mitochondrial integrity and energy metabolism under stress regulating the expression of neurotransmitter receptors, neurotrophins, extracellular matrix proteins and various transcription factors, thus involved in epileptogenesis triggered by both genetic or acquired factors. Here we review research progress on the actions of mitochondrial sirtuin in epilepsy; and discuss the challenges and perspectives of mitochondrial sirtuin as a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy.
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39
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Chen S, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Kuang X, Liu Y, Guo M, Ma L, Zhang D, Li Q. Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:601193. [PMID: 33424539 PMCID: PMC7793792 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.601193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disease characterized by recurrent, episodic, and transient central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction resulting from an excessive synchronous discharge of brain neurons. It is characterized by diverse etiology, complex pathogenesis, and difficult treatment. In addition, most epileptic patients exhibit social cognitive impairment and psychological impairment. Iron is an essential trace element for human growth and development and is also involved in a variety of redox reactions in organisms. However, abnormal iron metabolism is associated with several neurological disorders, including hemorrhagic post-stroke epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Moreover, ferroptosis is also considered a new form of regulation of cell death, which is attributed to severe lipid peroxidation caused by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron overload found in various neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Therefore, this review summarizes the study on iron metabolism and ferroptosis in epilepsy, in order to elucidate the correlation between iron and epilepsy. It also provides a novel method for the treatment, prevention, and research of epilepsy, to control epileptic seizures and reduce nerve injury after the epileptic seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yongmin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yukang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xi Kuang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Health Vocational College, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Meiwen Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Daqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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40
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Joshi S, Goodkin HP. The Need to Intervene Before Time Point 2: Evidence From Clinical and Animal Data That Status Epilepticus Damages the Brain. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 37:375-380. [PMID: 32890057 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus, a condition characterized by abnormally prolonged seizures, has the potential to cause irreversible, structural or functional, injury to the brain. Unfavorable consequences of these seizures include mortality, the risk of developing epilepsy, and cognitive impairment. We highlight key findings of clinical and laboratory studies that have provided insights into aspects of cell death, and anatomical and functional alterations triggered by status epilepticus that support the need to intervene before time point 2, the time after which the risk of these long-term consequences increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Joshi
- Department of Neurology, UVA Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A
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41
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Zhu W, Zhu J, Zhao S, Li J, Hou D, Zhang Y, Sun H. Xenon Exerts Neuroprotective Effects on Kainic Acid-Induced Acute Generalized Seizures in Rats via Increased Autophagy. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:582872. [PMID: 33132850 PMCID: PMC7573545 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.582872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenon has been shown to have neuroprotective effects and is clinically used as a favorable safe inhalation anesthetic. We previously confirmed the neuroprotective effects of xenon treatment in epileptic animals. However, the mechanism underlying these protective effects remains unclear. We aimed to assess the effects of xenon inhalation on autophagy in neuronal injury induced by acute generalized seizures. Kainic acid (KA) was injected into the lateral ventricle of male Sprague–Dawley rats to induce acute generalized seizures. Next, the rats were treated via inhalation of a 70% xenon/21% oxygen/9% nitrogen mixture for 60 min immediately after KA administration. The control group was treated via inhalation of a 79% nitrogen/21% oxygen mixture. Subsequently, two inhibitors (3-methyladenine or bafilomycin A1) or an autophagy inducer (rapamycin) were administered, respectively, before KA and xenon administration to determine the role of autophagy in the protective effects of xenon. The levels of apoptosis, neuronal injury, and autophagy were determined in all the rats. Xenon inhalation significantly attenuated the severity of the seizure-induced neuronal injury. Increased autophagy accompanied this inhibitive effect. Autophagy inhibition eliminated these xenon neuroprotective effects. A simulation of autophagy using rapamycin recapitulated xenon’s protective effects on KA-induced acute generalized seizures in the rats. These findings confirmed that xenon exerts strong neuroprotective effects in KA-induced acute generalized seizures. Further, they indicate that increased autophagy may underlie the protective effects of xenon. Therefore, xenon and autophagy inducers may be useful clinical options for their neuroprotective effects in epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Jieqing Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dianjun Hou
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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Seizure-Induced Oxidative Stress in Status Epilepticus: Is Antioxidant Beneficial? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111029. [PMID: 33105652 PMCID: PMC7690410 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder which affects patients physically and mentally and causes a real burden for the patient, family and society both medically and economically. Currently, more than one-third of epilepsy patients are still under unsatisfied control, even with new anticonvulsants. Other measures may be added to those with drug-resistant epilepsy. Excessive neuronal synchronization is the hallmark of epileptic activity and prolonged epileptic discharges such as in status epilepticus can lead to various cellular events and result in neuronal damage or death. Unbalanced oxidative status is one of the early cellular events and a critical factor to determine the fate of neurons in epilepsy. To counteract excessive oxidative damage through exogenous antioxidant supplements or induction of endogenous antioxidative capability may be a reasonable approach for current anticonvulsant therapy. In this article, we will introduce the critical roles of oxidative stress and further discuss the potential use of antioxidants in this devastating disease.
