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Young N, Gui Z, Mustafa S, Papa K, Jessop E, Ruddell E, Bevington L, Quinlan RA, Benham AM, Goldberg MW, Obara B, Karakesisoglou I. Inhibition of PDIs Downregulates Core LINC Complex Proteins, Promoting the Invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells in Confined Spaces In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:906. [PMID: 38891038 PMCID: PMC11172124 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells tether the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton via a conserved molecular bridge, called the LINC complex. The core of the LINC complex comprises SUN-domain and KASH-domain proteins that directly associate within the nuclear envelope lumen. Intra- and inter-chain disulphide bonds, along with KASH-domain protein interactions, both contribute to the tertiary and quaternary structure of vertebrate SUN-domain proteins. The significance of these bonds and the role of PDIs (protein disulphide isomerases) in LINC complex biology remains unclear. Reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE analyses revealed a prevalence of SUN2 homodimers in non-tumorigenic breast epithelia MCF10A cells, but not in the invasive triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line. Furthermore, super-resolution microscopy revealed SUN2 staining alterations in MCF10A, but not in MDA-MB-231 nuclei, upon reducing agent exposure. While PDIA1 levels were similar in both cell lines, pharmacological inhibition of PDI activity in MDA-MB-231 cells led to SUN-domain protein down-regulation, as well as Nesprin-2 displacement from the nucleus. This inhibition also caused changes in perinuclear cytoskeletal architecture and lamin downregulation, and increased the invasiveness of PDI-inhibited MDA-MB-231 cells in space-restrictive in vitro environments, compared to untreated cells. These results emphasise the key roles of PDIs in regulating LINC complex biology, cellular architecture, biomechanics, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Young
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Zizhao Gui
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Suleiman Mustafa
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK; (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Kleopatra Papa
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Emily Jessop
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Elizabeth Ruddell
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Laura Bevington
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Roy A. Quinlan
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Adam M. Benham
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Martin W. Goldberg
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
| | - Boguslaw Obara
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK; (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Iakowos Karakesisoglou
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (N.Y.); (Z.G.); (K.P.); (E.J.); (E.R.); (L.B.); (R.A.Q.); (A.M.B.); (M.W.G.)
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Zi-Yi Z, Qin Q, Fei Z, Cun-Yu C, Lin T. Nesprin proteins: bridging nuclear envelope dynamics to muscular dysfunction. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:208. [PMID: 38566066 PMCID: PMC10986154 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive exploration of the pivotal role played by the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, with a particular focus on Nesprin proteins, in cellular mechanics and the pathogenesis of muscular diseases. Distinguishing itself from prior works, the analysis delves deeply into the intricate interplay of the LINC complex, emphasizing its indispensable contribution to maintaining cellular structural integrity, especially in mechanically sensitive tissues such as cardiac and striated muscles. Additionally, the significant association between mutations in Nesprin proteins and the onset of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) is highlighted, underscoring their pivotal role in disease pathogenesis. Through a comprehensive examination of DCM and EDMD cases, the review elucidates the disruptions in the LINC complex, nuclear morphology alterations, and muscular developmental disorders, thus emphasizing the essential function of an intact LINC complex in preserving muscle physiological functions. Moreover, the review provides novel insights into the implications of Nesprin mutations for cellular dynamics in the pathogenesis of muscular diseases, particularly in maintaining cardiac structural and functional integrity. Furthermore, advanced therapeutic strategies, including rectifying Nesprin gene mutations, controlling Nesprin protein expression, enhancing LINC complex functionality, and augmenting cardiac muscle cell function are proposed. By shedding light on the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying nuclear-cytoskeletal interactions, the review lays the groundwork for future research and therapeutic interventions aimed at addressing genetic muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zi-Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Cun-Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microencironment and immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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De Silva S, Fan Z, Kang B, Shanahan CM, Zhang Q. Nesprin-1: novel regulator of striated muscle nuclear positioning and mechanotransduction. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1331-1345. [PMID: 37171063 PMCID: PMC10317153 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nesprins (nuclear envelope spectrin repeat proteins) are multi-isomeric scaffolding proteins. Giant nesprin-1 and -2 localise to the outer nuclear membrane, interact with SUN (Sad1p/UNC-84) domain-containing proteins at the inner nuclear membrane to form the LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, which, in association with lamin A/C and emerin, mechanically couples the nucleus to the cytoskeleton. Despite ubiquitous expression of nesprin giant isoforms, pathogenic mutations in nesprin-1 and -2 are associated with tissue-specific disorders, particularly related to striated muscle such as dilated cardiomyopathy and Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Recent evidence suggests this muscle-specificity might be attributable in part, to the small muscle specific isoform, nesprin-1α2, which has a novel role in striated muscle function. Our current understanding of muscle-specific functions of nesprin-1 and its isoforms will be summarised in this review to provide insight into potential pathological mechanisms of nesprin-related muscle disease and may inform potential targets of therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanelle De Silva
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, London SE5 9NU, U.K
| | - Zhijuan Fan
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, London SE5 9NU, U.K
- Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Baoqiang Kang
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, London SE5 9NU, U.K
| | - Catherine M. Shanahan
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, London SE5 9NU, U.K
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, London SE5 9NU, U.K
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Sohn C, Ma J, Ray WJ, Frost B. Pathogenic tau decreases nuclear tension in cultured neurons. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1058968. [PMID: 36756194 PMCID: PMC9901542 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1058968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease, are pathologically defined by the presence of aggregated forms of tau protein in brains of affected individuals. Previous studies report that the negative effects of pathogenic tau on the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules cause a toxic destabilization of the lamin nucleoskeleton and formation of nuclear invaginations and blebs. Based on the known function of the nucleus as a mechanosensor, as well as the high incidence of nuclear pleomorphism in human Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies, we investigated the effects of pathogenic tau on nuclear tension. We first find that tau-dependent nuclear envelope invagination and relocalization of LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex components are conserved in a newly-developed neuroblastoma cell line that features doxycycline-inducible expression of a tau mutant associated with autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia. We next determine that a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensor of nuclear tension responds to cytoskeletal stabilization and destabilization when expressed in neuroblastoma cells. Using this nuclear tension sensor, we find that induced expression of pathogenic tau is sufficient to decrease nuclear tension. This work provides the initial proof-of-concept evidence that pathogenic forms of tau alter nuclear tension, paving the way for the future study of altered nuclear mechanosensing in the context of tau-mediated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claira Sohn
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jiacheng Ma
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William J. Ray
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bess Frost
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Meqbel BRM, Gomes M, Omer A, Gallouzi IE, Horn HF. LINCing Senescence and Nuclear Envelope Changes. Cells 2022; 11:1787. [PMID: 35681483 PMCID: PMC9179861 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) has emerged as a nexus for cellular organization, signaling, and survival. Beyond its role as a barrier to separate the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm, the NE's role in supporting and maintaining a myriad of other functions has made it a target of study in many cellular processes, including senescence. The nucleus undergoes dramatic changes in senescence, many of which are driven by changes in the NE. Indeed, Lamin B1, a key NE protein that is consistently downregulated in senescence, has become a marker for senescence. Other NE proteins have also been shown to play a role in senescence, including LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex proteins. LINC complexes span the NE, forming physical connections between the cytoplasm to the nucleoplasm. In this way, they integrate nuclear and cytoplasmic mechanical signals and are essential not only for a variety of cellular functions but are needed for cell survival. However, LINC complex proteins have been shown to have a myriad of functions in addition to forming a LINC complex, often existing as nucleoplasmic or cytoplasmic soluble proteins in a variety of isoforms. Some of these proteins have now been shown to play important roles in DNA repair, cell signaling, and nuclear shape regulation, all of which are important in senescence. This review will focus on some of these roles and highlight the importance of LINC complex proteins in senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhita R. M. Meqbel
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
| | - Matilde Gomes
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.G.); (I.E.G.)
| | - Amr Omer
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada;
| | - Imed E. Gallouzi
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.G.); (I.E.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada;
| | - Henning F. Horn
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
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Ueda N, Maekawa M, Matsui TS, Deguchi S, Takata T, Katahira J, Higashiyama S, Hieda M. Inner Nuclear Membrane Protein, SUN1, is Required for Cytoskeletal Force Generation and Focal Adhesion Maturation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:885859. [PMID: 35663386 PMCID: PMC9157646 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.885859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is composed of the inner nuclear membrane-spanning SUN proteins and the outer nuclear membrane-spanning nesprin proteins. The LINC complex physically connects the nucleus and plasma membrane via the actin cytoskeleton to perform diverse functions including mechanotransduction from the extracellular environment to the nucleus. Mammalian somatic cells express two principal SUN proteins, namely SUN1 and SUN2. We have previously reported that SUN1, but not SUN2, is essential for directional cell migration; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Because the balance between adhesive force and traction force is critical for cell migration, in the present study, we focused on focal adhesions (FAs) and the actin cytoskeleton. We observed that siRNA-mediated SUN1 depletion did not affect the recruitment of integrin β1, one of the ubiquitously expressed focal adhesion molecules, to the plasma membrane. Consistently, SUN1-depleted cells normally adhered to extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and vitronectin. In contrast, SUN1 depletion reduced the activation of integrin β1. Strikingly, the depletion of SUN1 interfered with the incorporation of vinculin into the focal adhesions, whereas no significant differences in the expression of vinculin were observed between wild-type and SUN1-depleted cells. In addition, SUN1 depletion suppressed the recruitment of zyxin to nascent focal adhesions. These data indicate that SUN1 is involved in the maturation of focal adhesions. Moreover, disruption of the SUN1-containing LINC complex abrogates the actin cytoskeleton and generation of intracellular traction force, despite the presence of SUN2. Thus, a physical link between the nucleus and cytoskeleton through SUN1 is required for the proper organization of actin, thereby suppressing the incorporation of vinculin and zyxin into focal adhesions and the activation of integrin β1, both of which are dependent on traction force. This study provides insights into a previously unappreciated signaling pathway from the nucleus to the cytoskeleton, which is in the opposite direction to the well-known mechanotransduction pathways from the extracellular matrix to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Ueda
- Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Deguchi
- Division of Bioengineering, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Takata
- Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe, Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
- Department of Oncogenesis and Growth Regulation, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Hieda
- Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe, Japan
- *Correspondence: Miki Hieda,
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Bang ML, Bogomolovas J, Chen J. Understanding the molecular basis of cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H181-H233. [PMID: 34797172 PMCID: PMC8759964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00562.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and can be caused by mutations in a wide range of proteins located in different cellular compartments. The present review is based on Dr. Ju Chen's 2021 Robert M. Berne Distinguished Lectureship of the American Physiological Society Cardiovascular Section, in which he provided an overview of the current knowledge on the cardiomyopathy-associated proteins that have been studied in his laboratory. The review provides a general summary of the proteins in different compartments of cardiomyocytes associated with cardiomyopathies, with specific focus on the proteins that have been studied in Dr. Chen's laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Bang
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ju Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Drosophila Nesprin-1 Isoforms Differentially Contribute to Muscle Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113061. [PMID: 34831284 PMCID: PMC8616381 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesprin-1 is a large scaffold protein connecting nuclei to the actin cytoskeleton via its KASH and Calponin Homology domains, respectively. Nesprin-1 disconnection from nuclei results in altered muscle function and myonuclei mispositioning. Furthermore, Nesprin-1 mutations are associated with muscular pathologies such as Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and arthrogryposis. Nesprin-1 was thus proposed to mainly contribute to muscle function by controlling nuclei position. However, Nesprin-1′s localisation at sarcomere’s Z-discs, its involvement in organelles’ subcellular localization, as well as the description of numerous isoforms presenting different combinations of Calponin Homology (CH) and KASH domains, suggest that the contribution of Nesprin-1 to muscle functions is more complex. Here, we investigate the roles of Nesprin-1/Msp300 isoforms in muscle function and subcellular organisation using Drosophila larvae as a model. Subsets of Msp300 isoform were down-regulated by muscle-specific RNAi expression and muscle global function and morphology were assessed. We show that nuclei anchoring in mature muscle and global muscle function are disconnected functions associated with different Msp300 isoforms. Our work further uncovers a new and unsuspected role of Msp300 in myofibril registration and nuclei peripheral displacement supported by Msp300 CH containing isoforms, a function performed by Desmin in mammals.
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The Role of Emerin in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011289. [PMID: 34681951 PMCID: PMC8537873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly recognized in the field that cancer cells exhibit changes in the size and shape of their nuclei. These features often serve as important biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients. Nuclear size can significantly impact cell migration due to its incredibly large size. Nuclear structural changes are predicted to regulate cancer cell migration. Nuclear abnormalities are common across a vast spectrum of cancer types, regardless of tissue source, mutational spectrum, and signaling dependencies. The pervasiveness of nuclear alterations suggests that changes in nuclear structure may be crucially linked to the transformation process. The factors driving these nuclear abnormalities, and the functional consequences, are not completely understood. Nuclear envelope proteins play an important role in regulating nuclear size and structure in cancer. Altered expression of nuclear lamina proteins, including emerin, is found in many cancers and this expression is correlated with better clinical outcomes. A model is emerging whereby emerin, as well as other nuclear lamina proteins, binding to the nucleoskeleton regulates the nuclear structure to impact metastasis. In this model, emerin and lamins play a central role in metastatic transformation, since decreased emerin expression during transformation causes the nuclear structural defects required for increased cell migration, intravasation, and extravasation. Herein, we discuss the cellular functions of nuclear lamina proteins, with a particular focus on emerin, and how these functions impact cancer progression and metastasis.
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Birks S, Uzer G. At the nuclear envelope of bone mechanobiology. Bone 2021; 151:116023. [PMID: 34051417 PMCID: PMC8600447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope and nucleoskeleton are emerging as signaling centers that regulate how physical information from the extracellular matrix is biochemically transduced into the nucleus, affecting chromatin and controlling cell function. Bone is a mechanically driven tissue that relies on physical information to maintain its physiological function and structure. Disorder that present with musculoskeletal and cardiac symptoms, such as Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophies and progeria, correlate with mutations in nuclear envelope proteins including Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, Lamin A/C, and emerin. However, the role of nuclear envelope mechanobiology on bone function remains underexplored. The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) model is perhaps the most studied relationship between bone regulation and nuclear envelope function. MSCs maintain the musculoskeletal system by differentiating into multiple cell types including osteocytes and adipocytes, thus supporting the bone's ability to respond to mechanical challenge. In this review, we will focus on how MSC function is regulated by mechanical challenges both in vitro and in vivo within the context of bone function specifically focusing on integrin, β-catenin and YAP/TAZ signaling. The importance of the nuclear envelope will be explored within the context of musculoskeletal diseases related to nuclear envelope protein mutations and nuclear envelope regulation of signaling pathways relevant to bone mechanobiology in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Birks
- Boise State University, Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, United States of America
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Boise State University, Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, United States of America.
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Biallelic SYNE2 Missense Mutations Leading to Nesprin-2 Giant Hypo-Expression Are Associated with Intellectual Disability and Autism. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091294. [PMID: 34573277 PMCID: PMC8470961 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurological and developmental disabilities characterised by clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The current study aimed to expand ASD genotyping by investigating potential associations with SYNE2 mutations. Specifically, the disease-causing variants of SYNE2 in 410 trios manifesting neurodevelopmental disorders using whole-exome sequencing were explored. The consequences of the identified variants were studied at the transcript level using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). For validation, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting were performed to analyse mutational effects at the protein level. The compound heterozygous variants of SYNE2 (NM_182914.3:c.2483T>G; p.(Val828Gly) and NM_182914.3:c.2362G>A; p.(Glu788Lys)) were identified in a 4.5-year-old male, clinically diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay and intellectual disability. Both variants reside within the nesprin-2 giant spectrin repeat (SR5) domain and are predicted to be highly damaging using in silico tools. Specifically, a significant reduction of nesprin-2 giant protein levels is revealed in patient cells. SYNE2 transcription and the nuclear envelope localisation of the mutant proteins was however unaffected as compared to parental control cells. Collectively, these data provide novel insights into the cardinal role of the nesprin-2 giant in neurodevelopment and suggest that the biallelic hypomorphic SYNE2 mutations may be a new cause of intellectual disability and ASD.