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Boleti APDA, Frihling BEF, E Silva PS, Cardoso PHDO, de Moraes LFRN, Rodrigues TAA, Biembengute MEF, Koolen HHF, Migliolo L. Biochemical aspects and therapeutic mechanisms of cannabidiol in epilepsy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 132:1214-1228. [PMID: 33031814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. Studies have shown the complexity of epileptogenesis and ictogenesis, in which immunological processes and epigenetic and structural changes in neuronal tissues have been identified as triggering epilepsy. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major active component of the Cannabis plant and the source of CBD-enriched products for the treatment of epilepsy and associated diseases. In this review, we provide an up-to-date discussion on cellular and molecular mechanisms triggered during epilepsy crises, and the phytochemical characteristics of CBD that make it an attractive candidate for controlling rare syndromes, with excellent therapeutic properties. We also discuss possible CBD anticonvulsant mechanisms and molecular targets in neurodegenerative disorders and epilepsy. Based on these arguments, we conclude that CBD presents a biotecnological potential in the anticonvulsant process, including decreasing dependence on health care in hospitals, and could make the patient's life more stable, with regard to neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de A Boleti
- S-InovaBiotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Breno Emanuel F Frihling
- S-InovaBiotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Souza E Silva
- S-InovaBiotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique de O Cardoso
- S-InovaBiotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Filipe R N de Moraes
- S-InovaBiotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Antônio A Rodrigues
- S-InovaBiotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Hector Henrique F Koolen
- Grupo de Estudos em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - UEA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- S-InovaBiotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
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Yang B, Liang RS, Wu XY, Lin YJ. LncRNA TUG1 inhibits neuronal apoptosis in status epilepticus rats via targeting the miR-421/mTOR axis. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109787. [PMID: 33007387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) induces apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. However, the underlying mechanism in SE is not fully understood. Recently, lncRNA TUG1 is reported as a significant mediator in neuronal development. In present study, we aimed to investigate whether lncRNA TUG1 induces apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in SE rat models. TUG1 expression in serum of normal volunteers and SE patients, SE rats and neurons with epileptiform discharge was detected. SE rat model was established and intervened with TUG1 to evaluate hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. The experiments in vitro were further performed in neurons with epileptiform discharge to verify the effects of TUG1 on neuronal apoptosis of SE rats. The downstream mechanism of TUG1 was predicted and verified. miR-421 was intervened to perform the rescue experiments. Levels of oxidative stress and inflammation-related factors and mTOR pathway-related proteins in SE rats and hippocampal neurons were detected. TUG1 was highly expressed in serum of SE patients, SE rats and neurons with epileptiform discharge. Inhibition of TUG1 relieved pathological injury, oxidative stress and inflammation and reduced neuronal apoptosis in SE rats, which were further verified in hippocampal neurons. TUG1 upregulated TIMP2 expression by targeting miR-421. Overexpressed miR-421 inhibited hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. TUG1 knockout inactivated the mTOR pathway via the miR-421/TIMP2 axis to relieve neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in SE rats and hippocampal neurons. Taken together, these findings showed that downregulation of lncRNA TUG1 inhibited apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in SE rats, and attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation damage through regulating the miR-421/mTOR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Liang
- Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Xi-Yao Wu
- Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yao-Jing Lin
- Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Luo Z, Wang J, Tang S, Zheng Y, Zhou X, Tian F, Xu Z. Dynamic-related protein 1 inhibitor eases epileptic seizures and can regulate equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 expression. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:353. [PMID: 32962663 PMCID: PMC7507736 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dynamic-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a key protein involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fission, and it could affect the dynamic balance of mitochondria and appears to be protective against neuronal injury in epileptic seizures. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) is expressed and functional in the mitochondrial membrane that equilibrates adenosine concentration across membranes. Whether Drp1 participates in the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures via regulating function of ENT1 remains unclear. Methods In the present study, we used pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus (SE) in rats, and we used mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1), a selective inhibitor to Drp1, to suppress mitochondrial fission in pilocarpine-induced SE model. Mdivi-1administered by intraperitoneal injection before SE induction, and the latency to firstepileptic seizure and the number of epileptic seizures was thereafter observed. The distribution of Drp1 was detected by immunofluorescence, and the expression patterns of Drp1 and ENT1 were detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the mitochondrial ultrastructure of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results We found that Drp1 was expressed mainly in neurons and Drp1 expression was significantly upregulated in the hippocampal and temporal neocortex tissues at 6 h and 24 h after induction of SE. Mitochondrial fission inhibitor 1 attenuated epileptic seizures after induction of SE, reduced mitochondrial damage and ENT1 expression. Conclusions These data indicate that Drp1 is upregulated in hippocampus and temporal neocortex after pilocarpine-induced SE and the inhibition of Drp1 may lead to potential therapeutic target for SE by regulating ENT1 after pilocarpine-induced SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Shirong Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Thirteenth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400053, China
| | - Yongsu Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Fei Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China.
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Zimmer TS, Broekaart DWM, Gruber VE, van Vliet EA, Mühlebner A, Aronica E. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex as Disease Model for Investigating mTOR-Related Gliopathy During Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:1028. [PMID: 33041976 PMCID: PMC7527496 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) represents the prototypic monogenic disorder of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway dysregulation. It provides the rational mechanistic basis of a direct link between gene mutation and brain pathology (structural and functional abnormalities) associated with a complex clinical phenotype including epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability. So far, research conducted in TSC has been largely neuron-oriented. However, the neuropathological hallmarks of TSC and other malformations of cortical development also include major morphological and functional changes in glial cells involving astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, NG2 glia, and microglia. These cells and their interglial crosstalk may offer new insights into the common neurobiological mechanisms underlying epilepsy and the complex cognitive and behavioral comorbidities that are characteristic of the spectrum of mTOR-associated neurodevelopmental disorders. This review will focus on the role of glial dysfunction, the interaction between glia related to mTOR hyperactivity, and its contribution to epileptogenesis in TSC. Moreover, we will discuss how understanding glial abnormalities in TSC might give valuable insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms that could help to develop novel therapeutic approaches for TSC or other pathologies characterized by glial dysfunction and acquired mTOR hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till S Zimmer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diede W M Broekaart
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
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Borowicz-Reutt KK, Czuczwar SJ. Role of oxidative stress in epileptogenesis and potential implications for therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1218-1226. [PMID: 32865811 PMCID: PMC7550371 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a state of balance between oxidants and antioxidants, free radicals play an advantageous role of “redox messengers”. In a state of oxidative stress, they trigger a cascade of events leading to epileptogenesis. During this latent, free of seizures period, a cascade of neurological changes takes place and finally leads to spontaneous recurrent seizures. The main processes involved in seizure generation are: neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration with anomalous neuroregeneration and lowering seizure threshold. Time of epileptogenesis offers a unique therapeutic window to prevent or at least attenuate seizure development. Animal data indicate that some antioxidants (for instance, resveratrol) may bear an anti-epileptogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Borowicz-Reutt
- Independent Unit of Experimental Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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Tao Z, Chun-Yan H, Hua P, Bin-Bin Y, Xiaoping T. Phyllathin From Phyllanthus Amarus Ameliorates Epileptic Convulsion and Kindling Associated Post-Ictal Depression in Mice via Inhibition of NF-κB/TLR-4 Pathway. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820946914. [PMID: 32821254 PMCID: PMC7412921 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820946914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a chronic, complex, unprovoked, and recurrent disorder of the nervous system that affected several people worldwide. Phyllanthus amarus (PA) has been documented to have neuroprotective potential. Aim To evaluate the potential of standardized extract of PA and its possible mechanism of action against the Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsion and kindling associated post-ictal depression in experimental mice. Materials and Methods Phyllathin was isolated from methanolic extract of PA and well-characterized using HPTLC, ESI-MS/MS, and LC/MS. Phyllathin containing a standardized extract of PA (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered in convulsed and kindled mice, followed by an assessment of various parameters. Results The spectral analysis confirmed the molecular formula and weight of phyllanthin as C24H34O6 and 418.2342 Da. PA (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated PTZ-induced (p < 0.05) duration, onset of tonic-clonic convulsion, and mortality in mice. It also significantly attenuated (p < 0.05) PTZ-induced kindling in mice. Alteration in brain GABA, dopamine, and glutamate, Na+K+ATPase, Ca+2-ATPase activities, and oxido-nitrosative stress in kindled mice was significantly restored (p < 0.05) by PA treatment. It also significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated brain mRNA expressions of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and TLR-4. Histological aberrations induced by PTZ in the brain of a kindled rat was significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated by PA. Conclusion Phyllanthin containing a standardized extract of PA exerts its antiepileptic potential via balancing excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) brain monoamines, voltage-gated ion channels (Na+K+/Ca+2-ATPase) and inhibition of NF-κB/TLR-4 pathway to ameliorate neuroinflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2) in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hu Chun-Yan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Peng Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yang Bin-Bin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Tang Xiaoping
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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Abstract
Epilepsy is frequently a severe and sinister symptom in primary mitochondrial diseases, a group of more than 350 different genetic disorders characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and extreme clinical and biochemical heterogeneity. Mitochondrial epilepsy is notoriously difficult to manage, principally because the vast majority of primary mitochondrial diseases currently lack effective therapies. Treating the underlying mitochondrial disorder is likely to be a more effective strategy than using traditional antiepileptic drugs. This review, initially presented at the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures at the Francis Crick Institute in London, summarizes the currently available and emerging therapies for mitochondrial epilepsy. Potentially treatable mitochondrial diseases include disorders of coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis and a group of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit and assembly factor defects that respond to riboflavin (vitamin B2). Approaches that have been adopted in actively recruiting clinical trials include redox modulation, harnessing mitochondrial biogenesis, using rapamycin to target mitophagy, nucleoside supplementation, and gene and cell therapies. Most of the clinical trials are at an early stage (Phase 1 or 2) and none of the currently active trials is specifically targeting mitochondrial epilepsy. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proceedings of the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures".
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Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhu W, Yu J, Wang Q, Zhang J, Cui Y, Pan X, Gao X, Sun H. Succinate accumulation induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and promotes status epilepticus in the kainic acid rat model. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101365. [PMID: 31707354 PMCID: PMC6854095 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Though succinate accumulation is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and neuronal injury, which play critical roles in epilepsy, it is unclear whether succinate accumulation contributes to the onset of epilepsy or seizures. We sought to investigate changes in succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX levels, as well as mitophagy and neuronal change, in different status epilepticus (SE) rat models. Our results demonstrate that KA-induced SE was accompanied by increased levels of succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX, as well as mitophagy and neuronal degeneration. The similarly increased levels of succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX were also found in pilocarpine-induced SE. Moreover, the reduction of succinate accumulation by the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate/aspartate shuttle (MAS), or purine nucleotide cycle (PNC) served to reduce succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX levels, thereby preventing oxidative stress-related neuronal damage and lessening seizure severity. Interestingly, simulating succinate accumulation with succinic acid dimethyl ester may induce succinate accumulation and increased oxidative stress and mito-SOX levels, as well as behavior and seizures in electroencephalograms similar to those observed in rats exposed to KA. Our results indicate that succinate accumulation may contribute to the increased oxidative stress/mitochondrial ROS levels, neuronal degeneration, and SE induced by KA administration. Furthermore, we found that succinate accumulation was mainly due to the inverse catalysis of SDH from fumarate, which was supplemented by the MAS and PNC pathways. These results reveal new insights into the mechanisms underlying SE and that reducing succinate accumulation may be a clinically useful therapeutic target in SE. KA- or pilocarpine-induced SE was accompanied by succinate accumulation. Succinate accumulation caused elevated ROS/mito-ROS levels and neuronal injury. Inverse catalysis of SDH from fumarate mainly caused succinate accumulation. Inhibiting succinate accumulation relieved oxidative stress level, neuronal injury, and seizure. Simulating succinate accumulation induced elevated oxidative stress level and seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xue Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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