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12
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Pulling the springs of a cell by single-molecule force spectroscopy. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:77-87. [PMID: 33284963 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental unit of the human body comprises of the cells which remain embedded in a fibrillar network of extracellular matrix proteins which in turn provides necessary anchorage the cells. Tissue repair, regeneration and reprogramming predominantly involve a traction force mediated signalling originating in the ECM and travelling deep into the cell including the nucleus via circuitry of spring-like filamentous proteins like microfilaments or actin, intermediate filaments and microtubules to elicit a response in the form of mechanical movement as well as biochemical changes. The 'springiness' of these proteins is highlighted in their extension-contraction behaviour which is manifested as an effect of differential traction force. Atomic force microscope (AFM) provides the magic eye to visualize and quantify such force-extension/indentation events in these filamentous proteins as well as in whole cells. In this review, we have presented a summary of the current understanding and advancement of such measurements by AFM based single-molecule force spectroscopy in the context of cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal proteins which act in tandem to facilitate mechanotransduction.
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Nakazawa N, Kengaku M. Mechanical Regulation of Nuclear Translocation in Migratory Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:150. [PMID: 32226788 PMCID: PMC7080992 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a critical step during the formation of functional neural circuits in the brain. Newborn neurons need to move across long distances from the germinal zone to their individual sites of function; during their migration, they must often squeeze their large, stiff nuclei, against strong mechanical stresses, through narrow spaces in developing brain tissue. Recent studies have clarified how actomyosin and microtubule motors generate mechanical forces in specific subcellular compartments and synergistically drive nuclear translocation in neurons. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of the surrounding tissues also contribute to their function as an adhesive support for cytoskeletal force transmission, while they also serve as a physical barrier to nuclear translocation. In this review, we discuss recent studies on nuclear migration in developing neurons, from both cell and mechanobiological viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Nakazawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Yang W, Wen D, Chen S, Xue S, Gu J, Dan J, Zheng H. The expression of Nesprin-1 increased in aortic dissection: why? J Thorac Dis 2020; 11:4960-4965. [PMID: 32030211 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.12.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background To detect the expression of Nesprin-1 in aortic dissection (AD) in patients and to investigate the role of Nesprin-1 in the pathogenesis of AD in a mouse model. Methods Blood and tissue specimens from AD patients were collected. The expression of Nesprin-1 in tissues from AD patients and non-AD patients with heart disease was studied by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, the expression and distribution of Nesprin-1 in AD and sham mice were compared in an induced AD mouse model, and detected by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Results Immunoblotting and qRT-PCR both showed that the expression of Nesprin-1 was significantly higher in AD versus control patients. An animal model of AD was established by continuous injection of Ang II into ApoE-/- mice. The expression of Nesprin-1 in aortic tissue of AD mice was higher than that of sham-operated mice as determined by immunohistochemistry. qRT-PCR showed that Nesprin-1 gene expression in aorta of AD mice was higher than that of sham-operated mice. Conclusions An increased expression of Nesprin-1 was associated with AD, and hence Nesprin-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of ADs. Preliminary findings suggest that Nesprin-1 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Dezhong Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shaoxi Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhe Jiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jianmin Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jianggui Dan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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15
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Sur-Erdem I, Hussain MS, Asif M, Pınarbası N, Aksu AC, Noegel AA. Nesprin-1 impact on tumorigenic cell phenotypes. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:921-934. [PMID: 31741263 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The largest protein of the nuclear envelope (NE) is Nesprin-1 which forms a network along the NE interacting with actin, Emerin, Lamin, and SUN proteins. Mutations in the SYNE1 gene and reduction in Nesprin-1 protein levels have been reported to correlate with several age related diseases and cancer. In the present study, we tested whether Nesprin-1 overexpression can reverse the malignant phenotype of Huh7 cells, a human liver cancer cell line, which carries a mutation in the SYNE1 gene resulting in reduced Nesprin-1 protein levels, has altered nuclear shape, altered amounts and localization of NE components, centrosome localization and genome stability. Ectopic expression of a mini-Nesprin-1 led to an improvement of the nuclear shape, corrected the mislocalization of NE proteins, the centrosome positioning, and the alterations in the DNA damage response network. Additionally, Nesprin-1 had a profound effect on cellular senescence. These findings suggest that Nesprin-1 may be effective in tumorigenic cell phenotype correction of human liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Sur-Erdem
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Muhammed Sajid Hussain
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Asif
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nareg Pınarbası
- Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Cenk Aksu
- Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Nesprin-1-alpha2 associates with kinesin at myotube outer nuclear membranes, but is restricted to neuromuscular junction nuclei in adult muscle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14202. [PMID: 31578382 PMCID: PMC6775114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesprins, nuclear envelope spectrin-repeat proteins encoded by the SYNE1 and SYNE2 genes, are involved in localization of nuclei. The short isoform, nesprin-1-alpha2, is required for relocation of the microtubule organizer function from centromeres to the nuclear rim during myogenesis. Using specific antibodies, we now show that both nesprin-1-alpha2 and nesprin-1-giant co-localize with kinesin at the junctions of concatenated nuclei and at the outer poles of nuclear chains in human skeletal myotubes. In adult muscle, nesprin-1-alpha2 was found, together with kinesin, only on nuclei associated with neuromuscular junctions, whereas all adult cardiomyocyte nuclei expressed nesprin-1-alpha2. In a proteomics study, kinesin heavy and light chains were the only significant proteins in myotube extracts pulled down by nesprin-1-alpha2, but not by a mutant lacking the highly-conserved STAR domain (18 amino-acids, including the LEWD motif). The results support a function for nesprin-1-alpha2 in the specific localization of skeletal muscle nuclei mediated by kinesins and suggest that its primary role is at the outer nuclear membrane.
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17
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Mroß C, Marko M, Munck M, Glöckner G, Motameny S, Altmüller J, Noegel AA, Eichinger L, Peche VS, Neumann S. Depletion of Nesprin-2 is associated with an embryonic lethal phenotype in mice. Nucleus 2019; 9:503-515. [PMID: 30220251 PMCID: PMC6244730 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2018.1523664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nesprin-2 is a nuclear envelope component and provides a link between cytoskeletal components of the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. Several isoforms are generated from its gene Syne2. Loss of the largest isoform Nesprin-2 Giant in mice is associated with a skin phenotype and altered wound healing, loss of C-terminal isoforms in mice leads to cardiomyopathies and neurological defects. Here we attempted to establish mice with an inducible knockout of all Nesprin-2 isoforms by inserting shRNA encoding sequences targeting the N- and C-terminus into the ROSA26 locus of mice. This caused early embryonic death of the animals harboring the mutant allele, which was presumably due to leaky expression of the shRNAs. Mutant embryos were only observed before E13. They had an altered appearance and were smaller in size than their wild type littermates. From this we conclude that the Nesprin-2 gene function is crucial during embryonic growth, differentiation and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mroß
- a Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty , University Hospital Cologne; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) , Koeln , Germany
| | - Marija Marko
- a Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty , University Hospital Cologne; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) , Koeln , Germany
| | - Martina Munck
- a Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty , University Hospital Cologne; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) , Koeln , Germany
| | - Gernot Glöckner
- a Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty , University Hospital Cologne; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) , Koeln , Germany
| | - Susanne Motameny
- b Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) , University of Cologne , Koeln , Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- b Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) , University of Cologne , Koeln , Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- a Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty , University Hospital Cologne; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) , Koeln , Germany
| | - Ludwig Eichinger
- a Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty , University Hospital Cologne; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) , Koeln , Germany
| | - Vivek S Peche
- a Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty , University Hospital Cologne; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) , Koeln , Germany
| | - Sascha Neumann
- a Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty , University Hospital Cologne; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) , Koeln , Germany
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18
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Östlund C, Chang W, Gundersen GG, Worman HJ. Pathogenic mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope proteins and defective nucleocytoplasmic connections. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1333-1344. [PMID: 31299860 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219862243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding nuclear lamins and associated nuclear envelope proteins have been linked to a broad range of inherited diseases affecting different tissues and organs. These diseases are often referred to as laminopathies. Scientists have yet to elucidate exactly how pathogenic mutations leading to alteration of a nuclear envelope protein cause disease. Our relatively recent research has shown that pathogenic mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope proteins lead to defective nucleocytoplasmic connections that disrupt proper functioning of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex in the establishment of cell polarity. These defects may explain, at least in part, pathogenic mechanisms underlying laminopathies.Impact statementMutations in genes encoding nuclear lamins and associated nuclear envelope proteins have been linked to several diseases affecting different tissues and organs. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying these diseases, often called laminopathies, remain poorly understood. Increased knowledge of the functions of different nuclear envelope proteins and the interactions between them is crucial to elucidate these disease mechanisms. Our research has shown that pathogenic mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope proteins lead to defective nucleocytoplasmic connections that disrupt proper functioning of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex in the establishment of cell polarity. These defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of laminopathies and provide novel targets for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Östlund
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wakam Chang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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19
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Touchstone H, Bryd R, Loisate S, Thompson M, Kim S, Puranam K, Senthilnathan AN, Pu X, Beard R, Rubin J, Alwood J, Oxford JT, Uzer G. Recovery of stem cell proliferation by low intensity vibration under simulated microgravity requires LINC complex. NPJ Microgravity 2019; 5:11. [PMID: 31123701 PMCID: PMC6520402 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) rely on their ability to integrate physical and spatial signals at load bearing sites to replace and renew musculoskeletal tissues. Designed to mimic unloading experienced during spaceflight, preclinical unloading and simulated microgravity models show that alteration of gravitational loading limits proliferative activity of stem cells. Emerging evidence indicates that this loss of proliferation may be linked to loss of cellular cytoskeleton and contractility. Low intensity vibration (LIV) is an exercise mimetic that promotes proliferation and differentiation of MSCs by enhancing cell structure. Here, we asked whether application of LIV could restore the reduced proliferative capacity seen in MSCs that are subjected to simulated microgravity. We found that simulated microgravity (sMG) decreased cell proliferation and simultaneously compromised cell structure. These changes included increased nuclear height, disorganized apical F-actin structure, reduced expression, and protein levels of nuclear lamina elements LaminA/C LaminB1 as well as linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex elements Sun-2 and Nesprin-2. Application of LIV restored cell proliferation and nuclear proteins LaminA/C and Sun-2. An intact LINC function was required for LIV effect; disabling LINC functionality via co-depletion of Sun-1, and Sun-2 prevented rescue of cell proliferation by LIV. Our findings show that sMG alters nuclear structure and leads to decreased cell proliferation, but does not diminish LINC complex mediated mechanosensitivity, suggesting LIV as a potential candidate to combat sMG-induced proliferation loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Touchstone
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - R. Bryd
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - S. Loisate
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - M. Thompson
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - K. Puranam
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - A. N. Senthilnathan
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - X. Pu
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - R. Beard
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - J. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - J. Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA
| | - J. T. Oxford
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - G. Uzer
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
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20
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Janin A, Gache V. Nesprins and Lamins in Health and Diseases of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1277. [PMID: 30245638 PMCID: PMC6137955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the inner nuclear transmembrane protein emerin in the early 1990s, nuclear envelope (NE) components and related involvement in nuclei integrity and functionality have been highly investigated. The NE is composed of two distinct lipid bilayers described as the inner (INM) and outer (ONM) nuclear membrane. NE proteins can be specifically “integrated” in the INM (such as emerin and SUN proteins) or in the ONM such as nesprins. Additionally, flanked to the INM, the nuclear lamina, a proteinaceous meshwork mainly composed of lamins A and C completes NE composition. This network of proteins physically interplays to guarantee NE integrity and most importantly, shape the bridge between cytoplasmic cytoskeletons networks (such as microtubules and actin) and the genome, through the anchorage to the heterochromatin. The essential network driving the connection of nucleoskeleton with cytoskeleton takes place in the perinuclear space (the space between ONM and INM) with the contribution of the LINC complex (for Linker of Nucleoskeleton to Cytoskeleton), hosting KASH and SUN proteins interactions. This close interplay between compartments has been related to diverse functions from nuclear integrity, activity and positioning through mechanotransduction pathways. At the same time, mutations in NE components genes coding for proteins such as lamins or nesprins, had been associated with a wide range of congenital diseases including cardiac and muscular diseases. Although most of these NE associated proteins are ubiquitously expressed, a large number of tissue-specific disorders have been associated with diverse pathogenic mutations. Thus, diagnosis and molecular explanation of this group of diseases, commonly called “nuclear envelopathies,” is currently challenging. This review aims, first, to give a better understanding of diverse functions of the LINC complex components, from the point of view of lamins and nesprins. Second, to summarize human congenital diseases with a special focus on muscle and heart abnormalities, caused by mutations in genes coding for these two types of NE associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Janin
- CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Cardiogénétique Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Vincent Gache
- CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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21
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Dieffenbach PB, Maracle M, Tschumperlin DJ, Fredenburgh LE. Mechanobiological Feedback in Pulmonary Vascular Disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9:951. [PMID: 30090065 PMCID: PMC6068271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular stiffening in the pulmonary arterial bed is increasingly recognized as an early disease marker and contributor to right ventricular workload in pulmonary hypertension. Changes in pulmonary artery stiffness throughout the pulmonary vascular tree lead to physiologic alterations in pressure and flow characteristics that may contribute to disease progression. These findings have led to a greater focus on the potential contributions of extracellular matrix remodeling and mechanical signaling to pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis. Several recent studies have demonstrated that the cellular response to vascular stiffness includes upregulation of signaling pathways that precipitate further vascular remodeling, a process known as mechanobiological feedback. The extracellular matrix modifiers, mechanosensors, and mechanotransducers responsible for this process have become increasingly well-recognized. In this review, we discuss the impact of vascular stiffening on pulmonary hypertension morbidity and mortality, evidence in favor of mechanobiological feedback in pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis, and the major contributors to mechanical signaling in the pulmonary vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Dieffenbach
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcy Maracle
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex proteins in cardiomyopathy. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1033-1051. [PMID: 29869195 PMCID: PMC6082319 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex couples the nuclear lamina to the cytoskeleton. The LINC complex and its associated proteins play diverse roles in cells, ranging from genome organization, nuclear morphology, gene expression, to mechanical stability. The importance of a functional LINC complex is highlighted by the large number of mutations in genes encoding LINC complex proteins that lead to skeletal and cardiac myopathies. In this review, the structure, function, and interactions between components of the LINC complex will be described. Mutations that are known to cause cardiomyopathy in patients will be discussed alongside their respective mouse models. Furthermore, future challenges for the field and emerging technologies to investigate LINC complex function will be discussed.
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23
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Nesprin-2 Interacts with Condensin Component SMC2. Int J Cell Biol 2018; 2017:8607532. [PMID: 29445399 PMCID: PMC5763115 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8607532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope proteins, Nesprins, have been primarily studied during interphase where they function in maintaining nuclear shape, size, and positioning. We analyze here the function of Nesprin-2 in chromatin interactions in interphase and dividing cells. We characterize a region in the rod domain of Nesprin-2 that is predicted as SMC domain (aa 1436-1766). We show that this domain can interact with itself. It furthermore has the capacity to bind to SMC2 and SMC4, the core subunits of condensin. The interaction was observed during all phases of the cell cycle; it was particularly strong during S phase and persisted also during mitosis. Nesprin-2 knockdown did not affect condensin distribution; however we noticed significantly higher numbers of chromatin bridges in Nesprin-2 knockdown cells in anaphase. Thus, Nesprin-2 may have an impact on chromosomes which might be due to its interaction with condensins or to indirect mechanisms provided by its interactions at the nuclear envelope.
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24
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Zeng X, Li K, Yuan R, Gao H, Luo J, Liu F, Wu Y, Wu G, Yan X. Nuclear Envelope-Associated Chromosome Dynamics during Meiotic Prophase I. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 5:121. [PMID: 29376050 PMCID: PMC5767173 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome dynamics during meiotic prophase I are associated with a series of major events such as chromosomal reorganization and condensation, pairing/synapsis and recombination of the homologs, and chromosome movements at the nuclear envelope (NE). The NE is the barrier separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm and thus plays a central role in NE-associated chromosomal movements during meiosis. Previous studies have shown in various species that NE-linked chromosome dynamics are actually driven by the cytoskeleton. The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes are important constituents of the NE that facilitate in the transfer of cytoskeletal forces across the NE to individual chromosomes. The LINCs consist of the inner and outer NE proteins Sad1/UNC-84 (SUN), and Klarsicht/Anc-1/Syne (KASH) domain proteins. Meiosis-specific adaptations of the LINC components and unique modifications of the NE are required during chromosomal movements. Nonetheless, the actual role of the NE in chromosomic dynamic movements in plants remains elusive. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies on meiosis-specific constituents and modifications of the NE and corresponding nucleoplasmic/cytoplasmic adaptors being involved in NE-associated movement of meiotic chromosomes, as well as describes the potential molecular network of transferring cytoplasm-derived forces into meiotic chromosomes in model organisms. It helps to gain a better understanding of the NE-associated meiotic chromosomal movements in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zeng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Keqi Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Yuan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongfei Gao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Junling Luo
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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Tschumperlin DJ, Ligresti G, Hilscher MB, Shah VH. Mechanosensing and fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:74-84. [PMID: 29293092 DOI: 10.1172/jci93561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury disrupts the mechanical homeostasis that underlies normal tissue architecture and function. The failure to resolve injury and restore homeostasis gives rise to progressive fibrosis that is accompanied by persistent alterations in the mechanical environment as a consequence of pathological matrix deposition and stiffening. This Review focuses on our rapidly growing understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking the altered mechanical environment in injury, repair, and fibrosis to cellular activation. In particular, our focus is on the mechanisms by which cells transduce mechanical signals, leading to transcriptional and epigenetic responses that underlie both transient and persistent alterations in cell state that contribute to fibrosis. Translation of these mechanobiological insights may enable new approaches to promote tissue repair and arrest or reverse fibrotic tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moira B Hilscher
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
The genome in eukaryotic cells is encased by two intricate and interconnected concentric membranes, which together with the underlying nuclear lamina form the nuclear envelope (NE). Two fundamental macromolecular structures are embedded within the nuclear envelope: the nuclear pore (NPC) and the LINC complex. The former perforates the nucleus controlling biomolecule trafficking between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm, while the latter integrates the nucleus via the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. LINC complex structural and functional integrity is of utmost importance for various fundamental cellular functions. Mechanical forces are relayed into the nuclear interior via the LINC complex, which controls lamina organization, chromosome dynamics, and genome organization and stability. Thus, LINC constituents play pivotal roles in cellular architecture including organelle positioning, cell movement, tissue assembly, organ homeostasis, and organismal aging. The LINC complex oligomeric core contains several multi-isomeric, multifunctional, and often tissue-specific proteins. Therefore, for a proper functional analysis, genetic mouse models are an invaluable resource. Herein, we focus on the LINC complex roles in the skin and describe methods that enable the successful isolation of primary embryonic fibroblast and newborn skin cells, which can be then investigated functionally in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Mroß
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Köln, Germany.
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Fal K, Asnacios A, Chabouté ME, Hamant O. Nuclear envelope: a new frontier in plant mechanosensing? Biophys Rev 2017; 9:389-403. [PMID: 28801801 PMCID: PMC5578935 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, it is now well established that forces applied at the cell surface are propagated through the cytoskeleton to the nucleus, leading to deformations of the nuclear structure and, potentially, to modification of gene expression. Consistently, altered nuclear mechanics has been related to many genetic disorders, such as muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy and progeria. In plants, the integration of mechanical signals in cell and developmental biology has also made great progress. Yet, while the link between cell wall stresses and cytoskeleton is consolidated, such cortical mechanical cues have not been integrated with the nucleoskeleton. Here, we propose to take inspiration from studies on animal nuclei to identify relevant methods amenable to probing nucleus mechanics and deformation in plant cells, with a focus on microrheology. To identify potential molecular targets, we also compare the players at the nuclear envelope, namely lamina and LINC complex, in both plant and animal nuclei. Understanding how mechanical signals are transduced to the nucleus across kingdoms will likely have essential implications in development (e.g. how mechanical cues add robustness to gene expression patterns), in the nucleoskeleton-cytoskeleton nexus (e.g. how stress is propagated in turgid/walled cells), as well as in transcriptional control, chromatin biology and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fal
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Edith Chabouté
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France.
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Stroud MJ, Feng W, Zhang J, Veevers J, Fang X, Gerace L, Chen J. Nesprin 1α2 is essential for mouse postnatal viability and nuclear positioning in skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1915-1924. [PMID: 28533284 PMCID: PMC5496623 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The position of the nucleus in a cell is controlled by interactions between the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex and the cytoskeleton. Defects in nuclear positioning and abnormal aggregation of nuclei occur in many muscle diseases and correlate with muscle dysfunction. Nesprin 1, which includes multiple isoforms, is an integral component of the LINC complex, critical for nuclear positioning and anchorage in skeletal muscle, and is thought to provide an essential link between nuclei and actin. However, previous studies have yet to identify which isoform is responsible. To elucidate this, we generated a series of nesprin 1 mutant mice. We showed that the actin-binding domains of nesprin 1 were dispensable, whereas nesprin 1α2, which lacks actin-binding domains, was crucial for postnatal viability, nuclear positioning, and skeletal muscle function. Furthermore, we revealed that kinesin 1 was displaced in fibers of nesprin 1α2-knockout mice, suggesting that this interaction may play an important role in positioning of myonuclei and functional skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Stroud
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jianlin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jennifer Veevers
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Larry Gerace
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Balikov DA, Brady SK, Ko UH, Shin JH, de Pereda JM, Sonnenberg A, Sung HJ, Lang MJ. The nesprin-cytoskeleton interface probed directly on single nuclei is a mechanically rich system. Nucleus 2017. [PMID: 28640691 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2017.1322237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton provides structure and plays an important role in cellular function such as migration, resisting compression forces, and transport. The cytoskeleton also reacts to physical cues such as fluid shear stress or extracellular matrix remodeling by reorganizing filament associations, most commonly focal adhesions and cell-cell cadherin junctions. These mechanical stimuli can result in genome-level changes, and the physical connection of the cytoskeleton to the nucleus provides an optimal conduit for signal transduction by interfacing with nuclear envelope proteins, called nesprins, within the LINC (linker of the nucleus to the cytoskeleton) complex. Using single-molecule on single nuclei assays, we report that the interactions between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton, thought to be nesprin-cytoskeleton interactions, are highly sensitive to force magnitude and direction depending on whether cells are historically interfaced with the matrix or with cell aggregates. Application of ∼10-30 pN forces to these nesprin linkages yielded structural transitions, with a base transition size of 5-6 nm, which are speculated to be associated with partial unfoldings of the spectrin domains of the nesprins and/or structural changes of histones within the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Balikov
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Sonia K Brady
- b Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Ung Hyun Ko
- c Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Jennifer H Shin
- c Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Jose M de Pereda
- d Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas , University of Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
| | | | - Hak-Joon Sung
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,f Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA.,g Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew J Lang
- b Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,h Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA.,i SMART-BioSystems and Micromechanics , National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Regulation of GVBD in mouse oocytes by miR-125a-3p and Fyn kinase through modulation of actin filaments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2238. [PMID: 28533542 PMCID: PMC5440411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotically arrested oocytes are characterized by the presence of the nuclear structure known as germinal-vesicle (GV), the breakdown of which (GVBD) is associated with resumption of meiosis. Fyn is a pivotal factor in resumption of the first meiotic division; its inhibition markedly decreases the fraction of oocytes undergoing GVBD. Here, we reveal that in mouse oocytes Fyn is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR-125a-3p. We demonstrate that in oocytes resuming meiosis miR-125a-3p and Fyn exhibit a reciprocal expression pattern; miR-125a-3p decreases alongside with an increase in Fyn expression. Microinjection of miR-125a-3p inhibits GVBD, an effect that is markedly reduced by Fyn over-expression, and impairs the organization of the actin rim surrounding the nucleus. Lower rate of GVBD is also observed in oocytes exposed to cytochalasin-D or blebbistatin, which interfere with actin polymerization and contractility of actin bundles, respectively. By down-regulating Fyn in HEK-293T cells, miR-125a-3p reduces the interaction between actin and A-type lamins, which constitute the nuclear-lamina. Our findings suggest a mechanism, by which a decrease in miR-125a-3p during oocyte maturation facilitates GVBD by allowing Fyn up-regulation and the resulting stabilization of the interaction between actin and A-type lamins.
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Spichal M, Fabre E. The Emerging Role of the Cytoskeleton in Chromosome Dynamics. Front Genet 2017; 8:60. [PMID: 28580009 PMCID: PMC5437106 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes underlie a dynamic organization that fulfills functional roles in processes like transcription, DNA repair, nuclear envelope stability, and cell division. Chromosome dynamics depend on chromosome structure and cannot freely diffuse. Furthermore, chromosomes interact closely with their surrounding nuclear environment, which further constrains chromosome dynamics. Recently, several studies enlighten that cytoskeletal proteins regulate dynamic chromosome organization. Cytoskeletal polymers that include actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments can connect to the nuclear envelope via Linker of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes and transfer forces onto chromosomes inside the nucleus. Monomers of these cytoplasmic polymers and related proteins can also enter the nucleus and play different roles in the interior of the nucleus than they do in the cytoplasm. Nuclear cytoskeletal proteins can act as chromatin remodelers alone or in complexes with other nuclear proteins. They can also act as transcription factors. Many of these mechanisms have been conserved during evolution, indicating that the cytoskeletal regulation of chromosome dynamics is an essential process. In this review, we discuss the different influences of cytoskeletal proteins on chromosome dynamics by focusing on the well-studied model organism budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Spichal
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel HillNC, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Fabre
- Equipe Biologie et Dynamique des Chromosomes, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, CNRS UMR 7212, INSERM U944, Hôpital St. Louis 1Paris, France
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Abstract
Chromosomes underlie a dynamic organization that fulfills functional roles in processes like transcription, DNA repair, nuclear envelope stability, and cell division. Chromosome dynamics depend on chromosome structure and cannot freely diffuse. Furthermore, chromosomes interact closely with their surrounding nuclear environment, which further constrains chromosome dynamics. Recently, several studies enlighten that cytoskeletal proteins regulate dynamic chromosome organization. Cytoskeletal polymers that include actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments can connect to the nuclear envelope via Linker of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes and transfer forces onto chromosomes inside the nucleus. Monomers of these cytoplasmic polymers and related proteins can also enter the nucleus and play different roles in the interior of the nucleus than they do in the cytoplasm. Nuclear cytoskeletal proteins can act as chromatin remodelers alone or in complexes with other nuclear proteins. They can also act as transcription factors. Many of these mechanisms have been conserved during evolution, indicating that the cytoskeletal regulation of chromosome dynamics is an essential process. In this review, we discuss the different influences of cytoskeletal proteins on chromosome dynamics by focusing on the well-studied model organism budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Spichal
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel HillNC, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Fabre
- Equipe Biologie et Dynamique des Chromosomes, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, CNRS UMR 7212, INSERM U944, Hôpital St. Louis 1Paris, France
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Cytoskeletal Configuration Modulates Mechanically Induced Changes in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis, Morphology, and Stiffness. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34791. [PMID: 27708389 PMCID: PMC5052530 DOI: 10.1038/srep34791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) responding to mechanical cues generated by physical activity is critical for skeletal development and remodeling. Here, we utilized low intensity vibrations (LIV) as a physiologically relevant mechanical signal and hypothesized that the confined cytoskeletal configuration imposed by 2D culture will enable human bone marrow MSCs (hBMSC) to respond more robustly when LIV is applied in-plane (horizontal-LIV) rather than out-of-plane (vertical-LIV). All LIV signals enhanced hBMSC proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and upregulated genes associated with cytoskeletal structure. The cellular response was more pronounced at higher frequencies (100 Hz vs 30 Hz) and when applied in the horizontal plane. Horizontal but not vertical LIV realigned the cell cytoskeleton, culminating in increased cell stiffness. Our results show that applying very small oscillatory motions within the primary cell attachment plane, rather than perpendicular to it, amplifies the cell's response to LIV, ostensibly facilitating a more effective transfer of intracellular forces. Transcriptional and structural changes in particular with horizontal LIV, together with the strong frequency dependency of the signal, emphasize the importance of intracellular cytoskeletal configuration in sensing and responding to high-frequency mechanical signals at low intensities.
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34
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Zhang Q, Minaisah RM, Ferraro E, Li C, Porter LJ, Zhou C, Gao F, Zhang J, Rajgor D, Autore F, Shanahan CM, Warren DT. N-terminal nesprin-2 variants regulate β-catenin signalling. Exp Cell Res 2016; 345:168-79. [PMID: 27321956 PMCID: PMC4948682 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The spatial compartmentalisation of biochemical signalling pathways is essential for cell function. Nesprins are a multi-isomeric family of proteins that have emerged as signalling scaffolds, herein, we investigate the localisation and function of novel nesprin-2 N-terminal variants. We show that these nesprin-2 variants display cell specific distribution and reside in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that nesprin-2 N-terminal variants colocalised with β-catenin at cell-cell junctions in U2OS cells. Calcium switch assays demonstrated that nesprin-2 and β-catenin are lost from cell-cell junctions in low calcium conditions whereas emerin localisation at the NE remained unaltered, furthermore, an N-terminal fragment of nesprin-2 was sufficient for cell-cell junction localisation and interacted with β-catenin. Disruption of these N-terminal nesprin-2 variants, using siRNA depletion resulted in loss of β-catenin from cell-cell junctions, nuclear accumulation of active β-catenin and augmented β-catenin transcriptional activity. Importantly, we show that U2OS cells lack nesprin-2 giant, suggesting that the N-terminal nesprin-2 variants regulate β-catenin signalling independently of the NE. Together, these data identify N-terminal nesprin-2 variants as novel regulators of β-catenin signalling that tether β-catenin to cell-cell contacts to inhibit β-catenin transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Zhang
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Rose-Marie Minaisah
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Elisa Ferraro
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Chen Li
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Lauren J Porter
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Can Zhou
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Fang Gao
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Junyi Zhang
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Dipen Rajgor
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Flavia Autore
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Derek T Warren
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, SE5 9NU London, UK.
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Specific localization of nesprin-1-α2, the short isoform of nesprin-1 with a KASH domain, in developing, fetal and regenerating muscle, using a new monoclonal antibody. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:26. [PMID: 27350129 PMCID: PMC4924313 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nesprin-1-giant (1008kD) is a protein of the outer nuclear membrane that links nuclei to the actin cytoskeleton via amino-terminal calponin homology domains. The short nesprin-1 isoform, nesprin-1-α2, is present only in skeletal and cardiac muscle and several pathogenic mutations occur within it, but the functions of this short isoform without calponin homology domains are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine mRNA levels and protein localization of nesprin-1-α2 at different stages of muscle development in order to shed light on its functions. Results mRNA levels of all known nesprin-1 isoforms with a KASH domain were determined by quantitative PCR. The mRNA for the 111 kD muscle-specific short isoform, nesprin-1-α2, was not detected in pre-differentiation human myoblasts but was present at significant levels in multinucleate myotubes. We developed a monoclonal antibody against the unique amino-terminal sequence of nesprin-1-α2, enabling specific immunolocalization for the first time. Nesprin-1-α2 protein was undetectable in pre-differentiation myoblasts but appeared at the nuclear rim in post-mitotic, multinucleate myotubes and reached its highest levels in fetal muscle. In muscle from a Duchenne muscular dystrophy biopsy, nesprin-1-α2 protein was detected mainly in regenerating fibres expressing neonatal myosin. Nesprin-1-giant was present at all developmental stages, but was also highest in fetal and regenerating fibres. In fetal muscle, both isoforms were present in the cytoplasm, as well as at the nuclear rim. A pathogenic early stop codon (E7854X) in nesprin-1 caused reduced mRNA levels and loss of protein levels of both nesprin-1-giant and (unexpectedly) nesprin-1-α2, but did not affect myogenesis in vitro. Conclusions Nesprin-1-α2 mRNA and protein expression is switched on during myogenesis, alongside other known markers of muscle differentiation. The results show that nesprin-1-α2 is dynamically controlled and may be involved in some process occurring during early myofibre formation, such as re-positioning of nuclei.
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36
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Under Pressure: Mechanical Stress Management in the Nucleus. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020027. [PMID: 27314389 PMCID: PMC4931676 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly adjusting to the mechanical properties of their surroundings, operating a complex mechanochemical feedback, which hinges on mechanotransduction mechanisms. Whereas adhesion structures have been shown to play a central role in mechanotransduction, it now emerges that the nucleus may act as a mechanosensitive structure. Here, we review recent advances demonstrating that mechanical stress emanating from the cytoskeleton can activate pathways in the nucleus which eventually impact both its structure and the transcriptional machinery.
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37
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Abstract
Mechanoresponses in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) guide both differentiation and function. In this review, we focus on advances in0 our understanding of how the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, nuclear envelope and nucleoskeleton, which are connected via LINC (Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complexes, are emerging as an integrated dynamic signaling platform to regulate MSC mechanobiology. This dynamic interconnectivity affects mechanical signaling and transfer of signals into the nucleus. In this way, nuclear and LINC-mediated cytoskeletal connectivity play a critical role in maintaining mechanical signaling that affects MSC fate by serving as both mechanosensory and mechanoresponsive structures. We review disease and age related compromises of LINC complexes and nucleoskeleton that contribute to the etiology of musculoskeletal diseases. Finally we invite the idea that acquired dysfunctions of LINC might be a contributing factor to conditions such as aging, microgravity and osteoporosis and discuss potential mechanical strategies to modulate LINC connectivity to combat these conditions.
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Crowder SW, Leonardo V, Whittaker T, Papathanasiou P, Stevens MM. Material Cues as Potent Regulators of Epigenetics and Stem Cell Function. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:39-52. [PMID: 26748755 PMCID: PMC5409508 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical signals act as potent regulators of stem cell function, lineage commitment, and epigenetic status. In recent years, synthetic biomaterials have been used to study a wide range of outside-in signaling events, and it is now well appreciated that material cues modulate the epigenome. Here, we review the role of extracellular signals in guiding stem cell behavior via epigenetic regulation, and we stress the role of physicochemical material properties as an often-overlooked modulator of intracellular signaling. We also highlight promising new research tools for ongoing interrogation of the stem cell-material interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer W Crowder
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vincent Leonardo
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas Whittaker
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter Papathanasiou
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Espigat-Georger A, Dyachuk V, Chemin C, Emorine L, Merdes A. Nuclear alignment in myotubes requires centrosome proteins recruited by nesprin-1. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4227-4237. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.191767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotubes are syncytial cells, generated by fusion of myoblasts. Among the numerous nuclei in myotubes of skeletal muscle fibres, the majority are equidistantly positioned at the periphery, except for clusters of multiple nuclei underneath the motor endplate. The correct positioning of nuclei is thought to be important for muscle function and requires nesprin-1, a protein of the nuclear envelope. Consistently, mice lacking functional nesprin-1 show defective nuclear positioning and mimic aspects of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. In this study, we perform siRNA experiments in C2C12 myoblasts undergoing differentiation, demonstrating that the positioning of nuclei requires PCM-1, a protein of the centrosome that relocalizes to the nuclear envelope at the onset of differentiation, dependent on the presence of nesprin-1. PCM-1 itself is required for recruiting proteins of the dynein/dynactin complex and of kinesin motor complexes. This suggests that microtubule motors that are attached to the nuclear envelope support the movement of nuclei along microtubules, to ensure correct positioning in the myotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Espigat-Georger
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Vyacheslav Dyachuk
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Chemin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Emorine
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Andreas Merdes
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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40
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Razafsky D, Potter C, Hodzic D. Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner. J Vis Exp 2015:e53318. [PMID: 26710083 DOI: 10.3791/53318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC complexes). These protein scaffolds span the nuclear envelope and connect the interior of the nucleus to components of the surrounding cytoplasmic cytoskeleton. LINC complexes consist of two evolutionary-conserved protein families, Sun proteins and Nesprins that harbor C-terminal molecular signature motifs called the SUN and KASH domains, respectively. Sun proteins are transmembrane proteins of the inner nuclear membrane whose N-terminal nucleoplasmic domain interacts with the nuclear lamina while their C-terminal SUN domains protrudes into the perinuclear space and interacts with the KASH domain of Nesprins. Canonical Nesprin isoforms have a variable sized N-terminus that projects into the cytoplasm and interacts with components of the cytoskeleton. This protocol describes the validation of a dominant-negative transgenic mouse strategy that disrupts endogenous SUN/KASH interactions in a cell-type specific manner. Our approach is based on the Cre/Lox system that bypasses many drawbacks such as perinatal lethality and cell nonautonomous phenotypes that are associated with germline models of LINC complex inactivation. For this reason, this model provides a useful tool to understand the role of LINC complexes during development and homeostasis in a wide array of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Razafsky
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Chloe Potter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine;
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41
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Kim DI, Birendra KC, Roux KJ. Making the LINC: SUN and KASH protein interactions. Biol Chem 2015; 396:295-310. [PMID: 25720065 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell nuclei are physically integrated with the cytoskeleton through the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, a structure that spans the nuclear envelope to link the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton. Outer nuclear membrane KASH domain proteins and inner nuclear membrane SUN domain proteins interact to form the core of the LINC complex. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the reported protein-protein interactions for KASH and SUN domain proteins. This critical structure, directly connecting the genome with the rest of the cell, contributes to a myriad of cellular functions and, when perturbed, is associated with human disease.
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Li P, Noegel AA. Inner nuclear envelope protein SUN1 plays a prominent role in mammalian mRNA export. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:9874-88. [PMID: 26476453 PMCID: PMC4787764 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear export of messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs) through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) can be roughly classified into two forms: bulk and specific export, involving an nuclear RNA export factor 1 (NXF1)-dependent pathway and chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-dependent pathway, respectively. SUN proteins constitute the inner nuclear envelope component of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. Here, we show that mammalian cells require SUN1 for efficient nuclear mRNP export. The results indicate that both SUN1 and SUN2 interact with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) F/H and hnRNP K/J. SUN1 depletion inhibits the mRNP export, with accumulations of both hnRNPs and poly(A)+RNA in the nucleus. Leptomycin B treatment indicates that SUN1 functions in mammalian mRNA export involving the NXF1-dependent pathway. SUN1 mediates mRNA export through its association with mRNP complexes via a direct interaction with NXF1. Additionally, SUN1 associates with the NPC through a direct interaction with Nup153, a nuclear pore component involved in mRNA export. Taken together, our results reveal that the inner nuclear envelope protein SUN1 has additional functions aside from being a central component of the LINC complex and that it is an integral component of the mammalian mRNA export pathway suggesting a model whereby SUN1 recruits NXF1-containing mRNP onto the nuclear envelope and hands it over to Nup153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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43
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Razafsky D, Hodzic D. A variant of Nesprin1 giant devoid of KASH domain underlies the molecular etiology of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type I. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 78:57-67. [PMID: 25843669 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations across the whole coding sequence of Syne1/Nesprin1 have been linked to autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia Type I (ARCA1). However, nothing is known about the molecular etiology of this late-onset debilitating pathology. In this work, we report that Nesprin1 giant is specifically expressed in CNS tissues. We also identified a CNS-specific splicing event that leads to the abundant expression of a KASH-LESS variant of Nesprin1 giant (KLNes1g) in the cerebellum. KLNes1g displayed a noncanonical localization at glomeruli of cerebellar mossy fibers whereas Nesprin2 exclusively decorated the nuclear envelope of all cerebellar neurons. In immunogold electron microscopy, KLNes1g colocalized both with synaptic vesicles within mossy fibers and with dendritic membranes of cerebellar granule neurons. We further identified vesicle- and membrane-associated proteins in KLNes1g immunoprecipitates. Together, our results suggest that the loss of function of KLNes1g resulting from Nesprin1 nonsense mutations underlies the molecular etiology of ARCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Razafsky
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Chapman MA, Zhang J, Banerjee I, Guo LT, Zhang Z, Shelton GD, Ouyang K, Lieber RL, Chen J. Disruption of both nesprin 1 and desmin results in nuclear anchorage defects and fibrosis in skeletal muscle. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5879-92. [PMID: 24943590 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper localization and anchorage of nuclei within skeletal muscle is critical for cellular function. Alterations in nuclear anchoring proteins modify a number of cellular functions including mechanotransduction, nuclear localization, chromatin positioning/compaction and overall organ function. In skeletal muscle, nesprin 1 and desmin are thought to link the nucleus to the cytoskeletal network. Thus, we hypothesize that both of these factors play a key role in skeletal muscle function. To examine this question, we utilized global ablation murine models of nesprin 1, desmin or both nesprin 1 and desmin. Herein, we have created the nesprin-desmin double-knockout (DKO) mouse, eliminating a major fraction of nuclear-cytoskeletal connections and enabling understanding of the importance of nuclear anchorage in skeletal muscle. Globally, DKO mice are marked by decreased lifespan, body weight and muscle strength. With regard to skeletal muscle, DKO myonuclear anchorage was dramatically decreased compared with wild-type, nesprin 1(-/-) and desmin(-/-) mice. Additionally, nuclear-cytoskeletal strain transmission was decreased in DKO skeletal muscle. Finally, loss of nuclear anchorage in DKO mice coincided with a fibrotic response as indicated by increased collagen and extracellular matrix deposition and increased passive mechanical properties of muscle bundles. Overall, our data demonstrate that nesprin 1 and desmin serve redundant roles in nuclear anchorage and that the loss of nuclear anchorage in skeletal muscle results in a pathological response characterized by increased tissue fibrosis and mechanical stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ling T Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China and
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Medicine, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Richard L Lieber
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, and Department of Veteran's Affairs, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0863, USA
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Duong NT, Morris GE, Lam LT, Zhang Q, Sewry CA, Shanahan CM, Holt I. Nesprins: tissue-specific expression of epsilon and other short isoforms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94380. [PMID: 24718612 PMCID: PMC3981789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesprin-1-giant and nesprin-2-giant regulate nuclear positioning by the interaction of their C-terminal KASH domains with nuclear membrane SUN proteins and their N-terminal calponin-homology domains with cytoskeletal actin. A number of short isoforms lacking the actin-binding domains are produced by internal promotion. We have evaluated the significance of these shorter isoforms using quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting with site-specific monoclonal antibodies. Within a complete map of nesprin isoforms, we describe two novel nesprin-2 epsilon isoforms for the first time. Epsilon isoforms are similar in size and structure to nesprin-1-alpha. Expression of nesprin isoforms was highly tissue-dependent. Nesprin-2-epsilon-1 was found in early embryonic cells, while nesprin-2-epsilon-2 was present in heart and other adult tissues, but not skeletal muscle. Some cell lines lack shorter isoforms and express only one of the two nesprin genes, suggesting that either of the giant nesprins is sufficient for basic cell functions. For the first time, localisation of endogenous nesprin away from the nuclear membrane was shown in cells where removal of the KASH domain by alternative splicing occurs. By distinguishing between degradation products and true isoforms on western blots, it was found that previously-described beta and gamma isoforms are expressed either at only low levels or with a limited tissue distribution. Two of the shortest alpha isoforms, nesprin-1-alpha-2 and nesprin-2-alpha-1, were found almost exclusively in cardiac and skeletal muscle and a highly conserved and alternatively-spliced exon, available in both nesprin genes, was always included in these tissues. These "muscle-specific" isoforms are thought to form a complex with emerin and lamin A/C at the inner nuclear membrane and mutations in all three proteins cause Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and/or inherited dilated cardiomyopathy, disorders in which only skeletal muscle and/or heart are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thuy Duong
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genome Research (IGR), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Glenn E. Morris
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Le Thanh Lam
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A. Sewry
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Institute for Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Holt
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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46
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Stroud MJ, Banerjee I, Veevers J, Chen J. Linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex proteins in cardiac structure, function, and disease. Circ Res 2014; 114:538-48. [PMID: 24481844 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, composed of proteins within the inner and the outer nuclear membranes, connects the nuclear lamina to the cytoskeleton. The importance of this complex has been highlighted by the discovery of mutations in genes encoding LINC complex proteins, which cause skeletal or cardiac myopathies. Herein, this review summarizes structure, function, and interactions of major components of the LINC complex, highlights how mutations in these proteins may lead to cardiac disease, and outlines future challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Stroud
- From the Department of Cardiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
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47
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Abstract
The mechanical characteristics of endothelial cells reveal four distinct compartments, namely glycocalyx, cell cortex, cytoplasm and nucleus. There is accumulating evidence that endothelial nanomechanics of these individual compartments control vascular physiology. Depending on protein composition, filament formation and interaction with cross-linker proteins, these four compartments determine endothelial stiffness. Structural organization and mechanical properties directly influence physiological processes such as endothelial barrier function, nitric oxide release and gene expression. This review will focus on endothelial nanomechanics and its impact on vascular function.
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48
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Razafsky D, Hodzic D. Temporal and tissue-specific disruption of LINC complexes in vivo. Genesis 2014; 52:359-65. [PMID: 24550182 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Migration and anchorage of nuclei within developing and adult tissues rely on Linkers of the Nucleoskeleton to the Cytoskeleton (LINC complexes). These macromolecular assemblies span the nuclear envelope and physically couple chromatin and nuclear lamina to cytoplasmic cytoskeletal networks. LINC complexes assemble within the perinuclear space through direct interactions between the respective evolutionary-conserved SUN and KASH domains of Sun proteins, which reside within the inner nuclear membrane, and Nesprins, which reside within the outer nuclear membrane. Here, we describe and validate a dominant-negative transgenic strategy allowing for the disruption of endogenous SUN/KASH interactions through the inducible expression of a recombinant KASH domain. Our approach, which is based on the Cre/Lox system, allows for the targeted disruption of LINC complexes in a wide array of mouse tissues or specific cell types thereof and bypasses the perinatal lethality and potential cell nonautonomous effects of current mouse models based on germline inactivation of genes encoding Sun proteins and Nesprins. For these reasons, this mouse model provides a useful tool to evaluate the physiological relevance of LINC complexes integrity during development and homeostasis in a wide array of mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Razafsky
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, Missouri
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49
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Banerjee I, Zhang J, Moore-Morris T, Pfeiffer E, Buchholz KS, Liu A, Ouyang K, Stroud MJ, Gerace L, Evans SM, McCulloch A, Chen J. Targeted ablation of nesprin 1 and nesprin 2 from murine myocardium results in cardiomyopathy, altered nuclear morphology and inhibition of the biomechanical gene response. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004114. [PMID: 24586179 PMCID: PMC3930490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent interest has focused on the importance of the nucleus and associated nucleoskeleton in regulating changes in cardiac gene expression in response to biomechanical load. Mutations in genes encoding proteins of the inner nuclear membrane and nucleoskeleton, which cause cardiomyopathy, also disrupt expression of a biomechanically responsive gene program. Furthermore, mutations in the outer nuclear membrane protein Nesprin 1 and 2 have been implicated in cardiomyopathy. Here, we identify for the first time a role for the outer nuclear membrane proteins, Nesprin 1 and Nesprin 2, in regulating gene expression in response to biomechanical load. Ablation of both Nesprin 1 and 2 in cardiomyocytes, but neither alone, resulted in early onset cardiomyopathy. Mutant cardiomyocytes exhibited altered nuclear positioning, shape, and chromatin positioning. Loss of Nesprin 1 or 2, or both, led to impairment of gene expression changes in response to biomechanical stimuli. These data suggest a model whereby biomechanical signals are communicated from proteins of the outer nuclear membrane, to the inner nuclear membrane and nucleoskeleton, to result in changes in gene expression required for adaptation of the cardiomyocyte to changes in biomechanical load, and give insights into etiologies underlying cardiomyopathy consequent to mutations in Nesprin 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indroneal Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jianlin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Moore-Morris
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Pfeiffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kyle S Buchholz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America ; Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Matthew J Stroud
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Larry Gerace
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew McCulloch
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America ; Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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50
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Liggett JL, Zhang X, Eling TE, Baek SJ. Anti-tumor activity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: cyclooxygenase-independent targets. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:217-24. [PMID: 24486220 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used extensively for analgesic and antipyretic treatments. In addition, NSAIDs reduce the risk and mortality to several cancers. Their mechanisms in anti-tumorigenesis are not fully understood, but both cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent and -independent pathways play a role. We and others have been interested in elucidating molecular targets of NSAID-induced apoptosis. In this review, we summarize updated literature regarding cellular and molecular targets modulated by NSAIDs. Among those NSAIDs, sulindac sulfide and tolfenamic acid are emphasized in this review because these two drugs have been well investigated for their anti-tumorigenic activity in many different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Liggett
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Thomas E Eling
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
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